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Congregational Quarterly.

TOLUU XX.- ]f£ir BSKIE8, TOI. X.

Rbt. CBKISTOPBKK CV8HIM<% 0.0.

Kni. HKHItT A. HAZEN. Rzv. JOHN a MEANS, I1.D.

FKor. HIRAU HEAD, a& Rn^. ALONZO H. QUINT, d.ix

Rxv. INCREASE N. TARBOX, IXD.

BOSTON:

CONGREGATIONAL HOUSE.

1878.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

FAOB

Abbott, John 8. 0 1

Amrrtoan Congregational AModatSon . 480
Aonnal Statitiict of the Oongregational
Minislen and CbnrcbM in Uio United
States 81-258

BlOOBAFBICAL 8EETCHS8 .*

If Abbott, Jobn 8. O. (wiib portrait), by
Rev. Horatio O. Ladd, Hopklnton,

^Kirk, Edward 'NorriMwitb*portaralt)i
by RcT. Charles L. Woodwortb, Boa-

• ton 850
If cKeen, 8iUB (with portrait), bj Ber.
. William 8. Palmer, Norwich, Ot. . 881
/ Sweetser, 8eth ( with portrait), by Prof.
Egbert C 8myth, d. D., AndoTor,
Maee. 608

Bl^ek Birer Aaeoeiatton, New York, by
ReT. 8amaei Johnson Bodman, New
York 577

Books and Their Uses, by BeT. M. K.
Cross, Waterloo, la. . • . . 90

Books Notickd :

Artist Blographlea, by M. F. Bweeti^er, 475

At Eventide, by Rev. Nehemiah Adams,
D.D. 850

BeslnninicB of Christianity, with a View
ot the State of the Roman World at
the Birth of Christ, by Prof. George
r. Fisher, d. D 471

B'^k of Job, by Prof. Henry Cowles,
D. D 856

Contemporary Art in Europe, by B. G.
W. Benjnmin 864

Crow Above the Croecent, by Rev. Ho-
ratio Southgiitc. D.D 860

Cyclopae.llA of Biblical, Thooloflica], and
Ecclesiastical Lit«:ratare, by M'Clio-
took and S'rotif; 02

Cyprus : Its Ancient Cities, Tombs,
and Temples, by Gen. Louis Palma
diCeraoIa 863

Echoing and Re-echoing, by Faye Hunt-
inston 473

English Congregational Year Book, for
ISTS 476

Epistle to the Hebrews, by Prof. Henry
Cowles, D D 620

Eternal Punishment, by Canon Farrar, 621

Faith and Philo>-ophy, by Prof. Henry
B. Smith, D. D 624

Family Library of British Poetry, ed-
ited by James T. Fields and Edwin P.
Whipple 630

Fifty Years of Church Life, by Rev.
James 8. Hoyt, D. d 62

Pln^l Philosophy; or, System of Per-
fectible Knowledge Issuing from the
Bfirmony of Brier^ce and Religion, by
Prof. Charles W. Shields, d. d. . . 63

PAGE

Five Problems of State and Religion,
by Rev. Will C. Wood ... 00

Glimpses of the Coming, by Rev. Rich-
ard G. Greene 00

Homiletical Index, by J. H. Pettingell,
A.M 020

Lay Effort : Its Range and Methods, by
Rev. H. C. Haydn, d. d. . . .857

Lectnras on Systematical Theology, by
Rev. Charles G. Finney . . 028

Links in Rebecca's Life, by Pansy . 478

Orthodozy^by Joseph Cook . .857

Poems of Places, edited by Henry W.
Longfellow 04

Pottery and Porcelain of all Times and
all Nations, by WilUam O. Prime,
LL. D 804

Princeton Review 858

Bnbstance and Show, and Other Lec-
tures, by Rev. Thomas Starr King . 04

Voysge of the Challenger, by Sir O.
Wyvllle Thomson . . . .478

BooKf* RSOBIYBD . 00. 805, 477, 083

Brookfleld Association, by Rev. O. Cash-
ing, D. D., Boston 528

Changes in the Post-Offioe Address of
Miiiisten 880, 487, 048

Churches and Pastora by States, alpha-
betically arranged 88

Conflict of Christianity with Infidelity, by
Rev. J. T. Tucker, D. d., Boston . . 309

Congregational Ministers who died in the
Year 1877, Vital StatisUcs of the, by
Rev. Henry A. Ilazen, Billerlca, Mass., 438

Oongregational Ministers In the United
Stateit, List of 225

Oongregational Ministers without Pas-
toral Charge, by States .... 103

Congregational Missionaries from the
United States 101

CONGRFGATIONAL NECROLOOT :

Rev. John Boynton .... 57

Rev. Jonathan Brace, D.D. . • . 840
Rev. David Nichols Coburn . . .618

Hiram Corliss 462

Rev. Joel Goodrll 619

Rev. Jonathan Smith Green . . . 620

Mrs. Prudence Demi lii (Wood) Grldley, 464

Mr*. Catharine (Isham) Johnson . . 465

Dea. Andrew W. Porter ... 848

R V. John Mnrdock Siowe . . . 466
Rev. Aaron Warner, n. D. . . .69

Rev. Andrew Warwick .... 468

Rev. Hyman Augustine Wilder . . 352

Oongregational Theologicnl Seminaries
in 1877-1878, by R<v. O. Cushlng, i>. o., 834

Doctrine of Jusiiflcotion, Ritschl's Criti-
cal History of, by Rev. George F. Ma-
goun, D. D., Grinneli, la. ... S3

I

^'an,. 'f/ii(3 l-"-j tii^fi-,

/,;. ./V.,,;^^^;

... V

Congregational Q^uarterl).

Viaoi^ No. LXXVIL }X!&^/s»^ Vm. XX. No. i

jknm£rBVp?<a i'

< ttnt(»«iik. U..',..-,

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latl/, hi1>i^ in To

'..vof i„c.bai!clHcl-itv i; ■
1 S. C., ijoil.am D , -,:,iir

■'Mlh>: -oi;-; Jar. i' .^rv; j
'r- atlihol . (.;■.,; iia!'. -^:i(!HU

.,.,)Cat^,o(a:

1

Congregational (Quarterly.

Whole No. LXXVII. JANUARY, 1878. Vol. XX, No.

JOHN S. C. ABBOTT.

John Stevens Cabot Abbott was born in Brunswick. Maine,
Sept 18, 1805. He died at Fair Haven, Connecticut, June 17,
1S77. in his seventy-second year.

Some time in the seventeenth century, the ancestor of the
Abbot family, who was a descendant of Maurice Abbot, young.
est brother of George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury from
1610 to 1633, emigrated to New England. With the proclivi-
ties of eminent English families in that age, his children became
possessors of many thousand acres of land in the district of
Maine, and were honored among the families of the colonial I

period. One of these children resided at the time of his death
in Brunswick, Maine. His landed estates were inherited by
Jacob Abbot, his son, who was already married to Betsey Ab-
bot, a cousin in another branch of the family, living in Con-
cord, New Hampshire.

The family of Jacob and Betsey Abbot comprised five sons —
Jacob, John S. C.,Gorham D„ Samuel P., Charles E. — and two
daughters. Of the sons, Jacob and John became specially dis-
tinguished as authors, Gorham, Samuel, and Charles, as educa-
tors ; while the daughters, Sallucia, and Clara, the widow of
Rev. Elbridge Cutler, have shared not only the literary and edu-
cational labors of their brothers, but the reverent love and
esteem, for many years, of a large circle of neighbors and friends
in Maine.

It was one of the noted families of that young but enterpris-

Ejit«rc4 accordiDC CD Act of Congicu. in the jsMt 1S7S, by CmiiBTorKUi Cuikihc, in Uh
Offiea of tb« Librariju) of ConfroH. it Wuhinflon.
SKOND 5KKIU. — vol. X. NO. I. I

I

2 John S. C. Abbott.

ing State at the beginning of the present century. Separated
but a few years before from Massachusetts, Maine, with its
dense forests, enchanting valleys, bold mountains, and island-
studded bays, with their twenty-five hundred miles of glistening
beaches, rugged shores, and deep and well-guarded harbors, was
a more attractive home for the venturesome sons of the colo-
nies, or of Old England, than are now, to dwellers on Atlantic
shores, the broad, rich plains of Kansas, or the prairies and
slopes of the incipient States under the shadow of the Rocky
Mountains.

John was the third child in this family. He owed his name to
personal associations, with which, however, he and his brothers
subsequently trifled somewhat, by increasing the letters in the
family name. Three or four years after his birth his father
removed to Hallowell, Maine. Here his boyhood was passed
in the clear frosty climate and amid the picturesque scenery
of the Kennebec valley. The grandeur of the mountains of
Maine, the wild scenes of its unbroken forests and lonely riv-
ers, the Indian tribes roving in small bands among the settle-
ments, the invigorating winters and Siberian snows, joined with
the hardy virtues and intelligence of Puritan life in and around
his home, left indelible impressions on his very sensitive nature.
He entered, with the zest of an ardent temperament, into the
scenes that rose around him like the enchantments of a story-
teller. His nature, imbued as it was with the warm tints of an
Oriental clime, had also the hardihood to be stimulated rather
than stunted by the rigors of the Maine climate, so that he
drank in the pure delights of that new country, and with
quickened fancy participated in the sports that could wrest
enjoyment from harsh winds and drifting snows. There he
first caught the inspiration of glowing descriptions in histories
of American pioneer life, and prepared the way in his soul for
the intense picturing, in later years, of the battles of Napoleon
with the frosts and avalanches of the Alps or on the snow-
covered plains of Russia.

Mr. Abbott has described frontier and Indian life on many
hundred pages of his histories. With more sympathy and admi-
ration than is usual, he pictures the American Indian waging
unequal warfare with the white man, who was ever encroaching

John 5. C. AMM. %

upon his domains and exciting his farj. ProbaUjr the pescefol
Penobscot tribes that in summer used to iMver^xrat the villaget
of Maine impressed him more favorably as to the untutored sav-
age than would now a band of Sioux ot> the Western fnmtier,
after half a century's demoralizing contact with the Ameiicaa
citizen. He often in bis boyhood visited the Indiaa wigwams
on Winthrop Hill, in Hallowell, then covered with a dense for-
est. Tbeoe wtgwams, owstrticted of tall saplit^rs, sheathed
mill birch baik, caipeted with soft hemlock twigs and the skins
of bean and otters, and lighted by a cheerful fire in the ceatn^
1 his childish &Qcy. "niere he spent many silen^
f boon, " listening to the 'musical and monotonous clat-
tar of Hut Indian women, as, with nimble fingers, they wove
Aeir brtUiantly adored baskets from thin strips of the ash-tree,
or watching their babe^ silent as mammies in thdr framework
caskets, gazing with black, brilliant, staring eyes, mthout a
motion or sound, upon the scene around them."

The author of T/ie MetAtr at Hame, and the eloquoit ddin>
eatur of womanly virtues in Marie Antoinette, Mary Queea
of Scots, Josephine, and the royml drclcs of every £ur<q>ean
nation of old Rome and Greece, as well as eminent Chiistiaa
households of every age whether of aoUe name or untitled
worth in his own land, eaiiy had implanted in his mind a high
ideal of maternal character and domestic peace. He was in a
Puritan home of seventy or eighty years ago, but no stern or
unfeeling parents there inspired children with terror or cast
gloom upon their young hearts. His father, whom many still
living can remember as one of the most cheerful, genial, and
loving of men, could always omit the harsh word to wife and
children, but never remitted the morning and evening worship
or foi^ot the blessing and return of thanks at each meal. That
revered mother had a season each day when she prayed for
each child by name, and by her gentle words and loving com-
panionship awakened in her children a fervor of devotion
which has illumined their long and useful lives. Sunday
schools were scarcely thought of then, but both those parents
were sweet singers, and the Sabbath was sacredly observed by
attendance at church, the singing and repeating of choice hymns
and the catechism, as the seven children gathered to receive

4 John S. C. Abbott. [Jan.

lessons not only for a mother's hearing, but to gild dark hours
in their future, when oppressed by the languor and solitudes of
enfeebled age.

Yet there was social light and cheer about that Puritan home
which could hardly be credited were we to trust the represen-
tations of so many other New England households in history
or fiction. Kindred memories stir in many of our hearts, and
we look with all the more pleasure on these autumnal touches
in Mr. Abbott's reminiscences of the bright picture of his early
days : —

" Hallowell was a social place. There were many parties.
The simple entertainment of tea, coffee, and cake was prepared
by the lady of the house, aided by her hired help. There was
neither dancing nor card-playing. There was sufficient cul-
ture, with both gentlemen and ladies, for them to enjoy a couple
of hours of conversation. Our parlor, with its floor painted
yellow, with its bookcase, tall mahogany clock, shining brass
andirons, and truly splendid fire of rock maple blazing on the
hearth, and lighted with mould candles, presented to my mind a
picture of elegance which was not surpassed in subsequent
years by the splendors of the saloons of the Tuileries, blazing
with their myriads of wax-lights. These parties almost invari-
ably broke up at about nine o'clock, and at ten all the candles
were blown out

"Our mothers often got up parties for us little children,
between the ages of five and twelve. We went at six and
left at nine. The world has made great advances since then,
but I do not think it has made progress in social enjoyment.
Never did children have richer pleasures than we enjoyed in
our Puritan home. Undoubtedly there were wretched homes
then as now. Undoubtedly there were then, as now, professing
Christians who exemplified in their conduct everything that
was hateful and of bad report But there were many other
families whose loving hearts gilded the hours of this earthly
life. I could mention many names. These mothers, who joined
in the sports around the glowing rock-maple fire, were loved by
us children with an affection that can never die. And these
mothers, without an exception which I can recall to mind, were
what are called Evangelical Christians. They met every

Jiim S. a AMfitt. $

Thtmday afternoon to [miy that God would eomtrt their s(nit
and daughters."

No &]iier ever more imbued hia sons with the practical vaioe
of dieeifiilDess than did Jacob Abbot, the venerated &ther c^
this family. " Squire Abbot," said his pastor, " had a remark-
able talent for being happy." He sometimes took his sons into
Hon romantic wilds of the upper country (A Maine, where, in
tile townships of Weld, Temple, Madrid, and the region of Old
Bhie Mountain, he owned large tracts of land. Overtaken with
cold, ynx stomis ere the journey was ended, or sheltered in the
settlets' cabins that had always a welcome for him, while the
tempests r^^ torifically around them, he cheerily taught
them that it was not the comforts of the fireside but tiie eaHy
eadurance trf hardships that could make out of his boys efficient
men. It was by such insights into the log-cabins of the hardy
Maine settlers, and drepching rides over rough and gloomy
roads, thnni^ the dense forests and over the lidges of that
roc^ State, that the boy early caught the gleams which lured
hi* pen to describe so <rften the trials of the HIgrims in his
JfflSer Stanch, and the hardships and journeys of Western
adventufera and firontiersmen in La Salle, De Soto, Daniel
Boone, and a dozen other equally vivid accounts of early Amer-
ican history. In the associations of his childhood was also
another element that fostered both Mr. Abbott's literary taste
and his marked admiration for the culture and social life in the
ranks of nobility which he afterwards delighted to describe in
the courts and castles of the kingdoms of the Old World. The
Abbots were on intimate terms with two families who had
brought with them to the banks of the Kennebec the refine-
ment and tastes, with some of the exclusive tendencies, of the
best society of England. One of these families gave their
name to the flourishing and beautiful town of Gardiner, where
they had received a very extensive grant of land. There, when
the banks of the Kennebec and its tributaries were covered
with primitive forests of pine, they had established lumber and
grain mills for the convenience of the settlers ; yet they lived
themselves, by right of birth and custom, in the style of wealthy
British gentry. Another noted family, the Vaughans, consist-
ing of three brothers, who had sought relief on these shores

6 yohn S. C. Abbott. [Jan.

from the annoyances which their opinions had brought to them
while holding high position in England, had occupied land four
miles above Gardiner at Hallowell. .

These distinguished families exerted a strong influence on
the people who settled around them. Their buildings were
models of economical architecture. Their courteous and unas-
suming manners won the confidence of the community, which
was thus attracted towards them, rather than alienated by their
wealth and gentility. Having through avowed sympathy with
the colonists in the Revolutionary struggle incurred the dis-
pleasure of their acquaintance in England, they zealously en-
gaged here in promoting the institutions which would elevate
the people with whom they had cast their lot. They united
extensive learning with religion and purity of life. Hallowell
Academy became celebrated for its high attainments through
their liberality and wise supervision. There, with the children
of the more influential families of the town, Mr. Jacob Abbot's
sons were first educated, while the choice library of the
Vaughans, containing over twelve thousand volumes, was open
to these boys, who were to furnish with their own facile pens
treasured libraries for the children of unnumbered homes in
America and Old England.

It must be acknowledged that a rare combination of influ-
ences fitted the subject of this memorial for his successful
career in authorship and ministerial labor. Well might he say
at the close of his life, " I esteem it the greatest blessing of my
life that I was cradled in the home of a Puritan father and
mother."

Jacob Abbot, Esq., returned to Brunswick with his family
in 1819, to educate his sons at Bowdoin College. John was then
a boy of fourteen years, and Jacob had already been graduated.
John entered college in the famous class of 1825. Its members
became distinguished in nearly all the professions. The names
of Longfellow, Hawthorne, Cheever, and Abbott achieved a
national reputation, and have been entered upon the lasting
memorials of American literature. The honor and memory of
their Alma Mater and of their class will be perpetuated in
" Morituri Salutamus," one of the most celebrated and elegant
poems that Longfellow has written. This was a memorial of

didr hal^ccaitury das^-oieediig at Bowdoin College^ ia iS^rj^
wliich excited the iaterest of the whole country.

After graduatiag at Bowdoin, Mr. Abbott went to Amherst,
Masa^ as ]^riiu:ipal of the academy in that town. He had not
dioaen a pn^ession, but had thought eamesdy, and some^
times with intense anxiety, upon the life before him. He had
pocsiied a falasielcss couHe in college, but it had not been a
professedly Christian life.

At Amherst it was necessacy that the exercises of school be
i^ieiied with prayar. Mr. Abbott quietly took up the duty
firom the ferce of his early training, to do, at any cost, what was
light From that time his life was steadily and consistently
cottbroied to the precepts of Christ That year he united
witii the Congregational Church at Amherst, and turned his
tiiimi^ts resoitttety to preparation for the ministry which he
had ofiea previously contemplated. He b^;an his theological
studies at Andover Seminary in September, 1826.

During the second year of the seminary course, Mr. Abbott
engsged in missionary labors along the southern ^ore of
Cape Cod, <Mgsmizing Sunday schools. This was a new form
of missionary enterprise, to the importance and efficiency of
which the churches had but recently awakened.

Rooming by the way oi New Bedford, he then formed an
engagement of marriage with Miss Jane Williams Bourne,
with whom he had maintained an intimate acquaintance from
boyhood. Her father, Mr. Abner Bourne, formerly an English
importer of Boston, had resided in Brunswick for ten years as
superintendent of a cotton manufactory, and was a highly re-
spected citizen. Through the association of their families, the
acquaintance of youth had grown to an attachment, which was
to unite them in the love and service of a long and eventful
life. Mrs. Abbott shared the pastorate and literary labors of
her husband with unremitted devotion, and still, with seven of
their ten children, survives him.

Mr. Abbott graduated at Andover Seminary in 1829 ; and
a pastoral charge awaited him immediately after his gradua-
tion. Having received a hearty call to the Central Calvinistic
Church at Worcester, Mass., he was there ordained and set-
tled, after a few months' ministry, on Jan. 28, 1830. Mr.

8 John 5. C. Abbott. [Jan.

Abbott was married in September, 1830, and went to meet,
with his young wife, the often-described experiences of an
Orthodox pastorate in Massachusetts fifty years ago. With
great flexibility of character, a kind and loving disposition, and
an attractive style of preaching, the pastor and no less his
warm-hearted wife soon won many friends. It was with the
great regret of his church and congregation that his pastorate
was there terminated by the prostration of Mr. Abbott under
an attack of bronchitis, which unfitted him for work for more
than a year.

But almost simultaneously with his ministry, began that
career in authorship which constituted a large part of his
earthly labors. A course of week-day lectures to the maternal
association of his parishioners, on parental life and duties, had
been received with much favor. They had drawn their practi-
cal wisdom from the memories of the remarkable homes with
which he had been conversant. A previous successful venture
with a little story for children, in book form, had made him
mindful of other hearers than his own congregation. It oc-
curred to him that these lectures would be useful to a larger
circle of parents and homes, and under the title of The
Mother at Home, he offered them for publication. Few books
were printed in those days, and the fact that they supplied
the people's wants, rather than the reputation of publishers
or the skill of subscription agents, gave them wide circu-
lation. There was found to be a remarkable demand for this
little volume, which the publisher had hesitatingly accepted.
Ten thousand copies were sold in six months, and through an
unknown number of reprints in this country and England, and
translations into most of the languages of Europe and into
some of those of Asia, for the use of missionaries, it has had
an immense circulation. It may be truthfully said that this
remarkable book, with a similar one which immediately followed
it in 1834, was transcribed from the author's own heart, where
it had been written for the world in early years by the honored
parents in the home in which they had so successfully applied
religious principles to the rearing of children without the viola-
tion of natural instincts.

Mr. Abbott had now fully entered upon his life service in the

Il^] S^Jhi S. C Abb0tt, 9

iimxStAi cajpadtjT in whicb his influence and usefulness were
exertecL Leaving here the narrative which this memorial has
piesented thus hx^ we gather the efiFects of his life into the
three lines of activity into which, with varying intensity, his
energies were concentrated. These were, the ministry of
ffd^gums tfuih as a pastor^ as an educator^ and as an astikor in
kisi09y and IriograpJ^.

Mr. Abbott bdd during bis ministerial work five different
pastorates. From 1829 to 1834 he retained his first church at
Wcffcester, Mass. From 1835 to 1841 he was settled over the
Eliot Church in Rozbury, Mass.; and from i84itoi844, over the
Congregational Church in Nantucket, Mass. He was pastor of
tiie Howe Street Church, New Haven, Conn., from 1862 to 1867;
and acting pastor of the Second Church in Fair Haven, Conn.,.
finom 1S70 to 1874. During the interval from 1850 to 1862,
w4iile «Eigaged in literary work, he also ministered as stated
so{^y to three othor churches, in Freeport and Farmington,
Maine^ and Cheshire, Conn.

The ministerial labors of forty years were thus divided among
eight different churches. In the first half of this century in
Congregational churches, the same period would ordinarily have
been filled by two or three pastorates ; there have been not a
fisw single settlements that have included more years of service.
The greater usefulness of such protracted ministrations is an
open question in the history of most of our American churches.
Mr. Abbott was not fitted, either in his own temperament or
in the special aims and character of his preaching, for long-con-
tinued labor in one parish. He was quick in his sympathies,
sanguine in his disposition, and versatile in his tastes and powers
of illustrating truth, but also very susceptible to the influence
of new scenes and faces. He quickly awakened interest in his
preaching by the simplicity of his ideas of religion, united with
great freedom of illustration. His style of expression, through
a very active imagination, was frequently too florid for the studi-
ous and critical among his large audiences, but by this greater
numbers were attracted, and at the same time all were im-
pressed with his earnestness on the one point of a personal
acceptance of salvation by Jesus Christ. As his varied literary
labors and habits of work indicated, he was constitutionally

lo John S. C. AbboiL LJan.

fond of change, nor did bis health, several times impaired and
shattered by intense toil, allow the monotonous strain of pas-
toral responsibility and toil for many years in one field.

Dr. Abbott's preaching did not tend to the philosophy of
religion. He had no special delight in speculative theology.
He cared more for the principles of practical piety than for
theories. He was not a metaphysican, but he was a sincere
Christian. He loved especially to hold up the religion of Jesus
Christ as a solace for the innumerable sorrows of human
hearts.

In his sermons to young men, — to whom he was very at-
tractive in his ministry, — he drew many fine illustrations fi"om
his biog^phical and historic studies, as he argued with them
.on the reasonableness of a Christian faith and character.

As a pastor, Mr. Abbott never failed to inspire love and
confidence among his people. He was very sensitive to the
coldness or discourtesy of his parishioners, but usually con-
cealed it and sought ever)' means to overcome it He was
naturally a peacemaker. He hated a quarrel and even a discus-
sion. He would avoid it if possible, and defer action, but was
very persistent in his opinions when once formed. His remark-
able courtesy of manner made him always approachable.

Probably the two shortest pastorates of Mr. Abbott devel-
oped the largest results in religious awakening and in the per-
sonal power of his ministry. These were at Nantucket and
his last charge at Fair Haven.

It was at the beginning of the winter of 1841-42 that Mr.
Abbott and his family landed at Nantucket This was then a
compact village of io,cxx) souls. There were but two evangeli-
cal churches, the Congregational, and a small Methodist Church.
The island was thirty miles out at sea, and the inhabitants had
no communication with the mainland in winter. Many of the
people were captains and mates of vessels. They were intelli-
gent, with nothing to do, and were glad to be interested on any
instructive theme. The church building was large, and the
lecture-room, which was in fact the old church, would hold
eight hundred people. Mr. Abbott saw his opportunity, and
undertook to interest the people. " I made," he wrote once
of this work, " a great effort to embellish every address with

\

IS78-] JMm 5. C AbbM. it

UQgrq)bical, historical, or scientific iUualratioQS wUcb woidd
intnsct My appeal was solely to reason, — most studiously
atotding all i^peals to mere animal feeling." There had been
a low state of {Hety in the church. Mr. Abbott appointed on
the first Sunday a prayer-meeting in the lecture-^room for Fri-
day evenii^p. In tibat first meeting there were three men and
a dooeii women, and only three of these could sing; for in that
capadoos lectore-romn the singers' seats were still retained
In a few weeks the house was lull at those evening meetings
and the ables were crowded. ''The bell tolled to tell the peo-
ple there was no more room,** was their familiar saying. There
was 80 much ai^)arent interest in religious matters that an in-
^mry meeting was appmnted at the pastcMr^s house for Monday
craning. Those were invited who, without bdng '' inquirers "V
in the iimal sense, yet desired personal instruction about rdig-
ioos truth. About twenty were present After. two or three
honrm of convarsation, three verses of the old tune of Hebron
were given out As the lines

'^Mucb of my time has nm to waste,
And I perhaps am near my home,"

were song, several were deefdy affected, and a mighty work <tf
tiie Spirit seemed to b^n. It sijrept the whole town. Many
an old and godless sea-captain took up the words of one of

their number, "I nail the Bethel flag at the mast's head/*
during the steady interest which for eight months filled the
old church to overflowing three times a week, besides the three
Sabbath services. During all this time Mr. Abbott was alone.
For eight months he did not see the face of a brother clergy-
man of his own denomination. The pressure was too great for
him, and congestion of the brain threatened his life. It was a
great harvest for one reaper. The church records report fifty-
nine at one time who made public confession of Christ. In the
two years and a half of his ministry at Nantucket, one hun-
dred and seventy-two were received into the church.

A similar and even greater blessing was given to his last
pastorate, in Fair Haven. His congregation, and the commu-
nity generally, were of like character to those of Nantucket.
The spirit of those earlier years seemed to return to him as he
assumed the supply of this church, whose interest and courage

12 yohn S. C. Abbott, (Jan.

for the Lord's work had in great measure declined. He was
then engaged in the most exhausting literary work of his life,
and felt that his duty to the church was fulfilled when the two
best hours of the day had been devoted to the preparation
of sermons, and the regular meetings of the church were
attended. His sermons were revivified and generally rewritten
for each Sunday. He seemed to plead with, rather than preach
to, the people. His teaching, diversified and illustrated with
new power, repeatedly urged them, as if it were the last day
for all, to take God at His word, believe and be saved, love
Christ and obey His commands. The church was soon crowded
upon the Sabbath, and scores unused to observe the day were
found in the congregation. The Sunday and week-day prayer-
meetings, after a year of such appeals, filled the large audience-
room. There was great increase of the Sunday school, but
adults were especially awakened by the truth. There was
intensified interest and proportionate stillness and solemnity
in the meetings, to which only one evening more than usual in
the week was devoted. The Holy Spirit's influence settled down
upon the whole community, and was felt by those who did not
come near the services. One hardened sinner,«vhose occupation
was to watch the oyster-beds in the harbor, and who seldom
even came to the shore, without any human agency, in his
lonely watch at night, was so impressed with his sinfulness
that he was forced, alone upon the water, to yield the struggle
and cry for mercy. A well-known citizen, notorious for his
wickedness, on a Sunday evening tremblingly rose to his feet,
and saying that " a week before, all the money in the banks of
New Haven could not have induced him to take this step," he
confessed his need of a Saviour and implored help to obtain
pardon. He was chosen by the Spirit for an effective witness
for Christ. Inquirers for many weeks sought Mr. Abbott at his
home at all hours of the day and evening. So greatly was the
community moved, without special instrumentalities, that one
solemn yet joyous Sabbath morning one hundred and six con-
verts, mostly of adult age, crowded the centre aisles of the
church to make profession of their faith.

Those who enjoyed intimate friendship with Mr. Abbott
knew that he coveted greatly \}Mt power of eloquence^ as one of

i87&] TaUrn S. C AiboU. 13

the prcacher^s best gifts. He longed above all things to aitraei
mid ai the satfu Urns persuade mm to believe the truths of the
gospel He studied the qualities in men which drew others to
hear them. ''Men must be interested in what you have to
say,** be often repeated, ''or you cannot make them hear the
truth or save them by it'' " A pastor should concentrate all
his energies, phydcal and mental, upon his sermons,** was his
fiequoit counsd to young men in the ministry. " Your great
end and aim** — he writes to a young man — "should be to
acquire fmlfit ehquence. You need the whole concentrated
enofgies of body and of soul for the two craHans you must
ddiver every Sabbath. Whatever energy you give to any other
wofkt you must detract from that It is a terrible loss. I
never knew a minister to succeed who attempted to do evexy-
tibing. You want to conbentrate your energus on your two
senmmg, to {breach with all your might Heaven save me
from hearing a minister preach in the afternoon who has fol-
lowed iq> his morning sermon by teaching a Sabbath school I

^ W&at the world is now hungering for is abU prmching.
There is {nrecious little of it It is not merely the writing of
die sermon : one needs to exhaust all the glowing energies fA
soul and body in the delivery. Do not weaken your powers
by diffiision. You cannot do everything, and it is a great deal
better to be a powerful preacher than to scatter your strength
all over the parish."

Dr. Abbott was a conciliatory and sympathetic man in his
personal relations in the parish and in society, but in his pulpit
and on the lecture platform, where at some periods of his life
he was very popular, he fearlessly expressed his convictions,
and maintained his rights as a citizen. He was an outspoken
antislavery man in the earliest years of that contest for free-
dom in our land. He defended the poor and oppressed, and
sufifered for them, when to espouse the cause of the slave was
adisg^ce in the eyes of eminent men in the church. He was
an ardent patriot, and used all the influence of his pulpit and his
pen, during the Rebellion, to maintain the Republican party and
the administration of President Lincoln in their desperate
efforts to save the Union.
Dr. Abbott was also an unwavering advocate of the demo-

14 John S. C. Abbott. [Jan.

cratic and Scriptural principles of our Congregational polity
and of the simple worship of the churches of our faith. He was
a peacemaker in the divisions of churches and councils, where
his apt words often, through their practical wisdom, solved diffi-
culties and led to happy decisions. He loved the simplicity of .
our forms of worship, and had no sympathy with the mongrel
liturgies which have crept into Congregational churches here
and there, and blurred the distinctive character of their services,
while they bewilder the irregular worshippers whom only in
most instances they are designed to attract and please. In an
article, published in the Christain Union after his death. Dr.
Abbott appeals to his brethren for the old-time Congregational
uniformity of worship, which in his view was unsurpassed by
any other ritual in winning souls to Christ. He describes his
own experience in ministering to churches which, each, had a
different form : —

" Not long since I preached in one of the most important of
our metropolitan churches. The edifice was splendid, the- con-
gregation large, fashionable, intelligent. I sat prayerfully, I
may say tremblingly, in a little anteroom, waiting for the last
strokes of the tolling bell. One of the deacons came into my
room, and smiling very blandly said, that perhaps, as I might not
be familiar with the ritual which their pastor had introduced, he
had brought me a printed programme. It was to me a formida-
ble document. I had but about two and a half minutes to be-
come familiar with this probably very admirable Congregational
liturgy. But it destroyed all my peace of mind. I was in dis-
may, and said to the deacon that I did not see how it would be
possible for me, with so short a time for preparation, to adopt
forms with which I was so totally unacquainted. He replied it
was very simple ; that as I had the printed programme before
me, all I had to do was to follow it. Not much to my comfort, he
added that an inexperienced young man preached for them a few
Sundays before, who became so embarrassed as to render the ser-
vice quite amusing.

" The bell ceased tolling, I entered the pulpit. How I suc-
ceeded in working my way through the service I scarcely know :
but this I do know, that I passed an hour and a half of quite
severe suffering.

1878L] S^Om S. C Abbott. 15

^ A few ifcdtf after this a deacon came to my study to engage
me to supply the pulpit in one of the leading churches of our
land. He saM he would hunt up an order of exercises which
he woidd send* me. My patience was odiausted. I said that
if he would allow me to conduct the wrnct according to the
usages of om- fiUfaerSy I should be happy to do so ; otherwise
he must seek ton a sui^ly somewhere dse. He replied, with a
smile, that none would obfect to this, ^ce then I have inva*
riaUy adbeied to the tiine-honored custom of the Congr^ar
tkmal churches.''

It \m not possible in these pages to describe at length M[n
Abbott's life as a teacher. Compelled by the state of his own
hcalUi and that of Mrs. Abbott, he left Nantucket with his
femily m December, 1843. He immediately united with his
bfolliers Jacob and Gorham in conducting a school for young
kdies in New York City. Soon after Mr. Gorham Abbott
scparatgly oiganized the famous S^nngler Institute, wliich, with
the sdioot of the Abbott brothers, were pioneer institutions f<»r
the holier education of girls in America. "* Mr. Jacob" and
*^ Mr. John," as they were ever distinguished by their pupils,
continued thefar institution for about ten years. At no period
of thefar Mves, perhaps, did their work inspire more grateful love
and respect Their pupils came from the most intelligent fam-
ilies and from all parts of the country. They found a Christian
home with their teachers. It was indeed a large family school,
where all were treated and guided as daughters. Mr. Jacob's
marvellous tact for imparting knowledge, to which unnumbered
youth have since had cause to testify, and Mr. John's personal
enthusiasm in impressing scenes of history, the facts of science,
and the traits of character, as living pictures, upon the memory,
were a rare combination for the success and efficiency of their
school Mr. John and his brother were already wielding an
increasing influence by their pens, in American literature, and
the products of their study were given in lectures and familiar
instruction to their pupils. It was there that Mr. Abbott began
writing the Life of Napoleon /, to which he owed much of his
celebrity as an author.

The three youngest children of Mr. Abbott's large family
were born in New York. He was led to return to Maine with

l6 Jakm 5L C ASiaCL [J

his himilj in 1S53 hr his love &>r fiis native Scste. 2mi 2. desire
to tdacskZe his oldest soa at Bowdoin College. With the par-
pose of Acsrr^in:^ himself to literary wort in. which he was
achieving remarkable soccess, he porchased oae cf the homes
of his boyhood ia Bnmswick, where he resided several years, in
view of the coGej^e grounds and Ln intimate associatioa with the
facultv of Bowdoin. Several of the oculrr were his old instnic-
tors, and he was himself a member of the Board of Tnxstees.
No place cooM have been found so favorable tor his literary
toiL The lai^e librarv of Bowdoin^ exceedinMy vahable in its
historic collections, and the rare pain rings in its art gallery,
bequeathed by the Bowdoin femfly, were at his command. The
cultured society of Brunswick cordially received him, with his
wife and daughters, to their circles, and his own large and
bright-faced group of children, full of vivacity and venture, had
the freedom of a healthy country home. The life and charac-
ter of Mr. Abbott's father were there reproduced in his own.
As he is remembered, not only by his children, but by citizens or
students who were familiar with his home life, no one would
wish to change a sentence in a description of his father, which
Mr. Abbott somewhere gives, if it were applied to himself: —

"There was somethincr in mv father which commanded
respect as well as love. . . . WTienever in the winter he appeared
in the street with his sleigh, every boy felt at liberty to jump
on or in. They would sometimes be clustered on his sleigh
like a swarm of bees. He would stop to let the little fellows
hitch their sleds to the runners. Often he would prolong his
route to give them a ride. I never knew one who lived more
constantlv for others."

In an interesting sketch of Mr. Abbott's published works by
Rev. Edward Abbott, editor of the Literary Worlds there is
given the first catalogue ever made of them. The figures
preceding the titles indicate, generally speaking, the place
belonging to each in chronological order of publication ; the
figures following give the date of publication.

L Juvenile.

2. The Child at Home. 1834.
7. The School Boy. 1839.

%

i87&] yi^ S. C AbboU., 17

8. Tbe Sdiool Giri. 1840.

9^ A Visit to the Mountains. 1844.

40-51. Americam Pioneers and Patriots. 12 vols. Daniel Boone,
Mfles Staadisliy De Soto^ Peter Stnyvesant, Kit Carson, David Crodcet^
Gqfitain Kdd, Panl Jones, La Salle, Cdlombas, Geotge Washington, B»«
janin Franklin. i873"i876.

n. ExmcALANDRxuGioim.

I* The Mother at Home. 1833.

4. Fireside Piety. 1834.

6. The Path of Peace. 1833.
lou Memohr of Miss Eliasabeth T. Read. 1847.
31. Practical ChristiaiUty. i8d2.

m. BtOOlAFHICAL AND HISTORICAL.

It. Napokoo at St. Helena. 1855.
13. *niigsandQaeeiis. 1855.

13^ 14. The History of Napolecm Bonaparte. 1855. a vols.
15. Ccmidetttial Correspondence of the Emperor Napoleon. 1856^1
i6. The Fren^ Revolntion. 1859.

17-19^ The Monarchies of Continental Europe. 1859. 3 ^^^*
Anstifa, RQssh^ Italy.
33,33. Histoiy of the Civil War in America. 1866. 3 vols.
34. - The Romance of Spanish History. 1869.
3$. The History of Napoleon III. 1869.
361 Prussia and tiie Franco-Pmssian War. 1871.

27. History of Frederick the Great. 1871.

28. History of Christianity. 1872.

29. History of Maine. 1875.

30. Lives of the Presidents of the United States. 1876.

31-39, 9 vols. Abbott's Illustrated Histories of Marie Antoinette,
Josephine, Queen Hortense, Madame Roland, Joseph Bonaparte, Louis
Philippe, Hernando Cortez, Louis XIV, Henry IV.

IV. Miscellaneous.

3. Scientific Tracts. 183- [probably]. Meteors, Man physically Con-
sidered, Popular Superstitions, Northwest Passage, The Ocean.

5. New England and her Institutions. 1835.
20. South and North, i860.

This list is not quite complete ; several juvenile books are
omitted, notwithstanding more than fifty volumes are enumer-
ated. It will be seen that Mr. Abbott's claims to authorship
might, on the ground of the extent and variety of his volumes,

•SCOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. I. 2

1 8 John S. C. Abbott. [Jan.

without regard to their immense circulation, disturb the conceits
of the flippant critics who have affected to ignore his influence
in American literature. Others may, in careful review of his
works, give Mr. Abbott just credit for what he has achieved of
literary worth, and a particular history of his works. Here we
give a record of the facts, the methods, and influence of his life
and labors. All will accord to him the praise of rare industry,
that could acomplish the literary work of between fifty and sixty
published volumes, many of them numbering, each, over six
hundred large octavo pages. To these might be added half as
many more volumes that would perhaps contain the unknown
number of magazine and newspaper articles, which he con-
tinued to contribute till the last month of his life. There still
would remain, to complete the sum of his life, ten years of the
exhausting cares of a teacher, and the twenty-five unbroken
years of faithful pastoral and ministerial labors for large congre-
gations in New England.

Only in part would Mr. Abbott wish applied to himself
favorite words of his classmate Longfellow : —

** The heights by great men reached and kept
Were not attained by sudden flight ;
But they, while their companions slept,
Were toiling upwards in the night."

Yet none familiar with his writings, which touched upon

almost every phase of history and every vital theme of human

character, can justly withhold from him the large illustration of

another's thought : —

" No life
Can be pure in its purpose and strong in its strife,
And all life not be purer and stronger thereby."

The responsibility of authorship is beyond measure when it
reaches such a vast number of minds, and silently influences
character and conduct by its portrayal of the events and deeds
of the past. Mr. Abbott by his pen wrought far more than
by his voice. It was, however, the same noble aim,

"In whose pure sight all virtue doth succeed,"

which inspired both.

It is the fashion of critics to search for what an author is not.

»!

1878.] John S. C. Abbott. 19

Discoverers of this kind do not require candor or great inteDi-
gence. One could thus easily describe tlie fishes of the Ama-
zon, without addinggreally to knowledge. It is also the weak-
ness of critics to err in judgment. This may proceed from the
assumed infaJlibility of their consciousness and of their intu-
\ itions of all truth without original investigation. By one or two
eminent and also hasty thinkers, Mr. Abbott was called, in a
few instances, "a falsifier of history." The charge involved
intentional niisrepresentalion. He could in a!! cases oppose
the authority of others, as trustworthy in their opinions as his
^H critics, to support his statements. He was, on the contrary, a
^■conscientious author. In the Preface of his last volume be
^B«ays, " I have written fifty-four volumes. In every one it has
^P !jcen my endeavor to make the inhabitants of this sad worid
^K more brotherly, — better and happier" He chose authorities
^1 which he judged good, and weighed the prejudices of others as
^V he did his own. Yet in ten thousand difficult cases of judgment,
^K he were not human if h j did not sometimes err. His disparage-
V ments of men in his histories are few. He hated the wnom
of historic slurs. His condemnation of governments aod men
is open. He would not withhold commendation when it could
IrulhfuDy be given. Once, lying becalmed in a sail-boat on
^ Crimen Hay, he suddenly turned to one near him and said, " I
am greatly perplexed by two ch^iracters of whom I am writing,
Mirabeau and Rousseau. I cannot understand the inexplica-
ble wickedness of their acts, unless there was some hidden
motive, which justified them, at least in their own sight." At
another time, to one collecting materials for his use in an ac-
count of a disastrous campaign in our civil war, he remarked,
"Give him commendation where it is deserved, for he had
everything against him."

" In estimating a great man," says a strong, modern writer,
" we should surely look to that wherein he was unique, individ-
ual, exceeded his age, and added to it." When Mr. Abbott
began to write the Life of Napoleon I, for which he has been
so harshly judged, his countrymen were imbued with English
hatred of the man whom that nation so long feared. Who does
not know the strength of an Englishman's prejudice.'

Few of the facts stated in that remarkable biography have

20 yohn S. C, Abbott. [Jan.

been successfully controverted : the force of its arguments has
been admitted by the clearest judicial minds. For that work
and the equally elaborate and fascinating Life of Napoleon
III, Mr. Abbott made the most careful investigation of author-
ities in some of the best libraries in America and France,
and personally visited Paris under the reign of Louis Napoleon*
with whom he freely conversed on the principles of the gov-
ernment, which he was then so successfully administering for
France. The only recognition of his much-talked of services
to the family of Napoleon was a gold medal worth about fifty
dollars, given in acknowledgment of the presentation of a copy
of the Life of Napoleon III to the Emperor.

Aside from Mr. Abbott's motives in writing, he was, in the
best years of his authorship, an unusually careful writer. His
remarkable perspicuity and beauty of style were the result of
careful elaboration of his sentences. Much of Napoleon I was
written three times, and nearly all of it twice. It was his habit
carefully to elaborate a whole sentence before it was committed
to paper. " Hard writing makes easy reading," was his daily
motto. What he once wrote of his Lives of the Presidents
was his repeated wish of all his larger works. " I wish," he
says, " to make this the best book I have ever written " He
was a vivid and always popular author. " Genuine history,"
we are truthfully told, " is brought into existence only when the
historian begins to unravel, across the lapse of time, the living
man, toiling, impassioned, intrenched in his customs, with his
voice and features, his gestures and his dress, distinct and com-
plete as he from whom we have just parted in the street."
Mr. Abbott is unsurpassed in American literature in this qual-
ity of a historian. He wrote history in a glow of mental
action, at once a delight to himself and the source of magnetic
power over his readers. This trait has been thus described by
Dr. Lyman Abbott : " In his work of composition he was ac-
customed to read up on the topic till he was thoroughly famil-
iar with it. Then, closing his eyes, he would by a rare power
of historic imagination transport himself into the scene which
he was about to describe, and paint with his pen what he had
seen in a mental vision. He had a rare power of abstraction,
and, what is still more rare, a power of coming out of the past

1878.] y'>l"* ^- C. Abbott. 31

and returning to it again almost instaQtly. His study was
always accessible ; bis children came and went; he never de-
clined himself to a caller; and however busy he might be, I
think he never regretted to see a friend. He would leave the
death-bed of De Soto or the battle-field of Napoleon, answer s
question about the household or give a greeting to a caller, and
go back to his unfinished picture vi'ithout losiag from it a figure
or a color."

Mr. Abbott wrote forthe people and easily commanded their
attention. He was in the habit of keeping constantly before his
mind as he wrote sonic one who fairly represented the intelli-
gence and honest character of the households throughout the
land, with which he had unfeigned sympathy and where fail
words had such charm for old and young. He was unaUe fully
to meet the requests of publishers for his writings. His contri-
butions to magazines or papers were never rejected. The
Harpers of New York repeatedly affirmed the popularity rf
Mr. Abbott's book. His Napoleofi I gave to their new monthly
magazine an immense impetus. The editor <iX that magaane,
after The Life of Frederick the Great, which a|^)earcd anony-
mously at the author's request, had been completed, gave the
most emphatic testimony to the rare and invaluable power
which Mr. Abbott possessed of attracting and interesting the
people. His last work, though unassociated with his name or
his fame, had inceased their readers by thousands.

It was diligettce, not haste, it was intense labor, not genius,
that accomplished such large results in Dr. Abbott's life. He
did not work irregularly, but rather continuously. He did not
turn night into day, nor wait for moods and impulses to mental
exertion. For twenty of his most fruitful years, he spent from
eight to ten hours daily in study and writing. The interrup-
tions to this incessant labor were few ; its monotony was
relieved by change of subject and composition. He usually
gave the first two hours to his sermons ; then the large historic
subject from four to six hours awakened his intense interest,
while the newspaper or magazine article or a friendly letter
varied the theme and style of expression. Three or four hours
of delightful talk with his family, or in social calls, closed the
day, and he early sought sleep. His only exercise of walking

22 yohn S. C. Abbott. [Jan.

or driving was very light. He ate but little, and his chief
recuperative was sleep, of which he would never wilfully deprive
himself. Some of his best work was done two hours before the
breakfast of his household. Mr. Abbott kept no diary or jour-
nal of his thoughts and labors ; but this very incomplete sketch
of his literary life cannot have better or more interesting
proof of its statements than brief extracts from private letters
to the writer in the year 1870. Many similar confirmations
could be drawn from the letters of other years.

June 13, 1870. — "I have the full charge of not a small parish,
with all its pulpit and parochial labors. It is a rule with me
to prepare one new sermon every week. In addition to this I
prepare a monthly article of twenty pages for Harper's Maga-
zine [Frederick the Great], and am writing two books, one, the
Histoty *of Louis XIV, and the other. The History of the
Christian Religion. Last week I wrote the tenth chapter of
this History. I have sent the first four chapters of the History
of Louis XIV to the Harpers, and have four other chapters
completed.*'

After such a week as this, Mr. Abbott again wrote : " Yes-
terday I preached all day to unusually large audiences, for our
congregation is continually increasing. This morning [Mon-
day] I rested by going into my study at seven o'clock and work-
ing without intermission until one. In that time I prepared
six closely written pages upon Louis XIV. It is my rule, with
scarcely an exception, to go into my study as soon as I rise in
the morning, and write until breakfast. I then continue to
write until dinner-time at half past one. In the afternoon and
evening I read up. I have nothing whatever to do with house
or barn, but am merely a boarder in my house. Your mother
spends the whole morning in my study with me. Sometimes
I dictate to her, sometimes I write in abbreviations, and she
copies."

The following estimate, by Dr. Leonard Bacon, of the suc-
cess of Mr. Abbott's literary life, is here reproduced from his
funeral address : " The aim of his many and various historical
works has been to popularize knowledge. In this he has suc-
ceeded as no other writer. The books he has written have
had millions of readers. His Mother at Home, the earliest

iS7&) yS^Am S. C AUoit. 23

of tfiem» has been a blessing in households too many to be
munbered. His cdl^e classmates, Longfellow, Hawthorne,
Qieever, are eminent in literature. Not one of them has had —
perhaps not all a! them together have had — so many millions of
readers^ and in so many languages of Christian and heathen
iiat&ms, as he. Some of Hawthorne's stories, many of Long-
feDow^s poems, may be counted among the classics of the
world's literature when the histories which he has written
diall have been superseded ; but he has made his mark broad
and deep upon the Uviftg' generations, and that diffusion in
which he hBS been so great an instrument will have its effect
en coming ages."

Whmi Dr« Abbott had reached the age of seventy, he had
eipended nearly all his bodily strength in the labors which
tfubi incomplete record of his life can only indicate^ to those
aoqnainted with ministerial and literary toil He soon suc-
Gsmbed to the decay of bodily powers, while the lamp of his
nund still bum^ brightly. He had less deposition to leave
Ms hmn^ even for the slight exercise of walking to which he
was accustomed. Whenever it was possible he was employed
kk his study on articles for papers and magazines, or the vol*
wses fiir which editors and publishers made urgent request
He clung to his pen till the' last month of a sickness of fifteen
months. He was deeply affected by the death, at his own home,
in March, 1876, of the wife of his deceased brother Gorham,
Mrs. Rebecca S. Abbott. She was a lady of rare intelligence
and piety and virtue, whose memory is revered by thousands
in our land. Her departure seemed to open the way into the
unknown mysteries which his spirit longed to penetrate. His
thoughts were thenceforth much upon his own release, and he
began to gather up all the loose threads of his life. His days
with the family now closed with the setting sun. His nights
were long and his rest broken. Many hours of the day were
spent upon his bed. Muscular decay was visible in all his
movements. With no special disease, he suffered, often acutely,
in different parts of his body. He would lose several days at
a time from his work. A lady sat at his bedside and wrote for
him as he dictated his last volume on Benjamin Franklin. His
Reminiscefices of Child/iood and a few articles for religious

24 yohn 5. C. Abbott. [Jan.

papers were written with pencil, at intervals of night or day,
on a tablet which was ever at his side. His mind was at these
times remarkably clear, and the desire to write irresistible.
Many letters of farewell were thus written to his relatives and
friends. They were unexaggerated pictures of the tranquillity
and peace, the hope, the sweet content, or the rapture of his
mind, as, with unfaltering trust, he waited for his Heavenly
Father's permission to join the throngs of the redeemed. So
extremely weak was he several months before the last, that he
many times awaked in the morning feeling that it must be his
last day on earth. Thus he lingered, every want ministered to
by the loving hands of his wife and daughter and his devoted
physician. It was a precious privilege of distant members of
his family, and of his relatives and former associates, to visit
his chamber. There were no shadows there. The peace of
his soul entered the hearts of all who heard his words. They
shared the joy of his heavenly hope as they parted. Old pupils,
classmates, parishioners, and friends, near to his home or from
far-off States and countries, sent him words of encouragement
and gifts of love ere he took his journey toward the eternal
city. It is not often that one who has spoken to thousands so
eloquently of heaven and immortality, when in the full tide of
life, has been able so fully to testify at the last ebb, with clear
vision beyond Time's narrow bound, to the surety of all the
promises in Christ.

A month before his release Dr. Abbott's sufferings became
acute, and yet he comforted himself and others with hope.
" In a few days, perhaps a few hours," he said, " I shall he hap-
pier than any man living." On Saturday evening, one, noticing
the last change, said to him, " Death has come." He looked
up with a glad surprise. He had often felt nearer to death
than he did then. But he began to breathe more heavily, then
more gently, and just after midnight, without a struggle his
spirit dropped its burden, and entered into the joy of his Lord.

With all that Dr. Abbott accomplished in authorship, so
excellent that his books have been transcribed into many lan-
guages and dispersed among peo'ples of both hemispheres, his
most intimate friends are ready to say that his influence as a
Christian^ whether by word or pen or personal character, was

y>»m S. C. Abbott. 35

bis highest aim and the best work of bis lifi:. " I am most
grateful for the success of my religious works," he said to the
writer in hi^ last interview with bim. " Hiy History of Ckris'
tianiiy has greatly interested my Japanese friends. Tbey
have carried it to Japan, and will try to circulate it among those
thirty-three milUons who are to be converted into a Christian
nation." " I feel, as I lie here waiting for my release, that I
desire no earthly good like that of pleading witii men to accept
salvation through Christ"

The weaknesses and &ults in his life were those which arose
from an impulsive and generous nature, and from the exactiona
of fais work upon nervous strength. He bad too great confi-
' dcnce in human nature, and sometimes spoke to the public or to
his own coramuoity through his pen as if all were his personal
friends and as high-minded as himself in tl)eir motives and
principles. Thus he occasionally betrayed himself to public
criticism where only his best friends should have known bis
thoughts, or witnessed his gratification from the ixvoT of those
in power. He had great stjf-restraint under provocations, and
was usually silent when be was sorely tried by criticism or rfr-
pfoach. " He has left the world poorer," wrote one of Mr. Ab-
bott^a ftmner aasodates. " We shall go the more easily because
be is there."

In no respect is he known ever to have failed in personal in-
tegrity and Christian honor. Blameless in youth, none could
reproach him in age. In him was the soul of courtesy, — un-
selfish love for men ; it continued with him to the last. It
never won the heart so much as on his dying bed. The hum-
ble loved his recognition and his conversation, free from ped-
antry, as much as the cultured and powerful His service to
God and his fellow-men had left its impress of gentleness, dig-
nity, and integrity of bearing towards all, and it was a purified
and lovely character which enabled hira to welcome heavenly
scenes and fellowship ere earth had passed away from his sight.
HoRAiio O, Ladd,
Haplantoit, Afau.

26 Books and their Uses. [J^tn.

BOOKS AND THEIR USES.

"One of the standing surprises of literature is thai people will insist on
reading what is new and bad, in preference to what is old and good." —
New York Evening Post,

" Though I read books of divinity (especially Jeremy Taylor and our old
divines) with delight, and a certain sort of advantage, I do not want any
book, spiritually, except the Bible, now that by my father and Mr. Words-
worth I have been put in the way of reading it to advantage. They indeed
have given me eyes and ears. To them I owe my thoughts more than to
all other men." — Life and Correspondence of Sara Coleridge.

" The ponderous novel cannot be said to have had its day, but the indi-
cations are that it must soon cease to have more than its day.*' — Pre/ace
to Little Classics,

" And when you read [fiction], read only the masters, — and let the great
herd of writers of stories go their way. They bring no profit." — Rev. P.
S, Storrs, D.D.

" I require that a poem should impress me, so that after I have shut the
book, it shall recall me to itself, or that passages should. . . . And I wish
that the poet should foresee this habit of readers, and omit all but the im-
portant passages, Shakespeare is made up of important passages, like
Damascus steel, made up of old nails." — R. W. Emerson^ Letters and
Social Aims.

We group these valuable testimonies at the beginning of
this article, to draw the attention of the younger readers of the
Quarterly to some high authorities on books and reading, even
if we should fail to add anything of our own to confirm them.

It is not greatly to be wondered at that the common people
should seize upon what comes first for their reading, for they
have but little opportunity or ability to make a selection ; but
it is wonderful that so many people of culture should allow
themselves to waste their precious time over inferior and
mediocre productions, while hundreds of volumes of the
choicest literature of the world lie untouched, or only read in
the most superficial manner.

The old question of demand and supply recurs again. " The
people will have cheap and trashy literature, and we must fur-
nish it," True, indeed, too true ; but only a part of the truth.
It is easier and cheaper to produce crude and unsubstantial
reading than that which is solid and elevating, and the people

1878.] B^aks and their Uses. 27

read vbat is set before them, asking no questions, because
they bave neither time nor means to make a wiser choice.
Thus the demand is, partly at least, the result of supply. Let
men of character and conscience make it a point to fumbh
onty the best reading, even, if need be, at less remunerative
results^ and a better taste will soon be formed, and a new
demand be heard, for bread, instead of husks, for living water,
instead of the fiery intoxicants in which the masses have too
ki^ indulged.

The refining process in our literature needs to be carried as
fio* as it is in the precious metals. The iron ore from the
mountains, which can scarcely be distinguished from common
earth, is so refined and perfected by repeated melting and
fvessing as to form at last the excellent steel, used in our
watches and other delicate machinery. The hair-spring in
a watch costs a dollar, but a hundred hair-springs weigh less
tiian a sing^ gold dollar! Our classic reading should be
mdted and burnished, till every page shall gleam as gold, and
he w<»rth its dollar, and every volume be wellnigh priceless.
So it ftf with some of our books. Easy would it be to quote
single pages, stanzas, even sentences, not to say volumes,
which the world would not let die for all the gold in a mine.
And these excellent books might be multiplied to all needful
extent by the fiery processes of elimination, compression, and
selection. Even now there are more of such works than
find admiring readers, which shows that the taste and judg-
ment of readers need correction quite as urgently as the works
of authors.

There are, indeed, some indications of returning sense in
this direction, as in the choice little volumes published by
J. R. Osgood & Co., — " Little Classics," " Vest-Pocket Series,"
and more recently, by Henry Holt & Co., New York, " Con-
densed Classics," — in which some of the best of the novels of
Scott, Dickens, and others are divested of their superfluous
drapery and expansion, while the real point and matter of the
story are presented in a connected and compact form. This is
a good and suggestive beginning, and we hope it will be pushed
into other branches of literature, and be brought to bear effec-
tively upon the swarms of new books prepared for the press.

28 Books and their Uses, [Jan.

The Library of Poetry and Song, under Mr. Bryant's super-
vision, Parnassus, by Mr. Emerson, Songs of Three Centu-
ries, by Whittier, and other similar works, meet the demand
partially, and show the pressing need of winnowing and com-
pression in most of our books. None of us, of course, will be
satisfied with anything short of substantial completeness in the
works of the immortal bards, — Shakespeare, Milton, Words-
worth, etc. Yet some of these, Wordsworth especially, would be
greatly improved by a judicious dropping of some of the more
trivial and unimportant of his poems, and a better arrangement
of the principal ones. By far the larger number of poets
will be known only by their very best productions, as in Par-
nassus, and the Library of Poetry and Song. Even " Shake-
speare," says Emerson, " is made up of important passages." So
are Wordsworth and Tennyson and many more. " The divine
Milton," perhaps more than any other, is an exception. The
task is a delicate and difficult one, as is plainly seen in Mr.
Bryant's collection, which omits and abridges some of the very
best pieces, and makes itself cumbersome by the admission of
a multitude of authors of little note or merit, and not a few en-
tirely " anonymous."

We have in mind chiefly, in this article, books for reading,
and not books of reference and text-books. The latter need
to be, in the higher schools and colleges especially, extensive
and thorough. There is need also of elaborate historical,
geographical, and scientific works, for the use of those whose
profession and calling lead in that direction. Such volumes
should be carefully garnered in our public libraries, and made
easily accessible to all who have need of them. But for ordinary
readers, and those in the humbler spheres of professional life,
only very limited private libraries are practicable or necessary ;
and these should be of the selectest kind, containing the cream
of the larger works in the most compact and available forms.
The real books of the world, as Ruskin suggests, are few.
Those which we really need are certainly fewer. The root-
thoughts, which are enough, generally, for the well-developed
mind, can be had without going over an interminable area of
type and paper.

The habit, so common everywhere, of reading trash, or

I

t-lS^S.] Books and iheir U$u. 29

truth which has been beaten up into a foam, or hamm«ecl out
so thin as to be impalpable, is not only prodigal of tim^ but
is of positive injurious influence upoa the mind, F. W, Rc^
erison gives it as his testimony, that "multifiuious reading
weakens the mind more than doing nothing; for it becomes a
necessity at last, like smoking, and is an excuse for the mind
to lie dormant, whilst thought is poured in and runs throtigh, —
a clear stream over unproductive gravel, on which not even
mosses grow." " I hope," says S. T. Cc^eridge, " to satisfy
many an ingenuous mind, seriously interested in its own
development, how moderate a number f& volumes, if only they
be judiciously chosen, will suffice for the attainment of every
wise and valuable purpose ; i. r. in addition to those which
he studies for specific and professional services. An excel-
lent bonk is like a well-chosen and weH-trained fruit tree. Its
fruits are not of one season only. With the due and natural
intervals, we may recur to it year after year, and it will sup-
ply the same nourishment and the aame gratification, if only
we return to it with the same healthful a4)petite." P. B. Shel-
ley used to say that "a good library consisted not'of many
books, but a few chosen ones." Being asked what be consid-
ered such, he said, " I '11 give you my list — catalc^;u,e it can't
be called : The Greek Plays, Plato, Lord Bacon's Works,
Shakespeare, The Old Dramatists, Milton, Goethe, Schiller,
Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Macchiavelli and Guicciar-
dini; and last, but not least, the Bible." It is with books
as with travel Large libraries and long and diversified
journeys are desirable. But after all, as Thoreau so finely
puts it, " in the spaces of thought are the reaches of land
and water where men go and come. The landscape lies
far and fair within, and the deepest thinker is the farthest
travelled."

The fluctuations of literature in different generations are
suggestive and instructive. Once the essay was the most
popular style of writing, and novels were far less common than
now. The Spectator and The Rambler, in their day, were the
popular reading of the most intelligent classes. History is a
necessity of all times, but is hardly maintaining its relative
rank at present Scientific speculation has been very popular

30 Books and their Uses. [Jan.

in recent years, and will not be easily displaced from its
ascendency among the cultured classes. Poetry holds its
own perhaps the best of all. This is well if the poetry be good,
and it certainly is of a far higher class than once prevailed.
The most popular poets of the day are among the best and
noblest of our literary and philanthropic men, — Bryant, Long-
fellow, Whittier, etc.

We have a word of apology and defence for the essay, which
has fallen into some degree of unpopularity in modern days.
Next to poetry, it will bear the most compression, and it admits
of the clearest expression of thought and sentiment. The essays
in the Spectator seldom exceeded two or three pages, yet were
rounded and complete in thought. And when one has uttered
his thought, what more fitting than that he should stop } In
the story or novel, the object is to dilute and attenuate thoucjht
to the utmost : in the essay it is to say something directly to
the point and leave it. In the multitude of books this is surely
the true wisdom and benevolence. The essay and the sonnet
resemble each other in this : —

" In truth, the prison unto which we doom
Ourselves, no prison is. And hence to me.
In sundry moods, 'twas pastime to be bound
Within the sonnet's scanty plot of ground."

Hence we insist that the essay, descriptive, philosophical,
or argumentative, is the most valuable form for general pur-
poses. The monograph, on most topics, for most people, is
enough. Some of these, compared with the more lengthy
treatises on the same subjects, are truly admirable. Dr.
Philip Schaff's small volume on The Person of Christ ; Dr.
BushnelFs famous chapter, "The Character of Jesus forbids
his Possible Classification with Men " ; Shairp's Moral Motive
Powery and Culture and Religion; some of the Boston Lec-
tures on Christianity and Scepticism ; Dr. Brown's Spare Hours ^
etc , etc., not to omit the peerless letters of the Apostle Paul,
may be referred to. Some of these productions were origi-
nally delivered as lectures, but are none the worse for that.
The lecture and the essay are very nearly akin to each other,
and of similar scope and purpose. They stand related to our
prose literature as our best hymns do to our theological trea-

»

I
I

1878.] Boeh and tkdr Us*t. 31

tises. and as the brief, insi^red poems of Wordsworth and
Tennyson do to 7/ie Excursitm and the Idyls of tJu King.

Turning from these to the inflated, prolonged, almost inter-
minable novel, introJucing with minutest particularity every
trivial circumstance and conversation, is like passing out of a
wcil-cuItivated garden, full of all precious fruits and beautiful
flowers, into an open, birren tract, stretching away to the
horizon.! We are therefore pained to read in one tA our
foremost reliijious weeklies, whose constant cry is for short,
condensed articles, short sermons, and shortness in general,
concerning a new story in two volumes, of six hundred and
forty pages, that " the remorseless critic will probably say of
this book. Cut it down ! But those who know the quality of the
stories will rejoice at the quantity now before them, and ask for
more," — thus encouraging the remorseless book-makers in the
business of inundating the world with books which must pass
rapidly to oblivion.

A just proportion is as needful in reading as elsewhere. No
man or woman can possibly read a tithe oi the new books that
are constantly appearing, to say nothing of old ones. One
who should undertake to read all of the new fiction of the day,
even that which is pronounced good, would have to rise np
early and sit up late and forego all other business to accom-
plish iL A due proportion of different classes of Ixioks requires
one to be very sparing of fiction. Yet how many read little
else ! And what intellectual and spiritual leanness must fol-
low ! Even some of our religious papers think it their duty (or
their interest) to foster this appetite by publishing long serial
stories for the entertainment of their readers. Undue famil-
iarity with this class of books is like excess of wine, dulling the
relish for unstimulating drinks, and leading on, by natural
stages, to confirmed inebriety and uselessness.

Only here and there one can expect to enjoy the means and

1 We open almost al random a recent volume, and read : " Golightly wiped
his forehead with his handkerchier and sighed, pulling on his hat seriously."
" Now, my dear," he continued, repressing a strong desire to take Elinor's hand,
and contenting himself with smoothing forward the hair on his temple," and so on
indefinitely. What else but his handkerchief would a gentleman be likely to wipe
his forehead with ? and of what consequence to the world was it that he should
pat on hiBhat'*Mriou9ly " fete, etc

32 Books and their Uses. [Jan.

the leisure to shut himself up among his books, and tell the
world abroad the beautiful sights from his study window ; but
almost any one may shut himself away from the promiscuous
herd of book-makers, " on a little rocky island of his own, with
a spring and a lake in it, pure and good." This he will find, as
Ruskin says, " of the greatest importance every way, not only
for art's sake, but for all kinds of sake, in these days of book-
deluge." Another who has explored very widely the field of
literature (M. Taine) has given it as his testimony, that ** we
need no longer go to Greece and Rome to search for poetic
objects. They are quite near us. If we see them not, it is
because we do not know how to look for them. The fault is
in our eyes, not in the things. We shall find them, if we wish,
at our fireside, and among the beds of our kitchen-garden."
Mrs. Browning has expressed the same, in still more pungent

words : —

" Earth *s crammed with heaven,

And every common bush afire with God ;

But only he who sees, takes off his shoes ;

The rest sit round, and pluck blackberries

And daub their natural faces unaware,

More and more." Aurora Leigh,

But all this has been taught us, most impressively, by

Wordsworth, Dana, Coleridge, Bryant, and scores of others, in

earlier and in later days. Shall we heed the lesson, and be

wise, or go on as before, blindly and at random, getting little

profit from our unequalled opportunities, and yielding in return

only the crude and meagre fruit of such indiscriminate and

superficial culture ?

M. K. Cross.

IVaterloot Iowa.

1878.] Doeirim pf yusHficaium. 33

RTTSCHL'S CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE DOCTRINE OF

JUSTIFICATION.

(5 1.) Whbh Wolf systematized Leibnitz, he departed from
bim.^ He abandoned the idea of monads, placing soul and
body under dualism; he substituted outward conformity to pur-
pose for inner ; he derived the character of actions from their
tendency to produce a more perfect state or the contrary ; he
made tl^ value of motives depend on the nature of things which
determines the results of actions ; his moral law is, " Do what
makes thee and thy condition, or that of others, more perfect " :
but he did not include in the perfection of individuals the fur-
thering that di others. Man's duties toward himself in Air-
thoring his own perfection hold, with Wolf, the first place. In
bis Tkiologia Naturalis he did, indeed, widen his view, and
affirm that the dominion of God over creation binds man to aim
at the perfection of the whole universe ; ^ but his individual-
VBxa here shut out both the Leibnitzian conception of the uni-
verse and the church conception of fellowship as covering indi-
vidual training. So his conception of supra-rational revelation

^ [C£ Hagenbftcli, II, 376^ on the LeibnitB-Wolfian philoeophy and theology.
Also on Wolf*s combining Leibnitz and Aristotle, cf. Ueberweg, II, 93, 116; on
his relation to Descartes, Cousin, Hist* Mod, Phil.^ Wight's Trans., II, 118. For
general sketches of Wolf, cf. Murdock, Mod, Phil.y 40-43 ; Morell, /5., I, 22S-230 ;
Tennemann, Manual^ 366-369 ; Farrar, CriL Hut, etc., 214-216 ; Ueberweg, II, 116;
Henry's Epitome^ etc., II, 97,98; Kahnis, 110-115 ; Saintes, Hist, Rat,^ 60-63. For
his influence on religion more particularly, cf. Hurst, 103-112. Wolf was bom
1679, and died 1754. He succeeded the Pietists at Halle, 1707, under Frederick I,
was banished by Frederick William I, 1723, and recalled by Frederick the Great
1740. Cousin says, "Wolf is Leibnitz himself with less genius." Rosenkrantz
says, " Leibnitz supplied the capital and Wolf derived the profits."]

' [Other writers differ from Ritschl here, and are less precise. Thus Dr.
Murdock : "Wolf devised a new central point or fundamental principle, viz., that of
perfection, as comprising all that is morally right and obligatory. According to
this principle, the whole duty of man consists in striving after perfection in himself
and in all around him ; the perfection of his entire character and condition for time
and eternity." (Tennemann, p. 41.) " Virtue is the art of making perfect our con-
dition. The grand rule of virtue is, * Perfice te ipsum,* — do that which may perfect
your own condition or that of another." The author confounds together the soul
and its condition ; he adds that the system, for lack of analysis of moral phenom-
ena, tends to Eudzmonism, and this reappears, modified, in Platner (1744-18x8),
who teaches that virtue is the free choice of that which conduces to happiness.]

SICOND SXftlKS. — VOL. Z. NO. I. 3

34 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

was precarious. The denial of the doctrine of reconciliation
followed from the notions that Christianity has only rational
contents, after all ; that God brings men to blessedness ^ with-
out its special revelation ; and that its end is individual devel-
opment. This opened the Lutheran Church to the Socinian
view of Christianity as a moral school for individuals only. In
this the Illumination theology was unchurchly.

But the philosophers of Illuminism adhered to their position in
the church, nevertheless, for a time. Their struggle was against
conventional hindrances to individual moral progress, and the
Lutheranism of the sixteenth century had similar tendencies.
Pietism had shown that the conditions of individual progress,
which that orthodoxy laid down, were unavailable and inoper-
ative. Confining itself to the circle of theology embraced by
orthodoxy, when it rejected any notion included therein, it had
nothing to substitute, as when it rejected Christ's penal satis-
faction.

(52.) This rejection runs in two stages of development ; first,
Toellner (d. 1774)^ threw Christ's active obedience out of
account in respect to satisfaction ; then Eberhard, Steinbart,
and Loeffler assailed the validity of His suffering and death.
Toellner argues against assigning any value to Christ's act-
ive obedience from (i.) the person of Christ, (2.) His office,
(3.) the idea of vicarious satisfaction, (i.) The man Jesus was
so bound to obedience for Himself that He could not obey for
others, nor could He represent the race, for He was not author-
ized by them so to do, and His obedience could only be regarded
as accepted by God for theirs if God expressly so says, which
He does not anywhere in Scripture. All this rests upon a
dynamico-ethical connection of the two natures in Christ,

1 [Wolf makes " the consciousness of a continued and uninterrupted progress
towards perfection the greatest happiness that can be enjoyed by man." (Tenne-
mann, p. 369.) Modified judgments of Wolf are given by Saintes, p. 60, note^
and Lechler, quoted in Hagenbach, II, 377, note. Hurst, X09, no, contra^
Kahnis, 113.]

^ [Toellner held the view, now prominent in the comparative study of religions,
that God*s word is contained in all religions, and he also combated the opinion
that the doctrine of the Trinity is fundamental. (Hagenbach, II, 466, 478.) In his
Verm, Aufscetze, he defends the doctrine of the passive obedience. Dippel had
agreed with the mystics in finding the redeeming principle in the internal life of
Christ, in opposition to those who emphasized His external sufferings. Klb,^ 497*)]

1878.] Doctrine of justification. 35

in distinction from an indefinite connection of substance.
(2.) Toeiiner rejects the distinctions between negative forgive-
ness and being positively declared righteous, and between nega-
tive exemption from punishment and positive blessedness. He
denies, too, thai there is any absolute standard of moral per-
fection. He counts any value in Christ's active obedience
superfluous. As mediator, He is simply to express the Divine
grace and goodness. The continued obligation of believers to
obedience leaves no place to substitute His, and God does not
demand /ff/i^ir/ obedience, in order to blessedness, of Christ or
of us, {3.) Active obedience does not correspond to the idea of
satisfaction. Toeiiner here adopts a view of La Placette {Traiti
de la 'justification, Copenha;;en, 1733), that salvation is on the
ground of the goodness of God, which operates as soon as
Christ's satisfaction removes obstacles; yet he rejects the
idea that this was a satisfaction to justice. Love is with him
the motive of Christ'.s surrender to death, instead, Regard to
justice would exclude grace. Indeed, he substitutes goodness
tempered with wisdom for justice in God, as Leibnitz had done.
T/iis is satisfied by Christ, partly by maintaining the motives
to obedience, partly by an exemplary obedience ; but closely
examined it is, after all, a means of sanctification rather than a
condition of grace. It removes fear of punishment, restoring
our confidence in God, and then sanctification follows and cuts
off the natural punishments of sin. It has no reconciling effect
upon God whatever, only upon men, awakening in them the
trust in God that is necessary to holiness.' His doctrine is
partly Arminian and partly Socinian, and is crowned by his
last treatise, the title of which ran, All Ways of explaining
Christ's Atoning Death amount to tht same Thing. He revives
Abelard's view of the passion as mere proof of God's love, but
' [The observant crader will find in Toeiiner the original of some papular mod-
ern preacbing, and of some styles of theologizing that denounce all theology
except its own. Ritschl, speaking m i. critic, here says, " I have already had
occasion to charge the orlhodoi development of doctrine with having exhibited in
& one-sided manner the God-m<tfi in His doing and suffering as man's representa-
tive over against God's justice, without at the same lime considering the Cod-Ttan
in His doing and suBering as representing God's love and grace towards sinners."
"Only thus would expression be given lo that balance in the interpretation of
Christ's priestly functioiu which is required by the doctrine of the two nature*."
(Pasei 3S5. »S9-)1

36 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

without Abelard's corresponding idea of Christ's active obedi-
ence as representing us before God.

(53.) Measured, then, with his predecessor, Toellner pro-
duces the impression that he destroyed more than he built up.
Can the actual penal value of Christ's passion be conceived,
when the necessity of man's punishment for sin is made to rest
on the perfections of God, unless Christ be recognized as man's
representative before Him ? But Toellner reproduces a distinc-
tion started by Walaeus and Quenstedt,* viz., that Christ's
passive obedience is related to our punishment, but His active
obedience to our guilt. {Reatus pcena and reatus culpa) Pun-
ishment is based on the moral perfections of God, guilt on a
possible perfection in the world, which being unrealized, God's
joy in the world is diminished, His honor injured, and the
respect due to His law lost. The imperfection of the world
caused by sin, says Toellner, must be made good by a perfec-
tion equally great, which otherwise would never have appeared
in the world. This is to him a more important object than
releasing men's liability to punishment through the suffering
of their representative ; indeed, the former might make the lat-
ter superfluous. But Toellner does not go on to vindicate the
office of Christ's active obedience, as did Walaeus and Quen-
stedt : he even uses this distinction as an objection to its inde-
pendent value, and in this and other ways contradicts himself.
His object seems to have been merely to deny a double liability
on the part of men.^

Here, however, although it did not make itself clear to
Toellner, was opened a possibility of freeing the problem of the
atonement from a purely juridical view by the clear distinction
of guilt from liability to punishment. In the juridical treat-
ment, punishment eo ipso is the abolition of guilt. The moral
judgment, when a criminal has been punished, demands still
further proof of his cleansing from guilt. I shall not now dis-
cuss whether the simple act of God's grace removes this. The
reatus pomes is characterized as an actual obligation, the reatus
culpa, on the other hand, as a mere relation. [So Duns Scotus

1 Professors at Leyden and Wittenberg; the latter b. 1607, d. 1688.
3 He loses sight of the alleged compensation for guilt by means of Christ's per-
fect virtue.

iS/S.] Dcciri$ii of yustifioiiian. 37

had made experience of grace an actual change in man, but
removal of liability to punishment only a change in ideal reli^
ticms (relaiio rekUionis)^ since sin is only the prevention of pos-
sible good.] If justification has to do with such relationSi it
must be cleared up by reference to the religious and moral con-
sck>usnes8. Toellner, however, did not know how guilt and lia-
UKty to punishment stand related to each other. He r^arded
God*8 dominion over His creatures as merely analogous to a
frtbo's power, not to a micros ;.and so of God's punishment, <—
a fiither^s punishing being intended to improve his child, a
roler^s to prevent repetition of wrongs to the commonwealth ; ^
or, in the language of Wolfs philosophy, the state punishes to
deter, the &ther to discipline. Toellner even held to positive
IXvine punkhments, over and above natural,^ but only for the
rtfmnation of the sinner, natural ones failing of this result,
not dearly showing themselves as punishments, not being felt
as such by men, especially as they grow more wicked, and not
\imkg proportioned to the intention, but only to the act oi
wickedness. As the former, however, must be connected with
a Divkie declaration of their connection with sin to the sinner
and to others, those of the future life, alone are clearly such.
Toellner confesses that he has darkened the subject It is
qmte ol a piece with all this that Toellner knows no absolute
standard of morality, and no rule to determine whether and
when Divine punishments take place. The latter is a guide
to the former. Something is therefore needed as an escape
from the confusion of Illuminism.

Eberhard (professor at Halle, d. 1809) also views punish-
ment as reformatory, though occasionally admitting the other

^ [Many readers will be reminded here of eccentric statements often repeated
in certain American pulpits and books, to the effect that there is no analogy
whatever between God*s acts as a governor and a judge, and those of men in sim-
ilar capacities, and that the parental relation among humxan beings is the only
one analogous to His, — notwithstanding the frequent use of the governmental
and judicial analogies in Scripture. These statements are sufficiently surprising,
since God^s fatherhood is only given us in Scripture as an analogy, — His literal
relation to us being more, viz., that of absolute Creator ; and no one has a right to
emasculate Scripture by selecting any analogy he onesidedly favors, and reject-
ing others. Those who do this seem to be followers of the Illuminati, Toellner
and others, probably without knowing it.]

' Or simple consequences, as we should say, after Bishop Butler.

38 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

view, and affirms that the supreme wisdom and goodness of
God forbid any analogy between Him and a ruler, and that
Scripture presents punishment as a fatherly benediction. The
sinner loses the feeling of evil in it, however painful, and
acquires instead the feeling of blessed improvement He even
asserts that the accepted statement of ^/^r^^Z punishment should
be reversed : as it is designed for the prosperity of the whole
rational universe, the subject of it must know the good his suf-
ferings are producing, and be consoled with the reflection that
God is good to himself also. So eternal punishments become
means of a reformation (of those punished) ; that is, they are
denied in their proper meaning. A mere subjective judgment
of the sufferer, therefore, decides whether an evil is a punish-
ment or not. He overlooks the correlated fact that it is exactly
the subjective consciousness of guilt that must decide this. His
view cannot be taken as a scientific piece of knowledge that uni-
versally holds good ; much less his inference that by remission
of punishment we should be deprived of real benefits, and such
remission be an absurd act on the part of God.

Steinbart (professor at Frankfort on the Oder, d. also 1809)
investigates more sharply the distinction between natural and
positive punishments. He distinguishes the physical conse-
quences of an action from the moral. The former are by natural
law,* and have no relation to moral law ; they overtake every
one who performs a certain act, whether he performs it as moral
or as immoral ; they have no distinctive feature of punishments.
This term applies only to moral consequences. Natural pun-
ishments of this sort are such as our disgust with ourselves
for the immorality of our acts, — regarding acts, not the Law-
giver. This is beneficent and an incentive to repentance, and
Christ ought not to remove it. The sense, too, of injury to the
Lawgiver is a natural (moral) punishment. But arbitrary pun-
ishments, according to Steinbart, are attached to disobedience
in goodness, to work reformation, and cease when it is secured.
Satisfaction in order to their remission is no part, therefore, of
Christ's mission, but only makes proof of God's love, and frees

* [Or, as we should say, by the constitution of things, natural moral punishments
inflicted by our moral nature. The question of remission, or of another's assuming
our punishment, does not touch them at all.]

1878.} Doctrine of yitstification. 39

us from fear of ever being punished for our reformation. He
who believes has only to fear the natural consequences of his
follies. Steinbart here is at one with Dipjjcl ; but they differ
in the significance of natural punishment of sin, Dippcl means
by this, separation from God as the highest good. So he
inquires how positive Divine punishments work release from
natural ones. He fully realizes the guilt of sin in the objective
sense.' Steinbart, on the contrary, looks upon natural punish-
ments as securing release, by the reformation they work, from
positive ones. It must be confessed that there was a defect
in the orthodox view of guilt, and hence its abolition, along
with that of liability to punishment, was easily accepted.
The lUumiitati, also, not recognizing subjective guiit, ciime
easily to think so lightly of punishment as to deny Christ's
satisfaction,

(54.) LoetSer asserts (i.) that forgiveness of sin is incon-
sistent with the unchangeableness and truthfulness of God ;
(2.) Satisfaction, as ground of forgiveness, is irreconcilable with
God's immutability, and is naturally impossible ; (3.) Penal satis-
faction is contrary to the benevolent design of punishment, and
has no relation to reformation, while punishment for the im-
moral intent of actions cannot be removed even by God Him-
self This train of thought avoids the question of guilL

Eberbard and Steinbart undertake to discharge redemption
and atonement of all substitutionary value by the consideration
that statements in the New Testament are accommodated in
their costume to the prevailing ideas of the Jews. Liberation
in general from ignorance, superstition, sin, and dreadful appre-
hensions of God's arbitrary punishments, is all these statements
mean. Loeffleralso whimsically denies that forgiveness has to
do with future sins of Christians, only with past sins of Jews
and heathens. As to the former, " Go, sin no more ! " is all the
New Testament teaches ; directly contradicting 1 John ii, I.
Henke (Helmstadt, 1752-1809) puts in dogmatic form the results
of Eberhard and Steinbart. A vicarious meaning is denied both
to the active and the passive obedience of Christ, and Pauline

' Kihnis classiliea DEppet (Book I, Chap, z) among "ih« pr«cuisoia of Illu-
ninisin," with Matthew Knuzen, Holstein (about 1674), fouoder of the Conaden-
tiarii, uid John Chr. Eddmann (1698-1767). CC Hagenbacb, II, 380.

40 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

justification is reduced to subjective peace of conscience.* Sem-
ler (1725-1799) and Gruner (1723-1778)^ reached the same
denial of the doctrine of Christ's satisfaction through a moral
estimate of the value of religion, but Gruner the more com-
pletely. He makes conversion justification, and forgiveness a
result. He is more rationalistic than the Illumination divines.

Two remarks are suggested by this survey : Firsts the lUumi-
nati regarded the assertion of God's fatherly goodness in Chris-
tianity as equivalent to the rejection of the analogy between his
position and that of the head of a state. Here they were out
of harmony with Christianity,^ though their dogma of God's
fatherly goodness is positively Christian. Secondly ^ they cleared
away something of the Middle Ages, but they fell short of wide
views : e, g.^ in their notion that human ideas of one's condition
and circumstances govern God's requirement of man, and their
Eudaemonism.

(SS) We must regard the Illumination theology as the result
of all the joint influences working on religious thought, even
the orthodox ones, and not as a preventable episode. This is
shown by the position of its half -orthodox opponents with ref-
erence to the doctrine of the atonement, e, g,^ John David
Michaelis (1716-1791).* Adopting from Leibnitz the concep-
tion of a best possible world, he was never able to understand
how, from God's necessary position towards such a world as a
commonwealth, Leibnitz derived eternal punishment ; still fur-
ther was he from understanding the orthodox idea that it reveals
God's holy horror of sin. His views of both subjects were as
low as possible. He even rests the obligation not to sin upon
God's right to punish, as the Supreme Being. As with the

^ RitschI notices in foot-notes the l^nglish speculations of the time : those
of Arthur Sykes, London, 1746, republished in German by Semler ; of John
Taylor, 1751, also translated into German; and of Joseph Priestly, 1769, from
whom Eberhard borrowed. All these, however, fell short of the Illuminati,

^ Both professors at Halle. Of the former, Tholuck said that he " carried the
torch that kindled the conflagration," and of the latter, that " his principal endeavor
was to prove, like Semler, the later origin of the orthodox doctrines.** — Hagenbach,

11. 386. 387.

• [Are not the eccentric and narrow deniers, in our own time, of anything more
than a parental character in God equally so ?]

* Of the orthodox ideas recognized by Michaelis, Kahnis says that they " stood,
so to speak, as some old gates ^d walls in razed fortresses/' (Page laj.)

1S7S.] Doctrine of yuslification. 41

Illuminati. punishment is wilh him for reformation, but not alto-
gether ; it is also to deter from sin in the civitas Dei or best
possible world. Mercy to those eternally punished, he holds,
with Eberhard, as conceivable, but unlikely. Leibnitz had
thrown away the relation of original sin to condemnation;
Michaehs goes further. He denies that the punishment of sin
is to be measured by the greatness of the government against
which it is committed ; and he asserts that Paul did not mean
that eternal death followed upon Adam's sin,

J. D, Heilmann (1729-1764) rejects any equivalence between
Christ's passion and the condemnation of men ; G. F, Seller
(i?33-i8o7) and J- C. Doederlein (1714-1789) make the chief
object of the Passion to soothe the alarms of men rather than
to propitiate God ; G. C. Storr (1746-1805) makes it vindicate
law, in order to render us more heedful of it. As against the
Illuminati, however, these theologians make it immediate cause
of forgiveness, not mediate through reformation ; but they
note its power to produce reformation. Doederlein and G. C.
Knapp' (1753-1825) agree with LoefRer that a removal of guilt
and consciousness of guilt is not to be thought of, Storr's
appendix to his exposition of the Epistle to the Hebrews makes
Christ's death the only ground of forgiveness, and His active
obedience that of justification. Itisthe first Lutheran attempt
at Biblico-theological method, and in some respects leans
toward the Reformed theology.

(56.) Kant's contribution to the doctrine we are tracing was
his scientific establishment of moral freedom and moral guilt
as presuppositions of the doctrine. Here he rose above the
Illuminati. They had trifled away the doctrine by denying

> [Knapp holdi tbat the linner doei not need this, if he only escapes punishmenli
I add a few sentences for those familiar wilh Dr. Woods' well-known translation ;
"When the essence of evangelical Chrislianitf is triSed away in this fashion^
Socinianism has the most perfect right to Mist. But how J* Knapp (who In other
respects is praised to the ikies as a guardian of the sanctuaiy) pat to shame \rj the
□Inmince, Toellncr. When once the correct observalion obtruded itself that
the punishment or the penal satisfaction of another parly, as a legal act, cannot
ondo the moral blame, it was at least an indication of religious tact when Toellner
appealed to the free grace of God, in order to establish in Christianity the removal
of moral guilt also. But that Knapp should leave this guilt of sin, as something
vbich does not need to be taken away from between man and God, betokens uncon-
tdous despair of ChristiMiity." Ritsch),/<uiiiR.]

42 Ritschl's Critical History of the [Jan.

internal conviction of guilt, and making obligation to God's
law relative. On Kant's notion of moral freedom and absolute
obligation, the sense of guilt could be more surely founded than
on the old Protestant dogma of original sin ; for in this the
element of guilt could not be proved, and so the consciousness
of guilt could not be produced. Natural weakness, rather than
thorough-going guilt, was all that the individual could recog-
nize. Kant's unfolding of laws of will had practical effect. It
coincided with Protestant Christianity. Protestantism is quite
as decidedly marked off from mediaval Christianity by asserting
in the sphere of ethics the absoluteness of the public law, as by
resting in the sphere of religion on the absoluteness of God^ s grace.
And the test of these two tendencies is in the form of the doc-
trine of reconciliation. So the defeat of Illuminism, and the
renewal of the moral view of the universe, brought forth by the
Reformation, are due to Kant. He overthrew the philosophi-
cal position of Leibnitz, that the will is moved by representative
notions. This is only the idea of a machine ; it does not rise
above natural necessity. Repentance and a condemning con-
science show its falsity. Original sin brings down the knowl-
edge of the moral law to the well-known " faint spark " of the
Formula Concordice, the Kantian doctrine of freedom restores
it to its place ; and he who cannot distinguish the Kantian
notion of freedom from the Pelagian is in no position to pro-
nounce a judgment on this matter.^ The idea of reconciliation

^ [It does not seem to me necessary even to digest Ritschrs summary of Kant*s
ethics, since its general principles are somewhat remote from the doctrine of justi-
fication, and are found now in English in so many philosophical publications. The
personality and spontaneity of man's moral acts, and the freedom of the will (the
basis of "the categorical imperative," and of the legislation of conscience) as
necessary to the consciousness of guilt, are the main points. " He who has not
learned to judge himself in this way regards his sin either as his right, or as a weak-
ness which it does not fall to him to answer for." *' Though men are involved in
sin, the consciousness of guilt is the most luminous proof that still they have not
utterly fallen a prey to natural necessity." " Orthodox tradition had not taught the
theologians of the Illumination anything regarding this peculiar phenomenon, the
stibjeciivi function of guilt" It is plain enough that in Kant's view the mere union
of free will and utility in actions, or liberty to choose happiness as the end, is not
enough to make an action mora! in kind ; but Ritschl shows that when he comes
to treat of motives to moral action, Kant overlooks reasonable self-love, or benev-
olence to self, as one of them, not seeming to distinguish this from self-conceit or
from selfishness. Even the sense of the worth of mankind (which he recognizes in

1^8.] Doetrin* ef yusHficatwiu 43

was broken np by the Illumination in making reformation the
end of punishment Even the idea of punishment, as deterring
others from crime, rested with them on the Eudaemonistic prin-
ciirie in morals, the welfare of society simply taking the place
of the wet&re of the individual So Michaelis and Eberhard
were, at bottom, at one. Kant objects to all this utilitarian
philosopHizicg, that the essence of punishment is requital The
ban^ression of moral law is gtult, and deserves punishment;
As he says in his Kritii of Practical Reasen, the infliction must
ftist jnstifyitself as pure evil, 1. /., as punishment, even though
its ultimate end is, with him who punishes, to be felicity. There
b must first be justice, and this is essential to the notion of pun-
I ishment. This the man who is guilty is to reckon on, and not
on any attending kindness. If natural sequence, then, did not
attach physical evil to moral badness, a moral legislation must
tlo so. If, then, all trespass merits loss of happiness, it would
be absurd to say that one merits loss of happiness for making a
breach in his own happiness. In this ^lay, puniskment would
he the ground oh which any action is called a tre^tass, and right*
eousness could consist in nothing but removing punishment.
Nothing bad, then, would remain in the action, since the evils
which made it bad would be averted.

(57.) Kant recognizes the necessity of a certain development
in experience, before moral action, in view of law and guilt,
etc., can be discovered. He also recognizes that the highest
good to man is virtue and felicity combined, the former — based
on pure moral ideas, not on utilitarianism — being the ground
of the latter. The effort after felicity, then, cannot be the
motive of virtue, and no necessary connection between them
can be demonstrated within the world of sense, Kant, too, pos-
tulates the existence of God and immortality as conditions of
the highest good, i. e., of the combination of virtue and felicity.
Religion, or duty to God, involves no surrender of moral auton-
omy, but is involved in the conditions of this Highest Good,
But Kant here is evidently treating what he calls " critical "
hissecondformula) is always really accompanied by a sense of the worth of self. Cf.
what he says in his Groundwork ef the Mtiafhysiei sf Ethirs, on goodness in will
itself, aside from ulility of its effects, and in his RtSlgian luilhin the Limils of Mtrc
Jtiaian, on the propensity in human nature to reverse the moral order by taking
■elf-love M the condition of obeying moral law.]

44 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

principles as dogmatic.^ Thus he presents religion as a kind
of appendix to morals.^ The efFort after a harmony between
worthiness and felicity presupposes a relation of human moral-
ity to the universe and so to God ; though casting out hope
and fear, as motives re-enforcing unselfish duty, leaves room
for morality apart from the recognized existence of God. In
the third part (1793) of his Religion within the Bounds of Mere
Reason he defines the kingdom of God on earth as an ethical
commonwealth in which all must be subject to public law ema-
nating from a common lawgiver, and this lawgiver cannot be
the many, as in a merely juristic society, — the laws not being
directed merely to the restriction of each man's freedom, but
to morality, i, e., the inner character of actions, — but must be
that Being at whose command we can view all duties, including
moral ones. Such a commonwealth can exist only through
religion, and, as a public society, only in a church visible. This
view of his was of necessity a failure, because mere practical
reason yields no necessary inference of the validity of religion,
only an arbitrary one, and an accidental addition to scientific
ethics, and does not teach the dependence of man, or his need
of securing spiritual freedom from the constraint of nature
through a relation to God. The idea of God is either not ne-
cessary to critical ethics, or, if postulated by it, is the ground of
freedom.

(58.) Kant's statement of the problem of justification has
relation also to his idea of the victory of good over evil in the
ethical commonwealth.^ Here the Christian idea first comes
in, but he makes it the problem of a purely individual process
of the moral will. Yet his idea of radical moral evil in men
created an epoch in opposition to the Illumination. The pro-
pensity to evil, he admits, appears as soon as freedom is used.
He calls it natural or innate guilt, not in the sense of neces-
sary determination, denying freedom, but of a principle ante-

^ His standpoint vs. all previous philosophy is, that in confiding in principles
before critically examining the rational or philosophizing faculty which yields
them, that philosophy was sheer dogmatism.

^ " The Laws of Morals are founded on the Ideas of Reason (which forms Ideas
out of Nature, 1. e,, aside from Time and Space), and they constitute the internal
basis of Religion." — ^nV. of Pure Reason,

' [In the moral world, or under moral government, as we should say.]

1878.] Doetrifu of yusHficatim. 45

lior to expertence which leads to a maxim vs. moral law ; and
this maxim is that seif4ave conditions the observance of moral
Ittm.^ This is not wickedness in the formal sense ; it is not
disposition to evil as such, nor the tendency to contravene the
law as a whole. It is spontaneous arbitrariness. Intelligible
fineedom does not explain it, rather it merely shows the pos-
ribility of tiie re-establishment of good. Respect for moral law
as bhidkig remains. This implies ability to be better than we
wet ; but to Gody in whose sight moral progress is an endless
miity, the r^enerate is a good man. Here Kant crosses over
lo rdigk>n. We are not the authors of the idea of our duty to
be morally perfect. But man turns himself from evil to good
wider tiie personified idea of humanity. In that idea, all per-
fectimi of act and all suffering for the good of man are embodied.
^hractical faith in this, this '* Son of God/' is well pleasing to
God. But this is not Christian experience : it only implies
tiiat the man who has this faith would, in the same cir-
eumstances, show the same act and suffering as Christ did.
Such an one's confidence is in himself. What is called prac-
tical &ith is merely an inferential reflection of it. So this
region within the limits of mere reason has only, after all, a
ocmttngent validity.^ Moral self-confidence is not founded on
God's judgment of the transcendental depths of the heart
No example in experience is needed.^ Nothing more is needed
for a man's possible turning from evil to good than the validity
of the law and freedom. Here again Kant uses his " critical ''
principles as dogmatic in empirical doctrine. Freedom is

^ Not inherited from our first parents, according to Kant, nor consisting in
sense-instincts, nor in rebellious repudiation of the law, so not " original sin."
Its *' rational origin is undiscoverable, because the quest would involve an endless
regress from evil to evil" Domer, Doct. Pers, Christ, and Gass, Hist, Prot, Dog^
mat^ misinterpret Kant.

^ " Wolf and the popular philosophers imagined that they had the substance
of things in those clear notions which were to be got at so cheap a rate. From
this mechanical mode of solving the problems of the universe, there was only one
step to the standpoint of Kant, who declared that it was not being itself, but only
our own notions of it, of which we can be cognizant." (Kahnis, 91.) " So there
was only one step from Kant to that standpoint which declared the Ego to be the
absolute." (95.) " Subjectivism was the spirit of the eighteenth century." (88.) So
Rosenkrantz/;/ri>/. Kant, PhU,

• [The pattern idea is offered by reason alone, as with Stuart Mill, in his Posthu-
mous Essays, page 244 seq,, it is ofiEered by imagination alone.]

46 RiUchTs Critical HisUny of the [Jan.

turned into capability of conversion ; divine justification is
self-justification ; penal satisfaction is explained away ; guilt
cannot be transferred from the person, and the r^enerate man
endures after r^eneration by self-sacrifice what was due to
him as punishment before. This idea was original with Kant,
and adapted to his other views, yet it is the notion of John
Denk (one of the earlier anti-Trinitarians, Upper Palatinate),
who held that every one can thus atone for his own sins and,
as to himself, reinstate the law. Both groundlessly included in
one the ascetic side of the moral conflict in a regenerate man
with his acquiescence in his original condemnation.

Kant's view of the church and its relation to the victory of
good on earth is a vacillating one, and does not help re-estab-
lish the doctrines of justification and reconciliation. He shows
the power over him both of the Illumination and of church
tradition. He regards the church as the immature stage of
the moral commonwealth, and no more reaches a scientific con-
clusion as to its relation to faith in Christ^ than as to the rela-
tion between morality and religion. Turning criticism into
dogma thwarts him.

(59.) Somewhat similar is his treatment of revelation, though
he declares that philosophy cannot deny either its possibility
or its necessity. His disciple, John Henry Tieftrunk (private
lect phiL, Halle), makes the Logos incarnate, reconciliation,
and Christ's church the chief features of revelation. The
bestowal of grace, producing pardon and love to the law before
which we are guilty, he connects with the person of Christ, and
all is made to conform with the practical reason which points
to the final purpose of the realization of the kingdom of God in
its moral imperative. Then reason is justified in regarding
God as the author of all that is impossible to man, as is our
passing from the bad to the good, the wiping out of our guilt,
our moral perseverance, and our complete blessedness. Refor-
mation is the indispensable condition of forgiveness, not the
producing cause, though it is of faith. Here Tieftrunk, with

* " That which thus Ukcs place in man himself, as an internal act, is mapifested
in the person of Christ (the Son of God) in a visible manner, as the personified
idea," etc Ueberweg, II, 499. «• He (Kant) assigned onl> a symbolical and moral
significance to the death of Christ" — Ib^ 497.

1878.] DoOrim of JusHficaiion. 47

Kantp &lls below the Reformers' idea of justification by faith.
Forgiveness supplements the doing of duty, and completes
conversion. Like Toellner, he agrees with Abelard in making
Cbrbt's obedience unto death only evidence of God's loving
dispositicm.

But Tieftrunk is indifferent to Christ's penal satisfaction
because, in order with Toellner to give a new solution to the
iraUem of reconciliation. He makes the removal of the sub-
jective consciousness of guilt the chief tbing.^ No direct lib-
eration from merited punishment is recognized ; all evilsp
rather, are counted as punishments. We become free from
tiiem only as we fit ourselves for being freed. But this is real-
ised only in eternity. The death of Christ is symbolical, as
opposed to really atoning. This assertion flows from Kant's
principles of knowledge, and contradicts piistorical dogma.^
Implacability in God, looking at the purpose of His kingdom,
would be contrary to law, yet the relation between justice and
grace in Christ's person and death is inscrutable and theoreti-
cafly* unintelligible.'

(6a) Noesselt(I. Aug., DUpuiatio^ Halle, 1792) restates the
twofold object of punishment, and the need of faith in God's
promise, since men fear punishment more than guilt ; Staeudlin
(K. F. prof. Gottingen, 1 761- 1826) oscillates between deliv-
erance from punishment and Divine favor on account of self-
amendment, and regards Christ's death as a literal proof of
God's forgiving love and only a symbol of His penal justice ;
Flatt (C. Chr. prof. Tubingen) considers reconciliation to be
God's approval of the change of the sinner's maxims of con-
duct, and Christ's death as a refutal of earthly expectations of
His kingdom (rather than a clear guarantee of the grace of
God), and as intended to give an impulse to the moral mean-

^ Ritschl here notes that Knapp, in the same university, taught that in reconcil-
iation there is no such thing.

^ [The discussion of antinomies of reason here, both by the master and the dis-
ciple, are omitted, as rendering the sketch elaborate and obscure.]

• Ritschl comments sharply on the depreciation and misapprehension of Tief-
trunk by Dorner, Suskind, and Baur, and with grim banter remarks, " From
that theological local patriotism^ which is customary with others also of his country-
men, Baur has thus altogether neglected to look at the North German's theologi-
cal chief work of which he treats."

48 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

ing of His doctrine ; the two Jena theologians, J. W. and C.
Chr. Erb. Schmid, treat the rewarding of good works as grace
and forgiveness, since man has no legal claim to it, — the apos-
tolical doctrine of forgiveness as an accommodation to the
state of men's minds, — faith in Christ as warranted only so far
as prompted by good works, — and guilt as only a lower grade of
merit ; while Krug (Wilh. T., 1 770-1 842), Widerstreit der Ver-
nunft, etc. (Zuellichau, 1802), resolved anew Kant's antinomy
between man's striving for acceptance with God and the impos-
sibility of his attaining it by himself. But both Kant and Krug
overlook the element of radical, moral evil in the problem.^

(61 ) De Wette (W. M. L., 1780-1849, Prof, Berlin, 1810-19,
Basle, 1 821) drew his philosophical principles from Kant* and
Jacobi. The ideas our freedom suggests find their connection,
in his theories, in the idea of God. They are objects of faith
and feeling. ^Religious feeling divides into three genera or aes-
thetic ideas, — that of man's destiny, apprehended by feeling as
elevation of spirit ; that of antithesis of good and evil, in feeling
resignation ; and that of contrast between our littleness and the
greatness of the universe, harmonized in the feeling of devotion.
But reflection must make of these a system in order to relig-
ious life. Both system and life are propagated by social relig-
ion. He who founds such a religion, establishing God's king-
dom on earth, must be honored as God manifest in human form.
Christ did this, — imparted the kingdom of God and love of God
to men. " Christ on the cross is the image of humanity puri-
fied by self-sacrifice." We lose the consciousness of guilt in
that of infinite ideal freedom and faith in the divine govern-
ment of the world. Christ gives us a pattern and fills us with
trust. He is a symbol of the eternal, taking, in a purely aesthetic
way, irresistible hold of the feelings, giving impulse to ac-
tivity in the moral fellowship of the kingdom of God ; but
in order to this, we must crucify ourselves with him.' De

1 One of the pointed theses of Harms {1778-1855, Prof. Kiel), who found an
antagonist in Krug, was, "In the sixteenth century, forgiveness of sins cost money ;
in the nineteenth we have it for nothing ; we do it ourselves I ** Harms*s 95 The-
ses, Centenary Germ. Reform., drew out 95 from Baumgarten-Crusius.

' Proximately from Fries, says Ueberweg, II, 203.

• [Hagenbach (II, 500) makes the diflference between Kant and De Wette to be
that between an atonement as an aesthetic religious symbol addressed to our under'

1876.] Ihetritu et yustiJlcatioH. 49

Wette^s treatment of the sut^ect is theoretical rather than dia-
ccticaL

(62.) We reach here the nineteenth century and Schleier-
macher. He was not, strictly speaking, the founder of a
school, nor was his great in&uence clearly decisive and whole-
some over others. His successors have modified bis ideas of
religion, of feeling, of the adjustment between supematuralism
and rationalism, and of the church. He established the
value of fellowship ; he treated sin and redemption in relation
thereto, which Kant had suggested but did not carry out ; yet
in respect to freedom he fell short of KanL They both stated
the theological problem which is still before us.

(63) As tofellowship, restoring the chief idea, of Greek eth-
ics, the summum hortum, Schleiermacher maintuned that this
cannot be attained by mere individual mora) action, and that
virtue anddiity cannot be defined by isolated personal relations.
Personality and " social consciousness " go together. The fam-
ily is the original moral sphere. It holds fixed relation to
humanity, as a whole, through nationality. Thus he reaches the
idea of the kingdom of God; the morally organized human race
is the universal moral good on earth ; the fellowship of Chris-
tians is due to moral redemption by Christ, the main thing in
His religion. He is thereby alone the founder of a devout
society. He did not himself need to be redeemed. Thus He
differed from other founders, Moses, Mahomet, whose religions
were also monotheistic. The science of comparative religion
enables us here to see how much Schleiermacher advances
beyond previous schools. Redemption, the Redeemer, and the
community which is the subject of redemption, stand in insepa-
rable relation to one another. The highest religious and prac-
tical point in the Reformation is here made scientific ; but in
a higher way than either the Lutheran or Calvinistic theology
reached, as welt as in a way to restore what was lost by the
Illumination,

itandiitg, and one addressed to oni fitUngi. De Wette himself aays. " In the death
of Chrisi, nhich is the greaieat proof of His love, we see displayed both the mag-
nitude of our depravity and our victory over iL" As a symbol "grasped by the feel-
ings," it " eierts the most beneficial influence upon M^/zuBj-Biinrf. The conscious-
ness of guilt is the religious sentiment of submission, by which we humbte our-
leives before God and through which we obi^n peace."
SBCOKD SUtlBS. — VOU X. NU. t. 4

50 RitschVs Cfitical History of the [Jan.

(64.) Schleiermacher reverses the old method in determining
sin by redemption, not redemption by sin. Thus he contrasts
Christianity with Judaism and Islamism ; but outside of Chris-
tian redemption he recognizes sin as a struggle of flesh against
spirit. The psychology of sin is the weak point of Schleier-
macher. The decisive factor in it, viz., transgression of God's
law, is suppressed. Redemption suffers thus, though it gains
by his idea of the social character of sin. He validates thus
the idea of original sin, though he falls short of Kant's view
here, and involves himself in contradictions.^ He loses the
individuality of original sin. fie departs from Augustine's
view of it, which connected it with the sacramental character of
infant baptism and the retrospective action of forgiveness, and
also treated it as punishment. Indeed, he overlooks the matter
of punishment in his whole treatment of redemption. Evil
with him is of this life,. and all evil is punishment of sin. He
correlates evil to sin as the joint deed of the race. It is social.
To look for it in the individual as such is a Jewish and Pagan
error. There is no distinction between natural and positive
punishments. He misses entirely the mediate significance of
natural evil ; also, he rejects both the reformatory and retrib-
utive conceptions of divine punishment, and adopts the " pro-
tective or intimidative." "It must intervene, in so far as in the
sinner no force of the God-consciousness yet shows itself, in
order that the prevalent sensuous tendencies may not, through
unbroken custom, become predominant before that be devel-
oped."

(65 ) In respect, however, to reconciliation, Schleiermacher
ignores the kingdom of God as Kant recognized it, though he

' [He strives to distinguish it from actual sins as their cause, and yet identifies
the two as to guilt. Treating them together he says, " Sin is in cUl points a thing of
society. In each one the work of all^ and in all the work of each one. Hence the
doctrinal propositions which treat of it are by no means to be understood as expres-
sions of the personal self consciousness ; they are expressions of the common conscious-
ness." The Germans abuse the word " consciousness " ; one form of this abuse has
been inconsiderately adopted by some English and American writers, who would
have been saved from it by any good measure of philosophical analysis, viz., " the
Christian consciousness " ; but perhaps Schleiermacher's abuse here is more fla-
grant still. Guilt he regards as attaching to sin ** simply as a joint deed of the
human race I " The italics are Ritschl's. One must class with these philosophi-
cal errors also the phrase ** God-consciousness " as affirmed of man. All these
errors are related to the German term, " Selbst-bewusstseyn."]

'S.j Doctrine of JusHfication. 5 1

makes redemption the reception of Christ's consciousness
of God ' through the fellowship of those who resemble Him, or
actual freedom from sin. In this he includes regeneration and
sanctification, while reconciliation is made to mean the impart-
ing of Christ's blessedness to the believer. The beauty of
Christ's character, in some mystical, aesthetic way, does it all.
Life-fellowship with Christ, even previous to His suiTeringand
death, he thinks possible. Christ's passion was simply an ex-
pression of His " God-consciousness." The believer, in becom-
ing reconciled to the evils of life, regarding them no more as
penal for sin, experiences Christ's blessedness. Here he fol-
lows Tosllner, Tieftrunk, and Abelard. He makes church fel-
lowship of individual origin. His doctrine of redemption is
not congruous with his doctrine of sin. His Glaubenslekre con-
tradicted itself, and has broken asunder.

(66) He also modliied the Lutheran view of Christ's kingly
office, making it subordinate to the priestly ; but as to the lat-
ter, he (i.) affirms that passive and active obedience were ever
inseparable in Christ, and that the latter included the former.
(2.) The whole had its standard, not in the Divine law, but in
the Divine will. (3,} Christ did not fulfil the Divine ivill in
our room and for our behoof. He had no surplus of good-
willing or well-doing to offer God for us. (4.) By His passive
obedience he has not endured our punishment. (5.) His active
obedience is satisfaction for us as the fountain of a spiritual
and blessed life, but not vicarious. (6.) In His passive obedi-
ence (involved in His fellow-feeling for sinners, and entangle-
ment in their suffering, as the innocent are always involved
with the guilty) He endured what was vicarious in feeling, but
not satisfactory in fact. In our fellowship with Him we also
shall suffer just as vicariously.^ So far as this view is critical,
it is imperfect and precarious. No satisfaction is regarded as
made, save to our need of new spiritual life. The priestly office

' Ko meaning of this phrase in common, as applied to man and to Christ, is
pcuible.

■ [Wliat he says of Christ's rull surrender to suffering, and His being involved
in the sin of others, and His activity proceeding from sympathy with sin, will
remind the reader of passages once thought very novel in Bushnell'i Vicarious
Sattifiit. But Schleiennachec himself was anticipated by Piscator and Cocceius,
MweU as by Abelard touchin various points.]

52 RitschVs Critical History of the [Jan.

is lost sight of. He passes over to the prophetic and kingly
illogically. He was first to conceive of the whole of Christ's
life as His " vocation," but failed to conceive its action on God.
Justification with him is because of conversion, the reflection
of the God-consciousness upon it.

i^T) Forgiveness he treats as the disappearance of the con-
sciousness of having deserved punishment, misfortunes being
no longer felt as penal. Divine sonship through adoption con-
stitutes the positive side of justification, guaranteeing blessed-
ness. But this is not distinctly founded in the love of God.
The consciousness of forgiveness is made a mere consequence
of the consciousness of conversion. The aesthetical Christian
assumes the right to forgive himself. Here, too, his doctrine
of sin is weakened. Justification, too, he conceives as one
eternal act for the race, not individual. Man pronounces him-
self free from guilt by a logical syllogism.

(68.) Strauss, Kliefoth, and Braniss drew from Schleier-
macher. So did men who on other points are far asunder, like
Stcudel and Klaiber, the former of whom seems to echo Osi-
ander, but makes Christ's human perfection the object of faith,
while the latter puts remission above sanctification, and sees
God's love only in His holiness, as versus sin. So did Melanc-
thonians like Nitzsch and Luecke, the former of whom makes
Christ the propitiation for sin only indirectly, in eliciting con-
version ! So did Rothe and Rueckert, the one of whom shows
that Christ's place in the world draws down the hostility of sin
on Himself, while He conquers sin for men, and represents
God, for Christ's sake, as anticipating our forgiveness, — a the-
osophic arabesque ; the other treats redemption as the removal
of sin from the will, whereupon guilt ceases, and love, awak-
ened by Christ's death on the cross, slays sin, — nearly Abelard's
line of thought. But most of all did Schweizer draw from
Schleiermacher, who determines the person of Christ by what
is needed for this redeeming activity, and makes His vocation
as Redeemer His inmost life, but does not connect these ideas
with that of the kingdom of God. He agrees with Klaiber on
the precedence of reconciliation over conversion, but denies
that Christ's work produces any change in God, or works afly
satisfaction to His wrath, leaving each redeemed person to

1878.] Doctrine of fustification. S3

complete the expiation of his sins himself by penitence, etc
But Schweizer also represents Christ as experiencing the
misery of human sin more deeply than we. and thus assuming
a vicarious character as security for those who are His.
Schweizer exalts Abelard, so does the Moravian Pietist, Ma-
dame von Krudener.

(69.) The Pietism of the nineteenth century dates from 1817,
has little in common with that which arose with Spener, and
though indebted, like Schleiermacher, to the Moravians, s'ves a
different form to the doctrine of salvation from his. It is but
little known. It avoids publicity. It follows Lutheran tradi-
tion, and is non-scientific. It is practical. It does not include
perfectionism, as the old Pietism did, though it similarly sepa-
rates the world and the children of God, and withdraws from
worldly amusement, not so much from science and art. Zin-
lendorf and the Moravians are somewhat like Loyola and the
Jesuits, Both are enthusiastic and sentimental ; particularism
is covered in each with the guise of catholicity. In 1817 it was
EUi excitement of fantasy and introverted feeling touching rec-
onciliation and justification which began visibly to spread. It
resisted the rationalizing of the Lutheran pulpit. Its chief
effect was a theological change. The Romancists had brought
all possible forms of the history of religion, alien and unintel-
ligible to the Uluminati, home to the imagination and inter-
est of men ; but they were immature, and the Pietists never
rose above their immaturity : they could not construct a theol-
fx^, historical and systematic ; and they inaugurated the now
prevailing preference for the theory of Anselm.

{70.) Thuluck leans to Schleiermacher, and away from foren-
sic theories of the atonement. Stier stands off from Schleier-
macher, and denies juridical satisfaction, holding justification to
be dependent on the new birth, but considers Christ's passion
a penal example, overcoming sin (as Luther and Klaiber held)
io so far as He had to do with it. The love and wrath of God
are both shown in Him.

(71.) Bengel, startingwith the inspiration of the whole Bible,
asserts a theological system in Scripture, in which justification
loses its Lutheran prominence. The Divine economy with our
race through all ages displaces it The deep-thinking Oetinger

54 Ritschl's Critical History of the [Jan.

makes " life " the chief element of religion, and Christ's impart-
ing thereof, since His resurrection, the chief point in salvation.
It is contmunicatio idiomatum^ and not xsrosm^, which he recog-
nizes in the incarnation. But only in enduring the connection
between sin and evil did Christ, in his view, endure God's wrath.
He vanquished death and the devil, in the sense of Jacob
Boehme : nothing said of abolishing the guilt of sin. In some
things he is Arminian. In following Bengel, Gottf Menken
runs more to typology. He turns the phrase V children of wrath "
into subjects of sinful passion/ Love is with him fundamental
in God's attributes ; it was he who coined the common phrase,
" holy love." Christ has made human nature sinless, and this
is more important than removing guilt. The resurrection, as a
spiritual power, is exalted above the death of Christ. Hoffmann
also follows Bengel and exaggerates Biblical theology. He
looks upon Christ's life as the atonement, including in it His
passion and death, and denies all vicarious endurance therein.
He is sometimes unintelligible ; he employs expiation in a
violently wrested sense. Christ is thought to have submitted
to wrath merely in the evil which to men is the result of God's
wrath.

(72.) So all German positive theology, for forty years of this
century, rejected the doctrine of penal satisfaction. But Mar-
heinecke. Von Meyer, and Beck accepted it, though not on the
same grounds.

(73.) The later Pietism went over to orthodoxy with Heng-
stenberg ^ and the Kirchenzeitung^ which he conducted almost
forty-two years. Such of its writers, however, as Goeschel and
Sartorius displace the juristic element in satisfaction, and
substitute the ethical. The Lutheran tradition was only
fully restored in Thomasius and Phillippi. Hengstenberg
himself did not remove the conflict between Pietism and
Lutheranism.

(74.) There has been little co-operation among theologians

' On the natural unfitness of this theologian to sympathize with Pietism, Ritschl
adds sharply, "Without vigor or originality of fancy, without delicacy of feeling,
he brought bald intelligence and tenacity of will," etc. He made " an unctuous
copiousness of typical language take the place of real play of fancy," " a spirit of
stubborn contention " that of feeling.

1878.] Doctrine tf yusHficaiiam 5$

since ScUeiermacher oh this doctrine : witness Schenkel, Kah-
nis, and Schoeberlein^^

(7$.) The church doctrine of satis&ction, say9 Baur, has its
deqp significance in its tendency to ground the subjective
consciousness of reconciliation in an adjustment of God with
Himself; and herdn lies its mysterious and fascinating power.
Therefore Schleiermacber's scheme of man's life-fellowship
irith Christ, and redemption-fellowship with men consequent,
is not endugh. God must, " in the reconciliation ofman^ recon-^
(dk Himself with Himself!' Nor did the specuktive philos-
o^y exhaust the sp^ific peculiarity of Christianity* Schell-
b^s scheme of the universe was too abstract and wide. His
notton of the eternal incarnation is not the historical one in
Ctoist This he held to be an impossibility (as an empirical fact)
in time. (C£ Kant.) Christianity conceived as the intuition of
t^ universe, as history and the reconciliation of the finite in the
Infinite, does not even touch its essence. And Fichte (J. G.)
toacbe^ it only as mysticism does. He declares against the
eommon doctrine of atonement He radically alters Christian-
ftjr into a philosophy.* Daub, on the contrary,' bases the Chris-
tian religion and the very doctrine of God on an idea of recon-
ciliation of his own. The Son is the principle of satisfaction or
harmony (I) in the Godhead ; but the Christian idea of recon-
ciliation is explained away into a cosmological law ; as with
Schelling, it becomes the deliverance of the universe through
Christ, from selfish independence of God ; by religious exercises
this deliverance is made individually conscious. The relations
of the God-man are timeless ones. And so the historical
reconciliation is never reached. The speculative philosophers
apprehended no better than the Pietists the moral wants of
men. They were both unconvincing and impractical.

* [This writer, as well as Von Meyer, held justice to be a factor of love very
mach in the New England way. Of Marheinecke, RitschI says later that his view
(c£ Hagenbach, II, 501) **is indeed saturated with the forms of the Hegelian
notions, but it is essentially orthodox."]

' ''That insight into the absolute oneness of human existence with the Divine
{whick Jesus never had) shows, according to Fichte, that he was that Logos of
God which is God.*' (RitschI.)

* " In this original theologian, the dialectic progress of modem philosophy has,
IS it were, been personified.** (Kahnis, 243.) Erdmann terms Daub " the founder
of Protestant speculative theology." (Morris in Ueberweg, II, 293.)

56 Doctrine of yustification. [Jan.

(j6^ Hegel regards Christianity as the perfect realization of
the idea of religion. It had been Schleiermacher's definition of
it, " The monotheistic mode of belief pertaining to the teleo-
logical school of piety, in which everything is brought into
relation to the redemption accomplished by Jesus." Hegel's
definition is (under the formula of the Trinity), " The kingdom
of the Father represents the eternal idea of God as abstract ;
the kingdom of the Son, this idea as differentiated from itself
in the universe and in the finite consciousness of man ; the
kingdom of the Spirit, this idea in its concrete development." *
But as to the kingdom of the Son, " the truth of the universe
is only its ideality, not genuine actuality." As only man in
the universe has, moreover, known relation to God, reconcilia-
tion is only for him ; but this, too, is only subjective and ideal,
and the oneness of the Divine and human natures in Christ,
which is its medium, must be ideal also. All this is inade-
quate, in that it is non-historical, and leaves out of view the con-
trary attitude of the Divine and the human will. The errors
of Schleiermacher, Schelling, and Hegel are carried to their
last results by Strauss. The idea constructed by no one of
them, he holds, is realized in an historical Christ, for the nature
of an idea forbids it to discharge its fulness into an individual
being. The incarnation is the whole race. In this fanciful,
arbitrary way Strauss reaches non-theology, atheism.^ Bieder-
man turns the Hegelian idea of God in another direction,
to determine the principle of Christianity and reconciliation
through redemption, but without getting beyond Socinus.
Weisse looks upon Christ as dying to establish the new cove-
nant, but suggests no scientific scheme of justification. Baur
sets the doctrine upon an endless movement forward, change
upon change.

One cannot close this abstract of so wide and searching a
survey of the history of a great Christian doctrine without
wishing that some competent hand would do a work as thor-
ough and exhaustive in English and American theology as
Ritschl has done in that of Western (Continental) Europe.

George F. Magoun.

Crinnell, Iowa,

1 The words in both cases are Ritschl's.

' *' It is difficult to contend with such dialectic (?) especially when it is accom*
panied with the pretension of absolute knowledge.*' (Ritschl.)

1878.] Congregational Necrology, 57

CONGREGATIONAL NECROLOGY.

[f^OTE. — In the July number the vital statistics of all deceased ministers are
giren in detail, hence in this necrological department, in the case of ministers,
some statistics are designedly omitted.]

Rev. John Boynton died at Felton, Del., March i, 1876, in his
seventy-fifth year. (See " Vital Statistics," Vol. XIX, p. 411.)

In early life he was an apt, successful teacher, and was remarka-
ble from boyhood for truthfulness and integrity.

In 1828 he prepared the pastoral address of Lincoln Conference,
Maine, taking high ground on slavery and war. A party in favor of
silence on the ** simi of all villanies " was led by Rev. John EUing-
woody who declared that '' the subject of slavery shall not be men-
tioned here again." This led to a vigorous discussion, carried on in
the Christian Mirror^ in which Mr. Boynton showed himself valiant
for the truth.

He was not one of whom it could be said, ^' He had not an enemy
in the world." He deserved no such insult ; but he did not deserve
to have an enemy in the world.

The church in Phipsburg was in a very low state, not numbering
more than fifty or sixty members, when Mr. Boynton was there or-
dained. It was rent and distracted, too, by intemperance, Sweden-
borgianism, and other causes. Discipline had fallen into disuse.

The text of Mr. Boynton's first sermon in Phipsburg was, " O son
of man, I have set thee a watchman unto the house of Israel, there-
fore thou shalt hear the word at my mouth, and warn them from
me." — Ez xxxiii, 7.

Earnestly and bravely did this good soldier of the cross attack
and do battle with sin in every form. Worldliness, injustice, intem-
perance, impurity, all felt his blows ; and there did not fail to rise
up against him bitter enmity. But nothing roused more opposition
than his thrusts at slavery. The pockets of many in Phipsburg were
touched when that was touched. They could not bear it. They
liked better clergymen, of whom there were in those days plenty,
who preached from such texts as *' Servants, obey your masters,"
and who thought that Paul returned a slave to his master, instead of
his own (spiritual) son to a friend.

But John Boynton would strike hands with no iniquity, nor give it
quarter. In the early part of his pastorate there were some very
tr)'ing cases of discipline ; but he was not the man to flinch from
unpleasant or from dangerous duty when it was made plain to him.

58 Congregational Necrology. tJ^i^-

Nor was he the man to discipline for offences the poor and friendless
while he winked at the wrong doing of the " strong men " and
" leading women " of his church.

The obstinate ones of Belial who were in and around Phipsburg
came to have a very salutary fear of the unfearing pastor.

God blessed his servant's faithfulness. A great change came
over Phipsburg. About two hundred united with the church during
the pastorate of Mr. Boynton. There was, after the first year,
almost a continuous revival. And while life endured his love for his
Phipsburg church remained. Under date of Feb. 28, 1868, he wrote
to a member of that church, " I live much in the society of my
Phipsburg friends. Scarcely a week passes in which I do not dream
of being with you, enjoying the sweet fellowship of the living or the
dead. And it is not in dreams only that I visit you ; I am with you
in spirit almost daily, thinking over the events of my life among
you My experience is that as I grow old the scenes of my early
years loom up with greater distinctness and with deeper interest
Oh, how joyous will be the renewals of the friendships of early life in
that blest world where we shall never grow old, and where there will
be no interruption to the intercourse of those who are kindred in
Christ I In the midst of all my present comforts I often feel my
heart reaching upward to joys that are imperishable. I know the
love of Christ ought to satisfy me, even here; but I would rather
see."

Mr. Boynton came to his death from the effects of a fall. On a
Sabbath evening in January, as he was retiring from his devotions, he
fell down a flight of stairs. He lingered nearly six weeks in great
bodily pain, but not a word did he utter of murmuring or impatience.

Many young men converted under his preaching entered the min-
istry, and are now dispensing the same gospel which fell, by his
words, on their hearts.

While almost in the pangs of death, he said to his son Charles,
** Duty to your church and your family calls you away. Congratu-
late me that I shall so soon see the dear ones in heaven, and more
than all, the face of Him, whom, not having seen, we love. God be
with you I God bless you ! Farewell, till we meet there."

" Only the memory of the just
Smells sweet and blossoms in the dust."

A. M.

1878.] Congregational Necrology, 59

Rev. Aaron Warner, d. d., died at Amherst, Mass., May 14, 1876,
in the eighty-second year of his age. He was born in Northampton,
October 20, 1794, was graduated at Williams College in 1815, and
at Andover Theological Seminary in 18 19. For the benefit of his
health he went, the same year, to Charleston, S. C. ; was city mis-
sionary there three years, and a part of that time was also acting
pastor of the *' Circular Church." In 1822 he removed to St.
Augustine, Fla., where he preached the first sermon, after the trans-
fer of Florida to the United States, in the old Spanish Government
House in that city, and laid the foundation of a church. Returning
to the North, he was ordained Sept 25, 1823, and installed pastor
of the Second Congregational Church in Medford, Mass. While in
this pastorate, he was for a time a member of the Prudential Com-
mittee of the American Board of Missions, as he was also a corpo-
rate member of that body from 1838 until his death. June 4, 1828,
he was married to Mrs. Mary (Atwood) Hardy of Haverhill, Mass.,
the state of whose health, in 1832, compelled his resignation, and
led to his residence again in St. Augustine, where Mrs. Warner died
of consumption, June 12, 1834. On the organization of Gilmanton
(N. H.) Theological Seminary, in 1835, he was appointed Professor
of Sacred Rhetoric in that institution, and was identified with its
interests for about nine years. While residing in Gilmanton, he was
married (Jan. 12, 1838) to Miss Anna Greeley Burns of that town,
who died at Lowell, Mass., July 8, 1865. In 1844 Prof. Warner
was elected to the Chair of Rhetoric and English Literature in Am-
herst College, and was engaged in the duties of that department
until his resignation in November, 1853. It is stated in the His-
tory of Amherst College that, **as a man, a gentleman, and a Chris-
tian, he was admired and loved by officers and students. And his
portrait, placed in the college library by some of his pupils, soon
after his resignation, will perpetuate the benignant features and the
blessed memory of one of the best men that was ever a professor
in Amherst College." By this college, the degree of d. d. was con-
ferred upon him in i860. For about ten years, after leaving his pro-
fessorship, Dr. Warner continued to preach occasionally in various
pulpits, as his services were called for and his health would permit.
The rest of his days he lived at Amherst, in retirement, in the enjoy-
ment of his books and his friends, sustained amid increasing infirmi-
ties by a steadfast Christian faith ; and he came to his grave " in a
full age, like as a shock of corn coraeth in in his season.*'

A. R.

6o Literary Review, [Jan.

LITERARY REVIEW.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS.

Glimpses of the Coming^ from the pen of Rev. Richard G. Greene, is a
very suggestive little volume. It goes into none of those extravagances,
to which so many are liable who write upon this topic. In the general
outline of its thought, it is in harmony with the common belief in our Con-
gregational churches. Still the book is new, fresh, original It opens the
subject vigorously, and clothes the whole topic with a living interest. One
cannot rise from its perusal without a large apprehension of the reality and
growth of Christ's kingdom here on the earth. It is gathering its strength
from age to age, and sweeping on into the future with the full prospect of
final supremacy. The volume, instead of occupying itself chiefly with mil-
lenarian discussions, is rather valuable for the way in which it bodies forth
this kingdom of Christ among men, and the laws which have governed it,
and are likely to govern it in the future. The following passage may give
an idea of the force of the style, and may stand as a suggestion as to the
method of treatment : —

" For while, from the first moment of creation, Christ comes to set up a
kingdom in love, man nevertheless stands in moral liberty ; hence are the
tumultuous dashings, the refluent tides of good and evil, *■ the eternal out-
flow and recall ' as of a throbbing ocean, the seeming retardations of the
Kingdom, the world's memorable disasters, when against the patient rock
of Infinite Love, the world, misusing its liberty and massing its ungodly
power, flings itself as a billow, only to find itself broken and cast back in
spray. Meantime, with silent but ceaseless augmentation, Christ rears His
Kingdom.'*

The volume is timely, inasmuch as a misleading literalism is somewhat
prominently presented in connection with revivalistic efforts and draws
strength from its spiritual associations.

Five Problems of State and Religion ' is the title of a volume by Rev.
Will C. Wood. The Five Problems are: i. The State and the Sabbath.
2. The State and Temples. 3. The State and the Church. 4. The State
Schools and Religion. 5. The State Institutions. Th^se are all sub-
jects of the hour, all pressing for solution, all bearing on the best inter-
ests of the church and the nation, — all, therefore, demanding the best
thought of the community, the prayerfid consideration of the Christian.
They are individually ably discussed on the ground assumed, — " natural
religion and not revealed religion.'' Some may deem this ground defec-
tive ; but the author sees nothing in it inconsistent with the assertion that
it is pre-eminently ** Christian," considering the *' mixed nature " of civil
society. Each topic is well stated and argumentatively unfolded, but
rather by the marshalling of appropriate facts and selected opinions of the

1 See A. D. Randolph & Co., p 67. * See Henry Hoyt, p. 69.

1878.] Literary Review. 61

ablest thinkers than by the author's own powers of logical invention and
illustration ; though when he states his sentiments in his own language,
they are always clearly, sometimes tersely expressed. The work is,
in f2LcX^ for the most part, a literary mosaic ; some of its stones are brill-
iant, all crystalline, and well put together. It is a thesaurus, from which
the preacher, who wishes to present to his people any one of these topics,
may both gather material and find stimulus in his work. We hope the
£acts relative to Sabbath observance may be heralded through the land.
The discussion on '*The State and the Church" is, perhaps, the most
profound, as the author endeavors to find the primal ground of the distinc-
tion in the structure of the human mind. That on " The State Schools and
Religion " is able, and apparently the author's favorite, the one upon which
he has bestowed ^' more abundant " thought. He thinks he has struck
solid rock. Perhaps he has ; but his arguments have not fully carried us.
We apprehend that the " subsoil *"* plan on which he proposes to settle the
long-vexed question, while ingenious and specious, would prove, if adopted,
but an experiment. It is more than possible that the forces solicited to
unite would be found too repellent to work effiectively together. We are
quite sure that the scheme would be altogether inadequate to secure, '* in
these nurseries of the nation,'* the benign results which every true Chris-
tian desires. The Cross must stand at the centre of every scheme
which is to hold the world for God. ** Natural religion " can never do it.
How must the crucified Saviour feel towards the nations who deliberately,
and on policy, exclude from their schools the doctrine of His atoning
grace ? The nation's children may read of the terrible scenes of Sinai, but
may not read of the sorrows of Calvary, — certainly not in such a way as to
understand its life-giving import. Is it manly for a Christian nation to
forsake its lofty moral vantage-ground, and come down to the low level of
natural religion ? Is this the kind of expediency which the God of nations
will approve ? Communities, as well as individuals, must remember that
*'in His favor is life." Securing this is the truest national policy; and
how can the United States, whose birthplace was Plymouth Rock and
whose life-blood is the Christian religion, secure this without firmly plant-
ing themselves on the broad ground of the Bible, the whole Bible ? This,
we are persuaded, will prove in the end the truest national wisdom, and
ultimately commend itself to the intelligent and candid the world over.
We cannot believe that any one worthy to bear the name Christian can
justly object to the reading in our schools, without comment on the part
of the teacher, King James' Bible, which ''from the middle of tht seven-
teentli century has been the acknowledged Bible of the English-speaking
nations throughout the world, simply because it is the best" ; cCi'tainly,
when lull liberty is given pupils to read from the Douay Bible, if conscien-
tiously preferred either by themselves or their parents. In showing the
vast superiority of our authorized English version of the Scriptures ever
the Douay version, with his array of the opinions of some of the ab est
writers on the subject, both American and European, Mr. Wood has

62 Literary Review, [Jan.

done good service. Indeed, we thank him for the entire volume. It is
stimulating, and will provoke inquiry.

The seventh volume of what is known as M*Clintock's Cyclopcrdia of
Biblical^ Theological^ and Ecclesiastical Literature'^ has been issued. It
commences with the word " New " and ends with " Pestle." This volume
alone contains over a thousand pages and about two hundred and fifty pic-
torial illustrations.

Among the more important articles are those on " Nineveh," " Pales-
tine," "Parable," " Paradise," " Paul," and " Pentateuch." The volume
is accompanied with an elegant map of Palestine and Jerusalem, ingeni-
iously preserved in a wallet in the cover. A minister who has this Cyclo-
psedia is possessed of a thesaurus of such information as he will need in
his professional work. Three volumes remain to be prepared, which will
be issued, successively, at intervals of about one year. We know not
where a professional man can obtain more material of a reliable character
and giving the results of the latest investigations at so little expense,
than in the purchase of this series of volumes.

Fifty Years of Church Life^ is the felicitous title of a book which
combines historical, biographical, and religious materials with a church
catalogue and directory. Its subject is *' The First Evangelical Congre-
gational Church, Cambridgeport, Mass.," and is prepared by the present
pastor. Rev. Dr. Hoyt. It is an elegant volume, doing credit to the
renowned press from which it is issued. Its catalogue of church mem-
bers is arranged in a unique method, combining an alphabetical and a
chronological order. In this combination there is necessarily a partial
sacrifice of both orders.

There has been no other period when so much attention was given as
now to town histories. These local records provide the elementary mate-
rials which serve to illustrate and embody our national life. So the value
of the records of our local churches can hardly be over-estimated, as they
set forth the facts without which no adequate view can be given of the
state of religion in our denomination as a part of the vital forces in the
religious life of our country and the world. The struggles which attended
the birth of this individual church may well serve to quicken the zeal of
all who peruse this volume in the defence of evangelical truth, as essential
to the efficiency, yea, to the very life, of our churches all over our land.
It is not a dead orthodoxy for which we are set to contend, but an ortho-
doxy without which we are dead. Other churches, as well as the local
church of which Dr. Hoyt is pastor, are indebted to him for this faithful
exhibit of what is essential in church life.

^ See Harper & Brothers, p. 66.
' See University Press, p. 70.

l8;&] Literary Review.

PHILOSOPHICAL AND SOENTtPIC

Tke Final Philosophy'^ is a work built Upon a large plan, and with a
highly honorable aim. Proressor Shields, the author, fills the chair in
Princeton College, which was eiitabliabed and endowed is 1865 for the
special purpose of pointing out the bannonies between science and reve-
lation. The volume before us is the outgrowth of the professor's labors
aod studies in this dep.irtineii<,continiiedDowforacoiirse of years. Chris-
tian minds hold, as a kind of tirsi truth, that tbere is w> war between the
Word and the worlds of God. But between the Intetpreters of God's
Word, and men devoted lo scientific pursuits, there has been a bitter strife,
reaching on through many generations; and the &ult bas not, b; any
means, been wholly on the side of the men of science. There have been
bigotries and misconceptions on both sides. Mr. Lecky, in bis well-known
writings, has so lold the story of this long-continued antagonism, that [f
the reader yields himself up lo the current of his narrative, he will conclude
that the great enemy of Science has been Christianity itself ; and that from
the beginning until now. Science bas had to make her way fa spite of all
this opposition. It is an unfortunate circumstance, for such an ailment,
that Science bas never had any special development anywhere except in
Christian lands, whereas its great field ougbt to have been outside, where
the bigoted doctors and narrow-minded ecclesiastics would not have hia>
dered it. In other words, the tlieoryof Mr. Lecky.andof all such writers,
iii not bro.id enough to comprehend the real facts in the case.

Professor Shields does not deny this long-continued nar&re. So far
from this, one of the prominent objects of bb volume Is to unfold, from
century to century, tjiis record of Strife. Indeed, the value of the work lies
reiy much in this bislorical survey, which seems to us well done, and eml-
nendy fair and candid. We estimate more highly this narrative part than
the strictly philosophical part. The harmony between science and reve-
lation which is to be secured by this final philosophy can easily be ciphered
ont in theory. The grounds on which such a harmony might exist are not
hard to be found. But we suspect that (he old warfare will continue some
time longer. If all men had, in the first place, a clear vision of (he truth,
and then an honest mind and heart to follow the truth, the difficulties
irould be taken out of the way; but we are not near enough to the millen-
nium yet for all (hat to happen.

POKTRY,

Noble and heroic deeds and remarkable events, both to the imaginative
and to those who, through the subtile force of association, are capable of
recalling past transactions in (heir minutest details, and of making them
live and move again, suffused with a poetic coloring, give to the places
where they occur an aroma which the revolutions of time have little ten-
dency to diminish. Scenes of beau (y and loveliness, of grandeur and sub-
1 See Scribner, Armstrong & Co., p. 66.

64 Literary Review. [Jan.

limity, yield a similar perennial charm. Generation after generation wit-
ness them with something of the same delight. The student of Grecian
history, of a lively fancy, who visits to-day Thermopylae or Salamis, real-
izes nearly the same deep emotions as those who visited them the next cen-
tury after the thrilling battles occurred which made them famous. Every
traveller of cultivated mind and refined taste, who has trod the streets of
Jerusalem or Bethlehem, of Athens or Rome, Csesarea or Tyre ; ascended
Lebanon or Carmel, Olympus or Ida ; stood on the shores of the Galilean
Sea, crossed or traced the river Jordan for the last eighteen hundred years,
has experienced similar emotions. Mr. Longfellow, in entitling his selec-
tions Poems ofPlaceSy has touched a chord in the aesthetic heart This fact,
together with the high poetic reputation of the editor, will insure to the last
two neat little volumes, to which we here refer, "Germany," ^ a wide circula-
tion. They contain many poems of great beauty and many more of marked
excellence ; while others, as is not strange in so large a selection, strike
us as a little prosaic. It is right, however, to assume that the cultivated
taste of the accomplished editor may see beauties where we see none. The
indifferent pieces are certainly few, the number bearing the stamp of true
poetic genius far exceeding them ; and these are well worth the price of
the volumes. Taken together, the selection exhibits a great variety of
rh)rthm and measure, even novelties and oddities enough, surely, to satisfy
the greediest appetite for the new and unusual, not to say uncouth and
jagged, in poetic numbers. The volumes will be a rich treat to all lovers
of fugitive poetry,

MISCELLANEOUS.

Not many piles of old lecture-manuscript, travel-marred and thumb-
marked through scores of repetitions up and down the land, would bear
publication at the end of a quarter-century. As long ago as that, when
every man who aspired to popularity before lyceums and village hearers
was his own bureau, Thomas Starr King stood in the first rank of these
itinerant instructors and entertainers of the people, quite as much sought
for by lecture committees as Dr. Holmes or Wendell Phillips, and not
inferior to any of his compeers in the quality of his productions or the fas-
cination of their delivery. That many of his addresses thus given were
not of ephemeral but of permanent interest and value, the neat volume,
"Substance and Show," ^ edited by his friend, Mr. Edwin P. Whipple,
fully proves. The topics of this dozen of his manuscripts are : Substance
and Show; The Laws of Disorder; Socrates; Light and Insight; Hilde-
brand ; Music ; Existence and Life ; The Earth and Mechanic Arts ; Dan-
iel Webster ; Books and Reading ; Patriotism ; The Intellectual Duties of
Students in their Academic Years. It will be seen at a glance that the
purpose of these discourses was mainly to impart useful knowledge, to cor-
rect false notions and theories of life, to stimulate the minds of the listen-
ers to think out for themselves the questions of moral and social science

^ See James R. Osgood & Co., p. 68. ^ Ibid.

1878.] ~ UUrory Rtvuw. 65

Inob«d la tbcM dbcwioiM, to wond and Hfe cmdo^iu. These lec-
mw Hork die bat dayt of this verf American InstitutSoii, before It had
nm down to mere spectacolar exhlMtioDS, and fiutagoa of fiui and oddities,
calculated to about the lowest level ti vidgar apfnvdatioa. There was a
dignity and 3. weightineta in snch appeals to Intelligent assemblies, the
influence of nhich was greatly derating and wholesome (whatever excep-
tions might be taken to sped&c statementa), while a master of the art, like
Ht. King, could easily relieve the occasion of dnlness and weariness by a
ready wit and a juicy ham<^ and a personal magnetlam, which we miss on
these p^es. but remember as one of the chtnce pleasures of odier yean.

We should characterise Mr. King's intellectual qoaUty aa nuuked bf
vivacity, agility, sympathy, rather than t^ strength and profonndnjess.
These lectures aim at practical reaults, at quick and striking impressilon.
This is oCten reached by a rare stndte cS. impersonating Imagination. Thns,
in illustrating the power (tf spiritual forces : * Every charge of Ney'a cavalry
against Wellington's central position at Waterloo was the beat of a fiery
lensibllily^ against a strong patience. The whole scene was leas a contest
oT military science ihaa a visible conflict of dlfierent passions, and a tboT.
ongh testing of tlieir strength. It was the old hypothesis, in dramatic
play, of an irresistible in contact with an immovable. The irresbtible was
spent ; the immovable stood &st." These pages are bright and warm and
"telling," with a true poetical feding, plenty of hard sense, an intimate
knowledge of common life, and a &cile tact to carry men's convictions of
less obvious truth through their familiar experiences in every-day concerns.

The lecture on " Socrates " is an excellent illustration of Mr. King's way
of looking at tilings: "To the mystic insight of Coleridge and the buriy
understanding of Dr. Johnson, he joined the shrewd Yankee sense oi
Franklin. . . . Take him as a whole, in essence and appearance,
Socrates was a compound of mystic, logician, and buffoon." A self-
appointed and self- sustained " home misaionary " in Athens, " he laid gas
pipes as systematically as Calvin could, for his Quaker light. ... He
could draw illustrations for bis highest themes from the kitcheo as well as
from the Iliad and the religious myths. Skimmers and soup-pans were hie-
roglyphics of truth and holiness, as well as poetic goddesses and fictions of
Elysium." The home-spun and grotesque features of this ancient ethical
Silenus are continually coming to the surface underlh is treatment ; not, in-
deed, to the disparagement of the depth and value of the Socratic wisdom,
but in singular contrast, for example, in the general pose and coloring, to
Dean Stanley's splendid lecture on Socrates, in the last volume of Th4
Jtwiik Church. Vet both agree as to the semi-divine illumination of this
wonderful schoolmaster of the pagan ages, — a rough bridge across the
chasm from " gods many " to the Christian theisms.

A strong pulse of enthusiasm for humanity beats along these IhoughtAil
and thoroughly alive lectures, whatever the special theme may be. Some
<rf them, delivered just before and during the late war, are aflame with
patriotic sentiment, while very faint and few reflections of the author's
religious denomi nationalism are perceptible.

SICOKD SBRtlS.— VOL, X, NO. I. J

66 Literary Review. [Jan.

BOOKS RSCKIVED.

Harper &* BroUurs^ New York.

Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Prepared by

the Rev. John NTClintock, D.D., and James Strong, S.T.D. Vol. VII.

New-Pestle. 1877. Royal 8vo. pp. 1003. I5.0C.
Cjrprus: its Ancient Cities, Tombs, and Temples. By General Louis Palma Di

Cesnola. With Maps and Illustrations. 1878. Royal 8va pp. 456. $7.5a
Pottery and Porcelain of all Times and Nations, with Tables of Factory and

Artists' Marks for the Use of Collectors. By William C Prime, LL.D.

1878. Royal 8vo. pp. 530. I7.00
Contemporary Art in Europe. By S. G. W. Benjamin. With illustrations. 1877.

Royal 8va pp. 165. I3.50.

Scribner^ Armstrong ^ Co., New York,

The Beginnings of Christianity with a View of the State of the Roman World
at the Birth of Christ By George P. Fisher, D. D. 1877. 8vo. pp. 591.
I3.00.

The Final Philosophy or System of Perfectible Knowledge issuing from the Har-
mony of Science and Religion. By Charles Woodruff Shields, D. D. 1877.
Royal 8vo. pp. 609. $3.00.

Faith and Philosophy : Discourses and Essays. By Henry B. Smith, D. D., LL. D.
Edited with an Introductory Notice, by George L. Prentiss, D. D. 1877.
Royal 8vo. pp. 496. $3. 50.

Prose and Verse, Humorous, Satirical, and Sentimental. By Thomas Moore.
With Notes, edited by Richard Heine Shepherd. And a Preface by Richard
Henry Stoddard. 1878. 8vo. pp. 444. $2.50.

Epoch of Modem History. The Beginning of the Middle Ages. By R. W.
Church, Dean of St Paul's. With three Maps. i6mo. pp. 226. ^i.oo.

Robert Carter &* Brothers, New York.

Moore's Forge. A Tale. By the Author of the " Win and Wear " Series. 1878.
i2mo. pp. 381. $1.25.

Among the Turks. By Cyrus Hamlin. 1878. i2mo. pp. 378. $1.50.

The Christian's Heritage, and Other Sermons. By the late Melancthon W.
Jacobus, D. D. A Memorial Volume, with Portrait. Edited by Rev. Mat-
thew Newkirk. 1878. i2mo. pp. 361. $1.50.

The Old Looking-Glass ; or, Mrs. Dorothy Cope's Recollections. By Maria Louisa
Charlesworth. 1878. i6mo. pp. 269. $1.00.

Brighter than the Sun ; or, Christ the Light of the World. A Life of our Lord
for the Young. By J. R. Macdufi^ D. D. With Illustration by A. Rowan,
1878. Royal 8vo. pp. 433. $3.50.

The Old Red Sandstone; or. New Walks in an Old Field. By Hugh Miller,

LL.D. 1878. I2mo. pp.403. $1.50.

The Cruise of the Betsey; or, A Summer Ramble among the Fossiliferous
Deposits of the Hebrides, with the Rambles of a Geologist By Hugh Mil-
ler, LL. D. 1875. i2mo. pp. 524. $1.50.
Tales and Sketches. By Hugh Miller, LL. D. 1875. i2mo. pp. 369. $i.5a
Essays : Historical and Biographical, Political, Social, Literary, and Scientific.
By Hugh Miller, LL. D. 1875. i2mo. pp. 501. $1.50.

1878.] Literary Review. 67

The Headship of Christ and the Rights of the Christian People : Essays, Descrip-
tive Sketches, and Personal Portraitures. By Hugh Miller, ll.d. 1875.
i2mo. pp. 501. $1.50.

A. D, Randolph 6* Co,^ New York,

Glimpses of the Coming. By Richard Gleason Greene. i2mo. pp. 146. $1.00.

Ptmaquid : A Story of Old Times in New England. By Mrs. E. Prentiss. i2mo.
pp. 37a $1.75.

The Pilgrim Psalms. An Elxposition of The Songs of Degrees. With an Intro-
duction by Rev. Marvin R. Vincent, d.d. By the Rev. Samuel Cox. i2mo.
pp. 240. $1.50.

Lay Effort: its Range and Methods. By the Rev. H. C. Haydn, d.d. i2mo.
pp. loi. 75 cents.

Who is He } An Appeal to those who regard with any Doubt the Name of Jesus.
By Sarah F. Smiley. Fourth edition. i2mo. pp. 102. 65 cents.

The Life of Our Lord, in the Words of the Four Evangelists. With an Intro-
ductory Note by William M. Taylor, D. D. i6mo. pp. 203. $1.00.

The Table of Plenty. A Collection of Scripture " Alls," presented under the

Figure of a Feast for the Soul. Complied by E. R. Hyde. Square i6mo.

pp. loi. $i.oa

Dodd^ Mead &* Co., New York.

The Harmony of the Reformed Confessions, as related to the Present State of

Evangelical Theology. By Philip Scha£ 1877. i2mo. pp. 70. 60 cents.

Lapsed, but not Lost By the Author of" The SchonbergCotta Family." i6mo.

PP- 273- #1 25.

D, Appleton 6^ Co., New York.

The Book of Job, with Notes, Critical, Explanatory, and Practical, designed for
both Pastors and People. With a new Translation appended. By Rev.
Henry Coles, D. D. 1877. i2mo. pp.298. $2.00.

A. S. Barnes dr» Co., New York.]

Nine Lectures on Preaching. Delivered at Yale College, New Haven, Conn.
By R. W. Dale, D. D., Birmingham. 1S78. i2mo. pp. 302. $1.50.

E. P. Button <5r» Co., New York.

Lectures on Preaching delivered before the Divinity School of Vale College in
January and February, 1877. By the Rev. Phillips Brooks. 1S77. Svo.
pp. 281. 51.50.

Studies on the New Testament. By F. Godet, D. D. Edited by the Hon. and

Rev. W. H. Lyttelton, M. A. Second Thousand. 1S77. Svo. i)p. 398.

$2.25.

G. P. Putnam's Sons, Ne%v York.

The Question of Rest for Women during Menstruation. By Mary Putnam
Jacobi. Illustrated. 1877. Royal 8vo. pp. 232. $3.00.

Sheldon &* Co., N^ew York.

The Life of Trust : Being a Narrative of the Lord's Dealings with George Miiller,
written by himself. With an Introduction by Francis Wayland. A new
edition, brought down to the present time, including his visit to America.
1878. i2mo. pp. 52S. $1.50.

68 LiUrofy Review. - [J

The Matdiiss Mrsterj and other Senaoaft. Bjr Charles H. Spv^caa. Tenth
Series. Together with canplete mdnm of the caCzre fiovrteca TotoaKs of the
Ajnertcan cdztioB of fats works. Ecfited bv John Stanford Holiae. 1S7&
izmou pp. 424. 11.5a

Wm)d &^ Htikrmk^ Xem Ymrk,

State Regolatioo of Vks. Reg;alatioo Efforts in .\mcrica. The Gcaera Con-
fjeu. Bt Aaron M. PoveU. iS/SL i6mQ. ppu 127. |iJoa

Tk€ Caikolu Pmiiicmhem Sscuty O^ Xem York,

Whj a Catholic in the Nineteenth Cestary ? Bj Williaia GOes Dix. 1S78. i2mo.
ppu ici. 50 cents.

Amrrican Tract SadOj, AVar York. — 23 FrmmUim SL, BmsUm,

The Old Bible and The New Science. An Essaj and foor Lectures* Delrr-

ercd before the New York Baptist Ministers* Conference. Br J. B. Thomas,

D. D. Second cditian. i2mo. pp. 224. $1,501
All ior ChrUt : A Sketch of the Life and Labors of the Rer. Charles H. Paj-

son. Edited b}- his Brother. i2nMX pp. 276. $1.50.
Oar Little Ones in Paradise. Compiled by Rer. Samoel Cutler. Square 24nio.

pp. 102. 75 cents.

Jatmes R. O^ood ^ Co^ Bosimu

Substance and Show, and other Lectures. Bj Thomas Starr King. Edited with
an Introduction by Edwin P. Whipple. 1S77. i2mo. pp. 434. $2.oa

Poems of Places. Edited by Henry W. Longfellow. Germany. 2 Vols. 1S77.
32mo. pp. 254, 24S. $IjOO per toL

Hawthorne and other Poems. By Edmund Clarence Stedman. 1877. i2mo.

pp. 134- I1.25-
Tbe Story of Avis. By Elizabeth Stuart Phelps. 1877. i2mo. pp.457. $1.50.
Boston Monday Lectures. Transcendental bm. With Preludes on Current

Events. By Joseph Cook. 187 8. i2mo. pp. 305. $i.5a
The United States as a Nation. Lectures on the Centennial of American Inde-
pendence. By Joseph P. Thompson, D. ix, ll. d. 1S77. 8va pp. 323.

12.5a
Bemg a Boy. By Charles Dudley Warner. Illustrated by "Champ." 1878.

i2mo. pp. 244. $i.5a
Boston Monday Lectures. Orthodoxy, with Preludes on Current Events. By

Joseph Cook. 1878. i2mo. pp> 343. $1.50.
History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America. By Henry Wilson.

Vol. HI. 1877. Royal 8vo. pp. 774. $5.00.

Lockwood^ Brooks 6f* Co.., Boston,

The Story of Creation. By S. M. Campbell, D. D. 1877. i6mo. pp. 335. $1.75.
Life of Edward Norris Kirk, D. D. By David O. Mears, a. m. 1877. 8va pp.
432. l3^oa

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" Abide with Me." By Henry Francis Lyte. Designs by Miss L. B. Humphrey.

Engraved by John Andrew & Son. 1878. Small 4to. $2.00,
The New England Ministry Sixty Years Ago : The Memoir of John Woodbridgc,

D. D. By Rev. Sereno D. Clark. 1877. i2mo. pp. 473. $2joo.

i87&] LiUmry Riww, 69

Myes^ Snow d* C<9., Basi^m
ConMntion: A Stoiy of Forest and Sea. By E. P. Tenney. 1877. lamo. pp.

Poets' Homes. Pto and Pendl Sketches of American Poets and their Homes.

By R. H. Stoddard and Others. 4to. pp. 386. $2.oa
A Gailattd from the Best Poets. Selected and arranged by Coven^Patmos. i6mo.

pp. 354. $1.25.
Ho Leadeth Me, and other Religions Poems. i6nia pp. 335. $1.25.
At Eventide. Discourses by Nehemiah Adams, D. D. i6mo. pp. 27& %\xx^
'Tie Seven Words from the Cross. By William H. Adams. i6mo. pp. 146. $1.00.
The Ninety and Nine. By Elisabeth* C. Clephane. Designs by Robert Lewis.

Engraved by William J. Dana. 1877. 4ta $2.oa
The Adventures of MUtiades Peterldn PauL With 24 Pictures by Hopkins.

Large 4ta pp.32. 50 cents.

Henry ffcyt^ Boston,
five Problems of Sute. and Religion. By Will C. Wood, a. m. 8vo. pp. 379.

Seiaons on the Intenwtional Sunday-School Lessons. For 1878. By the Mon-

daqrClob. 1878. 8Ya pp.441* $1.50.
Gold and Gilt ; or, Maybee's Puzzle. From the Golden Texts. By Archie Fell.

itea pp. 424. $i.5a
Plas and Bfinus ; or, The Briaridge Problem.' By Archie Fell i6mo. pp. 404.

Three Months in Europe. Written for the Children. By U L. A. i6mo. pp.

Sdect Notes on die International Sabbath-School Lessons for 1878. Explana-
tory, Illustrative, and Practical. With four Maps, a Chronological Chart, and
Table of the Signification and Pronunciation of Proper Names. By Rev. F. N.
and M. A. Peloubet. Svo. pp. 240. $1.25.

Congregational Publishing Society^ Boston,

David Kent's Ambition. By Joy Allison. i2mo. pp. 249. $1.00.

Lottie. By Mrs. M. F. Butts. i2mo. pp. 238. $1.00.

The National Question Book and Hand Book on the Sunday-School Lessons for
1878. By Rev. John E. Todd and Rev. M. B. Riddle, D. D. No. i, for Older
Scholars. 32mo. pp. 203. 15 cents.

The Little Pilgrim Question Book on the International Lessons for 1878. For
the Younger Scholars. By Mrs. William Barrows. 1878. 32mo. pp. 221.
15 cents.

Notes on the International Sabbath-School lessons. For 1878. Part I, Old
Testament, by John E. Todd. Part II, New Testament, by Matthew B. Rid-
dle, D. D. 8vo. pp. 22a $1.25.

American Unitarian Association, Boston,

Essentials and Non-essentials in Religion. By James Freeman Clarke. 1878
Square i6mo. pp. 148. Cloth, 50 cents. Paper, 25 cents.

70 Literary Review. [Jan.

University Press^ Ca/mhridgt.

Fifty Years of Church Life. The First Evangelical Congregational Charch,
Cambridgeport, Mass. By Rev. James S. Hoyt, D. D. 187S. i2mo. pp.
287. $2.25.

7. B, Jjppifuott iSr* G?.. PhUadelphia,

The Cross above the Crescent : A Romance of Constantinople. By the Rt. Rev.

Horatio Southgate, D. D. 1878. i2mo. pp.359* $i-50.
At the Court of King Edwin : A Drama. By William Leighton, Jr., Author of

** The Sons of Godwin." 1878. i6mo. pp. 157. I1.25.
New Ireland. By A. M. Sullivan. 1878. 8vo. pp. 532. $2.00.
Biology. By Dr. Charles Letoumeau. Translated by William Maccall. With

eighty-three Illustrations. 1878. 8vo. ' pp. 480. $1.75.
Biographical and Critical Miscellanies. By William H. Prescott New edition.

1875. i2mo. pp. 682. ^.25.

Porter ^ Coaies, Philadelphia,

A Miracle in Stone ; or, The Great Pyramid of Egypt By Joseph A. Seiss, D. D.
8vo. pp. 250 $1.25.

Presbyterian Board of Publication^ Philadelphia,

Light for the Day ; or, Heavenly Thoughts for Earthly Guidance. A Daily Mon-
itor. By Tryon Edwards, D. D. i2mo. pp. 379. $1.25.

Visions of Heaven for the Life on Earth. By Robert M. Patterson. i2mo. pp.
364. $1.50.

The Sunbeam Book. Vol. i. 4to. pp. 396. $1.50.

American Sunday-School Union^ PhUadelphia,

The Bible in the Family ; or, Hints on Domestic Happiness. By H. A. Board-
man, D. D. Twelfth edition. i2mo. pp. 368. 75 cents.

The Bible in the Counting- House : A Course of Lectures to Merchants. By
H. A. Boardman, D. D. With an Introduction by the Right Rev. Robert Bick-
ersteth, d. d.. Bishop of Ripon. Seventh edition. i2mo. pp. 384. 75 cents.

The Swawnee Prisoner : A Borderer's Story. By Clara F. Guernsey. i2mo.
pp. 329. I1.25.

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By Dr. Chas. G. Barth. 24mo. pp. 96. 40 cents.

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Future Religious Policy of America; A Discussion of Eleven Great Living
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Editor's Table,

EDITOR'S TABLE,

73/ Doctrinal Criiii. — It [s now three years since we commenced In ottr
"Editor's Table "a seriea ot pitagraphs on distinctively denominational doc-
trines. Iq Januaiy, 1875, we defined our posirion as "moderate CalvioUll,''
baring "no sympathy with the latliudinarian tendencies seen in some quitets
among those who profess evangelical sentiments."
In April, 1B75, oar ihcraes were " Liberality " and " Unity of Doctrine."
In July of that year we had a brief monograph on " Candidates for the Ifilldt-
try," in which we took the ground that if a candidate do not believe in the etemml
punishment of the wicked, be ghoiild not be received into our ministry, — ditcnM-
ing tbe subject in its cetatiDns (i) to the candidate himself {2) to tbe chuichea ot
(nu denomination, and (3) to a point of honor.

In October of the same year the subject of toning down our distinctive doctfiaca
VIS presented under the theme o( " Popular Preaching."

Ib January, 1S76, certain relations of this general subject were discussed Duckr
the titles, " The Decalogue " and " The Fellowship of Churches."
In April we chose as our theme " Broad-Churchism."

In our July number the subject at Onhodoiy was presented under the hoa£ng
of"The Brooklyn Council of 1S76, and Rev. Dr. tJushnell."

In October of the same year we diicussed " Negative Doctrine " and " Cloricil
Intetlopets;."

In April. 1S77, we presented the same general theme under the captioni, "A
Noble Manhood " and " The Basis of Christian Union."

In Tuly, in our " Literary Review," we gave attention to Washington Glad-
den's criticism of " Joseph Cook's Theory of the Atonement," and in the " EdiMr^
Tible " discussed " Denominational Lines " and " Fellowship Lines."

In October tbe same genera! sQbjecl was continued under the quoted tltl« of
" A Big Contract"

This scries of articles w:i3 delibcrilcly designed to bring on what wc terra " the
doctrinal orisia." We were satisfied that there was a degree of unsoundness in
a portion of the ministry of our churches, and we determined, if possible, to draw
oat those who were unsound, and make them show their hand. Our article on
* A Noble Manhood " accomplished our purpose. This led Mr. Gladden to step
forward as the champion of the liberal party, and decided his attack, not only
upon tbe Quarirrly, but also on Mr. Cook. This course of Mr. Gladden waa
doubtless the occasion of a stand being made by the conservatives at Indian
Orchard, and this brought on a general engagemenL Mr. Beecher now openly
commits himself to Universaliat principles, and we begin to know where men
stand. Far be it from us to claim all the credit for the present wide-spread inter,
est on this subject ; but that we have had some responsibility respecting it hat
been publicly recognized. (TSf Congregatiomiliil, tiov. 28, 1S77, p. 380.) We
feel free, therefore, to speak of our purpose in the course which we have pursued.
So long as heresy was held in solution in our denomination, it was working its
way to our destruction. Our object has been to precipitate it, knowing that then
it would be an easy matter to dispose of it.

The character and quality of the " liberal " element in our denomination may
be judged of by the following facts ; —

I. They had began to boast that they already embraced " a third of our minis-
try " and that they were fast increasing.

72 Editor's Table. [Jan.

2. They modestly assumed that the more " thoughtful minds " were embraced
in their number, as though nobody could be " thoughtful " who did not think as
they do.

3. They have shown a disposition to indulge in extravagant laudation of the
personal qualities of those who hold latitudinarian views.

4. They have ominously intimated that when the " ripest scholarship " is heard
from, it will be on their side.

5. They have seemed to rely chiefly (as do Universalists generally) on an ap-
peal to human sympathies.

6. They have endeavored to bring discredit upon the orthodoxy of the denom-
ination by an attempt to ally it with " inherited sin," " infant danmation," and
other dogmas held by individuals in a benighted age.

7. They have shocked the moral sense of the community by portraying the
faith of the churches as to future endless punishment in offensive and repulsive
language, producing the same effect as respects this subject which profane swear-
ing produces on the instinctive reverence of mankind.

8. They have attempted to excite prejudice against the conservative ministry
by such phrases as " a defiant orthodoxy," " a pugnacious support of the truth,"
and by representing a preacher as repeating the words, " He that believeth not
shall be damned" "with apparent gusto," reminding us of Thomas Fuller's
declaration concerning William Perkins, two hundred years ago : —

" He would pronounce the word damn with such an emphasis as left a doleful
echo in his auditors* ears a good while after ; and when catechist of Christ Col-
lege, in expounding the commandments, applied them so home, able almost to
make his hearers* hearts fall down, and hairs to stand upright" — Fuller's Holy
State, Ed. 1841, p. 81.

9. When any effort has been made to counteract their undermining influence in
the denomination, they have tried to seciye sympathy by the cry of persecution.

The discussion will now go on. It should not be limited to the doctrine of end-
less punishment, but should embrace the atonement, which is the most germinal
and formative doctrine of the whole system of evangelical truth. It must involve,
also, the canon of the Scriptures. Indeed, it embraces within its sweep the per-
sonal honesty of the Lord Jesus Christ.

We have no dread of discussion. We have no fear as to the result of having
" more light break forth,** whether it comes " out of God*s Word ** or outside of
that Word. We court the fruits of the •* ripest scholarship." What disgusts us
is a conceited, boastful, and by turns whining sensationalism.

We maintain that it is the right and the duty of our denomination to protect
itself against influences which tend to destroy its distinctive character and take
away its life ; and this,, not for the promotion of sectarian ends, but as a means
of advancing most efficiently the cause of truth and the triumph of the Redeemer.

So far as we have had any humble part in bringing on this crisis, our object
has been to hasten it before the malady of error had made such progress as to
result in a serious division of the denomination.

What, now, is to be the practical efiect of the present discussion ?

1. The discussion will confirm our ministry on the eternal foundations of truth.

2. It will lead a few, who are now nominally with us (assuming that they are
honorable men), to go where they legitimately belong.

3. It will increase the vigilance of the Education Society in a wise discrimina-
tion as to what young men they shall educate.

18/8.] Editof^s Table. 73

4. It will lead our theological seminaries to give increased attention to the
foundations on which their superstructures rest.

5. It will make ministerial associations more careful in their examination of
young men who present themselves for approbation to preach the gospel, and
more wary as to whom they receive as members.

6. It will dispose ecclesiastical councils to take the position that if a candidate
for ordination or installation have doubts as to fundamental doctrines, he had
better have those doubts removed before he undertakes to teach others ; and if
be reject any of these doctrines, he had better be outside of our ministry than in it.

7. It will stimulate the American Home Missionary Society to inquire whether
they shall aid in supporting some ministers to build up our churches, and others
to tear them to pieces.

S. It will affect the character of our preaching, so that our sermons shall not be,
like sun«fish, gelatinous and boneless and floating with every tide.

9. We trust it will lead parents to greater fidelity in teaching their children
** the faith once delivered to the saints."

Mr* Cook's Critics, — Apropos to recent criticisms on Mr, Joseph Cook in
prominent Congregational publications, the following is reported to us as a con-
versation between critics : —

A, Well, I see that your New Englander is down on Mr. Cook.

B, Yes, somebody has sent me the Review, I do not often see it. What
do you think of the criticism ?

A. The publishers, I presume, sent a copy to me ; I do not know why. I
hope they do not suppose I am a Congregationalism This is what I think of it :
it is a good illustration of the happy faculty you Congregationalists have of back-
ing your friends. When one of our men is doing good service, we do our best to
hold him up, no matter if he is not quite perfect But you Congregationalists, if
one of your men, in the ardor of debate, happens to put his left foot forward in-
stead of his right, or strikes out from the shoulder when a wave of the hand
would be more graceful, no matter that he floors the adversary, your taste is
offended, and you are " down upon " him.

B, But did you not notice that the " eminent naturalist of orthodox opinions
in religion " explains why he does nothing but find fault with Mr. Cook, — on the
ground, namely, that his friends are the very ones to perform this painful duty ?
*' Faithful are the wounds of a friend," we are told.

A. Yes, I did notice that " the wounds " are as " faithful " as the knife could
cut them. It was not because the spirit was not willing that this "friend " did not
gash deep.

B, You would not say so if you knew who this " eminent naturalist of ortho-
dox opinions in religion" is supposed to be.

A. Who is he ?

B. The Congregatiofialist intimates that he is Professor G., of Harvard
College.

A, What grudge has the Congregationalist against Professor G., that it
should charge this upon him ? He does not answer the description of the label,
and he would not do such a thing. Professor G. is a very eminent man, but his
specialty is not biology, it is botany. He is a Christian gentleman, and this
critic is ill-natured and carping ; fault-finding seems to be his profession. If Pro-
fessor G. were criticising Mr. Cook he would go to the heart of the matter, and

74 Editof^s Table. [Jan.

point out scientific errors if he saw them ; but you notice that this " eminent
naturalist of orthodox opinions in religion " does not call in question the scientific
facts alleged by Mr. Cook : his great grievance is in respect to the manner, tiie
rhetoric, and logic of the lecturer. I was wondering, as I was reading the criti-
cism, why no attempt was made to traverse the scientific statements of Mr. Cook,
if these statements are false ; one or two inferences are disputed on the ground
of logic, and one or two are condemned on the ground of religion as not *' ortho-
dox." That is about all

B, I have seen it stated elsewhere that Professor G. is the writer of the
criticism.

A, Those who attributed it to him do not know him, rest assured of that
Why, if there were no other reason, it is enough to say that Professor G. is known
as one of the earliest and strongest advocates of Darwinian! sm, which Mr. Cook
has said so much against ; now if Professor G. was sensitive to Mr. Cook's attacks
upon evolutionism, he would have the manliness to reply openly, and not assail
him under cover of the New Englander, in the disguise of '' an eminent naturalist
of orthodox opinions in religion."

B, Others do not think that article in the New Englander so unscientific. I
was just reading a criticism of Mr. Cook in the Congregationalist "^Yiich. takes np
and condemns the very same things as the New Englander.

A, Let me see the paper. Who is this Rev. G. F. Wright? I never heard
of him before. Is he also " an eminent naturalist " ?

B. Mr. Wright is one of our excellent parish ministers, who has occupied
his leisure somewhat in writing in favor of evolutionisnu

A, I notice that he twits Mr. Cook with using "second-hand facts," from
which I conclude that he himself is an original investigator. Has he made large
discoveries and shown " the qualifications for biological research " which the New
Englander so contemptuously denies to Mr. Cook, and without which qualifica-
tions the scientific judges declare that no parish minister nor anybody else may
presume to entertain an opmion as to the value of the evidence they allege in
favor of evolution ?

B. You do not seem to appreciate Mr. Wright's pleasant article.

A, It is simply the criticism of the New Englander's " eminent naturalist of
orthodox opinions in religion " steeped over and boiled down. He repeats the
same things in almost the same language ; I wonder he did not find some other
objections. It does not seem possible that these little things are all there is in
Mr. Cook's lectures that those " friends " whose wounds are intended to be
" faithfiil " can put their knives into. Because Mr. Cook undertakes to meet
sceptics on their own ground, he is charged with treating the Bible slightingly and
of undervaluing the ordinary methods by which its authenticity is established.
This charge shows an utter want of appreciation of Mr. Cook's great purpose and
aim.

B, You seem to be eager to indorse Mr. Cook.

A, I do not indorse or denounce him. I heartily bid him God-speed, and
hope he will not make many mistakes. If he makes no more than he has, he will
do good. He is evidently a very able man, he is a sincere, honest man, a logical
thinker, and has marvellous power to interest people in philosophical discussions .
He is engrossed in the accomplishment, with Herculean energy, of a great moral
purpose. If he slips now and then, and says things not in good taste, that can
easily be forgiven him. What is the chafi* to the wheat ?

1878.] Editot's Tabu. n

Dtnominatienal fVarJt. — It is obvious to the most casual obwrrer tint In m.
biihful administriHon of our denominatianal affairs, and in pnsenting a fall and
accurate vicv of our condition as a denomination, there is work to be done bj
lomebodj. The amount of worli which is done in this line no nun CHI know or
conceive of, until he has, at least, personally shared in It. Tba itatiMiaJ MCM-
nries of the local conferences and of the State bodies, pirticoUtlj the Utter,
perfbrm an iinmcnsc amount of labor, for which, in a iew inaiancee, thqr receive a
little paj, a pittance, and in more cases nothing. They have the thaiAi of eooie
rad discomiiture Irom otheia. The debt of gratitude which the denomination
owes litem will never be appreciated.

The National Council has now undertaken to compile the itatiaticiaf &e
duiTches ; and in this issue of the Quarltrly the -national stalictlc* of 001 den<MB-
inalion are presented olEdally by the Secretary of the Council.

The Qauirtfrly has borne, for twenty years, no insignilicant part in oar denwt
al affairs. In the vast labor expended upon i1, to give It tjioronghnaea and
9 a aaiisfaction to the editors to have the conjdonmaM that tb^
h»Te done what they could.

The sla.tiBtics of the denomination, as published in the present number, wiB be
alio iuued by the National Council in connection with the Mmotee ot Aeb latt
meeting, and a copy of the same will be sent to each church, to be thepraper^cC
the church- Thus the Council will promote in our churches an intcrat In oor
denomination as a whole.

71u Fresmt Volume. — This volaine of the Quarterly will complete the MOOud
wtie*, and the October number will contain an Inde< of the ceo Tolnmee in Ala
■sie*. We shall spare no reasonable expense 01 pains in our endeaTOr to Buke
fl ■ubserve the interests of the denomination, and to render it a wortbj r^raaott-
ative of the same. The subscription price is below the cost ; and while mflmwl
In this work, we can ask no less than that our churches and our nUidrtera gi^ m
die encouragement of their co-operation and support.

It would seem as though a little effort by the pa-iitors would be successful 10
attending the circulation of this periodical, and yet we rarely, if ever, have any
eridence that such effort is made. Our subscription list has been remarkably bds-
bdned during these yean of financial depression, but it needs to be more than
iiMlihiLd, — it needs to be greatly enlarged. We do not complain; but we can-
not in justice to ourselves refrain from saying that if oar brethren assume no
Mcpoosibility ai to the support of this periodical; if ihcy simply avail themselves
of the opportunity to procure it, as it is freely offered to them, at a nominal price,
and when a financial pressure comes, make no sacrifice to sustain it, they must
not be disappointed if the denomination loses its helping hand. Possibly the
pvUisher may find his own interests promoted, pecuniarily, by surrendering the
ftdd. He is not to be presumed to have any more responsibility as to the
adrancement of the denominational interests than the people whom he serves.

The charge made for the BMMhe<a and for the Nmi-En^ander is four dollars.
What would the subscribers for the Quarttrfy say as to having its subscription
price raised to three dollars ^ The fact should be known and appreciated that
two dollar* dota not pa; the co»L

76

Quarterly Record.

[Jan.

QUARTERLY RECORD.

OHUBOHES FORMED.

ASHLAND, Kan.

BERLIN FALLS, N. H., Nov. 22, 22 mem.
ben.

BLAKE*S PRAIRIE, Wis., Oct. 9, 47
members.

BOONE, la., Dec. 9, U members.

BROOKLYN, N. T., Tompkins Avenae,
March 2S.

BROWN. Mich., Sept. 27, 9 members.

OARBONDALE, Kun., Dec. 15, 12 mem-
bers. .

0L08TER, N. J., Dec. 28, 21 members.

CRYSTAL LAKE, Mich., Dec. 28, 11 mem-
bers.

DBXTBR, Minn., Sept. 5, 8 members.

DOUGLAS, Kao., Dic. 11, 14 members.

GALT, Mich., Oct. 23, 6 members.

OOSHEN, Kan., Diamond Orove School-
bouse, Sept. 26, 14 members.

JOPLIN, Mo.

LAKBVILLE, Mass., Union Grove Oh.,
Oct. 23, 13 members.

MARIETTA, Ga., Nov. 12, 21 members.

MATER Col

LAWRENCE. Mass., Tower Hill, Union
Bvangelical, Sept. 18, 67 members.

LEAD CITY, Col.

LOUISVILLE, Neb., Nov. 23, 7 members.

NEWPORT. Ky., Dec. 9, York 8L Ch., 44
members.

NORTH FOLK, Kan.

OAKLAND, Cal., Sept. 10.

ONONDAGA, Mich., Oct. 16, 9 members.

ORO CITY, Col.

PACHECO, Cal., Oct. 14, 23 members.

REINBECK. la., Sc?)t. 30, 10 members.

SEATTLE (near), Washington Ter., Nov.
23, 11 memberM

8HABB0NA GROVE, III., Oct. 4, 9 mem.
bcrs.

SHELDAHL, la.. Dec, 16, 18 members.

SHERIDAN, Mich., Sept. 22, 11 members.

SUNLIGHT, Neb., Oct. 10, 26 members.

WHITE CLOUD, Mich., 12 members.

MINISTEB3 OBDAIHED.

ADAMS, WILLIAM, to the work of the
Ministry, in Brown, Mich., Sept. 27.
Sermon by Rev. LeRoy Warren, of
Grand Rapids. OrdRinlng prayer by
Rev. Josf'uh F. Gaylord, of Manistee.

ALLEN, FREDERICK L., over the Ch. in
Walpnle, N. H., Sept. 26. Sermon by
Rev. Henry E. Parker, d. d., of Dart-
mouth College. Ordaining prayer by
Rev. Berijamia Labaree, d. d., of
Charleatown.

ASH, WILLIAM H., to the work of the
Ministry, In Providence, R. I., Oct. 29.
Sermon by Rev. Charles L. Woodworth,
of Boston, Mass. Ordaining prayer bv
Rev. James G. Vose, d. d., of Provl-

BACON, EDWARD E., over the Oh. in
Norway Villajre, Me.. Sept. 13. Ser-
mon by Rov. Charles L. Mills, of Nor.
way. Ordainiiitr prayer by Rev. David
Garland, of Bethel.

BARRETT, JOHN P., to the work of the
Ministry, in Manchester, la.. Dee. 22.
Sermon by Rev. William A. Waterman,
of Marion. Ordaining prayer by Rev.
Bphraim Adams, of Waterloo.

BARTHOLOMEW. C. M.. to the work of
the Ministry, in Riishville, N. Y., Jane.

BI88ELL, JONATn AN E.. to the work ot
the Ministry, in Milwaukee, Wis., Dee.
18. Sermon by Rev. Henry T. Rose, of
Milwaukee. Ordaining prayer by Risv.
Luther Clapp, of Wauwatosa.

BROOKS, GEORGE W., over the Globe
Oh. in Woonsocket, R. I., Oct. 10.
Sermon by Rev. Adolphus J. F.
Behrends, d. d., of Providence. Or-
didning prayer by Rev. Thomas Laarle*
D. D., of Providence.

GARY, OTIS. Jr., to the work of the Min.
is^y, in Fozboro\ Mass., Nov. 16. Ser-
mon by Rev. Jeremiah Taylor, D. D., of
Providence, R. I. Ordaining prayer by
Rev. Edmund K. A Iden, d. d., of Boston.

CLARK. FLETCHER, to the work of the
Ministry, in Atlanta. Ga., Nov. 11.
Sermon by Rev. Henry S. Bennett, of
Nashviile, Tcnn. Ordaining prayer by
Rev. Samuel S. Ashley, of Atlanta.

CROWELL, ZENA8, over the Ch. In
Honlton, Me., Dec. 19. Sermon and
Ordaining prayer by Rev. Jonathan B,
Adams, of Camden.

DAVIS, WILLIAM V. W., over the
Franklin St. Ch. in Manchester, N. H.,
Sept. 12. Sermon by Rev. *T. Henry
Thayer, d. d., of Andover Seminary.
Ordaining prayer by Rev. Cbarlea
Wetherby, of Nashua.

DeLONG, THOMAS W., over the Ch. in
Sheffield, O., Nov. 14. Sermon by Rev.
Hiram Mead, D. D., of Oberlln Semi-
nary. Ordaining prayer by Rev. K. B.
Williams, of Elyria.

DUNLAP, S. P., to the work of the Minle-
Uy, in North Topeka, Kan., Oct. SO.
Sermon by Rev. Leverett W. Spring, of
Lawrence. Ordaining prayer bv Rev.
Levi B. Wilflon, d. i>., of Valley Fails.

FOSTER, FRANK H., over the Oh. In
North Reading, Mass., Sept. 12. Sermon
by Rev. Alexander McKenzle, of Cam-
bridge. Ordalnlnff prayer by Rev.
Chnrles B. Rice, of Danvers Centre.

FRICKSTAD, TARAL T., over the Ch.
in Sergeant Bluffi*, la., Nov. 8. Sermon
by Rev. Arthur B. Arnold, of L^nuurs.

GIBBON, C. K., over the Ch. in Wayland,
Mich., Nov. 6. Sermon by Rev. Gheorge
A. Pollard, of Grand Rnplds.

GOO DELL, ISAAC, to the work of the
Ministry, In Hillsboro\ 111.. Oct. 81.
Sermon by Rev. liobert Nouree, of
Aledo. Ordaining prayer by Rev. Na-
thaniel P. Coltrin, of Centralis.

GOODSELL, DENNIS to the work of the
Ministry, In Fergus Fall a, Minn., Oct. S.

GREELEY. FRANK N., to the work of
the Ministry, in Orwell, N. Y., Nov. IS.
Sermon by Rev. Ethan Curtis, of Cam-
den. Ordaining prayer by Rev. John O.
Holbrook, d. d., of Syracuse.

GROVER GEORGE W\, over the Cb. in
Hannibal, Mo., Nov. 14. Sermon by
Rev. Truman M. Po&t, D. d., of St.

HAHPTO.S. W™!", w Ibo work of Ibo
"-■.u». Id ArborvUl«, Ke*., Oet. 11,
lining pnfct by Bet. SIitiod Bur-
— I, of Oieeot*.
M HIBCXa, JOIIK H..onrUiB BethujyCb.
" inini.Hw, Vl., Bepl. ST. Sfimon
T. Kdwud T. Elnck*. of Portliad,
llrdalDlDB pr.y«i bj R«. Cjrriu
B.DnkF, D p., of KovilLgn.
ina, lOBKI-H B., onr ifaa Ch. In Dong.
lu,KMi.,nn.]a. Psrmoo lod nrdilnlug
piwrrby Kov. Pour McVleku', D. ».,
of Wubbnrn OdIIhib.
UTB8. HKRBKtIT W., over the Plim-
DBtb Ch. In Ponl.ind. U«., Bipt. ST.
BcrBioDbT Rct.BcbeilC.BmTIh, o.D.,
of .ftDdovirr SEQilDiiry. Ordnlnfsgpnycr
bjRei.ItiaclP.WBrr "i.-f^

UEK, FKANK T.. to the

talr*. Id Mnwnokw, ._.. __.

rn by lb V. Bi-nr; T. Rom, of Mil-

-. Ordnlnlng ■ ■■

Dlai-p, ofw

U>tIRBRlDGS.O.C..<

BtoIT B. LliFonn, >■. ..
itUlBm mwjfr bl Hst. Lai
Hft, of iDdrpendenM.
«WBtL, JOHN N.,Dnr the (
K.R. B^Rnnnl - '

- ~ WlBYj lfl.l_.

OeBKY, nUKK,

Snwl Walcoll,
UnUlDlDc pranr W Kci
•»—•—■■ afNor"- '-'

brK«i
W. BrI
Ch.lnUIlK

Jiqv.'landi

wmjtr by Rer. Gut
_ RonbaiopioD.
lUa. U. v.. In iha

fVa UrrlulDlnj
k of (h« Hinta.

KOKKlii KIKOSLEY V

llDD.. Nov

I. BlImHii
i(t prtJfCT by 1

BTESLK, RDWARO B., lo the work of

Uie Ulniilry, In Joy rreJrte, HI.. Dee.

ie. Bnrmon hy Ite*. WtlUam O. l>leKO.

of Cbanjudgb. (Irdnlblna prayer by

- — ■ O-rwIn, D. D., of J.ckiion»m-.

- CUAttLES A. G., oral tha

)ttn lUyiiham, Uau.. Oct. IT.

by Itcv. Ooorse Unnlm of

- " ' "-ia!nfn» jiiaytr by

IroD Worki,

ithsworkof Ihallln.
UltJ*. IUdd., DhuS.

OnUioIng pisjer ty Eer.

AKD.toilieworkoftho

wioKETT, men.

BemioD by Ket. Hq

KhjnaapoJt-. Ordn;... „ .
Ototge A. Hood, of MlonasuuiH.
OUeON. WILLIAM B., Dvar Ihe Ob. <D

BInni Mniil D. p., of ObarlLn (Mloge!

OeSOBKf; R. B..IO the work of tha lUolalry
Id Batbuny, Kaa., »rai. lu. Betman by
Iter. Bsua^l H. l-homp^on, of De Bolo,
Wta. Ord»1nln«nr»yiTby a«v.Sylvt»-
ur D. blom, of Qnlndain

■tCK, UTHBLLO v.. DTerthaCb.laPcn.
aiM,0.,KOT.l. Barman by Rsv. Jod-
MB Bmllh. of Oborlln Bcmfpiiry. Or-
UnlB* pnyarby Her. Bamnel Wolooit,
>. Ih. of OlBTrlllBd.

iBBTa. JnltES a., to tho vork of tliD
lUnUlfy. In Hinfonf, CC. Bfpt. 13.
BMKRB, WILLIAM U., id (h> Kork of
tin ■(iol>;rr, In Dwlibi, III.. Dh. 19,
a«ra»n by Rev. Bbhiird Hdwarda,
•■ " , of Priiitiloo. Ordalhl

WILUAM8, I'AVllt T, ovd

of BoeheatfT una BriEbton, u., nor.
S3. Sarmon by Rev. Judjon gmitb,
P.D.,Df Ubvrllri e.'mlnary. Urdalnlne
pnyur by Kov. Uodliuu BUlotl, of Rocb.

WOUDSJ ROBERT it., ovor the Cb. la

WRIGHT. KEUBKK B„ to tbc work 0
tho Ulnlnry, U. I'uplar Grova, 111,
P«. an. Sermim by Rov. Fnnk P
Woodbury, of Rockf,ird.

fWDiTr

!r. Juli

SI.'"

'DKR, JOHN L.. .,__ _

BJua*«bntir. U>u., Dcp. -JB, Panuon
byBfT.OiHirgaW, FhllllpK.of Wnrci-a.
— — by Ruv.WlllUun

on, «f Bat

BnBISIEKB BEOEXTBD FaOK OXHBS

DEHOHISATIOHci.
ALLEN", Rev. W.O., Signnluck, Mloh.
BGl.KNAF, ll*«. A, J., Oil.'j, In., Apr. B.
CARl-ES TER. Hov. l: 11., Wotce.ior, Vt.
COUNTKYMAS, Rev. ASA, Duboque, I».
DOUnaBRTV, itev, MICHAEL ABUU
LOjBotloa.

78

Quarterly Record.

[Jan.

FABMIN,Rev. URIEL, Bbiloh, Kan.
HANAFORD, Rev. K. A., KMuUng, MaM.
KIMBALL, Rev. HENRY 8., L7nD, Mass.
MEADE, Rev. L. H., Olayton, Kan.
NORTHROP, Rev. H. H., Soheneetady,
N Y

RIOHAB'dS. Rev. JONATHAN, Edwards,

Mich.
RIDDLE, Rev. MORCHANTS., Oow Run,

O.
SLIOBEt, Rev. J. T., Brooklvn,N. Y.
BBUTH, Rev. W. E., Newark. N. J.
HT AFFORD, Rev. B. T., Btreetsboro*, O.
STELLINO, iiev. CHARLES F., D. D., Red

Hook, N. Y.
STEWART, Rev. S. J., SteabenvlUe, O.
WILLIAMS, Rev. H. 8PENCBR.
YOUKEB, Rev. ALEXANDER, Cbleago,

lU.

MXETISTERS INBTALLED.

ADAMS, Rev. GEOROE O., over the Ch. of
the liedeemer, in Alton, III.. Sept. 2u.
Sermon by Ruv. Albert W. Clapp. In-
•tailing prayer by Rev. Martin K. Whit-
tleaey, of Jaekaonville.

AUSTIN, Rev. SAMUEL J., over the Oh. in
Chioopee Falls, Mass., Dec. 6. Sermon
by Rev. Ariel B. P. Perkins, d. d., of
Ware. Inatalling prayer bv Rev. Sam-
uel G. BncUngham, D.D., of Springfield.

BARBOUR, liev. WILLIAM M., D. D.,
over the Yale CoUege.Ch. in New Haven,
Ot., Sept. 14. Sermon by Rev. Sam-
uel Harris, d. d., of Yale Seminary.
Installing prayer by Rev. Noah Porter,
D. D., of Yale College.

BEMAN, Rev. IliVING L , over the Oh. In
Crown Point, N. Y., bept. 11. Sermon
by Rev. Calvin B. Hutbert, D. D., of
MJddlebury College. Installing prayer
by Rev. D. M. Seward, D. D.

BOD\YBLL, Rev. JOSEPH C, over the Ist
Ch. iu Leavenworth, Kun., Dec. 18.
Sermon by Rev. Leverctt W. Spring, of
Leavenworth. Installing prayer by
Rev. Harry E. Woodcock, of Tongan-

oxie.

BOS WORTH, Rev. QUINOY M., over the
Ch. in Goshen (Lebanon), Ct., Deo. 19.
Sermon by Rev. I^ander T. Chamberlin,
of Norwich. Installing prayer by Rev.
Franklin C Jones, of Franklin.

CHAMBERLAIN, Rev. LEANDER T.,
over the Broadway Ch. in Norwich, Ct.,
Oct. 6. Sermon by Rev. Nathaniel J.
Barton, D. d., of Hartford.

CHASE, Rev. EDWARD, over the Pavilion
Ch. in Biddeford, Me., Dec. 27. Sermon
by Rev. Charles Tenuey, of Chester, N.
H. Instolling prayer by Rev. George
Merrill, of Biddeford.

CREEGAN, Rev. CHARLES C, over the
Oh. in Wakeman, O., S«pt. 6. Sermon
by Rev. Samuel Wolcott,D. d., of Cleve-
land.

CURTISS, Rev. GILBERT A., over theCh.
In South ELartford, N. Y., Sept. 11.
Sermon by Rev. JohnC. Holorook, d. d.,
of Syracuse. Installing prayer by Rev.
William S. Smart, d. d., of Albany.

DANIELS, Rev. CHARLES H., over the
Vine St. Ch. In Cincinnati, ()., Dec. 'iO.
Sermon by Rev. Frank A. Warfield, of
Boston, Mass. Installing prayer by Rev.
Horace Bushnell, of Cincinnati.

DEAN, Rev. OLIVER B., over the Ch. in
Milford, Mass., Sept. 20. Sermon by Bevt
John L. Withrow. d. d., of Boston. In-
stalling prayer by Rev. Edmund Dowae,
ofSherbom.

DEXTER. Rev. GRANVILLE M., over the
Oh. in Paoheco, Cal., Oct. 14. Bormon
by Rev. Edward B. Tuthill, of Marlines.

DICKINSON, Rev. SAMUEL F., over the
Ch. in Cambridge, 111., Deo. 11. Ser-
mon by Rev. Cornelius E. Dickinson, of
Elgin. Installing prayer by Rev. Oamer
WTFay, of Geneseo.

DODGE, Rev. GEORGE S., over the Oh.
in Rutland, Mass., Dec. 27. Sermon by
Rev. George Dodson, of North Wey-
mouth. Installing prayer by Rev. Al*
pha Morton, of Oakniun.

ELDRBDGE, Rev. HENRY W., over the
Ch. in Enst Weymouth, Mass , Dec. 18.
Sermon by Rev. Frank A. Wnrfleld. of
Boston. Installing prayer by Rev.
George F. Stanton, of H< nth Weymouth.

EVEREST. Rev. CHAKLES H., over the
Plymouth Ch. in Chicatro, III., Dee. 4.
Sermon by Rev. Edward P. Goodwin,
D. D , of Chicago. Installing prayer by
Rev. James T. Hyde, d. d., of Chicago
Seminary.

FRYE, Rev. HOLLAND B., over the Ch.
in South Bridgton, Me., Nov. 6. Ser-
mon by Rev. Addison Blanchard, of
Corobprland Mills. Installing prayer
by Rev. Nobemiah Lincoln, of North
Bridgton.

FULLKRTON, Rev. JEREMIAH E.. over
the Ch. in Laconia, N. H., Oct. 17.
Sermon by Rev. Edward G. Sclden, of
Manchester. Installing prayer by Rev.
Moses T. Ronnels, of Sandbornton.

HUMPHREY, Rev. GEORGE F., over the
Elmwood Ch. in Providence, R. I., Nov.
26. Sermon by Rev. Jonathan L. Jen-
kins, of PitUfield, Mass. Installing
prayer by Rev. James G. Voae, d. d., of
Providence.

KELSEY, Rev. FRANK D., over the Ch.
in Attleboro' Falls Mass., Sept 18.
Sermon by Rev. William B. Wright, of
Boston. Installing prayer by Rev.
Mortimer Blake. D. D., of Tnunton.

KINGSBURY, Rev HOWARD, in Am-
herst, Mass., Dec. 6. Sermon by Rev.
Julias H. Seelyc, d. d., of Amherat
College. Instafltng prayer by Rev.
John R. Hcrrlck, d. d., of South Had-

KITCHEL. Rev. CORNELIUS L., over the
Oh. In Sttlisbury, Ct., Dec. 20. Sermon
by Rev. Hsrvey D. Kitchel, d. d., of
Detroit.

LEONARD, Rev. WILLIAM, over the
Churches in Lake vi lie and Rochester
North, Mass., Oct. 23. Sermon by Rev.
William Burrows, d. d., of Rending.
Installing prayer by Rev. E. M. Wilson.

LOWES, Rev. JDSIAU E., over the Ch. in
Camp Creek, Neb., Sept. . Sermon by
Rev. Frederick Alley, of Wllber. In-
stalling prayer by Rev. John L. Collier,
ofNorth Fairfield. <>.

McNEILLE, Rev. ROBERT G. S.,over the
South Ch. in Brideeport. Ct., Deo. 4.
Installingpraycr hy Rev. John A. Ham-
ilton, of Norwalk.

MOOAR, Rev. GEORGE, D. D., over the
Plymonth Ave. Ch. in Oiikland, Cal.,
Oct, 10. Sermon by Rev. Thomas K.
Noble, of San Francisco. Installing

H!*l

'Qiui'tw^ Ainra.

prHTT by Ret- Jo»Fph A. Brnlon, of

lOaea, Iu't. QBOROB U.onrlheCK.

Inatrendnn, Vl, Pec. Sa. WoitPon hj

IvMalllDff pmjer bf Bin. CaMd Gran-
nr. Bf EMt PaaltDPT.
ltniClftR,R«.TbooJote T, oror IfaaOli.
In Rorth AdKDU, Uihb.. Iteg. 11. Ser-

T(l« Collcxe. '' Innnlllng pnyeF'bv
R«. Ibak Qopklni, D. D.. of WJlliami-

50TES, RiT. D.\NTKI. P.

, e«rDian by

IniUHin^ pn>;

iHin« pnyn -^ ..,

»f«,D. ii.,QrAdihmt,If. H.
PATTEfl. Bai. UOSBS. OTn Ui« Ch. In

&n«n>l>D[n'. Vt., Nov.SI. Bmnun by

Kev. jDbB D. amenoB, of Underbill.

iBiblOnt vruBT by B•^y. Cbsrlia B,

Smlih.D/Uaiitrwller.
PLATT. R*T. L. B . OTgr lbs Cb. In F»lli

Obnnb, Vi., NaT. T. ectman by Kfi.

Jrremtsli B. Rukln. D. D., of WublDg.

[LICXR. Etrr. J. T., onr tbe Puk Cb. la
Blvokivn, tJ. y., Oct. 18. Hormon by
Ber. Htnry W. B««b«r, of Brooklyn.

mm by Rir. Jolivi ^. Biuncvaiil.D.n.,
dI Ultnabi Collece. IniUllIng prayer by
BcT. O. F. Uigoaa, D. D., of Iowa

Tn.ER, K<v. AMORT H„ evor the Ch. In
HlUkton, llau., 0<;L 24. BBrmoD by
RiT. Smith B>kor, of Lowell. Initntl-
li>r ptsynr by R.V. ChsrlM B. Ricr, t.f

W.ILKEU.'e.'v. a. S., ovtr lbs Hi. tn
Bpmear, Hue., Not. 14. Benson by
ScT. Albert H. Flnmb, of Boatan Hlgb-
■nilij^ IniulllDK prmyer by Kot^Ob-

BOTNTON,B«».CBARLK8B.,D.D., from

BROWNVILLE, Ilev. JOHN W.,^DmUle
Cb. lo Br-aih Biiilgtun, Uc, Crpi. w.

CHALUERS, Kn. Jl'HN R., frota ibeCh.
In F«)rhavi>D, Vt.. DiH. Bl.

CLARK, RsT. A. T.. from tbe Cb. In Tlnr-

COLTOH,' Rev. WILLIS B., from tboCb.

In Wuhl^gtaIl, CI.
COUNTRYMAN, Rpv. FRANK, from tbB

Ob. Ill ProrpeaL 01., ft-pl. -li.
DIEB. Rev. SAHIIKL W., from IbD Ob. lo

W«l Randolnli, VI., Not. b.
DODGB, Brv. jAsallS, ttom ibe Oh. In

BkrtoD, VI,,NoT.9T.
DODdB, Rev. ueoHGB 6., from Ibe Cb.

In Hebron. Ci.,Ocu SO,
DOLB. KtT. C1IARLK8 F,. from tbe Plym-

oolh Ch. In Ponlnnil, He, Sept. IT.
FERUIN, Ret. CLARK K„ frooi Ibe Ch. In

JlineBborKh, VL, Bepl. I.
FLAOO, Rn. RUFUti C, fhiin the Oh. In

NuFtb ADdnvn. M>u., Oel, 3V.
POSS, Kev, SEOROBA., fiDin the Ch. Id

FRENCH. Rev, lJl£dKOK'il'.,rrointfaeCh.

Injobn.ao, VI,, Doc. Sd.
GRIFFIN, licT. HENUT L„ from the Sd

Ch In New BrUian, CI.. Dec. IS.
HABDY. Rev. VITELLUS U., fromthaOb.

in Mom-TillB, Vi , Un. U.
UARBU, RcT. ALFRKD T.. trom the let

Ch. lo aaatgetowa, Mui., Uol. i.
MARSTRN. Ke*. FllANCIi* K., fram tbe

Cimlrel Ob. in AtUeboro Falle, Uaee.,

UcKLfeOV.'Rfv. EI.BKIDGG P., from Ibo

brlelH.DeB

WOLCOTT. Rer. JOHN If., orerthe Cb.

In Hmojertlei, V. Y., Oct. Bl. BernioD

«. Wlllliun E. Park, of Oloren-

~ italUni pnyar by Ber. Jons.

e.offilSaieloirn.

WRIOBT, Brt. GKOROB F, over the Ch,

byBa*. n

:k (Rlrei
rmon by B

>,Thon

"»!■»

Ob. la ClMlaufiird, HeM., Deo. W.
VXWKLL, Rar. WELLIKCmiN, tRW Ilw
Ob. In Ban Oharlemout, Hist., Sept.

PAlHE, Rev. JOHN 0„ from Che Oh. In

Groreland, Uaio., Oct. SO.
PARSONS, Kfav, OENRY U., fVom tbe

Olivet Ch. m Bo.lon, Mill., Sept. 2«.
PBREIHB. Rev. EDGAR, from the Oh. In

REIU, Rev, ADAU. d. D.,'from tbe Ob. In

Sallrtury, CI., Ocl.1.
RUODICK, Rei. CHAULBa B. firm the

tit. Zloa Cb. Id OleTelaad, O., Sept.

M.
ainTH, RcT. ELIJAH P., bom tha Oh. In

DanTllla, In., Deo. IS.
THAYER, R^T. DAVID H., thim UieCh.

In Bnat Wlndwr.Ct., Dm. 2B

XniBTEBS DISIOSSED.
ATWOOD, Ra».BUOENKF,.(Wim theCh.

WATBON", Rot. CHAELES 0,.

Km Bu Cb. In Toledo, O., Oct. S.
BIBBEE, B - - -

Hanllnclin, Hale., Hay L

lol O.. Oct. o.

H.. from tbe Cb. In

ITDilBTBBB MABBIED.

BARBER — I^CHLBTT. In ProTMene*.
R. I., Sept. i;. Rev. Goorae Bub«. of
Ullwaukee, Wl*., lo MlM Emma C.

8o

Quarterly Record.

[Jan,

BRADSHAW — COFFIN. In Batayia, 111.,
Aug. 14, Rev. J. W. Bradahaw, to Miaa
Mary K. Coffin, both cf Batavia.

CARY — EMEU80N. In Nashua, N. H.,
Dec. 18, Rev. Otia Cary, Jr., of Fox-
boroN Masa., to Miaa KUen M. Bmerion,
of Nashua.

CHAPIN— LORD. In Barlinoton, Me.,
Rev. Samuel W. Cbupln, of Albany, Vt.,
to Miss Lizzie 8. lx>rd, of Burlington.

COOK— HEMMING WAY. InEastHaven,
Ct., June 80, Rev. Joseph Cook, ox
Boston, Mass., to Miss Oeorgle Hem*
mingway, of East Haven.

OOOLEDGE — BURNS. In Cambridge,
Mass., Oct. 24, Rev. Charles E. Cooledge,
of Westminster, to Mias Claire L. Bums,
of Boston.

ECOB — GILBERT. In GllbertsvUle, N.
Y., Sept. 12, Rev. James H. Ecob, of
AugUAU, Me., to Miss Helen L. Gilbert,
of Gilbcrtaville.

FALEd — W ANA MAKER. In PhlladeU
phta, Pa., Oct. 25, liev. Elisha F. Fales,
of Carthage, Mo., to Miss Mary E.
Wanamoker, of Philadelphia.

GOODSELL — FIELD. In Fergus Falls,
Minn., Oct. 12, Rev. Dennis Goodsell, of
Fergus Fulls, to Miss Abbie M. Field,
of ban Francisco, Cal.

HARBI8 — FITCH. In New Haven, Ct.,
Oct. 11, liev. Samuel Harris, D. D., to
Mrs. Mary 8. Fiich,both of New Haven.

HBADLEY— DANIELS. In Rowley, Mass.
Sept. 18, Rev. J. H. B. Headley, of Bos-
ton, to Miss Helen A. Daniels, of Row>
lev

MORRIS— PARKKR. In San Jose, Cal.,
Oct. 5, Rev. George Morris, to Mias
Mattle Parker.

NEWTON — WRIGHT. In Mllford, N.
H., Dec. 5, Rev. Albert F. Newton, of
Towuseud, Mass., to Miss Mary E.
Wright, of Milford.

PRUDDEN— TEURY. In Hartford, Ot.,
Oct. 24, Rev. Theodore P. Prudden, of
Lansing, Mich., to Miss Henriette O.
Terry.

ROBERTS — HO WE. In Marlboro', Mass.,
Sepu IB, Rev. James H. Roberts, of
Hartford, Ct., to Miss Grace L. Howe,
of Marlboro\

ROGERS— REUD. lo Warren O., Rev.
William C. Rogers, of Dwight, 111., to
Miss M. T. Reed, of Warren.

BOPES — LADD. In Westfleld, N. J.,
Oct. 4, Rev. Charles J. H. Ropes, of
Ellsworth, Me., to Miss Annie mT Ladd,
of Westfleld.

VOORHEES - PRATT. In Weymouth,
Mass., Nov. 7, liev. Louis B. Voorbees,
of Worcester, to Miss Hattle B. I*rait,
of Weymouth.

WALLACE — SCARBOROUGH. In Pay.
aon. 111., Sept. 11, Rev. S. A. Wallace,
of PayHon, to Miss Mary F. Scar-
borough.

WILLIS— GILBERT, In Union Valley,
N. Y., Nov. 16, Rev. Josloh G. Willis,
of Guildhall, Vt., to Miss Mary N.
GiIber^ of Union Valley.

WOLOOTT- WHITNEY. In Wadham>a
Mllla. N. Y., Oct. 6, Rev. William H.
Wolcott, of Dudley, Maos., to Mi> a Roaa-
belle Whitney, of VVadham*8 Mills.

WYCKOFF — COGSWELL. In Wood-
bury, Ct., Oct. 16, Rev. J. L. R. Wy-
ckoff, to Miss Mary A. Cogswell, both of
Woodbury.

KINISTEES DE0EA8ED.

BBCKWITH. Rev. JOHN H., in Chateau-
gay, N. Y.

BICKKORD, Rev. E. J., In Mar ash. Central
Turkey, Oct. 19, in his 35th year.

BRACE, Rev. JONATHAN, d. d., in
Hartford, Ct., Oct. 1, in his 68ih year.

CHILD, Rev. WILLARD, D. D., in ifoore*s
Junction, N. Y., Nov. 13, in bis 83d year.

CLAYES, Rev. DANA, in Wakefield, Maaa.,
Oct. 30, in his 86th year.

OOBURN, Rev. DAVID N., in Monaon,
Maes., Dec. 9, in his 70th year.

COLTlilN, liev. NATHANIEL P., in Oen-
tralla. 111., Dec. 26.

CRANE, Rev. JONATHAN, In Middle-
town, N. Y., Dec. 25, in his 63d year.

HILLYER, Rev. S. Lee. Nov. 29.

HODGES, Rev. JAMES, in Shirland, HI.,
Oct 9, in bio 78th year.

HUNTINGTON, Rev. E. B., In South Cov-
entry, Ct., Dec. 27.

LEAVITT, Rev. JONATHAN, in Prov|.
dence, R. I., Oct. 7, in his 77th year.

McKEEN, liev. BlLAti, d. d., in Bradford,
Vt., Dec. 10, lu his 87th year.

MORGRIDGU:, Rev. CHARLES, InBoaton.
Mass., Oct. 6, in his 87th year.

ORTON, Rev. JAMES, tn Bolivia, South
America, Sept., in his 48th year.

PADDOCK, Rev. GEORGE A., in Leba-
non, Mo., Oct. 17, in his 33d year.

8AFFORD, Rev. WILLIAM B., in St.
Paul, Minn., Nov. 6, in his 28th year.

SPRING, Rev. SAMUEL, d. d., in Baat
Hartford, Ct., Dec. 13, in his 84th year.

St. CLAIR, Rev. A L ANSON, in Shelby,
Mich., Sept. 21, in his 74th year.

VINTON, Rev. JOHN A., in Wincheater,
Mass.. Nov. 13, in his 77th year.

WALKEEt, Rev. ELKANAU, in Forest
Grove, Or., Nov. 21, in his 73d year.

WUITiilHEAD, liev. M. S.. in Indiunapolla,
Ind.. Mar. 28, in his 47th year.

WOODBRIDGE, Rev. JONATHAN E.,
in Hartford, Ct., Nov. 18, in hia 76th
year.

WOODWARD, Rev. GEORGE H., in To-
ledo, lo., Nov. 20, in his 7l8t year.

MIHI8TEB8 WIVES DE0EA8ED.

BALKAM, Mrs. ANNIE L., wife of the

late Rev. Uriah, D. D., in Lewiaton,

Me.. Sept. 26, in her 60th year.
BROWN, Mrs. , wife of Rev. Thomas

L., in Fulton, Wis.
CLAPP. Mrs. Carolyn a., wife of Rev.

Cephas F., in Cottage Grove, Wis., Nov.

10.
CURTISS, Mrs. PHEBE M., wife of Rev.

George, in Amherst, Mass., June, 27.
HALL, Mrs. SARAH F., wife of Rev. J.,

in Andover, Mass., Nov. 18.
HATHAWAY, Mrs. MARY E. R., wife of

Rev. Daniel E., in Russell, Kan., Dec. 21.
KEL6EY, Mrs. , wife of Rev. Hiram

L., in Hollia, N. H., Oct. 19, in her 41at

year.
LINDLEY, Mrs. LUCY A., wife of Rev.
Daniel, d. d,, in New York City, Nov. 28,
in her 68th year.
LYMAN, Mrs HELEN D., wife of Rev.

Timothy, in Ludlow, Maas., Sept. 16.
MATHER, Mrs. , wife of Rev. Richard

H., in Amherst, Mass., Oct. 28.

THE AMIfUAL STATISTICS.

Tiie fbllowlng pages contain the ataUaticB of the CongregiHonal Unlstan
mad Churches in the United States, eollect«d In the jear IST7 b7 the 8eci«-
taries of tbe several State mganlaatlcHU, uid compiled fi>r this pobllcatlon hj
the Secretary of the NiUlonal Coiucll.

Tbe Scf^returr la na daae prMnmea to Insert or omit the name of ohnreh mr
mlniater on luij authorl^ bat that Of the State Secretaries, representing their
onn or^Dicatlons ; orof CoiDKils^nea thelBsna of State Mtnntea.

The caat«nts of the utaUatlcs ar« as fbllowa : —

I. The St^itl^tioii of the Chnrohea and Faatora, bj States.

i. List of Pore)^ sOsslonarlea, amuiged by Ulsslona.

8. LUt of Ministers without Pastoral Charge, by SUtes.

I. General Sunnnir^ tables fbr the year.

&. Tables of Sammarles, as i»tnt«d 1S69-I878.

6. Retnarks upou tlie Statistics.

7. The Naclonsil Cooperative Societies, with oOcars.
S. The TheoIo;;ica1 Seminaries.

9. The National and State Orgsalxatloiu of the Churches.

10. Alphabetical List of UlnlsteiB, wlUi F. O. address, and Indexed to pagea.

II. AlphabetlctU Ubi of licentiates.

BUIBS OX COMPILATION.

1. To arrange in alphabetical order everythlag capable of it; except that
the churches In any one town or city are placed according to age.

i. To make each State list conform strictly to the Slate bovndarlet.
Churches or ministers reported by the Aasoclattoa of a State other than their
own are, therefore, transferred to their proper places ; and the summaries are
correspondingly corrected.

8. To make new tobies each year. No church or name of minister Is brought
from last year. " Laat year's report" (If known to be such) Is always omitted,
bat the membership of enrolled churches, and of their Sabbath Schools, not
reporting, are Included In the summary of their State, provided such a church
reported Oieprecioiu year; if not, not. The list of churches of this year Is
compared, name by name, with that of laat year, and all variations are apectfl-
cally mentioned with the State sommary, so that each church can be traced
from yeftr to year.

4. To examine carefully all the tables, with a view to correction or addiUott
by correspondence, especially to correct " pastoral supply " to the latest mo-
ment, the several State Secretaries often doing this, and examining all
"proob" when time allows. But any such changes do not alter the artglnal
•ammary.

iicoMD sKun.— VOL.X. HO. I. 6

82 Annual Statistics. [Jan.

6. To complete the statistics by (1) giving in some form every statistical
ftwst obtainable, — items given by some States, but not by all, being aggre-
gated with the respective State summaries; and (2) putting into finished
State and general summaries, with ^* totals" in all cases, everything capable
of it ; so that no person in search of any statistical fact shall be obliged to
perform any arithmetical calculation to find it.

MINOR EXPLANATIONS.

1. When any church is given in brackets, it is one organized since the
date of State report, and is not included in the summary, but is inserted for
information.

2. Installed pastors are marked **p"; others in service are not marked.
Blanks in the column of pastoral supply, meaning no regularly engaged min-
ister, are left blank for the convenience of those who note pastoral changes.

3. Post-office addresses of ministers in pastoral service are not certainly
found In the tables of churches, but are in the General Alphabetical List of
Ministers.

4. The two columns following the names of ministers in the tables of
churches denote (1) the year of ordination, (2) the year when the minister
was installed, or commenced service with that church.

6. A star (♦) prefixed to the name of a minister in pastoral service, not
installed, implies that he is not a member of any organization of churches or
ministers in that State ; but not many States so designate in the tables. A star
similarly prefixed in the General Alphabetical List of Ministers denotes that
he is found in the original State alphabetical list, but is reported not to be a
member oUany such organization in the United States. Similarly, a star pre-
fixed to a church denotes that it is not associated, and a foot-note so states ;
but ordinarily such are new churches, yet to be associated. "Independent**
churches are not regarded as Congregational churches, but a few not asso-
ciated are enrolled by their own wish.

6. Licentiates are not reckoned as ministers. Churches supplied by such,
or by ministers of other denominations, are reckoned as vacant; but the
number of such churches is given with each State summary. No ministers of
other denominations (if so known) are inserted in the General Alphabetical
List, unless they happen to belong to the two denominations at the same
time.

7. Under " Church Members," ** Absent,** are included in "Males,** «* Fe-
males," and "Total.** "Additions," "Removals," and "Baptisms" cover
the twelve months next preceding the date of report given with the name of
each State.

8. Blanks in any column of figures are such as were so left in the State
Minutes. They ought always to signify " no report," but some States do not
follow the proper rule of inserting a cipher where " none " is meant, and the
examiner must decide, in any given case, whether "none "or " no report" is
intended. In our General Summaries, a blank invariably signifies " no report.**

ImliiM

(1)

o ou So <.fi

Statistics. — California.

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8 Statistics. — Coiuucticut. [J^<

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(6)

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Statistia. — Cdnmetkut,

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statistics. — Coitnecticvt. [Jan.

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|8;8.] Sle/istiet. — Cmnrctkut. 91

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Statistics. — Connecticut. [J*".

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1878.] Statistics. — Connecticut. 93

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Statistics, — Comucticut. [Jan.

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(12)

I 1878.] Statistics. — Dakota; District of Columbia.

1 m

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Statistia. — Florida; Georgia,

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(16)

Statistia. — Illuwis. [Jan.

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1878.] StatisHa. — tlHtwit. gq

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Statistics. — lUiHois. [Jan.

\\

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tSSSSSSS S5 gSSSBS S3

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— Illinois. 101

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k

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1878.] Statistics, — Illinois; Tndian Territory; Indiatta. 103

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(26)

statistics. — Iowa. [Jan.

?S SS SSSSBSSSS s tssssssss sss s

sss ua ssssgssss s ssssss sa ag a

jj« ss |sgsggsi8g I sags |s gssi ssg

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1878.3 Statistics. — Iowa. 109

s § s ss ss !=-s s ss S3 g ■• saasas gsgs

% §g;:=SgS33SS=:33SI!iB&^3^ ^^saSS^S!S|SSSSSSg3

?B5 ess p ssssg^? .s^ s sse.G^^j.sfEs

g f -Sis ^,-u 2 -5^-.

Statistics. — lotoa.

Sg S S gS35 ass 5 8

|sa s^gssg <^|*

SSS2 SSS S

S|Sa Sl3SgSS:55S2 SSS

ss=a "sasssasiss

g p^spspsc^ss.a r:

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IlllJlllill!

1878.] Statistics. — Kansas.

I

iiii

i|

3 1

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ssg ss^

saessssssssssss

3S

s s a

c«

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sss;^ S39S

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eesi

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id

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Statistics, — Kattsat. [Jan

g SS S 3 s SSSS n 83 S S

s gsa SSS fi SSSS S Sg

3 SS"* aSS'-°3 3 2SS2 ■* 32 S^ SSS

sss ' 2g as aas

|l 1 i III 11 111 ii|i 1=^1 i II i|S-l|

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i i

|||||§|||§||&||||||||||i||||||i|i||ii

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(BO)

fl;&] Slatisticr, — Kansas, 113

n i» ^88^3 sssa 8 s s ss ssa sss sss s
'i -S "Sii-'S ad'^S s ■• " sis a»" "aj •'—' "

93 iS 3$S»8g3S$SS§

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^liiiiiiiilliililliiiliiliiilliliiiililili

t * -^1 l-fi

Statistics. — Kansas.

[Jan.

CJ B-

tetcfs cbcbk

i 11

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I a ^

. -^ -^. ... -^_^^ ^^ - ^ ^
"■ 1..

1^ J

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£»«. ^

~ nU-M

■878.]

Statistics. — Kentucky ; Louisiana.

Is s5

SS-sss^

'liSSiS

II I. -.1

sir.

si S;

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"I "°S

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lit.

KsllilsisBssI

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il'- .

b-3 »S

gj^ = 2 I

511

li s 1
t" I °

II.Pi:

Statistics. — Maine.

IJan.

S4

S3N8 S gSSSSiggI S S a I ESS

»SS*3"'SS3g:S3"''Sa«S3''SS*S'='

8SSES2!!Si-'|KSg'-|j=|g|32S3aS||a8|S8a

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sa-ssss-ssssss^'gsss

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(«)

IIJS.} SlalisHa. — Maiiu. 117

ea ag ssegs |2g gs s

S 3 =

3S3

85 as

t2§SS-SgS§33S=gS|SS=S'

ss=|s=g|a=ss*'s33

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0=. = _-_S.-^2nC.= =H»««^0==.

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*="*==

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0»0====005*00*0=0

n» — ao->?iM--i-.»o = --«tts = oooo-i

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1 mmi 1"! I I III it >ri
1^ ill 11 III

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" - III i 1

ill- = lilllllt Uk llllllllill= I llllllli

iS Sta/utia. — Mauu. [Jan

SSS S3 S^BS 5ERSSSS fi S5SS53 S

■qisi ESS|SS8S=|82SS=2SSS2SSg 8ggSS2»SB8SS

5 !„.,==

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iiallsll iittma m 1 a ilii

SS^o^OKo ca.?-<«:aKaS 5i3 j »

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8 3 J - - 3 — ="0 g-*-S' «

s'lri 1 liHiiilj I iiiifii|li|ii| 11

(«)

1878.] Statistics. — Maine. 1 19

gs s s

a 5SS3 SS3 8 1 S5S S SSSS SS

§3g=3'-SS3g|

e=SSss»S|S=ss3i5|SSisgs|S§|2gs°

o»-ooQ«*n**

M » 0 socsioo 0 = »«■="=>**■*■= = "*» c 0 = = = <=

• 5, = o=,o = ..=

,oo«.-o=. = OBio.ao = = goMoc = g« = o«o«o

«2-«no-<— dvur-

n ,H k5 * M M 0 ni-*' 0 0 M 1- 0 » 0 *<i4 e 91 «S IB n r- 10 0 n — —

«aooeooor>eo

* = <s-i>e»oo = =.ooo- = ***»«<Jocp=o:>Qoo

02--MS.O = -SO«

e)-nosine>nno*^0"0'-«no-»'OOonoDa-

oo!t = ooo-eioo--no»o- = 0"-5i-Mo™-o

«S= = '=="=22=

t. = 02.2»oo«- = os« = ^»:oo«og=.o=.go,o

«■— * = i«O0-J'=

CISOOOASOSOOOOWOI— *»ft4><= HOS3«0**

=S«=»=e^2S!.=

coo-2 = **--o^o»o^ = rto^og*oo^=-.«

"sass-sssss

5='*" = 3'SS»='a3S"2'*5*2S?5a='S3"3S'*

•jS3S=sjS|i|

ffssssss^i-ssgsi^sss^sssissgsss"

•gjgaas£3|a

;S3l5fJSS3SSS^.SS2 = S-323Seiti:gggS9"

"ssK-'assaa

g^s»333as*2 ss^s'-s-ssss^sssa"

Pf p pssse

3 SC Si^Se ^ p ? f:S g

ill's.- I I. Ilj-' °- 5 i 5^ I

iiiiiiiliiliiiiliiiiiiliigiiiHIiiiiiiiii

I I

Statsitics. — Maine. [Jan-

S3 s f,ss s ss-ses gsss sa

gS**^SlS*||^|g23||gSSSS|3'='|S33*SS3'=

='="SaS-'='SiS'33*aS'-2-'S'aa = *

'='tSS5:S53'=||^aS|^3|S3S35teST=.3gS3aS33Sa2"'

*?S=:sa§3-'|3525|gSS35:3SS3aEgg3SS?1*13§3S»-

«a*S*"S5'=S§ffi=3as'*«£gSi3*35l=:'-*'SSg^2'*

aE:g ger^ispesi:

iiiiiliiSiliiliiiiiiiiiiili^lililiii
^ f

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iiiel.iii= ======= iMWi0 fir f 1-

1878.] Statistics. —Maine. 121

ga SSSSS gS 8 SSS SS SS S S2S g

§ga 8

|='|S'='S3g|g3''SSSS326^fiS='°S=SS S SSB||

l^sse

oooooo-ooooeo«oo = oomoooooo— 0 ^ omooo

NOOOO

oogooCT«oo-igooooom-o«ocio*«-ooo g s>«-Hj-.g

wooon

0— — o.HOt-ioo-an«M*-«no-noor^oqao«M *- onM«w

««oo«

ooooooMOOooooooooooooooooooo 0 00000

ooooe.

on«oow«BDon«no.-oe»-woooo=!Owooo r- o««oo

sno-««q

oo«o^«noo-«r,ow«-«n«noo«o*on-i » oor-»n

"-""•«

'=*S="=-«'-e'«S-'=>— =■=""=■«-— =00-000 2 os-sa

gnoof

oogooo«o-=o,oo- = ooooooooooooo « o»o««

oo500«e.r-,«2* = «oo»- = «-ooo-ooo g =»-3S

*-.oo»

S39"-='SS"S5=*3sss°a2»"''as«s' a issss-

SS^'SS

E8|8"'-3§2SaS53S§SSSSSSSS3S*5S 3 SSSSg

gssss

a„ga««g.32ggsa58sseg33sssg'sa s sasss

ss^ss

g-8-«"ag-=''«gS2a2aaKa"""33'=S* 8 SSSSS

ss*;3S

? PP S? SSep tP SPKSE: S SeSEipE: E£

p p

Jigs-; ps-i II i%fis 3 -gl-aaid i2| ^

ga^o-g

liSliiiiiliJliii i 111! Hi I

Jll5= JllaSSlllgJ'Ji^SaSli

(3e)

1878.] Statistics. — MassackusetU.

SS^?8SS SaS38SqSSgSSt8f S8S=g8S8S8SS 8 SS

§ g£SSSg|gsgsssEsssgs| a s ssss gggg

iSISiSSSggJSggllggigl g|S22S5SSl£8E SSJ^

MOM»tO«©Oir.O=0»WCC--MniMlO«OOlN=0 -B-NOO-O-O-OOeaO

-='*'-"S'="-"=='2-S2S=°'"'°=°*'°S ^Bi.o-.oo-,-ico„3«

«-,r.S3«-«-^n<=H;,g«=c30=»o«=noo-;*ooo,o«»««-,o=o«co2

«>0000«=WOr-00000000000000-OOOOOOOC01»=C.OO

^o*go-,o«,^nt;s.«-„«on=.==oo«, oooot-,«-«oo«3

^«nt-iNn„^«=.„«««.««»=s«»,oan-oo,o««-oo«of.-«

l"'='*H"S"2*-a'-e2S58S"S*"*"SS"-2S3-K°°'"-'-2S*

t-=°3''2"»"-2'a*'**="*"2""°"-'"'°*''"-;: "=»"-*•"-"

-°'»2"S=3"'-"S:-S5SS"'"'-==°-S"""2*2«*'*"=;:S"'

»aiSSS£22§S2"SS35H-"S3-SJ'-2SSS"'g2SS"52SaS

S3||SSS3^gSS§|gg§SS|S;:S§S|=§SBSI^SgS33ig

sssgsgsssgssgsigissgs^issiigisgssssissgs

5S?§S3a2S35SS3SSES;;55S''gS5ffiSS2SS3a'°gSS8S

E:Sf!l:SieSf:f:KSl:eFR.SS3 K£ p SSS?^P§?3 SSp pp

iiHiiiiiisiiiiiiiiiii'SiiiiiiHiiilHIl
si iis| i^lliiliiii 3-° 1^1 ^IJ; ^' =•

■ ^ (41)

Statistics. — Massachusetts.

(Jan.

1

i

pliplii|i||ppi|||pi|pi|

fepffss SS3 s §g s |ga 5|i ^ 3 1 §a

•>P8

q^

S8§3S2S23| EE|||3g|^ai5 Si££li*ggS|

\

3

n*««a««-o?) -rtrtrt - 3-*.^=. * *,=.2 *<*«• -g

-—«■* = ** *n n Mt- * -S-^-s^-H <n *"ji a3"* ^"^

1

A

=""=-—"'"" SS3S s ^-si^'-'S s 2*sgssa*'2*"-

o=.=o = = o==o oo-=o - «-==.=== = o<>=o = = o<=. = = c.o

o_o=o-«o.=-, =s;-r^a - j;-3r.«= « =«-ts = sg3«5«.s*

s

o!.«o- = -«o-* -.»«■. *. ». = ?.-.«- « r.«*3q»ec.<aaoo

j

4

4

■*'*-"*-===-'"s =^s?i s 32SSS2 g ^ssgps^-^as's

-**.-osa««« *03= o n«2.-na o oo-j-^'SS-'^*--*-*-

"—*--»-'«* *-=!-"- ■=- ■=2SS2-' -* »'*2t»S'**«S"3

i
1

<
1^

«aS™'-"S5S2 SSS g g3| Sg g S£ S53irg2S

sgassgs-ss gssi ^ ssgigp g g|||g|as|2sg

ssfcsssaasg s|§ § gs|ss ||tes^sgte5s$s^

5S32*ssa33 BSf 1 3^3^^ H ss^li^ssasss

1

i

?F2FSs??g|! e.B^s^s S5?e£3? ee^.sstspgts

s

1
1

SSeSSSSliS Sill S SBSSIS S i8iSSiiiisS|

1 HI k Ah If toll!

1878.] Statistics. — MassackKsttts. 135

JSSSSS II S gl SSB|iS||SSa SS S5t:S| s *g|g

V^*0«««o CO 0 o«

=e = o

000=00==0=OOOC=0=00=0

0000

.,H.

„„„„„„„--„„.

„_«,

a«g="s!=g"«— — ■

"33:

SS-SS§!iS=»"==— 32g"=

~SS"

iiscliiililiilliliilillllililliiilHliiiii

^ - 51 ll - Sg_-f s -

S" . si II I StS" .- «S '■ s

i=!H III =i§ 3l1|l^*- ML III- s i ?!

a m fir 1 11= = 11111= = = = fill 111" r 1= P' '

Statistics. — Massachusetts. {Jan-

1

1

■"in

-mB.,i

ssjigs ssss g|t||ssssgKBag s g gas

■H3g

■q«s

*sg|esssgss.5sgg|S|S|ssssa gg|g||sS|BS

\

3

■ifflT.*.s-»Mrt««=-«=.i*eooe-«.= oMO-= = 05aj;OS=^oo

ogc-ir50M*«i-.»^45«.-.»*=e*««*Oft**-*2'*'***'*~''a

i

A

^»=.«,.-j-..«-o--«i,c.«, = «««*=.«o4-rt»2^**. .**»-.

oooo=oooo==o«oonoo=o=*=*=*0=*****»*S*

= f.otio--ia- = oot-r.««-«sn«oooHno»o*.gio-.« = i*

-3e.= *3 0-*«-om*l--*-*o«aMO«a:.so«o-.nB = tin-rO»

1

6

= 5«=H.H.5«-^o.5=g^n. = = «.«oo-a,,Ji.g = -.— IS

o|5=o--*c,ft^«irt-c-.«oo-^i.e = -* = » = iO-*s^..

= S;«o»»«-,» = g5ig««»=«« = 00.-a«k = = »««J;

i

<

i.
i
i

"S-»=S2"=-'>-a-SSS""2=JS-S»SSSa233S5S-

s!|sasgg3S3^a|3ggEajagss§sssssggsss3S3

3JSSi!SBESSaSgiS|8SSS8S2SIS823t||S3eEa|

s3S"ssssss-S|3ssas2sas"3>isasE|g33»aiS3

i

5

b

■i

o

1

pp E.£a.s Kcepsfs ssBjsiisscasssgpest^Et

,33 =5?fJ S.Sj.iSr.S SSFSjSSJgapSJSpJp 8J?

la III! Ilalj -1 igiililiiili'lli;;3lri

i

1

o

i

■a

1

1

iiiiliiiiliiiiiiililiiillliiiiliiiili

JiiilaAilJii

1il=|irMii^iP#iliii|||.= siiii|

1878.] Statitties. — Mcusac/uattts, 127

S|gSsJ53|g gS22i

83 sass agsssssas S|jgs3

SiSi^SSsaggSisgS'

«sSS3s«ISg|sgS5||3S|sgggga

-o«o*=, = = ^o-o*j*rt«

= - = ^=o«scoiiCis;-H -d-Mij^-iO^ai-i.-.Ti

=o.3-„„»„.„=,„=c,g

°3='S«*-"« = =' = -*""a'-=' 20t=a = -«

«=-2o«=5«,2 = e2„-=.

-2--<,««=.n«««««S,*=n3^-,-J«r,o

a0C90S0C93=SS090

osn = ssooooa = -ooo = oooDoooo =

••«'^<i3COOO~t-i-ns...^v

o-oi=«-M = -a-wo = o-*sion««OToij.o

o.,,- = .,„„>„,»„o.

™ = n-«ei-««,-oor>«naeiw=i-OTeiii-3

■» = 2S*2-=*''*!S2*«5;S

= t;0|50 = =>«««S.-,f.«gt,= eij = ngo^,

■=-2«-o=a«^^„oo.

= as = e«:,«iN* = ,.oo=.-c:««=s- = o,

-<»=S'==«="'S*2"«23

Cf;0Jl=.-O«0, = ™«e._^-=5^-OC«o«,

aata-ssiasssiiaas'

■'2as32'"a22:s:=iii;=s?.s ss-'ehs'-

8s|!=sas5gsar«==gssaS3=asss§S|Ssg|S!g||sssgs

SSgg:|3S=g§gs ss:

!SS32gS3SSGS55S|35|S?SiSSSaS

ssss-aassgi-ss sa-ssssassaassagaisKESBseEsa

SSfSpFPppgRppeiSppsES ! pESFSCJBSppSS Jpsp

8S^SS.S^pS;$^98p8.«^ f ff%^f:f$tf? 9t ^p.Xp

iliiiiiillilli|gillliiEllKi|S|iiii|iEiis|

14!= = = = = I. Mm. IIP - =■'11. 11= i= 1= isfi. . I

Kfc.b. ca h b£ h £cO c:0 CO CO O O 0003] ID

Statistics. — MassachusOts. [Jan.

gESfSSSgaSaSSfg |S|eggE|S 3 S3

sa3PS§S22|;seggss3sg|sg|s^|ses|£S «sgg

=gS2**2;=g §*Sg5=2J'

gg5ss|3S«l5SSg|fc£Sgs§gs^'e||gesg|s eseg

£eSKS1SSSS3SSS&'=:S.

•aSS-SSS"g3ggSi;SEi£*?ia$SS3SsS5 SS

i-F J- r- !-f i- 1-!- J-1- 1- E- SS ^

i|iri^ii|l|iii|i|isi 1 iil^lil

KB »» KQ as H KxSKKKKH CKK U^ \iAA

t878>] Statistia.—Massaekusitts. 139

o^ogg5}^«««o^N2g--ogjg t. ^^^t-^ai-geMgrt:

'ans^sssaa

o«og=r,,«,.^so-e„-oo„ « 2,e«-#»f.«5;«.

-~S2 = 2''=-'2o

•""•SSS-IS"— "— E'=S§ « |8».» — g=>s-'

»— "0.3SS2 —

-gss-s5ss'-=aa2''ae9s a sssaass-as'

-gsssjssgssasssassjs s ass-assssjj'

"as'-sasafess

fsppesa ?B33F.ssFCS»sc.ESKS?_Sf:speBSi!.s_sa.B.cBa

M illiliHillHil! ills

iiiiiSlliiiigisiiii I iillililliiigilliilii

li.. A it III I.- ii i

If |- .1 flisi *-=^ ^ ^?hAi :--|i|. J
II ik^^lijl 3- 11= ==1 3- -|ia III

(17)

Statistics. — Massachusetts. [Jan.

esegas ||3 |ss s gsgs|33gs=a gsgas

5||S2^^ S S|2||3||a3§|§3 |5S = §=^S||S|3|

if

5 SS"32S5222S23¥i='sS2 = S"-5:S2atS

'3g3 = 3§ g §PSigS^82|ggS3||S2322|;|S§SC

3i2S£gf:j3 C 3$3Sg^^g253gS3Sg§i3=;S'°Sgg3|S!;

assass* s ssassssessssss'ss^^s^'sssasa

Kpfipjgpg

sp?se3s?.s^sps 3 13S?S

li

1
I

pip "III m 1 fi«ii?^^ii!

I|ill||i8l|°l I iris ^1 ilWilli^l?
iiiliii I ililliliililliiiillKilliiii

4s ,-l-Jjl^ I i? . ..=,-.5 sal f.| .2s|f

(«)

1878.] Statistics. — Massachusetts. 131

i%%i.% 'i HAW* iiiiM^KsMii SKS»«S!SS=sa'

» s

II § asssg aS^SIs s s sg ssss asgg

n%%^

1 s|iS|a35|5ge§§i|gS| aggS|gilSS|31?SiS

o=.»a-

n _„n-,«o«sonnanw««-«««« = = «n=^cn = ^« = = = o

o;,-oo

" S-"»2==S3='— =-= ==="— = = "- = 3== ===" = =

"2-'-«

" »==2=.^»— sa—— '""a2--"-"""-""""=-»-

OOQO =

0 oooo = o = o = oo = = ooeooo = = os-.w = ^ = o = 5.a*o«

= ■>»>■"

- -- •- — »"«»a3»-" o. = »».... = »,„o„o=.

=•">•«=>

r. -,3a-««^«r-^,n««-«3»0-.07.0-««^- = «.»

0-«90

0 gc,»»2o--«25-^3-«oao«E;2™a-.-2«-« = 3«?.^o-

os«g«o

« no«-,3-— ,£,-C«so«o«-r««^««2n.= n = =.««o=.o

="-s=

« fct-0«I-IjS=O2J32»"DW=*»''3S'""*"*S''°"'^*''*'"

S 8S

S ;;S*SS3"3*S3PSSS''*SSaSS2SgS''SS2S''S!3S

S||gB

esssssssBSaigsigsaiagSgsi^ijssssssgs

s sgs

S33J|3S33i3EgC3aBSggSgSJgasSSSgg33SS

a si2

3 asa33a3S2ss3ss32a2gsasspss3as5s*saa

E.SPF?

S?PP?

spSS 5S ipSSSSSgS 3S3S S ??SSPFE.3J.SSPT

iliii i iliiiiiiiiillllliliiiilililliliilll

illl -il ISifSS -'f ■'?►! .-»ia 1"SS

ijiiJjfr'4=!iftirtif|

(49)

Siatijiia. — Massackusetts, [Jitn.

Si

SSS§S||SSS39S ass I H SS$|SSS2SeS3S

=|3Eg|g;3|8g||S2|SS6sss|sgE|gsjg|gea3

3

•-s"'«asi9"S"=

"SSK-SSBSSSS-SS'Sa

|s§3Sgsi^sgseseag3ggagS3S;^si55sss|PSfete2

SSSS|8?S2|SE$gll|:S5ia8SgS5S22S32§S8S2e"

5SS53;S:S»='-SiiS2gS22SSS3Sia252l*5S5*

ei>j:_SS.SpF|! SSgttiSSB SiS.SSS: IstiS.S p

j|l||8|S||6||||||||||i||5|||||6|B|||g

S - ^' ,-^-'i s" . -.5

> ^ ? SJ". ■ tig -sa ^.

? 1 1 - 1 #: i J-- «^i If

.•J I I , f .srf lir , ^|gs. .Ill . Jl
'4 ll i l-IS.-l1" |lllf-|l."-|B-||-

h sPiP PIP iiiiii i|i i iiliPl

SSasSJI SSS3BE

ES?J3SltES335;g SSS33 gSSS

!iisSSS8IS°s83atg

l3SIIS = f|SS|^S S*3=SgS

o-ooow-oot-eo-ust- ooo-»M«noeq

.= — . = = = . „o_o = = = -

MC-ooow-oeieiBOO-.jj.-JTioimODog

w»o«^^»By2SnMO=n^

*-c«»«.-«f-«c.3C.-Ho,j.t.j,<r.o-oo«*

oosaoo3''09so=ss»s

OSOOOOOOOOOOCJOr-CSOaOOQQOO

-s,--s-,,rtCOOC:-OMon-©-gn«oo

.. — p.,«g,,o,o = = = „

"" = '-2"°" = "S = "?l?S"'S='^'-''»"a

«ooo«M«»=o=a=o=oo

o-s— ,n«Ho---«fflo-. = =:.-a,«»

1.— •j;«ou22 = -='"=''

""' =='"="- ''®'' 52=23' 2 ^^^""-a

SS'ssass^szs* asiis-ssss^a

iSsS»SSgia"S2sisa

535§§3Sg35|gS§g,^3S§3SS8g

SSnissii^-s^ssss

|SS§2|3S8S|SS£ggSss2g§SS

^ t«-S8»SSS3''a3S3c3

gSSSSffiS3aS2SSSSJ$S2333S2S

mtPF FSe ?s =sp? =

pffg^t^sssg ??2ssscesi;?B.sst

^ »?.» SFP SS Eggs S

SSpSPSSCf; tg^SS SSS«3SR B

I

ii si

ill III h sill I IS' P=?5l HillpElIll S

iliililllilliiiil liilll|S|i|iiii|a||||i|s

A4i

id

134 SiatuHa, — MassatJautttM. [Jan.

<A>S2'^£^>;A*S'*9'*

II

1
i

a

i

= S.B« CE .S«Ep.!l.i5PS?!i:»=e $ (pj fgp p

iililiiif

liHiM 1 i fUltJUlllI 2 itllll 1

1

O

1
IS

1

1

i8;8.]

Statistics. — AfassachusHts.

g =

sss gg 8|E igas sgssss

a ess|s

ssssg

gsgess

S3 i-!5»§S§a3|S*fi|SSs

"sSsiaSS

^ag2|

«on»ns

= -i!. = - = = n-o = «««,oo-o = -o

o s«on« = =

="'"-

=•2-"

a« = «^t-o*^00«^T.t-^=000-S

= * = = ''""

«-M=.0

»n««^-

''•''-"3"-'"=:='"3=:"2""'="'"=

-===»=

=========, =oo=oo=====»

300S0

"=-"''-

= *- = -;.*o*^t.soo« = = *-«n:^

o oan7^o = =

on- — »

"""""=

:,,^- = ^=o^o«o«:,*^-»-^ = «

« - = «- = '-.-

SS3" =

''="-g5=-3-''as»2-=»=»sa

o «^ = ^ = ,r,

"53-"

^eC'^'S

r.^^«-0=-2«.r,3, = -0 = r,On»»

o .«=> = = = =

= "-'-"

3-2«oo

^2=-'5S==''==;i3''3-°^='2°

"g ==»

S3S!!"?"

= :^?i:;=^a=SS3gSSaSS*22S3"

'- 8J22g53

"SgSB

J;;, „

-;!;S5=S|gagSSS|3SS§5s

S S§S||3g

^§^3§

|i.,-:-:

-.--iasaspsj^aasssasss

S SS|3S3g¥i3Ra3

84gss=

25giS3 = S§SSS2SSf:aS'-SaiS

" RSSSSBS

"Sffsia

ppaK F

EPPFPPPFFP espsscs ES

isssr^ep?;^?

sgs

p|||||||8||||S||||||a|i|iii | iiisiliiEiig

sill 6

I^IIj -Sli-S -■22S'l3 ■2E|i-l!gj|
(S8)

136

Statistics. — Massachusetts.

[Jan.

sss saasssssas s scass ssa

S =ssssgs35g I gsgigsfesss

-9 2 Sa**S2=

I I ^ P ^

I i ^ -i" I

Is

sasgpisi^sssij

Sl|SggSf?8|ggg = 2s;.7££;

■lss»i is
t isliPs^ If

*^Sl?S!?S5 gig

il!i»5l|lBill

agssasgsg e s2asgs-?5?'

g s s ef; S.S ? sp? P s s.s ppj: s

^{;SS5g§??)9?i:S^?S35g? SiS

riJI

jill•■^& «

"W - 1115 s

•sill ~ie" 3
sis I t3.|s! s

SISSESiicsIS i iiglSic|ii;|s2| flaSs^lg
► -— - (^21* sli-calL-

sd.SJ»^';£»'JSl«i*;s^e^6B Eft

»|||j

li -ll.lli- 1 "° Sixs&t^rt- j s|ll|5i|si||P

ou Su «!n

1878] Statistics. — Michigan. 137

Sm not* *t «Dd ot HlchlgMi tablM.

88gSe|S==|g|gS8gSSSSBe8=S

Bsesasss^fg |

«ie*ee«oo«e»oeeoe^c«»ae«a2°

-=»='=a==—=-=s"-=— ==<-=-=

-=.===^.=5.. .

<D<D{,«e«on««g«««o«BOOo<DB^«n

"—"•="-==8- »

««>S-a''o«»«.e.«»«»Qo,B«w««

„=oo««»==s« 0

ee«r4.>noeooimMOMoeMooo>H-HOss

•gogemjoom^wQg^isnwefgoe^n^oo

-=8"-=aa=s" ■-

»ot-OMoeese>t-.H.d«Bni#««|fjeo>er;00

<ooN?ieio<ecoo4;M ^

«ojo=go=..-»a5;«'""-B="-»"

„ = jj = »«jg03„ •

=-s— 2=»-sss==="a"-s-a"«-=

a'-s—- "as- s

8R|8^3S5ag|8g8aS&8S88SSE;SSS*^83SS3Kg« g

SSgS5|S9'-5!gag8^S9S58S;t;8SSS9

8°<!isasssa33 a

a38s=a— saass-'saaaaas-as

B-B-a-sassa %

^ 8 F P ?$P8 8;: peS^SS $:8 S«S^ .8 P ^

-. „ . .1 f

I 111 . "is-E-|8 i ^s^.=.• .. hi =■ i.l

s^l-° sill I i«^ a .111=^* iS ??;:-

III

(6S)

■38

Statistics. — Michigan.

[Jan.

\

i

■ealK
-niwj

■H»9
■qng

sia«pg

Eas|§SS|'=SS-=8§SS"3S8SS|=tgag

\

-=""S==

«opaeiooo = ooo=jj;n--o«nK»oo»eo=-tt

•ie-c«oo

^«**i|2l=*.— =-eoo.agn•*=5*5 = nc==o«o^-'.-

I
1

&

■*»^^«fM.6

n ^grt-»^«Meo«)gcnoo«^w«lns7io.jO

******-

-H.S-S*r-****ft**«OftO-=«S* = ooo=OQO»

= ==c,c.-*

0-«gi-*t.*r.*«-g»*.*««rtS:.SH-0«=.30

,OC.i=~*

a
1

a

i

20,.==.0.

q«t:ss2s=«=s*'assS2"*"^=*';;2***a

J

r-nsiecioo

*"'-22*'"=-'==="-'"2'='°'-"'=*==— *

2=3====

S="St5S2— "=2Sa-''"=-S= = = 5-="=

i

8

s
^

«— Sisa-

n^--o,jo6iooo»o«ti^oa— =-T52«i-»0OO2O

ssgssss

csaj^sssaa:5S«|asassa|sSis32ssa

s'

s'casiSa

S2a|ssssa3-s2|ag.-=sssass3<'2gs

i

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s'sisasK—s-siss— -asssB"="sa

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1

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tESESES s SB scpstsgcsagstsSfE

1

illifl

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i

1

i

1

1

1
1

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ligglllSISiEilSiisiyillliEgilS

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1878.] Siatisties. — Micki^n.

»°°3SSgiSSI=sssiiaj8g|ss§sa||38S|s|§sigsi8

eooo»»»oeo.*ooo

.o<».sgo»..>»»o

■===''aas"-"'ss:

:2S*'

He«eeo-«oos»

•s«*««S"<^'^-'°«'o

<rsHmioonee«gc9 0<0 9ne

— a— •» -• '=3-

eoeoooF^eoooooo

HOeeooeooonooomot'Oio-'ooiaoeawo

ttent-noftioooooa

noonno^oonge«o«~ie9^oaj^««n«<ione

ooMrneioaoe-HrHOO'*

rHO'iOnOF<O0OB)OOO«OOOOrHrHC1OOOOI0'>

ftOOMg^OOgOOt-WOOO

*-***SSSSS3S3'

-5Sa"='""S"— =-!!=

e«OM->rajjooeneeo

-oo««o««a«g»c

,S.,„ = «»-«o- = .™<.

"••-a-*'—- =■•==

"'==''8S»'*'SS3'»SiS"'

'="-a"-""S=

• .g..oosc».o— .

"a^^s'^^-'aas'

<SS-"— ""S-=S''"'»"

a°aee«|S833gaa

&33SSaS3S3|?S^g3£

:ass|asss!33a

ii°aa«sss!i3Si3s

!iSa3SSSe5S|3l:

s^gssssKjaasiSsa

a'SKnagssssj:"'"

aaaass»a-?sss"aaa— sascsaa-ss

fFJSPFP-SFfP

BPS pp F fg

.a?F

pgpspppg

PFPPP P;p!!?S! Tp

ft

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3='J5:]Ss=^i5 5J a 1= !■

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JlS^ls^^ifibs^^ ^S t II III

|ii|S||iliilliill|ig||g||||||lilllilllllll

dli|l|jlilitJfifili{iiii4l

Statistus. — Miekigem.

[Jan.

\\

2S35S=£S=SSS2S»8a3SS22

aS"S" % =?1

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~ 1 -iif

lltll ,1 I trta

TMl I

B3j

igSililiiilsSllsii'^IS^igiS E SiSSiSigi

i 'A

1878.] Sfatisiics. — Mickigim.

»8sssggssssaessgssgs!S2g§

s

<=£3SesSSS8SS

s§

»*»ots<Brt(H-oo«--owocioaciooon

-

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o«

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"

o-ooioat-igng--*

et*

ogoe»ga«o--M«»i»oioon^««ciioote

s

onoo-ortvoai* —

"«

0000000 00 ©0-0000 00 ©rt 00 00

M

OMOOOOOOOOOO

00

ogoMiD(oe»oo-wr-oooo=j-*ooono-*

"

OOOO-OO-WOW* —

M»

0-00«*-0 — 0000 = 0«0«rtO«C.«

0

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««

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«

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Statistics. — Michigan.

[Jan.

1

i

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■q«B

sglgg sss ss s= a=g

i

i

?

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a
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l"-5i|-2j.=.B°l

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3^1i-|lll|i •si

Eili li

1878.] Statistics. — Mmnesota.

ppi|iiiKiippiiiBiiiiiSiiPiipiiii

easss§asssssss3SSSi!SBsS|S8|s|gs|ssg'gsa

.0«0,«,ao=,««=.»-<.o-ooo=-=« = =,<0= = = »*»„«« = 0

©o«*«£o«=«<o**e.rt«e^ertasft_6H^*™o==>;«rHt.^oe>

o«o«OOOOOQonon.S'0«*c6-.nm«*i-*o<D«oo«ocooMOr-i-

<gSC90=0<SSOOOOOC30~OAAiSClSSOSSOOOOeOOOOSO'<0

*f*««=oo=ooo«o-o^oonooMrtOi-ooJOrtoo=«»OMOOTD

•We** = .iO = =OOOMO^.=00^0«0 0-SOO-0« = ^00 0==o-<

s

«i.»-«»„=,«.««»,=o, — ™S-»oo. = o„o = «jJg,-J,-,.»

***es = r-=S*— eft*rt-.eiOHr-oo-.Hiso-iM&000— a™*<a^«a

"

««»— j.=«=«»„,!S»»<.*»SSO»OS«*»««=,^S,«3«»=,

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MsaaS£S2a"ai;g3S2ass3Sses*sssasss|2i!SS''

1

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iiiiliiiiai=s aiiiiiil ? iiiii

lesgEiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

II

lAWiiiilwilllil

Statistics. — Minnesota. [Jan

li

SSSSgS88SSgSSSSS2S3gSSS8g8g53SSS5g8SS

■i»iH

■qag

■q«a

gS'SS33SKS2iSgSSSggS§=SS=gSggSgSSS=SS2

if

« = 00«500-=-.0000=*0I.0n0C.C.000«r— ..-=00*0=OB.

ooo = «.-<f.oos-.a = oj.3o=.oo* = o-ooo,o.fl»o-ioooos

1 ^

OJooor-ooonooooonwooo'Oomnoonoog-iafl.aoooc.g

» = o»oooci-oo=>ooooooooooooooo-o« = noo = = -

= =0O5-SOO-OC5COOr:==oai0O0SCl = =PCSOJjO-*»Hl=OOO«

= = oo = = = ooo = = o = = 5.=. = =,oooo = o-n«--.oooocc*

="=»=iJt;'' = "t;°«'3S*'=2*S='=;=**"2gSS2"3=='=S

= , = ot.«-H-,.-,o»«o«--oo^ = «no«o = n«_^S|2«««ooe.3

= - = oo2^-o3 = o = «jj = «. = »- = a.o = oo|5 = =,«-,=,oc.a

1 «_

a

i=^caO«OSOM-wr5t001'--0=S05««tO=.On5;^gO»MPlB15SOJ;

S2""g2SS5;3°*§SSS2^.^KS!gap»SSg3§Sgga = "-g

S=;-"'l322'°SS'=g3'°S'-22SSSSS'Sa2gE323^''"«§

5*'"a'--='*=:s"s«"°S''*''!:;3S'=a-'ass33Ss2S""»g

i
1

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list, .ii,5fdi.ajte'^4

H llsl^ll^ll "j|»lll»iPii?MB?s lit

t

1

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ifliiniiis!Jiiir"ldM

SiouaaaaaMaaaaJaaalalalaala aallill

i8 78-] Statistia, — Mi$aiesota.

g5Sg« SSS3 1

SS?3S3SS§|3SSSSSa =

SSSSgSSKSg

***-,<S=.OO-00fl

onoo^e =.***.*-*-**

* = = ..o = n,-.=

oa*««fto*rtn«*

too*

ooo«oo««-,o

goMr^— o-m-ji^os-

*--.*** t- „*-,» o

"""■^ "="—-■*

a-sewsooao--*-;

Ase«oee4ooo-0

= -oc

OOO: — ^c^s— o

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= -— OOSMO-S-l-O

3;ioc

= -OW*t»*l-C*-

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OOOOSOM-OOOO

■- = = =

a*=3«==«2«o:.

=;:=="-=g"*-*^*

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<t.g^„«oo2«2

*ooioo = *»soce

s ===

ooeoonooot-*

-*=**= ■^^■■*'**='

42**^*g-^„»o

= NO«

o«-«« = = =c.ft-a

2«KI-»«4AA^'±>sn

=S'""=^"""S"

M«~C

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ssassasssstt;

2gSaSS*SK5fi|53SS=

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ts-'ssaasass?

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ag3^

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gS*-S3SS«5"-t

sssa-'sssags

"•aa-'

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P??3 tr^fiSfFS

S 3|:??S|: gCK

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,- g "i 7 "^ I -^ =' «

I I -if i-l .i ?"k =il - ll iJ Hi

l-i-H =£* ll=- _-§3 5^ ==a lilS .1-^ =-;fg

<ii| "fiflW ilN^i III A^iMm^

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IJ3.

lis

■E|J.

ill

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Bis

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in

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146 Statistus.

ll ^=1

Si-f|8|

pSf ll I

— Minnesota; Afissiuippi;

I ^

Bi "

■8 •

4 ^"t

"An il

pa's,"

III!

■35o§

Missouri. Uan.

I- |g

1 ^11

1 isi=:

KPI

u

1 -^

^33

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1^1 i

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3 S^SSg|

a s5=-'aa

S Kg"8S

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iiillHf

.4

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iSjS.] statistics. — Missouri, 147

S 8g SS SS ^SSS^ S S3 83 S883

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a

8

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s

as

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a|a

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3a>-sa

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PP

PP

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J-S .- - ^ » - 1 -2 .1^1

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■4>

Statistics, — Missouri.

[Jan.

«£ Sg§gS$ 89gS S

assas

S2 SS as||B3S ssss

;ss ^sss

spps gg£S ss

u

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IP

1 iili i 1

liipiiill ilSiS II 1

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a "'"'88 8

SS83S 8 « 1 sa aa s

SSSli

8S838S3 sag

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CQM

•

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» «. « «.-.-.-« W..-0 • «

1

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a '• " - "2= a- » a- -

i

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asasssa s-sssas-asasss- sa-sa ss a

1

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38— as" a"3BS"«"'»BBaaB" n'-'- sa a

^

a"aa

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a

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f=F?PP?? PPS

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a

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a

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Mil HI IS a

mm ii^i

km

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1 J

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iiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiii miliiiiiiiiiiiiiii

I50 Statistics. — Nebraska.

Sa gS ggSSSS S2S S88 S 8

-nwjf

■qOfi

•q"S

8 33§-

3 ss ass SSS fSSS 3gS SS

2 s^sssa

SpS 3£'S

KSSSE:p:S ts?

1 ill Hi ifH« I

s^g^igg Si^l ISIS SiS^S^S ^ i^l s

(6B)

1878.]

Statistics. — Nebraska; Ntvada.

88 88^ S S8S E3S8SS

ssa

ssa

83IIS

S|=

sa gs

ssa

ajB

iS£S

SS ^8J88S

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p^SS

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If f 3^- s| ^.

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CS9)

3a -lua-l-
|i£-J|rall|
= as|s|-2';S8

ii
II

=1

Statutus. — iWw Hampshire.

[Jan.

*fi3i;s3as5i'=isssasasssg-*|ss$ss ssspsga

JSSSgSSIS^SSSS'S'SSgS^lgSSSg^SlgglJS

3-ag»,-g-,g«2^:*^^Og«-ig

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SSSKSaSS38SBa!3"gaS3SSi"gSSSSg""S§S§ejS

Sf,S5SKEgSES-*33SSiS-'SSSSa3"S!E|5|5S

2J"'S32sas!j''S"

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sjp fess

F°F FP.BF B

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1878.] Statistics. ~Htw Hampshirt. 153

|l U y II tn^ 11 H Miliilt I
"T " , \ i

C71J

54 Statistics. — i^etv Hampshirt. [Jan.

SSS88SSSISa8?SS8SES8SSS8S88SSSS S SSSSSg

8i SES-'s^asss's-^^lsssBSssassisag- | gasBS"

S«8S8 »SS|8asSS§gS3SaaSSSS|SSS % 11882=

*Sa8S=8|2|'=88|gJ|g|SSSSgJJSg|S % 3|S8|S

BSg3g*Sig|2|iassg|Ss8sssEKSgsss % gsssas

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SS E: 5SSg e^g^pss3^ffSgSg|IS SpSf^^ggg?

iA I

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III I irll |||a|i1| lllllll llHlllH

I878-] Statistics. — Nsw Hampskin. ■ 155

HeassSEsssssEgssts

SS58SSSS23S§|SSS395SSSal!SS

ISSSSs§9|asEg|g^rsffiSRa|ssas2||gg5i2sssg2eog

J»ooe-oo = o-.>n=.= *=-oc.««=.oo«««c..,«- = o-3-«Bgoaoo = o

IM«-o«oi-r-*<isco«ei«=>no-rtOr-,-.o»nob-Moo-»=)on-3=-iociooo

i-MOOOOOOOOOOSOOOOOOOOOtSOOOOCOOOOCOOOCOOOOCO

e— "-'seas2"afe?ss=3a'— ssss^aassi^ssa-^-^a—

fpc F PEC f.segc pFS0FS.Epj!pscfcfeEe f s P

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C78)

6 SUHslks. — Nm HtrnpiUrt.

Um.

SSSSSSS=a5g5si;gJSSS8ia 1 IS

.'^" 'S'l^^^ = '^-^-^=SS3S5S3gsgggp3|a

;wf

:3g|S=gsESiSS=|5gsssippEps6p| |St|

■-s^^sss^asa™'

S-|;S^3SB5-SE|5gSSSgfi = SSS5CSa!

•5S5;rSjii'=ss=ssaBg!;iossss=sa: « "-fc"

22Sg3-aa3S!;=a

CSEStSS: CSBSrlpJ^

fisssass'ls^ i as

il \ sS I

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1 1 nil iiiiiiitoiiiit

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i =^^ 1 _- -

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illBII 3

es. --"IIS

S.Sfi^P^ ■•■ = S-55E = a =^ 5IESS-3SS53

1878.]

Statistus. — Niw ytrsty.

ps %% IpS |Sgg S §883

S§SsSI§i§3S"gs|gsgga|S2

^»«oo_.«t-3«*ogo««oo^-.o^2

-.o«co* = rtg*« = «««ooo-.o-. = w

OB»-Og3«g2-;_ogcV««C.«0*-*-«

00=<=_oa-H-0= = 0 = <=0000-0=.0

o«*=-3a«^r-=«,Q.-«« = t,^„,-i,

i

««_*d^toc,BMe««t.o- oo«^e*f.

SSS«'*3*RI?32=';2:;a"»g'*S"f;

i

3«..e«««3«2^os«o^;-oc.««»ot.

,«-ecg^gg=,SOX>B«««,t-««„5J

i

*sa°s aass«" s="° aa^a "

=l)S"^SSg|g1S"gS33S|^8?j3S

s
1

S*S-SR3§|2S*|^SBaSSBI:gB

>i

SS^-'SSS|SE:*='S 35833 assess

H

^^t-W^ e?KSESK5,- ^p S^

lilidlLJJilfi^
iilili riHifill t| It

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iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiliili
1 - 3 fl'

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(76)

2" i *ll

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I

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1878.] Statistics.— New York. 139

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(77)

Statistics. — New York, [Jan.

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1878.] Statistics. — Ntw York. it

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5

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Statistics. — Ohio.

[Jan.

1

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Statistics. — Pennsylvania.

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■(l-<4;-<n«nuc nun np:u ns;;=ccnnnn a e:n uu
(96)

1878.] Statutics. — Vermont. 179

eas| s SS sssssa

as essKsaissxsxssss

s^sgss

SgsSi3sSISis|5E8

SliSaSgiigS g:E:§§3|8

l|S858

c«Moe ^sO'Hot-ooono

aoo-^^oosirHoooMonooo

g-.o-«««»oo, = ot-«o

Or<MW.4Or0a>ooOt-O«(«eriO

S""-"*

-»,•. = =,.« = ■ — .—

--««O09

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= .....-.,— S«-=5==,^=,»

5=.»sa=

o«io«->wHnnnooen-40

o^ooneot-wr<oooa«oo«

W^OOtiOO

c;MO-4f>ce^<oaoeooa«o

o^«i-H.>s-;«oo3oeiBO«o

a-'-s'

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"J |3»'li=1ll ^" |o

.:!; Ii"=ll

ismmiMtmamm iEisgiiisiiBgspis iigsSa

Statisties. — Vermont.

»

8

IB

iipi

aiis 1

8 fi ^iHUmtm

sss

csssa

ssgss

asgsssa ss|§s§§SBg

■q»s

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1'

3

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— "» —

— owoag

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J

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= «n-«00 = -=.-.-0 = = «r— .

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«= = *«« =

^'"-"3

\

<

J

S"S3

»«a«jjo

SSSSS3

-S5""=3g"3SS"?iSS=3

SISS^

3SSS333

sssssg

8g|SS8«pgS|S8gsa|

si;!^s

-sssss-

SHSSSg

sigsssaSBSsiSBCsisg

322-

'sssasa

gS33SS

8Sg3g}'»3|'-3g33SS8Kff

i

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cps s

s^^ee

pesss pes cpssp??

i

III °
111 1

1

1
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1

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IggsSg

SiiSSH

llggiiSiSSSiSEIsSi

If

ifitfifiJidlliii

lllJlJllliisS.slll nil

1878.1 Statistics. — Vermsnt. l8l

:$93s:s S8SS sags s: siss^ess^st^sss^ssss

04««*«n^<« o»ceo3ia^«] S3 <e«MO50»- c^s^hooo^ I1""S'^S'^

-A^l.f

lllilili EiilKiiii iiliEiilliiSiilliiliil

|a||

s

8

Statistics. -

SB 8^ S 8SSS SS2

- Vtrmonl. [Jan

■"Hi

8E a 1 ss es

as

S SSSS83S?iSS§

■qiig

ss ssas s 83 ssa

»a

sssg S|3|saasg5

5

3"

*«000^«IO«00-3 «nO

OB

AAAC4.^n«eri.A«Ciarn«

"'***'-''*°S*S'= *515

««

OS »no-t«^QO«OAo>B

1

&

4
5

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-'«"

onoicoionKoo«oo=o

«o

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.-« = «.., 0<S-..ftrH «.,*

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1

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oo

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ss=

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gss^^gss-^asssssss

2SS

3sss-asaa'sssgg

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sa-

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1

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ft

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^Mpumiliinrmhlmm

1878.]

Statistics. — Vermont; Virginia.

183

S8 §

8l:8SS

•^OOiMO

Oe««-!9»iH

t-e««-ie«09

OOOr-l

000

<Ne«iHe««-<i

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v^ev^QM

;!£'

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mOD

t=•^

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SJ

63 1^ K.

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(101)

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000 iH

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Ot*rH

Or-IO

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*ss

sgss

S2S

S&S

|:?P

L. B. Piatt, p. *77
Richard Tolniau, p. '46
Lysander T. Burba nk, *60

Falls Church, 1877
Hampton, 1869
Hcmdon, 1868

eq

r*

:«

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so 00 ••

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c < ;i
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184 Statistics. — Waskiugtom Territory; West Virginia, [Jan.

s

2

ss S^SS s

■"IK

s 3 =gs

8S gs a a

t

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(102)

II

I

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11

I it

it

1 878.] Statistics. — Wiseonsin. 1 85

pipn

m p!ii«i

S SSS
S §23

iiiii

8»{S|S«S

SSSSB|gsa=Ǥ|

§§§§§

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e .»oo

— 09^

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0 •«ai

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OOtOM

— --MO

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e •.-•

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oo«gooo

""«a«sa«-"'='33S

9 -as

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sss^sgs;;

SSIS3f!S|§S9SS!Sg

ssssg

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psSBSFSPgB

lisp

iSSISSi

SiSsiSHIIggSISSSISHi

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tlirllMyiii

Statistics. — Wisconsin.

\

1

IS s
s s

SSISaSSS SS3SSSSS BSSJS?S SSS S 6S
g2*ES2S3 IggGSSS SSaS*3» gS3°5 S3

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1

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3^on = ^.^o gffirtwouKC onsi«o« m»«-o<» o-i

°

O OOOOOO 0<3B00-Sei OOOr-oo OOQOOO oo

'

.-wo^soeio moonoww c=)mws« ■s-»-«oci o^i

-

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I

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2 «

ng = =co,-*N J2-Joco»«-Ji o-K^ij^' "3S = *2 "**

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2 S3

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O CO

ss a-»s8 gasa"'"" «as^"a"Eass»= a"

1

1

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s sea cs passpBcpaB s spssp pf

3

ll
el
15

3 ES3 SS SSJiSJifSSp P C.S3S3 .S.S

1 ill II flPillls'll s ^lfs:i ii

!

1

1

Si5gSiSiEgiglis§gg£gssiSilSSIsSSis ii

1 E i =- 1

alllllsall^^lllllllllllllJaljIllllllll

tS^S,} Statistics. — Wisconsin.

187

§*SS33Sg-S§3S8

g

SSggSg8g|Sa

3

=■

gasgg

o«o«-oo=.oo = ^-,o=,

«

000« Og-OBC

°

c«o«o

esvt-no^soooEsona

«

o^«2««g«coo

»

oo«a..

»jgo««e = t-»o«. = ^,o

2

-'"-=-'°^3a=*

«

-^

OO^O-

aeooooooosoos-iio

*

=oo- ===«oo

°

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3

-.- Main oog now

«

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«

S>OW=J-OC« = «OM

"

COOOM

og«,»o==,^o-_«*o

s

=,=,«g2„^gg^o

o

-"-aa

« = O««0*0r.oo_sco

3

*="""= -a s""

o

anoma

•■a^S" ="="'-*""=

S

c.«sg*«gog«0

o

—-as

oo«o3 = .-j.o„a.»3«

5

°"3aa"Gg8*8

s

-^

""ssa

3gaS|=S35='SS2R2

i

nSSSSKSggSg

3

-

= 3383

•gs3c=2sg snas=

^

= = «=3- f^SS

s

«

"-ass

-a2a5"2ss ag^s"

5

S2SS3S gas

s

"

■^•=383

fP P -S PS S.Sp^F:

.te

PEippsegps s

t;

gp

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P

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P

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3

1

1 -^

i 5

fd

1^

11 li<-|

1

l!0l|lJ|tfL^i!iii|1lilifff°f|ilf|i||f

Statistics. — Wisconsin. [Jan.

Si

5°S S

s SSSSSS8S asss sissss sa ssass?

■Si

•q"8

«!§ §

g8ESS|S-S |8g aSSE|3S gSSS'SiiS

2 S

==«**

0..2S ibooos.^se<cAArt»«>«A o»-e«E;oonn

ao-oo

<cOi-i<-< i-eonaonoe Aoo<-i^-*di AiA vASM-oi-ie

if

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^;Tiortina-&onte««rt-ien«e:5t-o -iiii=**is.3 we

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= =. = 51 o-seooooOBOoeeooo oooo*o**e

0--0-1

3N.4^««0=.0«*Nr4 = Ocno,^«0 - - O O =. «-. -,<*

— ftsi*«

«N»o ^-oe<sMe-«— -oo^wo or-ooocj— ooa

1 i

9 iv

«0 5;ct<=g0 3on22.0 00»M«*l;— -^ogl-= ogrtOOtOBSsft

daec~.<

jceei^«4«ii»i«ao«iMO«««wNn^^a o«5Moei«««o

«asjc«<

t;=— 23=*«**"*::-*^*«=«* *3=:=="— »

5
i £

"-= -

riS**** S*^'*S'*"''SS3"^|S* — ""-"ri-"

S3Si1S5|333S|SS28feS2§tegse|gU 8SSri3S3B9

ass s

g3Sa 55S-SSaS35SS235S SKS--=*3Sg8

-sa a

ES*S ESS2»2a'>SgSaSSS3* g3-*''*'-as9

1
ll

B scs

s esgs^espspse^i^psfcgbSF^Fi.sge^s

2 P-fiP

r^ s?SG.s^.sc ssp^^s.sse sis^sseffe?

ft

Mil jJi^P Jilt I
1 M afiJili IIIKIIIIK 1

1

il

1

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iiiiiiiliiiiliiiliiliPiiliiiilililii

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1878.]

Siaiistics. — Wiseonsin.

pill

asiia

ss=ss|sa|§sE E§ea gss^ fss sa

««>«.««

■=a„»»»-«-»»eo«S3=»..oo=oo o

«o.-..a

=,o™._«3==,,-«_s«»«=ao«o »

«o^«

«~^uanos-.«od.O«9>..>a?i~«^M««4 o

OOOOO

«oo=«oo«o = o«oo = o=0= = M**«.« e

^«><a9.o

c<..s«oooc.-«oon.-e4s«»e.-3oAA««r^ *

.•«*eo

-^Or-ooi.onooON««-rOM«— «««*=-. *

— «"■>

2enso=o-^«-i5ioo.-«.-ffl02«««ono»o -.

vtetgs-s

o«-.o = o = *««.rtot-oeimowoo«Q«o»^o -»

._.«•

— -=■==-• 'a8==sa»a=s-=2=a="===

.a*sa"

'••=»»ss-'=aa-=aa=g=a— '3=a" =S2

aa^Bts

s=gsteg«fl3aa»28»ss:|S8a3^aS"«s

sagas

2S3SEs«8sa»ess3aa"a5=§s3-"ss

3Si!lia

"^'^Bas"*Sj?*'*^sS35'*si^2ii="S'=a"s5

FSPfi=

F S SPS fSS P.SgSl:S.CF.B gCS gp

iii

1 ^ III «i II filili ift II

iiiis^

SllSsilSSiSsSStSilijISIiisisIS

3

i
• 1

i4f,ilL|liiifflilij.iiii

£=11^1 i|f53ISS3S35SslHlgi.l

■89

"sga

8|ia

S35«

e-sa

SJEW

■•fi3

1878.]

Statistics. — Missionaries.

191

CONGREGATIONAL MISSIONARIES FROM THE UNITED

STATES, Decehber, 1877.1

OONNBCTED WITH THE AMERICAN BOABD OF COMMISSIONERS

FOR FOREIGN MISSIONS.

Mahratta. 1813.

O

Sam'l B. Fairbanks, D.D., Ahmed-

nogjrnr, '45

Allen Hasen, D.D^ Bombay, '4({

Charles Hariling, Sholapnr, '6H

Henrj J. Brnce, Saiara(ShoUpar), '62
Spencer R. Wells, Panohgani,
Gbarles W. Park, Bombay,
Bieliajd Wiii8«>r, Satara,
Roliert A. Hume, Ahmednaggur,
Bdward S. Hume, Bombay,
liorin 8. Gates, Sholapur,

CBTIiON. 1816.

William W. Howland. Tillipally,
Wm. R. De Riemer, Dodoopitty,
Thomas S. Smith, Manepy.

o

'46

•46

'66

•62

'67'fla

'70 '70

'70 '71

•74

•76

'76

'45

•67

'71

Samoei W. Howland, Oodooville, '73

Hawaiian IsLAicDa. 1820.

Dvight Baldwin, ild., Honolulu, '30

Darid B. Lyman, Hilo, '31

l4>well Smith, d.d., Honolulu, '32

Titus Coan, Hilo, *33

Elias Bond, Kohala, '40
Ifttac W. Atherton, Kohala,

John D. Paris, Honolulu, '31)

Daniel DoIh, Koloa, '40

James W. Smith, m.d., Koloa, '57

Hiram Bin;rhiim, Honolulu, '50

Charles M. Hyde, d.d., Honolulu, 'G2

Wkstbrn Turkey. 1826.

Edwin £. Bliss, d.d., Constanti-
nople, '43
Wilsou A. Fam8worth,D.D., Cesa-

rea, '62

Sanford Richardson, Broosa, '54

Ira F. Petti booe, Constantiuople, '55
Julius Y. Leonard, Marsovan, '57

Joseph K. Greene, Constantinople, '58
Geo. F. Herrick. Constantiuople, '50
John F. Smith, Marsovan, '62

Lyman Bartlett, Cesarea, '61

Milan H. Hitchcock, Constantino-
ple, '57

'74
'76
'76

*46
'68

•71
73

•30
•31
•32
•33
•41
•77
'41
•41
•42
'56
•77

•43

•62
'54
'65
•67
•69
'59
'63
'67

'69

John O. Barrows, Constantinople, '64
Chas. H. Brooks, Constantinople, '74
Daniel Staver, Cesarea, '76

Charles C. Stearns, Manlsa, '76

Madura, South India. 1834.

James Herrick, Tirumangalum, '46
Thomas S. Bumell, Mflur, '66

Joseph T. Noyes, Periakulam, '48
George T. Washburn, P.Munmlai, '69
Wm. S. Howland, Mandapasalie, '73
John S. Chandler, B ittuluKUudu, '73
James E. Tracy, Tirupuvauam, '77

'66
•74
•75
•76

'46

'48
'48
'60
'78
'73
•77

Zulus, South Afbica. 1836.

David Rood, Umvoti, '47

WilKam Ireland, Amanzimtote, '48

Josiah Tvler, Umsuniduzi, '49

Stephen C. Pixley, Inanda, '66

Elgah Robbius, Amansimtote, '69

Henry M. Bridgman, Umzumbi, '60
Myron W. Pinkertou, Indundumi, '71

Charles W. Kilbon, Uiitwalumi, '73

Eastbkn Turkey. 1835.

George C. Knapp, Bit lis, '65

Crosby H. Wheeler, Harpoot, '52

Moses P. Parmelee, m.d , Erzroom, '61
John E. Pierce, KrzriK>m,
Royal M. Cole, Erzroom,
George C. Keynohls, m.d.. Van,
John K. Browne, H<ir|Hiot,
Willis C. Dewey, Murdin,

'67
•67
•71
'75

'77

•47
•48
•49
'66
•60
'60
•71
•71

•66
'57
'63
'(i8
'68
•79
•76
•77

Central Turkey. 1847.

Giles F. Montgomery, Marash, '63

Lucien H. Adanis^ Aintab, '62

Henry Marden, Aintab, *69

Americus Fuller, Aintab, '62

Thomas D. Christie, Marash, '77

FoocHow, China. 1847.

Charles Hartwell, Nnntai, '62

Joseph E. Walker, Shao-wu, '72

Josiah B. Blakely, 81iuo-wu, '74

'63
•66
'69
'74
•77

'62
•72
'74

iThe mlMions are arranged according to age, andi missionaries in each according to seniority
of serTlcc. The first colamn of figures against names of missionaries gives year of urdination; tbt
sceoBd, year of commencing service.

(109)

192

Statistics. — Missumat its.

[Jan.

Dakota. 1852.

Alfred L. RiffffSi San tee A^. Neb
Thomas L. liigK^* Boj^ue, Dak.,
Charles L. Hall, Fort Berthold,

MiCBONESIA. 1852.

Bei^amin 6. Snow, Ebon,
Albert A. Sturji^es, Ponape,
Joel F. Whitney, Ebon,
Robert W. Lo^an, Ponape,
Edmand M. Pease, h.d., Ebon,

North China. 1854.

Henry Blodget, d.d., Peking,
Charles A. Stanley, Tientsin,
John T. Gulick, Kalgan,
Chaanoey Uoudricli, Tungcho,
Hark Williams, Kalgan,
Thomas W. Thompson, Kalgan,
Isaac Pierson, Pautingfoo,
Henry D Porter, m.d., Tientsin,
Arthur H. Smith, Tientsin,
William P. Sprague, Kalian,
William S. Ament, Pautingfoo,
James 11. Roberts, Peking,

EuBOPBAN Turret. 185&

James F. Clarke, Samokov,
William E. Locke, Samokov,
George D. Marsh, Eski Zagra,
John W. Baird, Mon astir,
J. Henry House, Samokov,
K. Winthrop Jeuney, Monastir,

O

,'63
'72
'76

'51
'51
'71
70
'77

'54
'61
'64
'64
'«S6
'68
'70

a

o

'70
'72
•76

•51
•52
•71
•74
•77

•54
•62
•64
•65
•66
•68
•70

'72 ^72

'72
'73
•77
'77

'69
'68
'72
'72
'71
'73

72
•74
•77
77

•59
•68
•72
•72
•72
'73

Japax. 1^69.

Daniel C. Greene, Yokohama,
Orramel H. Gulick, Kobe,
Jerome D. Davis, Kioto,
John L. Atkinson, Kobe,
Horace H. Leavitt, Osaka,
Wallace Taylor, if.D., Kioto,
John H De Forest, Osaka,
Joseph H. Neesima, Kioto,
D wight W. Learned, Kioto,
William W. Curtis, Osidu^
Otis Cary, jr., Kobe,

Spaik. 1872.

William H. Gulick, Santander,
Thomas L. Gulick, Zaragoza,

Austria. 1872.

Henry A. Sehanffler, Briinn,
Albert W. Clark, Gratz,
Edwin A. Adams, Prague,
Edwin C. Bissell, d.d.. Grata,

Wbstbrk Mbxico. 1872.

David F. Watkins, Guadalj^ara,
John Edwards, Guadaligara,

Northern Mexico. 1872.

James K. Kilboume.

O

'69
'62
'69

•73
'73

71
74
75
•77
•77

74

a

a

70
'70
71
'73
'73
73
74
74
75
77
'78

71

70 73

65 72
'68 '72
'68 '72

'72
'72

74

'72

'75

74

NOT NOW CONNECTED WITH THE BOARD.

Cyrus Hamlin, d.d., Robert Coll.,

Constantinople, '38

William Bird, Syria, '52

Daniel BHhs, d.d., Pres. of Syrian
Prot. Coll., Beirut, '66

'39
•63

'68

George Washburn, d d., Pres. of

Robert Coll., Con.HantinopIe, '63
Henry U. Parker, Honolulu, H. L,'G3

'58
'63

CONNECTED WITH THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION.

Mendi, West Africa.
Floyd Snclson,

71

74

Washinqton Tbrritobt.
Myron Eells, Skokomish.

Also, many in Southern States, given in tables.

(110)

1878.]

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

193

MINISTEBS WITHOUT PASTORAL CHABaE.^

1866
1874

AI«ABAMA.

Oeone B. Hill, Marion.

OkarlM Noble, Montgoni<'ry,[N.Y.], 1873

CALIFORNIA.

Itods^ A. Boberts, Athens, 1872

Joteph A. Benton, d.d., Prof.

Theol. Bern., Oakland.
Jmea 8. Berger, colportear, Bed

Bloffik
Bamn^l V. BlakMilee,aMocUte editor

of Pae^, Oakland.
Charles If. Blake, Teacher, San

n«neifloo.
James W. Brier, sen., Qrase Valley.
Shetlook Bristol, San Bnenaventnra.
Hiram Oummiuf^n, Colnsa.
Lados Foo<e, Sacramento, [Wis.]
Alfernon M. Goodnongh, vallcjo,

fConnJ,
Mittin Karker, Blast Oakland.
Blifah Janes, Oakland,
Jabn It. Jones, colporteur, Modesto.
Martin Kello^, Prof. State IJDiver-

■ItT, Berkeley.
OrviUe A. Boss, Lockefbrd.
Joseph Bowell, seamen's chaplain,

San Francisco*
MiltoD B. Starr, Berkeley.
J'ames H. Warren, d.d., Sup't

Am. H. M. Soc'y, San Francisco.
Ajoon Williams, city missionary,

San Francisco.

COLORADO.

•Micah a Cromwell, Ashland. Neb., 1869
Enoch N*. Bartlftt, Golorad') Sprini^s.
Richard G. Bristol, Colorado Sprioj^.s.
Samuel R. Dimock, Dftnver, 1857

Thomas N. Haskell, Denver.

COJrSKCTICDT.

John W. Allen, North Woodstock,

[Wis ], 1838

Samuel H. Allen, Windsor Locks, 1840

Josiah L. Arms, Woodstock, 1846

EUirard E. Atwater, New Haven, 1841

David R. Austin. South Norwalk, 18.32

Jared R Avery, Groton, 18iW

Frederick H. Ayres, Lonjj Rid.s:e. 1833
Leonard W. Bacon, New Haven,

[ N. Y.]. 185c$

William T. Bacon, editor, Derby, 1842
John 6. Baird, Ass. Sec. Conn. Bd«

of Bd., New Haven, 18S9

Abraham G. Baldwin. Hartford, 1H46
Henry Barbour, London, Etm^^ 1837

Samuel W. Barnum, New Haven, 1853
William E. Bassett, New Haven, 1806
Aaron G. Beach, East Haddam, 1842

Bronson B. Beardsley, Bridgeport, 1850
Hubbard Beehe, Dist. Sec A. S. F.

Soc., New Haven, 1837

Samuel B. S. Bissell, Sec. Am. Sun-
day School Union, Norwalk, 1836
Seth Bliss, Berlin, 1825
Aivan Bond, d.d., Norwich, 1819
Charles B. Brandt, Teacher, Farm-

ington, 1865

David Breed, Putnam, 1852

Gharles H. Bullard, Dist. Seo. Am.

Tr. Soc., Hartford, 1853

Zalmon B. Burr, Sonthport, 1845

Harvey Bnahnnll. Say brook, 1821

John Ghurchill, Woodbury, 1840

William P. Glancy, Staffordville, 1875
Henry Glark, Avon, 1841

Nehemiah B. Oook, Ledyaid, 1825

Franklin Gountryman, Prospect, 1874
Chaunoey D. Gowles, Farmington, 1841
William B. Gurtins, North Guilford, 1843
Oliver B. Daggett, d.d., Hartfiird , 1833
George £. Day, d.d.. Prof. Theol.

Sem., New Haven, 1840

Guy B. Day, Teacjher, Bridflreport, 1840
Henry N. Day, d.d., New Haven, 183(?
ThwKlore L. Day, New Haven,

[Mass], 1872

Edgar J. Doolittle, Wallingford, 1H42
Solomon J. Douglass, New Haven, 18«»3
Timothy Dwight, dd., Prof. Theol.

Sem., New Haven, 18()1

Francis Dyer, Wolcott, I8r>3

Eklward B. Emerson, Teacher, Strat-
ford. 1838
Samuel G. Fesfenden, Stamford, 18;J8
Thomas K. Fe scnden, F. Sec. H.

I., Farmington. 1^39

Thomas P. Field, New London, 1840

George P. Fisher, d.d.. Prof. Theol.

Sem., New Haven, 18.'S4

Samuel B. Forbes, West Winsted, 1857
William G. Foster, Middlet4iwn,
[Mass.], 1848

« This list is made firomthe reports of the several State Organizations, and is supposed to include
only members of some organlzar Ion of ministers or charches. A few not members (but inserted on
Aathority from the States) are starred. The flfareii against names denote the year of ordination,
which some States do not famish. The (contracted) name of a State agnlnst any person's name de-
notes that he la reported by such State, and not by the one where he resides.

(Ill) '

194

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

[Jan.

William G. Fowler, u^ D., Darham

GeDtre, 1826

Daniel C. Frost, Killingly, 1840

William H. Gilbert, Dis. Seo. Am.

Bible Soo., New Haven, 1846

OeorgeP. Oilman, Watertown, 1872

Jphn Greenwood, Kew Mi Iford, 1822

Leverett Griggs, d.d.. Bristol, 1833

E. Edwin Hall, Fair Haven. 1843

Bamnel Harris, D.D., Proi. TheoL

Sem.. New Haven, 1841

Henry Htrriclc, No. Woodstock, 1830
J<«liua A. Hill, Hartford, 1873

Piatt T. Holley, Bridgeport, 1832

L. Ives Hoadlvy New Haven, 1823

James M. Hoppin, d.d.. Prof.

TbeoL Sem., New Haven, 1860

Lent S. Hongh, East Lyme, 1831

Stepben Hubbell, Mount Garmel, 1830
Nathan S. Hunt, Bozrah, 1831

Austin Isbam, Roxbury, 18.39

Spofford D. Jewett, Middlefield, 1830
Henry Jones. Bridgeport, 1826

William S. Karr, D.D., Prof. inXbeo.

Sem.. Hartford.
Jobn R. Keep, teacber, Hartford, 1842
Rodolpbus Land fear, Hartford, 1829

William B. Lee, Portland, 1863

Aaron R. Li verm ore. North Haven, 1848
Stephen A. Loper, Hadlyme, 1827

Joel Mann, New Haven, 1816

Abram Marsh, West Woodstock. 1829
Robert McEwen, o.D., New London,

[Mass.], 1833

Daniel D. T. McLaughlin, Litchfield, 1846
Nathaniel Miner, Salein. 1826

William H. Moore, Sec Gonn. Home

Miss. Soc, Hartford, 1846

Myron N Morris, West Hartford, 1846
David Murdoch, D.D., New Haven, 1850
GharlcM Nichols, New Britain, 1826

Elliot Palmer, Portland, 1832

William Patton, d.d., New Haven, 1820
Whitman Peck,Teacher,NewHaven, 1844
Lyman B. Peet, West Haven, 1837

DenniA Piatt, South Norwalk, 1828

Noah Porter, d.d., ll.o., Pres. Tale

Goll., New Haven, 1836

Thomas 8. Potwin, Snpt Orphan

Asylum, Hartford, 1861

Edward H. Pratt, See. Gonn. Temp.

Union, East Woodstock, 1868

Gharles Pyke, Waterbury, 1861

Alfred C. Raymond, New Haven, 1846
Henry Robinson, Guilford, 1823

Samuel Rockwell. New Britain, 1832
Henry A. Russell, Golebrook, 1864

Gieorge E. Sanborue, steward. Insane

Retreat, Hartford, 1857

Elias B. Sanford, editor, Thomaston, 1869
Thomas L. Shipman, Jewett Gity, 1826
Asa B. Smith, Rocky Hill, 1837

Burritt A. Smith, Teacher, Middle-
town, 1866
James A. Smith, Unionville, 1832
Alden South worth, Woodstock, 1866
Samuel N. St. John, Georgetown, 1844

Jadson B. Stoddard, Cheahire, 1850

Galvin B. Stowe, n.n,^ Hartford, 1823
Thomas B. Stnrges, Greenfield Hill, 1 842
David H. Thayer, East Windsor, 1853
William ThoinpiM>n, D.D., Prof.

Theol. Tnst, Hartford, 1833

George J. Tillotson, Rocky Hill, 1831
William W. Turner, Seo. Mias'y Soo.

of Gonn., Hartfonl , 1828

Henry Upson, New Preston.
Moses G. Welch, Hartford, 1862

Orlando H. White, D.D., Sec. F. M.

A. S., London, England, 1861

Joseph Whittlesey, Berlin, 1830

William Whittlesey, Gbap. Orph.

Asylum, New Haven, 1837

George I. Wood, Ellington, 1840

Theodore D. Woolsey, D.D., IX.D.,

New Haven, 1846

William S. Wright, Glastonbury, 1851

DAKOTA.

See Missionaries,

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

William M. Birchard, [Gonn.], 1843

John W. Ghickering, jr.. Prof. Deaf

Mute Goll., 1860

Fred. W. Fairfield, Prof. Howard

Univ. 1871

Solomon P. Giddings.
Royal Parkinson, Agricultural Dept., 1848
William W. Patton, d.d.,Pz6S. How-
ard Univ., 1843
Beniamin W. Pond, Patent Office, 1862
William Russell, [Gonn.], 1842
M. Porter Snell, Int Rev. Dept, 1870
Eliphalet Whittlesey, Indian Gom'n, 1851

GBOBOIA.

Horace Bumstead, Prof. Univ., At-
lanta.
Fletcher Glark, 1877

Gyrus W. Francis, Prof. Univ., At-
lanta.

ILLINOIS.

1864

E^win N. Andrews, St. Gharles,

Aaron H. Annis, [Kansas].

Edwin D. Bailey, Wheaton, 1876

George H. Bailey, Griggsville, 1867

Phineas A. Beane, Jacksonville, 1SS2

William H. Beecher, Ghicago, 1830

James G. Beekman, Byron, 1863

J. A. Bent, Wheaton.

Jonathan Blanchard, Pres. Wheaton

Goll., Wheaton, 1837

Geo. N. Boardman, d.d., Prof. Theo.

Sem., Chicago, 1854

Henry L. Boltwood, Teacher, Prince-
ton.
Hope Brown, Rockford, 1820

Henry S. Bullen, Moline, 1800

Henry Buss, merchant, Greston, 1856
Daniel Chapman, Huntley.
Henry W. Cobb, Wheaton.
William H. Collins, Quincy.

(112)

1878.]

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

195

Robert B. Oatler, TiskiloTft.
Oeorge A. Diekerman, Ohioa^p).
XdmaodF. Diokinaon, Oity Mission-

«rr, Obioum, IMl

WlUfam O. uiokiiiBon, Oreston, 1873
Siivasler R. I>ole, Crete, 1864

IwikUn W. Fisk, dj>., Pro! Tbeo.

Bern., Obieeffo, 1880

Htam Fbote, Bockfozd, [WU], 1839
Hortttio Fuote, Qainpy, 1825

Obarlee Oranger, fitrmer, Pazton, 1843
JobaL Granicer, P6I0, 18A6

XMon Groevenor, d d., JaokioiivUle. 1831
Joeepb A« Hallook, Ohfoaffo, ' 1836

Heniy L. Hammond, Chicago, 1841

Junee T. Hanning, meroh., Bfar-

eeillee, 1866

Beitf amiii F. Haskins, Viola. 1851

Samaei C. HaT, Woodstock, 1868

Kllae W. Hewitt. Pecatonica, 1844

Hiram JU Howard, LisboD, 1864

George B. Hnbbard, Shirland, 1848

SIraoo J. Hampbrej, Dia. Sec A. B.

O. F. M., Chioago, 1854

Thaddeae B. Harlbat, Upper Alton, 1834
Aflirlab Hyde, merohant^Oalesbarg, 1846
T. Hi

[yde, D.D., Prof. Theo.

8em.. Chicago. 1853

JBIIaha Jenney, Galesbnrg, 1831

Oideoa 8. Jobnaon, Hale, 1841

Heniy C. Johnson, Dallas City.
George P. Kimball. Chicago, 1851

Iteneio Lawioo, A. B. 8oo*y, Bari-

▼Ule. 1847

Jooeplk Kaaon, Godfrey, 1847

Vinlam D. A. Matthfifrs, Chicago, 1872
James McCbesney, Prospect Park, 1848
Bflibert MoCraoken, retired, Pazton.
IX Bar Niobols, New Milford.
Waabington A. Nichols, Lake Forest, 1838
T. C. Nortboott Woodstock, 1875

James Oakey, Ridgefield, 1875

Theophilas Packard, Manteno.
George C. Partridge, in business,

Batavia, 1840

R«>uel M. Pearson, Polo, 1844

Andrew L. Pennoyer, farmer, Hose-

Tille, 1837

8. Wallace Phelps, Lombard, 1854

Samuel Porter, Ohica$?o, [Mich.]
James Powell, Sec. A. M. A., Ghi-

cagOy 1809

John L. Richards, Danville, 1844

Jacob P. Richards. Bowensbnrg, 1861
Joe. E. Roy, d.d., Sup*t Am. Home

Missionary Society, Chicago. 1853

George F. S. Savage, d.d., Treas.

Theol. Sem.. Chicngo, 1847

William T. Savaee, d.d., Quincy, 18,38
John Sootford, Chicago, 1842

C-ilTin Selden, Aurora, 1845

Robert F. Shinn, Quincy, 1848

Siwin O. Smith, Morrison.
Nathaniel Smith, Geneseo.
Roewell R. Snow, Elgin, 1845

James P. Storldard, Byron, 1801

Richard C. Stoue, Bunker Hill, 1834

8. Fay Stratton, Prof. Wbeaton Col

lege, Wheaton, 1865

Guy C. Strong, Paxton, 1808

JaUan H. Sturtevant, D.D.. Pros.

Illinois College, Jacksonville, 1825

Charles B. Sumner, Chicago, 1873

Samaei R Thrall, Galesbnrg, 1842

Alpha Warren, Roacoe, [Wis.]
John C. Webster, Wheaton.
Martin K. Whittlesey, d.d., Snp*t

A. H. M. S , Jaoksonrille, 1849

Samnel E. Willing, Prospect Park.
Bphraim H. Wright, Lee Centre,

[Conn.], 1861

Afonso u, Wyokoff, druggist, Cbe-

banse.

nrDiANA.

John G. Brioe, Winchester.
William Goodman, Nelson.
Aaron Henstis, Carthage.
Bbeneser Tucker, Randolph County.
LeTin W. Wilson, Uynthiana.

IOWA.

Epbraim Adams, Sap't Home Missions,

waterloa
B<»iHamin M. Amsden, Manchester.
William P. Avery, Chapin.
David J. Baldwin, Iowa Falls.
Charles Barstow, Ames, [Mich.], 1852

A. J. Belknap, Otiey.
Ethan O. Bennett, Brighton.

John M. Bowers, Rhinebeck, 1^66

Timothy G. Brainard, Grinnell.

William M. Brooks, Pres. Coll., Tabor.

C. C. Burnett, Fairfield. [Epis.], 1862

George Cakebread, Mc. Pleasant, 1872

PhUo Canfield, Washington.

Joshua M- Chamberlain. Grinnell.

Ezra Comly, Tyson's Mills.

Oramel W. Ctwley, Glenwood.

John Cross, College Springs.

Moses K. Crow, Waterloo.

David B. Davidson, Grinnell.

FT. K. Edson. Prin. Acad., Denmark.

Thomas W. Evans, Columbus City.

T. T. Frick^tad, Pastor at Ser-
geant Bluffs. 1877

Heman Geer, Tabor. [Ohio], 1848

John F. Graf, Marshall. [Wis.]

J. P. Grawe, Bradford.

Josiah B. Grinnell, Grinnell.

Stephen D. Helms. Lima.

Stephen L. Herrick, Grinnell.

J. M. Hudson, Mason City, 1P66

Darius E. Jones, Davenport.

.Joseph R. Kennedy, GnnneU.

Daniel Lane, Belle Plaine.

Ozias Littlefield, Seneca.

Addison Lyman, Kellogg.

Geo. F. Magoun, d.d., Pres. Coll.,
Grinnell.

William H. Marble, Grundy Centre.

B. H. Martin, Ogden. 1873
James R. Mershon, Newton.

James M. Mitchell, Burr Oak.

(U8)

196

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

[Jan.

John C. Moses, Clinton.
James A. Northrup, Otisville.
Jonathan B. Parlin, Staceyville.
Henry M. Parmelee, Iowa Falls.
Jonah W. Peet, Prescott.
Samnel Peofield, Bioefield.
Joseph W. Pickett, 8up't Home liis-

sion, Des Moines.
Giles M. Porter, Oarnavillo.
Nelson D. Porter, Oskaloosa.
B. T. Preston, Newton.
William F. Rose, Cherokee.
Bobert Stuart, Green Mountain.
Benj. Talbot, Sup't Deaf and Dumb

Inst., Council Blufifs.
George Thach^r, Pres. State Univ.,

Iowa City.

A. £. Todd, Stuart, 1875
Asa Turner, Oskaloosa.

Ashbel S. VVells, Fairfield.
Beed Wilkinson, Fairfield.
Loring S. Williams. Glenwood.

KANSAS.

Zebina Baker, Waushara.

Blihu Barber, Beattie.

Wesley R. Blake, Phillipsburg.

Bobert Brown, Leavenworth.

James Brunker, Ninuescah.

John H. Byrd. farmer, Lawrence.

James J. A. T. Dixon, Bunker Hill, 1856

Uriel Farmin, Shiloh.

D. William Havens, Holton, [Conn.], 1847

Joseph B. Hiles, Radical City.

Peter Mc Vicar, d.d., Pres. Wash-
bum College, Topeka.

Rodney Paine, farmer. North Topeka.

Boswell Parker, Mannattau.

Lewis £. Sikes, Vienna, 1848

Frank H. Suow, Prof. State Uni-
versity, Lawrence.

Sylvester D. Storrs, Supt of Mis-
sions, Topeka.

J. E. Young, Kirwin.

KENTUCKY.

Edward H. Fairchild, d.d,^ Pres.
Coll. , Berea, 1841

B. S. Hunting, Prin. Prep. Dep't,
Berea.

J. A. R. Rogers, Pro£ Coll., Berea.

LOUISIANA.

Nathan B. James, CarroUton.
Hardy Mobley, New Iberia.
J. A. Norager, New Orleans.
Peter P. Proctor, Abberville.
Charles E. Smith, a. p. at Abberville.

MAINE.

Jacob Abbott, Farmington,
Jonathan £. Adams, Sec. Maine

Miss'y Society, Bangor,
Thomas Adams, Winslow,
J. \V. H. Baker, New Sharon,
bilas Baker, Standish,

1834

1859
1818
1865
18S2

Ernest F. Borobers, Portland, 1869

Thomas E. Brastow, Rockland, 18H5

Jonas Bnrnham, Farmington, 1858

Almon W. Burr, Hallowell, 1875

Calvin Chapman, Kennebnnk Port, 1842

Henry Carpenter, Bridgton, 1864

Charles D. Crane, South Paris, 1874

Ephraim C. Cummings, Portland, 1&58

David Q. Cnshman, Bath, 1838

Edward F. Cutter, Belfast, 1833

Thomas M. Davies, Yarmouth, 18G9

Samuel L Gould, Bethel, 1839

Henry F. Harding, Hallowell, H*6&

Henry B. Hart, Holden. 1869

George W. Hathaway, Skowhegao, 1833

Herbert R. Howes, Gray, 1870

Horatio Ibley, South Freeport, 1837

Alfred £. Ives, Castine, 1838

Marcus R. Keep, Dalton, 1847

Elbridge Knight, Fort Fairfield, 1843

John K. Lincoln, Bangor, 1862

Amasa Loring, Fozcrofi, 1842
Joseph Loring, East Otisfield.

George S. Osborn, South Sauford, 1836
Edward R. Osgood, Blue Hill.
Alpheus S. Packard, Pro£ Coll.,

Brunswick, 1850
Levi L. Paine, Prof. TheoL Sem.,

Bangor, 1861

Wooster Parker Belfast, 1832

John Parsons, kennebnnk, 1857

William Pierce, West Buxton, 1836
Enoch Pond, Prof. Theol. Sem^

Bangor, 1815
J. Evarts Pond, Milltown, a. p. N.

Brunswick.

Daniel F. Potter, Brunswick, 1852

Henry Richardson, Gilead, 1831

John S. Sewall, Prof. Coll., Bangor, 1859

Alfred L. Skinner, Bucksport, 1854
Daniel Smith Talcott, Prof. Theol.

Sem., Bangor, 1836

Henry G. Storer, Oak Hill, 1850

Daniel D. Tappan, Weld, 1826

Sewall Tenney, Ellsworth, 1831

James B. Thornton, Scarborough, 1851

Stephen Thurston, Searsport, 1826

Stephen Titcomb, Farmington, 1865

Henry M. Vaill, Cape Elizabeth, 1861

Israel P. Warren, editor, Portland, 1842
William Warren, Dis. Sec. A. B. O.

F. M, Gorham, 1840

John G. Wilson, Portland, 1861

MA88ACHUBETT8.

Frederick R. Abbe, Dorchester, 1857

Edward Abbott, editor, Boston, 1863
William P. Alcott, Boston, [Conn.], 1818
Edmund K. Alden, d.d., Sec. A. B.

C. F. M., Boston, igfiO

George E. Allen, East Somerville, 1868
Rufus Anderson, d.d., Boston, 1826

George N. Anthony, Peabody, 1855

Lewis P. Atwood, South Middleboro' 1866
William F.Avery, Lanesboro*,[Wis.J,1855
Thomas E. Babb, Oxford, 1869

William F. Bacon, Chelsea, [N. H.), 1867

(114)

1878.]

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

197

Fmner Barrows, Andover, 1838

William Barrows, d.d., Seo. Mass.

H. M. Sooiety, Boston, 1845

Oharles O. Beaman, Boston, 1838

Warren H. Beaman, Amherst, 1841

Bdwurd A. Benner, Lowell.
Andrew BiffAiow, d.d., Southboro', 1841
John H. Bii«bee, Westfleld,- 1834

Thomas O. Bisooe, Holliston, 1838

Geonce W. Blafcden, d d., Boston, 1827
Henij B. Blake, SprmfrftAld, 1M0

CharlM R BUm, Wnkefleld, 18S0

MUton P. Braman, d.d., Auburndale, 1828
David Brigham, BridKewater, 1819

Leri Brigham, Marlboro*, [K. H.], la^
Fiank L. Bristol, Boston, 1870

Am Ballard, Gong. Pab. Sooiety,

Boifeon, 1882

ShenezAr W. Ballard, Stookbridge,

[N. H.], 1838

Daniel O. Bart, New Bedford, 1835

William Bnshnell, M.D., B^^ston, 1832
Daniel Bntler, Seo. Mass. Bible Sool-

etr, Biwtnn, 1838

Daniel B. Oady, d.d.. Westboro', 1840
Williiim Carrnthers, Pittsfleld, 1858

Rufos CaM», Habbardston, 1842

Elias Chapman. Boston Highlands, 1845
John W. Ohickering, d.d.. Agent

Mass. Temp. 800., Wakefield, 1830
Benjamin F. Clark, No. Chelmsford, 1839
S. Beaedlct Clark, Chioopee, 1838

Edward W. CUrk, Westboro', [N. H.].1850
K. €ieorge Clark, D.D., Seo. A. B. C.

F. M.. Boston, 18S7

Bereno IK Clark, d.d , Camb'port, 1840
Doras Clarke, d.d., Bonton, 1823

Edward Clarke, Chesterfield, 1839

Nath'l Cobb. STangelist, Kingston, 1827
William S. Coggin, Boxford, 1838

Henry Co«)1ey, Springfieid, 1846

William M. Cornell, m.d., d.d., li:«.d.,

e<litor, RoAton, 1830

John P. Cowlefl, Ipswich, 18.'^

Joslah D. Cronby, Ashburnham, 1837
Ji>iieph W. CroftS, WorceHter, 1834

Christopher CuHhiiig, d.d., editor

of Cong. Quarterly, Bo««ton, 1849

8ara*l H. Dana, Newton Highlands. 1872
Henry M. Dexter, d d., editor of

ConffregationalUt^ Bontou, res. New

Bedford. 1844

Aunin Dodge, Boston Highlands, 18B6
Q«orge T. Dole, Reading. 1842

Michael A. Dougherty, Boston.
Ezekiel Dow, Berket Centre, 1845

Ellis R Drake, Mi<ldI«^boro', 1868

C^vin Darfee, D d., William.^town, 1828
£. Port**r Dyer, South Abington, 1839
Lncius R Eastman, evangelist, Bos-
ton, 1H73
Jneeph M. R Eaton, Fitchhnrg, 1845
Henry L. Edwards, Snp't Schools,

Northampton, 18.57

Nathaniel E«»gleston, Teacher, Wil-

liamsfown, [Conn.], 1845

Alfred Emerson, Dorchester, 1845

Joshoa Emery, North Weymoath, 1886
Samnel H. Emery, Tannton, 1837

Amzi B. Emmons, Oxford, 1878

William T. Eastis, pastor of Ind.

eh., Springfield, [Conn.], 1846

Lnther Farnham, Lib. Gen. Theol.

Library, Boston.
Warren C. Fiske, farmer, Charlton, 1847
Stacy Fowler, Millbory, 1802

Wakefield Gale, Easthampton, 1826

*AUen Gkinnett, Edgartown, 1888

William Gallagher, Jr., Teacher, Bos-
ton, [111.1, [N. J.l, 1874
Anstin S. Garver, Greenwood, 1872
Bbeneser Gay, Bridgewater, 1818
Edwsrd J. Giddings, Housatonlo, 1857
Mark Gould, Ashbnmham, [N. H.], 1801
Benjamin F. Grant, Maiden, 1876
Edward H. Griflin, Prot Coll., Wil-

liamstown, 1868

Jos. C. Halllday, East Weymouth, 1864
Charles Hammond, LII.D., Principal

of Academy, Monson, 1885

Frederick A Hand, Dorchester, 1873
Stedman W. Hsnks, Sec. Am. Sea-
men's Friend Sooiety, Boston, 1840
Eli W. Harrington, North Beverly, 1887
John Haskell, Billerioa, [Conn.], 1860
Webster Hazlewood, Everett, 1860

Phineas C. Headley, Boston.
Simon L. Hobbs, Ashfield, 1804

Edwin B. Hodgman, Westford, 1840
Francis Homes, fiirmer, Easton, 1804
Jacob Hood, Lynnfield, 1800

Henry B. Hcmker, d.d., Boston, 1825
James M. Hubbard, Cambridge, 186S
Henry L. Hubbell, Amherst, 1861

John C. Hutchinson, Cnmmington, 1800
Alexis W. Ide, West Medway, 1800

George A Jackson, Globe Village, 1872
Edwin L. Jaggar, Auburndale, 1862

Henry G.Jesup, Amherst, 1854

George B. Jewett, d.d., Salem, 1855

John E. B. Jewett, Pepperell, [N.H.],1851
Seth H. Keeler, d.d., Somerville,

[N. H.]
Caleb Kimball, Medway, 1832

James P. Kimball, Sec. Am. Tract

Soc, Bosttm, 1857

Matthew Kingman, Amherst, 1845

Charles A Kingsbury, Chestnut

Hill, 1872

Isaac P. Lang worthy, Sec. Am.

Cong. Assoc., Boston, 1841

Amos E. Lawrence, Newton Centre, 1848
Edward A Lawrence, d.d., Mar-

blehead, 1830

Robert F. Lawrence, Maiden, 1834

John H. M. Leland, Amherst, 1847

Aretas G. Loomis, Greenfield, 1850

John M. Lord, Rockland, 1851

H«nry A. Lounsbury, Boston, 1856

William DeLoss Love, d.d., Andover,

[Mich.T
Leonard Luce, Westford, 1829

George Lvm«n, Amherst, 1851

I Elbridge P. MoElroy, Brockton, 1870

(115;

198

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

[Jan.

William A. Mmndell, insaranoe ag't,

Gambrid|c<'port, 1842

ABa Mano, Raynham, 1844

LoriDf? B. Marxh, Sterling, [Codd.I, 1859
Francis £• Marston, Boston High-
lands, 1875
Abijah P. Marvin. Lancaster, 1844
Anson McLond, Topsfield, 1841
Charles M. Mead, Profl Theol. Sem.,

Andover, 1886

John O. Means, D.D., Boston High-
lands, 1851
William Mellen, Oakham, 1877
Josiah Merrill, Boston, 1848
S^lah Merrill, d.d., Andover.
Blbridflre W. Merritt. Haidwick, 1866
Stacy Foirler, Millbnry, 1862
Joel D. Miller, Teacher, Leominster, 1866
Simeon Miller, Springfield, 1846
Sardis B. Morlev. Pittsfleld, 1851
Stephen S. Morrill, Amherst, 1859
Joseph K. Munsell, Harwich port, 1831
Myron A. Munson, Neponset, 1866
William H. H. Murray, pantor of

New England ch, Boston, [Conn.]» 1868
Clarendon F. Muzzy, Amherst, 1838

Bbeuezer Newhall. Cambridge, 1823

John F. Norton, Hubbardnton, 1844

Smith Norton, Boston, [Wis.]
Benjamin Ober, Petersham, 1834

Bernard Paine, Boston, 1867

Calvin E. Park, Teacher, West Box-
ford, 1838
*Ed wards A. Park, d.d.. Prof. Theol.

Sem., Andover, 1831

Ebenezer G. Parsons, Prin. Acad.

Byfield, [N. H], 1837

Charles Peabody. Springfield, 1841

Henry K. W. Perkins, Cambridge-
port, 1858
Ralph Perry, Agawam, 1844
Austin Phelps, d.d., Prof. Theol.

Sem., Andover, 1842

Winthrop H. Phelps, South Egre-

mont, 1848

Daniel Phillips, North Chelmsford, 1861
Lebbeus R. Phillips, farmer, Groton, 1841
John Pike, d.d., Rowley, 1838

Jeremiah Pomeroy, South Deerfield, 1833
•Edmund S. Potter, West Somer-

ville, 1843

Francis G. Pratt, Middleborough, 1849
Llewellyn Pratt, D.D., Prof. Coll.,

Williamstown, 1864

Miner G. Pratt, Andover, 1828

Hiram B. Putnam, Salem, 1868

Alonzo H. Quint, d.d.. New Bed-
ford; present P. O. Dover, N. H., 1853
Frederick A. Reed, Enst Taunton, 1848
Austin Richards, d.d ,Boston,[N.H.],1827
Jacob Roberts, Anburndale, 1830

Bockwood, Samuel L^, No. Wey-
mouth, 1840
Augustine Root, Taunton, 1858
William L. Ropes, Librarian Theol.

Sem., Andover, 1853

Esekiel Russell, D.D., Holbrook, 1836

Baalis Sanford, East Bridgewmter, 1827
Enoch Sanford, Raynham, 1822

William H. Sanford, Worcester, 183S
Theophilns P. Sawin, Somerville, 1843
Julius H. Seelye. d.d., pastor and

Pres. Coll., Amherst, 185S

L. Clark Seelye, d.d., Pres. Smith

ColL, Northampton, 1863

Samuel T. Seelye, d.d., Easthamp-

ton, 1846

Alexander ,J. Sessions, Beverly, 1838
Jotham B. Sewall, 1855

Charles B. Smith, West Medford, 1879
William S. Smith. Auburndale, 1854

Effbert C. Smyth, D.D., Prof.

Theol. Sem., Andover, 1866

William S. Spaulding, Lynn, 1848

Charles V. Spear, Principal of Insti-
tute, Pittsfield, 1863
S. Lewis B. Speare, Charlestown, 1874
Milan C. Stebbins, Teacher, Spring-
field, 1864
RoUin S. Stone, Southampton

[N. Y.], 1885

Timothy D. P. Stone, Springfield, 1843
Joseph E. Swallow, Alford,

[Conn.1. . 1848

Increase N. Tarbox, D D., Sec Am.

Coll. & Ed. Soc., Boston, 1842

John Tatlock, ll.d., attorney, Pitts-
field, 1852
John L Taylor, d.d.. Prof. Theol.

Sem., Andover, 1839

John P. Tavlor, Andover, [Conn.], 1868
Albert K. Teele, Blue Hill, 1854

Josiah H. Temple, Framingham, 1845
Edward P. Tenney, Manchester, 1859
Francis V. Tenney, Saugus Centre, 1845
Erdix Tenny, Westbor**', [N. H.], 19X1
Calvin Terry, North Weymouth, 1846
Isaiah C. Thacher, Lakeville, 1845

J. Henry Thayer, d.d., Prof. Theol.

Sem., Andover, 1859

Wm. M. Thayer. Sec. Mass. Temp.

Alliance, Franklin, 1847

Leander Thompson, North Wo-

bum, 1838

Joshua T. Tucker, d.d., Boston, 1837
James Tufts, Teacher, Mnnson, 1844

Henry M. Tyler, Prof. Smith Coll.,

Northampton, 1872

William S. Tyler, d.d., Prof. Coll.,

Amherst, 1859

•Daniel W. Waldron, City Mission-
ary, Boston, 1867
Cyrus B. Whitoomb, Shelbnrne

Falls, 1874

Lyman Whiting, d.d., Reading, [N.

J.]i 1843

James M. Whiton, PH.D., Prin.

Acad., Easthampton, 1854

Daniel Wight, Natick, 1842

Worcester Willey, Andover, 1844

Charles L. Woodworth, Dist. Secre-
tary, A. M. A., Boston, 1849
Isaac R. Worcester, Anburndale, 1837
Granville Yager, Boston, 1^6

(116)

1878.]

Ministers withaut Pastoral Charge.

199

MIOBIOAH.

T. a Abbott, Pm. Agrioalt. Coll.,

AmiM B. Adanui, fkrmer, Bensonia.
WillUm O. Allen, Sanntaok, 1878

jAinas A^'m^tmnff, Orion, 1854

Hoary A. Aootin, fiirmer, Pleasan-

«DO, 1856

Oterlei Bw Bailey, Seo. O. T. CoR,

Bonionio, 1850

Robert Q. BiUxd, Seo. Agrioalt GolL,

L^Oflinc, 1859

John A Biadwin, Plymontb, Prt$b,^ 1875
Jmmo BolUrd, retired, Grood Bap-
Mo, 1839
Tmoo Borlcer, retired, Bockford, 1827
flAmoel P. Barker, Brantford, O/if., 1862
Akmao Barnard, farmer, Benionia, 1845
Stop'n A. BamoTd, retired, LansinKt 1830
Pr.tiik T. Bayley, Detroit, Mich.,

IVMfr.. 1873

Abraham L. Bloodsood, Monroe,

[Oonn.l 1843

fUoiiiel D. Breed, Ypeilaoti, 1862

AItIii el Brown, in bufinesfi, Jaok-

MQ, 1864

Thoophlliu 8. Brown, in bn«ineii,

Oroton, 1842

ThooUM L. Brown, Vermontville, 1873
Samuel B. Bosser, Saranao, 1874

Horatio Q Bntterfleld, d.d., Pree.

OolL.OliTet, 1845

WnUatn L Camp, Solon, 1875

Darlllo W. Oomstock, Adrian, 1861

Joaophli. Danieln, Piof.0o11.,01iTet, 1876
Mui B. DawM>n, Tmlay City, 1860

BdmniMl Dyer, Dandee, 1836

mram Blmer, Oliret, 1844

Beaben BTarts, Battle Creek, 1858

Ji>hn Fawoett, C«d<ir SprincrH, 1862

James G. Freeborn, Gran<l Rapids, 1863
Henry M Goodwin, Prof. Coll., OH vet, l&'Sl
Simeon S. Haines, Tiistin, 1876

Bben L. Hill, Armada, 1876

Oramel Hosfonl, Prof. Coll., Olivet, 1&58
Bobert Uovenden, retired, Pontiao, 1860
Philo R. Hard, D.D., Detroit, 1840

Thomas Jones, Detroit
Adam S. Kedzie. Fin. Sec. Chica;;o

Theol. Sera., Dowa^iac, 1845

y. D. li^nphear, Yp<<ilanti, 1876

William S. Lewis, farmer, Pleasan-

ton, 1843

A«a Mahan, d.d., Lfrndnn^ England,
Moses Q. McFarland, Parma, 1843

James A. McKay, retired, Grand

Rapids, 1844

Daniel Miller, farmer, Gl«>n Arbor, 1861
Henry C. Monte, farm<{r, Union City.
James Nail, retired, Detroit.
Nleholas N<>erken, Fruit port, 1876

Selah W. Noyes, in business, Litch-
field, 1866
Norman L Otis, Crystal, 1859
Charles Parker, in bnnines^. Coral.
Saaoel Phillips, Disco, 1837

John D. Pieroe, retired, Tpsilanti.

Herbert A. Bead, Marshall.

Samnel Sessions, retired, St. John's, 1888

Emerson F. Smith, Bensouia, 1875

Solomon Snider, Coral, 1840

Charles Sf>ooner, retired, Olivet, 189U

Wdliam D. Stout, Ransom.

James F Taylor, San^aturk, 1836

Oh»trlefi Temple, retired, Qtsei^o.

Oren C. Thompson, Detroit, 1884

Georjce M Tothill, Snpt Am. Bible

Soc, Kalamazoo, 1847

Leroy Warren, Snpt A. H. M. Soc.,

Grand Rapids, 1862

Waters Warren, retired. Three Oaks.
William P. Wastell, retired, Clin-
ton, 1832
Wolcott B. Williams, Snpt Am.
Home Miss*y Soc, Charlotte.

mHNKSOTA.

Jeremiah R. Barnes, Znmbrota, 18.%
Sydney H. Barceau, Znmbrota, 1851

David Burt, State Snpt. of Pub. In-
struction, St. Paul, 1851
Gabriel Campbell, Prof State Univ.,

Minneapolis, 1868

Nathan C. Chapin, Boohester, 1851

L. Henry Cobb, Snpt A. H. M. S.,

Minneapolis, 1857

Ebenezer Douglas, Anoka, 1866

Pzesootc Fay, Minneapolis, 1857

Richard Hall, St Panl, 1890

Sylvanus H. Ke\\f>KXt Swansea, 1897
Georflre M. Landon, Minneapolis,

[Wis.], 1868

Bphraim layman, Minneapolis,

[MassJ. 1839

Caleb w. Matthews, Le Verne,

[Wis.] , 18.51

F. McCraken, Dodpre Centra, 1875

Eliiah W. Merrill, Spring Valley, 18«<4
William W. Norton, Alexandria, 1858
Nathaniel H. Pierce, MinDAapolis, 1861
Alpheus J. Pike, Sauk Centre, 1859

Edward N. Raymond, Granite Falls, 1862
Charles Shedd, Waseca, 1843

Jesse G. D. Stearns, Zumhrota, 1843

James W. Stronji;, d.d., Pres. Carle-
ton Coll., NorthAeld, 1863
John C. Stronfif, Chain Lake Centre, 1846
Ca«8iu<« M. Terrv, St. Paul, 1871
Austin Willey, Northfleld, 18;M)
Nelson Young, 1843

MIS8OUBI.

Frederick A. Armstrong, Webster

Groves. [111.]
Joseph Bartlett, North Sprlngfleld. 1847
Oliver Bn>wn, Prof. Coll., North

Springfield.
Elias E. Kirkland, [Mich.]
Cephas A. Leach, editor, Sodalia.
Nathan J. Morrison, d.d.. Pros.

Drnry Coll., North Springfield.

(117)

200

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

[Jan.

John D. Parker, editor, Kansas City,

[KanJ
Edwin D. Seward, Laclede.
Mortimer Smith, Pierce City.
William Twining, St I^ouis.
Robert West, Supt of Missions, St

Louis.

NEBRASKA.

J. Wing Allen, Saline Co.

William B. Atkinson, Wahoo. [III.], 1851

Charles G. Bisbee, Fontanelle.

John Cadwalliider, Lincoln-
Edmund B. Fairfield, d.d., Chancel-
lor State Univ., Lincoln.

Asa Farwell, instructor Coll., Crete.

Hiram N. Gates, Sup't Home Mis-
sions, Omaha.

8. A. Groot, Macon.

Isaac E. Heaton. Fremont.

Charles Hibbard, Fairmont.

D. Brainerd Perry, Prof. Doane Coll.,
Crete.

Thomas Pugh, Fairfield, 1842

Julius A. Reed, Columbus.

Marshall Tingley. Blair.

Jacob Winslow, Hastings, 1861

KEW HAMPSHIRE.

Almon Benson, Centre Harbor,
Jeremiah Blake, m.d., Gilmanton

Iron Works.
Nathaniel Bon ton, d.d,, Concord,
Justin E. Burbank,
Alex. C. Child, Oxfordville,
John Clark, Plymouth,
Sumner Clark, Wakefield,
William Clark, d.d., Amherst,
LibaConant, Bristol,
•David Connell, Plymouth.
Jonathan B. Cook, Hebron,
Corban Curtice, Til ton,
Charles A. Downs. State Sup't Pub-
lic Instruction, Lebanon,
•Benjamin Ela, Merrimack,
Brown H. Emerson, Thornton's

Ferry.
Albert W. Fiske, Fisherville,
Joshua S. Gay, Meredith,
•William M. Gay, Thornton's Ferry,
George Goodyear, Temple,
Edward H. Greeley, Sec. N. H. Mis-
sionary Soc, Concord,
James B. Hadley, Campton,
•.Teffries Hall, Lyndeborough,
Ezra Hask«»il, Dover,
David S. Hibbard, teacher, Gilman-
ton Centre,
Morris Holman, Antrim,
•Rdwin Jennison, Walpole,
William R. Jewett, Concord,
Henry A. Kendall, Concord,
Giles "Leach, Meredith Village,
♦Samuel Lee, New Ipswich,
Abel Manning, Goffstown,
Daniel McCIenning, East Concord,

1840

1825
1858

1835
1845
1828
1823

1850
1843

1849
1846

ia33
1848
18fi3
1828

1849
1837
1833
1860

1860
1845
1831
1837
1840
la^3

laTO

1820
1852

Daniel J. Noyes, d.d., Pro£ Coll.,
Hanover, 1837

Israel T. Otis, Exeter, 1836

Jesse Page, Atkinson, 1835

Henry E. Parker, d.d., Pro! Coll.,
Hanover, 1849

William A. Patten, Kingston, 1860

•Daniel Pulsifer, Danbury.

William H. Rand, Manchester,

Thomas E. Roberts, Keene,

He man Rood, d.d., Hanover,

•Daniel Sawyer, Hopkiuton.

♦Edwin Seabury, Walpole.

Amos F. Shattuck, Hollis,

John C. Smith, Winchester.

Charles L. Tappan, Sandwich,

Lucius L. Tilden, Nashua, [Vt],

Caleb B Tracy, Wilmot,

Gksorpe W. Thompson, Stratham,

Isaac Willey, Sec. K. H. Bible Soo.,
Pembroke, 1826

Horace Wood, Gilsum, 1839

1872
1861
1826

1868

1864
1830
1830
1840

KBW JERSEY.

Beigamin F. Bradford, Montolair.
William T. Carr, Elizabeth, [Conn.], 1864
Hiram Eddv, Jersey City, fConn.l. 1839
Henry M. Grant, Stirling, [ConnJ, 1863
Edward C. Miles, Montclair, {S,Y.\
James B. Pearson, Montolair,

[Conn.]. I860

Cyrus Pickett, 1867

Daniel S. Rodman, Teacher, Mont-
clair, 1849
Luke I. Stontenburg, Teacher,

S^^hoolev's Mountain, 1842

William ^.. Smith, Newark. 1866

Michael E. Strieby, d.d., Sec. Am.
Miss. Ass. (56 Reade Street, New
York), Newark, 1849

Almon Underwood, evangelist, Ir-

vington, [N. Y.], 1837

Rufus S. Underwood, evangelist, Ir-

vington, [N. Y.], 1867

•Dana M. Walcott, Rutherford.

KEW YORK.

Lyman Abbott, editor, New York, 1860
Simeon O. Allen, New York, 1870

Warren Allen, Oswego, 1835

Samuel Bayliss, Sec. Soc. for Poor,

Brooklyn, 1853

Edward Beecher, d.d., Brooklyn, 1826
James C. Beecher, Poughkeepsie, 1866
Henry Belden, evangelist, ParKville,

L. I., 1830

Asher Bliss, Onoville.
Lewis Bodwell, Clifton Springs.
Charles P. Bush, d.d, A.B.C.F.M.,

New York, 1841

Henry H. Carpenter, Dauby.
Shubael Carver, No. Bergen, 1840

Charles N. Cate, New York. [Conn.], 1875
A^ Huntington Clapp, d.d., Treas.
Am. Home Miss. Soc., N^'W York.
William N. Cleveland, Holland Pat-
ent, 1856

(118)

1878.]

Ministers without Pastoral Charge.

201

DftTid B. Coe, D.D., Sec. Am. Home

ICiM. 800., New York.
Juum Q. Cordell, SoheDeoUdy. 1837
BrutOB M. Cravftth, Am. Miss. Ab0o-

oiatioii, Neir York, 1860

Charles H. Crawford, Salmmanoa, 1876
Kdward Dariefl, Waterrille, 18S3

Tbomaii Doiiglan, New York. [Iowa], 1868
Iiaae M. Ely, Chenango Forks.
Oeorfce R. £nt1er, ph.d., Franklin, 1840
CAaries P. Evans, Wynantskill, 1874
J. F. Gibbfl, East Hamburg.
Henry B. Gilbert, Mott's Comeni, 1870
3Bdwim W. Oilman, d.d.. Sea Am.

Bible Soc., New York.
Asaon Gleaeon, City Missionary,

Brooklyn, 1835

flamnel B. Halliday, Pastoral Assist-
ant, Brooklyn, 1863
Charles A. Harney, Middletown, 1881
IfV.Kye Harvey, Pi ew York, [Conn.], 1853
JUidrew D. Hayford, Crary's Mills, 1852
liVllliam D. Heuiy, evangelist,

Jamestown, 1851

<3eorga H. Hick, New Hampton, 1871
X. Smith Hobart. New York, 1841

John CHulbronk, d.d.. Bee. N. Y.

Slate Home MisH. Soc., Syracuse, 1842
Alfred Ingalls, Smithville, 1866

Simeon S Jmselyn, Brooklyn, 1829

Edwin Johnson, New York, [Conn.], 1861
William J. Knox, AnguKta, 1862

Daniel LanoHster, New York, 1825

Hanry Loomi^. Poughkeepsie, 1859

Benjamin N. Mnrtin, d.d., Prof.N.Y.

ITnlT., New York.
Hsniy H. MoFarland, Am. Sea.

Friends' Soc., New ^Tork.
William McKay, City Missionary,

Brooklyn, 1867

Darius Mead, New York. [Conn.], ia^3
Harvey Mile8, Kuosell, 1846

George C. Milne, Brooklyn, [Conn.], 1872
Ovid Miner, Syraciifle, \9SVS

Mason Moore, Saratoga, [Vt.], 1873

Henry MorriH, Binghanipton, 1832

John Newton, Philadelphia.
George B. Nutting, Oramel, 1861

Simeon North, d.d., Clinton, 1842

J. A- Payne, Tarry town.
Bay Palmer, d.d.. Sec. Am. Cong.

Union, New York.
Simeon Parmelee, d.d., Oswego. 1808
John H. Pettengill, Brooklyn,

[Conn.], 1843

GostavQH D. Pike, Am. Miss. Ass.,

06 Beade Street, New York, 18G2

Samnel F. Pt»rter, OriHkany, ia%

Isaac P. Powell, Clinton, [Conn.], 1868
Charles B. Ray, New York.
Morris RobertM, retired, Remsen.
John R. Shipherd, New York City,

[111.]. 1857

Ciiarles F. Stellinsr, d.d., Red Hook.
Alexander D. Stowell, Nichols, 1858

Henry M St«>rr>i, d.d , Sec. A. H. M.

Soc., New York, 1862

Charles Strong, Sing Sing, 1858

Bdward Tavlor, d.d., Binghamton, 1847
Edwin B. Turner, Owego.
C. E. Upson, Lewis, 1875

H. R Waite, editor, New York City. 1871
William H. Ward, d.d., editor of

Independent, New York.
Asahel C. Washbume, Syracuse, 1827
William Westerfteld, Morrisania, 1871
William H. Whittemore, Brooklyn, 1831
Moses H. Wilder, Brooklyn.
Warren W. Warner, Volney, 1858

J T. Wilson, 1875

Henry N. Wrieht, Babylon, L. L
Nathaniel T. Yeomans. Bristol, 1832

Samnel Young, Brier Hill, 1840

Christopher Youngs, Aquebogue,

L. L, 1830

OHIO.

Israel W. Andrews, d.d., Pres. ColL,

Marietta, 18B7

George Barnum, retired, Wauseon, 1848
ElHah P. Barrows, d.d.. Prof. Theol.

Sem., Oberlin, 1832

Samnel B. Bell, Mansfield.
Jas. G. Bowersox, farmer, Edgerton, 1809
Aaron Brown, Delaware, 1867

Willard Burr. Oberlin.
Charles H. Churchill, Prof. ColL,

Oberlin.
Qeorge Clark, retired, Oberlin.
Edward P. Clisbee, Oberlin, [Wis.], 1857
Henry Cowles, d.d., lecturer, Oberlin,1828
John Q. W. Cowles, Cleveland.
Abraham A. Cressman, Monroeville, 1877
Elam J. Cummings, retired, Kel-

loggsville, 1841

JohnM. Ellis, Prof. Coll., Oberlin, 1866
David Evans, Oak Hill.
Evan Evans, evangelist, Oak Hall.
Thofl. Evans, farmer, Mineral Ridge, 1841
Jas H. Fairchild, D.D., Pres. Coll.,

Oberlin. 1841

William W. Foot, teacher, Geneva, 1864
Andrew J. Hadlev, Toledo.
Heman B. Hall, Oberlin, 1851

Austin N. Hamlin, Wcsterville, 1844
Reuben Hatch, Oberlin, 1850

Henry B. Hosford, Prof. Coll., Hud-
son.
Benjamin Jones, former, Granville.
Sylvanus M. Judson, Sylvania,

[Mich.]
Theodore J. Keep, Oberlin, 1877

Henry Ketchum, Collamer.
Henry D. King, fanner, Orwell, 1856

liarmon B. Lane, Wellington, 1848

John Lloyd, clerk, Shawnee.
Hiram Mead, d.d.. Prof. Theol. Sem.,

Oberlin, IS-W

Daniel R. Miller, evangelist, Oberlin, ISl^
John Morgan, d.d., Prof Theol.

Sem., Oberlin, }KV

Charles R. Page. Chardon, 1873

Stephen D. Peet, Ashtabula, 1855

Samnel W. Pierson, in railroad of-
fice, Painesville, 1844

(119)

204

Summaries of Statistics.

[Jan.

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GO

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>

1VXOX

•paijd
-dn»jio>i

019* 'Oil

^q 'dn's

i

CO

9

1YXOX

*fJ(nffBj

o

H

00

H

<

99

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(122)

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(124)

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(ISS)

2i6 Remarks upon the Statistics. [J^n.

REMARKS UPON THE STATISTICS.

In the present issae, some improvements may be noted: —

ff

1. A larger type, abundantly clear.

2. In the tables by States, additional space, occupied by a general (bat not com-
pleted) insertion of finit names of ministers; and two new columns, viz , Families,
and Benevolent Contributions.

3. The transfer of "Ministers without Pastoral Charge," ftom the foot of the
several State tables to a group by themselves, securing much greater opportunity for
accuracy; and the insertion, so far as reports and time allowed this year, of the year
of ordination of such ministers.

4. Some additional columns in the general summaries, and an unseen, but care-
ful revision of those of past years.

5. In the Alphabetical List of Ministers, reference in each case to the page where
the name may be found in the tables, both for convenience of reference, and for
accuracy in compiling the List.

Some of these improvements will, however, require another year to perfect.

Statbs. —Indian Territory is added to our list. None are dropped.

CoifPARisoNS between figures reported last year and this year are as follows,
the specific changes by States being given in Summary IV: —

Number of churches as printed Jan. 1, 1877, 3,009

New churches added to the list, 118

Churches dropped from the list, 63

Net addition, 05

Total number as now printed, 9,664

Number of c^urc^ memberB as printed Jan. 1, 1877, 350,658

Gain in 40 States gaining, 14,936

Loss in 2 States losing, 147

Total net gain, 14,788

Total membership as now printed, 965,447

Total number in Sabbath SchooUt as printed (revised) Jan. 1, 1877, 412,035

Gain in 28 States gaining, 13,845

Loss in 13 States losing, 6,660

Total net gain, 8,185

Total as now printed, 420,220

(134)

18/8.] Remarks upon the Statistics. 217

BaunoUnt Contributions for year printed (revimd) Jao. 1, 1877, $1, 184,356. 4U

Increase in 14 States, reporting both years, $35,^98.03
Decrease in 16 " " *' 100,115.14

Net decrease in such States, $64,417.11

Increase by 4 States, reporting only this year, $1,075.17
Decrease by 2 <* ** " last year, 3,206.11

Net decrease, by such States, 2,130.94

Total net decrease, 66,548.05

Total amount for year now printed, $1,117,808^44

For JTome Expenditures for year printed Jan. 1, 1877, $2,581,166.28

Increase in 10 States reporting both years, $91,565.92
Decrease in 10 " " " 170,753.81

Net decrease in such States, $79,187,89

Increase by 3 States reporting only this year, $1,730.00
Decrease by 2 " « " last year, 230,544.02

Net d**crease by such States, 228,814.02

Total net decrease by reports, 308,001.91

Total amount reported this year, $2,276,164.37

The net gain in church membership is the largest since that given in the ipsne of
jADoaiy, 1860, nor does it include the results of the great revivals of the past

Tlie additions by profession are alno the largest since the same issue.

The percentasje of deaths as reported is .0145, — doubtless a trifle lower than the
actual fact. Of tho churches actually reporting such items, the iiercentage appears
to be under .010.

The increase in the number of ministers reported seems to be 18 greater than tho
increase in the nuinlxT of churches. But some States have secured fuller reports of
membership in Associations, which more than accounts for the difference; the
lucrease in the t<nal iiuinber (>f ministers being 73, while the increase in the numb<*r
not in pastoral service is 84; ami the number in pastoral service has diminished by 11.

The number of installed pastoi's has diminished by 23; the number of acting pastors
has increased by 12.

The number of churches supplied by Congregational ministers (either pastors or
acting pastor.^) has dimiuished by 20; the number supplied by licentiates, or minis-
ters of other denominations, has increased by 39, and the number unsupplied by
either has increased by 3G.

Of course it is understood that most of the " vacant" churches have regular ser-
vice.

But as to pastorates; in the issue of 1858, we had 947 churches with installed
pastors. In this issue of 1878 we have but 898, — while the number of churches has
incr^'ased by 1,219. In 18o8 we had 953 installed pastors; in this issue of 1878 we
liAve but 889, — while tho number of ministers has increased by 1,056.

(135)

2i8 Remarks upon the Statistics. [Jan.

The " ordinations withoat installatkm *' ftill vaiy deddedlj oatmunber onlinatioim
to the pastorate.

Of the nomber not in pa$toral charge, a portion are aoooonted for, as follows, —
altbooffh the reports of ooenpation are very defective, and the namber *' retired"
should doabtless be counted decidedly larger.

Connected with edacation, general or professional :
Presidents of Colleges (21), Professors {6i\ other oflSdals (8), Principals of Acad«»-

mies and teachers (32), State Saperintendents (2), School Superintendent (1), — 128.
Connected with the Benevolent Societies, Secretaries, etc., 63.
In missionary work, as evangelists, chaplains, with asyloms, etc., 36.
Editors, 2L
In secular pursuits, — literary work (7), government offices (4), librarians (3), lawyer

(1), physicians (3), in business or farmers (65X — 83.
Betired, from age or infirmity, 102. Total, 436.

Others who have been on our list fur years, without change of residence and with-
out even temporary pastoral charge, we do not include in the " retired."

Benevolent ConirihutUm* decreased by f66,M8.0S. The decrease in the three States
of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York — $70,690.26 — more than covers the
total decrease.

For Borne Expenditures, there appears a large decrease. But New Hampshire does
not report, and thus deducts $228,812.02; and the remaining decrease is more than
covered by the decrease in the single State of Ohio. The total, however, is entirely
unequal to facts, only 23 States reporting, and none of even these fully.

The S<»cretary of the National Council will be grateful for the correction of errors;
and for information in two particulard; in (1) year of ordination of any mini8ter,
(2) the first name of any minister now ill treated by the insertion of initials alone.

(13«j

1878.] National C<H>perative Societies. 219

NATIONAL CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.

L Ambbigah Board of Ck>MMUsiONBBS tor Foreiok Missions. — Organized in
1810.

- Corrttpondlng Secretaries: Rev. N. Qeorge Clark, d.d., and Rev. Edmnnd K.
Allen, D.D. rrea«iir«r: Langdon 3. Ward, — all at Congregational Honse, Boston,

JMstrM Secretaries:

Maine, New TIampshire, and Vermont, — Rev. William Warren, d.d., Gorham, Me.
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, — in chaigeof the Secretaries.
Kew York City and the Middle States, including Ohio, — Rev. Charles P. Bash,
D.D., 39 Bible House, New York City.

Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, and
Wisconsin, — Rev. Simon J. Humphrey, 113 West Washington Street,
Chicago, 111.

Wcmen^s Board (Auxiliary to the above):

Miss Ellen Carruth and Mrs. G. P. Putnam, Foreign Secretaries; Miss Abbie B.
Child, Home Secretary; Mrs. Benjamin E. Bates, Tretuurer; and Miss Emma
Carruth, Assistant Treasurer, 1 CongregatiouHl House, Boston.

II. Amkrioan Conorboational Union. — Organized in 1853.

Corresponding Secretary: Rev. Ray Palmer, d.d., 69 Bible House, New York City.
TVeosurer: Prof. N. A. Calkins, 69 Bible House, New York City.

III. Amerioak Home Missionary Society. — Organized in 1826.

Secretaries for Correspondence: Rev. David B. Coe, d.d., and Rev. Henry B£

Storrs, D.D., at Bible House, New York City.
Treasurer: Rev. Alexander H. Clapp, d.d., Bible House, New York City.

Secretaries of Auxiliaries :

Connecticut, — Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford.

Maine, — Rev. Jonathan E. Adams, Banpjor.

MasMachusett<<, — Rev.William Barrows, d.d., 22 Conji^rpgational House, Boston.

New Hampshire. — Rev. Edward H. Greeley, Concord.

New York, — Rev. John C. Holbrook, d.d., Syracuse.

Ohio, — Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d.d., Cleveland.

Rho<le Inland, — Rev. Jeremiah Taylor, d.d., Providence.

Vermont, — Rev. Charles S. Smith, Montpelier.

Superintendents :

Rev. James H. Warren, d.d., San Fran- Rev. Leroy Warren, Grand Rapids, Mich.

Cisco, Cal. Rev. Wolcott B. Williams, Charlotte,
Rev. Joseph E. Roy, d.d., Chicago, 111. Michigan.

Rev. Martin K. Whittlesey, Jackson- Rev. Levi H. Cobb, Minneapolis, Minn.

ville, 111. I^v. Robert West, St. I^uis, Mo.

Rev. Ephraim Adams, Waterloo, Iowa. Rev. Hiram N. Gates, Omaha, Neb.

Rev. Joseph W. Pickett, Des Moines, la. Rev. Franklin B. Doe, Ripon, Wis.

Rev. Sylvester D. Sturrs, Topeka, Kan. Rev. Henry A. Miner, Madison, Wis.

(137)

220 Theological Seminaries, [J^in.

IV. Ambrican Missionary Association. — Organised in 1846.

Corresnonding Secretary : Bev. Michael £. Strleby, d.d , 56 Beade Street, New
York City.

Treasurer: Edgar Ketcham, New York City.

Assistant Treasurer: H. W. Hubbard, 56 Reade Street, New York City.

District Secretaries: Bev. Charles L. WimmI worth, 21 Congregationdl Houne,
Boston, Mass.; Rev. James Powell. 112 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. ; and
Bev. Gustavus 1). Pike, 56 Beade Street, New York City.

V. GoNORBOATiONAL PcTBLiSHiNO SOCIETY, — Organized in 1832.
Recording Secretary : Bev. Charles B. Bice.

Treasurer: William O. Grover, Congregational House, Boston, Mass.

VI. FOR MINISTERIAL EDUCATION:

1. American College and Educational Society. — Beorganized in 1874.

Corresponding Secretary : Bev. Increase N. Tarbox, d.d., 32 Congregational Hoase«
Boston, Mass.
Treasurer: James M. Gor<lon, 32 Congregational Hou'^e, Boston, Ma.<is.
Assistant Treasurer: Rev. C. P. Bush, d.d., 39 Bible House, New York City.

2. The Western Education Society. —Organized in 1864.

Secretary : Bev. Edward P. Williams, Chicago, III.
Treasurer : Lyman Baird, 90 La Salle Street, Chicago, 111.

THE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES.

I. — Andover Theological Seminary, Andover, Mass. Opened for instruction
September 28, 1808.

IL — Theological Seminary, B.ingor, Maine. Opened for instruction November,
1817.

III. — Theological Department of Yale College, New Haven, Conn. Opened for
instruction in* 1822.

IV. — Theological Institute of Connecticut, Hartford, Conn. Opened for instruc-
tion in 1831.

V. — Theological Department of Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio. Opened for
instruction in 1835.

VI. — Theological Seminary, Chicago, HI. Opened for instruction October, 1858.

VII. — Paciftc Theological Seminary, Oakland, California. Opened for instruc-
tion June, 1869.

Full listH of Faculty and Stndents, flfhd statements of terms, vacations, etc., ap-
pear annually in the April number of the Congregational Quarterly.

(138)

i

1878.] National and State Organizations of Churches, 221

THK NATIONAL AND STATE ORGANIZATIONS OF

THE CHURCHES.

THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OP THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCHES
OF THE UNITED STATES.— Organized November 17, 1871.

Delejfates are sent by tbe churches in their respective local Conferences (one dfl-
e^^te for each tea churches and major fraction thereof), and by the churches in their
respective State organizations (one delej^ate from each, and one for each ten thou-
j«9ind communicants and major fraction thereoO* The National Benevolent Societies
nnd the Theological Seminaries are also represented by honorary delegates (one
each ).

Officers : Rev Alonzo H. Quint, D d., New Bedford, Mass., Secretary ; Rev. Wil-
liam H. Moore, Berlin, Conn., Registrar; Charles Demond, £sq., Boston, Mass.,
Treasurer ; Langdon S. Ward, Boston, Mass., Auditor.

Provisional Committee: Hon. Horace Fairbanks, St. Johnsbury, Vt., chairman ;
Hon. John E. S^nford, Taunton, Mass.; Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence, R. I.;
•James B. Augell, ll.d., Ann Arbor, Mich.; Dea. Charles G. Hammond, Chicago,
III.; Rev. .Tames K. McLean, Oakland, Cal.

Stated Meetings, — every third year from 1871. Special meetings to be called upon
the request of any five State organizations of churches.

Alabama, Thb GeyBRAL Coxpbrbxcb of thb Conorboational Churches of. —
Organized April 6, 1876.

Officers a7id Session of 1878: — No report.

California, General Association of. — Organized October, 1857.

Officers: — liev. James H. Warren, d.d., San Francisco, Registrar and Treasurer;
Hey. Henry E. Jow('tt, Redwood, Statistical Secretary.

Session of 1878 : Place not selected, Tuesday, October — , at 7J o'clock, p. m.

Colorado Association ok Congregational CnuRCHES.-Organized March IG, 1868.
Officers: liev. Winthrop D. Sheldon, Colorado Springs, Statistical Secretary.
Session of 1878: No report.

Connecticut, General Association of. — Organized May 18, 1709.
Officers: Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Registrar and Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Meriden, Tuesday, June 18, at 11 o'clock, A. M.

Connecticut, General Conference of. — Organized November 12, 1867.

Officers : Rev. William H. Moore, Hartford, Registrar and Statistical Secretary.
S'jsjiion of 1878: New Britain, Tuesd-Ay, Nov. 12, at 11 o'clock, a. m.

Dakota, The Congregational Association of. — Organized in 1871.
Officers : Rev. Joseph Ward, Yankton, Corresponding Secretary.
Session of 1878 : Bon Homme, Thursday, October 17, at 7 o'clock, p. m.

DwTRicr OF Columbia : in New Jersey General Association.

(139)

222 National and State Organizations of Churches. [Jan.

Grorqia, AiJiBAMA, Tbnkbssbjb, AND MISSISSIPPI : Thb GsMTitAL South CoNFsa-

RNC£. — Organized October 25, 1871.

Offlcen: Rey. Henry S. Bennett, Nashyille, Tenn., Statistioftl Seeretary and
TreaffaroT.

8e9Sion o/ 1878: Chattanooga, Tenn., Thursday, Nov. 7, at 7i o'clock, p. ic.

Illinois, Grnbbal Association op. — Or^nised Jane 21, 1844.

Officers : Rev. Martin K. Whittlesey, Jacksonville, Registrar and Corresponding
Secretary.

Session of 1878: Galesbarg, Monday, May 27, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Indian Tbrritort. — Not associated.

Indiana, Gbneral Association of thb Conokboational Churohbs and Minis-
TKBS IN. — Organized March 13, 1858.

Officers : Rev. Nathaniel A. Hyde, Indianapolii*, Secretary and Treasarer.
Session of 1878: Peru, Thursday, May 9, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Iowa, Gbnbbal Association of. Organized November 6, 1840.
Officers : Rev. James G. Merrill, Davenport, Register.
Session of 1878: Tabor, Wednesday, May 29, at 7| o'clock, p. m.

Kansas, Gbnbbal Organisation of. Organized August, 1855.

Officers: Prof. Jonathan S. Slie, Topeka, Permanent Clerk; Rev. Albert M. Rich-
ardson, Lawrence, Statistical Clerk; William Crosby, Valley Falls, Treasurer.

Session of 1878: Lawrence, Wednesday, June 5, at 8 o'clock, p. m.

Kbntuckt, The State Association of Christian Chuechbs andMini8teb8 in. «
Organized . . .

Officer : Rev. B. S. Hunting, Berea, Stated Clerk.
Session of 1878: No report.

Louisiana: The Southwestern Conference. — Organized January 26, 1870.
Officers: No report.
Scission of 1878: Wednesday, January 9.

Maine, GE^fERAL Conference of. ~ Organized January 10, 1826.

Officers: Rev. Ezra H. Byiugton, Brunswick, Corresponding Secretary; Dea.
Einathau F. Duren, Bangor, Recording Secretary.

Session of 1878: Auburn, Tuesday, June 25, at 9 o'clock, A. m.

Maryland: In New Jersey General Association.

Massachusetts, General Association of the Congregational Churches of. —
Organized June 29, 1803, as a ministerial body; including also Conferences (»f
churches, June 16, 1868, by union of the Association and Gbneral Confbrbncb
(which was organized September 12, 1860).
Officers: Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d.d.. New Bedford, Secretary; Rev. James P.

Kimball, Boston, Registrar; George E. Clarke, Falmouth, Treasurer.
Session of 1878: Fall River, Tuesday, June 18, at 4 o'clock, p. m.

Michigan, General Association of. — Organized October 11, 1842.
Officers: Rev. Philo R. Hurd, d.d., Detroit, Secretary.
Seuion of 1878: East Saginaw, Tuesday, May 21, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Minnesota, General Congregational Confbrbncb of. — Organised October 23,

1856.

Officers: Rev. Nathan C. Chapin, Rochester, Corresponding Secretary; William
Cheney, Minneapolis, Statisticai.Secretary; Rev. Edward^M. Williams, Minneapolis*
Treasurer.

St:ssion of 1878: , Thursday, October 10, at 7 o'clock, p. m.

(UOy

1878.] National and State Organizations of Churches. 223

MiasisBiFPx: «ee Georgia.

M1B8OURI, Gbkbral Asbooiation of thb Gokobboational Ohubchbs of. — Organ-
ised October 27, 1865.

Cffieer$ : Rev. Charles L. Mitchell, Sedalia, Secretary and Treasurer.
h€$gion of 1878: Kansas City, Thursday, October 17, at 7i P. m.

Kkbbaska, CoyoRKQATioNAii ASSOCIATION OF. — Organised August 8, 1857.
QtfUxf : Rev. Harmon Brosd, Crete, Stated Clerk and Treasurer.
8e$9ion o/1878: Fremont, Wednesdt^. October 23, at 7i p. m.

Nevada : in General Association of California.

New Hampshire, General Association of. — Organised June 8, 1809.

Qfflcer$: Rev. Franklyn D. Ayer, Concord, Secretary; Rev. Samuel L. Gcronid,
Goflbtown, Statistical Secretary and Treasurer.

Sesiion of 1878: Concord, Tuesday, September 10, at 7 o'clock, p. m.

Kbw Jersey, General Association of. — Organised June 2, 18G9.
Officers: Rev. George M. Boynton, Newark, Secretary.
Suskmcf 1878: Vinelaud, Tuesday, October 8, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Kiw York, General Association of. — Organised May 21, 1834.

QffUxTB : Rev. James Deane, Westmoreland, Secretary and Statistical Socretiiry ;
Rev. William A. Robinson, Homer, Treasurer.

Set9(on of 1878: Oswego, Tuesday, October 15, at 4 o'clock, p. m.

KoBTH Carolina. — No organisation.

Obio, Conoreqational Conference of. ~ Organised June 24, 185?.

Officers : Rev. John G. Fraser, East Toledo, Register, Statistical Secretary, and
Treasurer.

Session of 1878: Sandusky, Tuesday, May 7, at 7 o'clock, p. m.

Oriook, Conoreoational Association of. — Organised 1818 (7).
Officers : Rev. Horace Lyman, Forest Grove, Registrar.
tiession of 1878: Oregon City, Thursday, June 20, at 10 o'clock, a. m.

Pennsylvania. — No General Association. Local organizations, viz.: —

L The Welsh Conoreqational Association of Eastern Pennsylvania. —
Organized in 1840. Rev. Thomas C. Edwards, Wilkesbarre, Secretary; William S.
Davis, Neath, Treasurer. Session of 1878 : Kingston, in September.

n. The Welsh Congregational Association of Western Pennsylvania. —
Bev. Hugh E. Thomas, d.d., Pittsburg, Secretary.
Session of 1878: Johnstown, in September.
Other churches are connected with New York, Ohio, and New Jersey.

Bhodb Island Congregational Conference. — Organized May 3, 1809.

Officers: Rev. Thomas Laurie, d.d.. Providence, Stated Secretary; George L.
Claflin, Providence. Treasurer.

Session of 1878: Peacedale, Tuesday, Jane 11, at 10 o'clock, a. m.

South Carolina. — Not assocated.

Tennessee.— 5«e Georgia.

Texas, Congregational Association of.— Organizied December 4, 1871.
Officers: Rev.3ethuel C. Church, Goliad, Stated Clerk.
Session of 1878: No report.

(141)

224 National and State Organizations of Churches. [Jan.

Utah. — Not associated.

VbRSCONT, GbXEBAL OONVKNTIOir or OONOBBOATIONAL M1NI8TBB8 AND ChUBOHBS

TN. — Organized June 21, 1796. Incorporated Jane 18, 1873.
Officers: Ber. Charles H. Merrill, West Brattleboro', Secretary; Rev. Parsons T.
Pratt, Dorset, Corresponding Secretary; J. C. Btnery, Montpelier, Treasarer.
Session of 1878: Butland, Tuesday, Jane 11, at 10 o'clock, a. ic.

«

Viboinia: InNsw Jebsbt Gbnbbal Association.
Washixoton Tbbritort: In Obboon Association.
West Viboinia: In Ohio Gonfbbbngb.

Wisconsin. ~ The churches are in the Conqbboational and Pbbsbttbbian Con-
vention OP Wisconsin. — Or;;anized October — , 1840.
Officers: Rev. Enos J. Montague, Fort Atkinson, Permanent and Statistical Clerk;

liev. Henry C Hitchcock, Milwaukee, Stated Clerk and Treasarer.
Session of 1878: Waukesha, Thursday, September 26^ at 71 p.m.

Wyoming. — Associated with Colobado.

MEETINGS IN 1878, IN OBDEB OF DATE.

Louisiana,

Ohio,

Indiana,

Michigan,

Illinois,

Iowa,

Kansas,

Vermont,

Bhode Island,

Connecticut, —

Association,
Ma88]ichusetts,
Oregon,
Maine,
Texas,

New Hampshire,
Peunsylvauia, —

Welsh, Eastern,
** Western,
Wisconsin,
California,
New Jersey,
Minnesota,
New York,
Missouri,
Dakota,
Nebraska,
Colorado,
Georgia, etc.,
Connecticut, —

Conference,

at Sandusky,

Peru,

East Saginaw,

Galesburg,

Tabor,

Lawrence.

Rutland,

Peacedale,

Meriden,
Fall River,
Oregon City,
Auburn,

Concord,

Kingston,

Johnstown,

Waukesha,

Viuelund,

Oswego,
Kansas City,
Bon Honnne,
Fremont,

Annually in January.
Tuesday, May 7, at 7 o'clock, p. jf .
Thursday, May 0, at7| o'clock, P. m.
Tuesday, May 21, at 7^ o'clock, p. m.
Monday, May 27, at 7^ o'clock, p. m.
Wednesday, May 29, at 7i o'clock, P. M.
Wednesday, June 5, at 8 o'clock, p. M.
Tuesday, June 11, at 10 o'clock, A. M.
Tuesday, June 11, at 10 o'clock, a. m.

Tuesday, June 18, at 11 o'clock, a. m.
Tuesday, June 18, at 4 o'clock, p. m.
Thursday, June 20, at 10 o'clock, A. m.
Tuesday, June 25, at 9 o'clock, A. m.
In July(?).
Tuesday, September 10, at 7 o'clock, p. n

In September, day not fixed.

In September, day not fixed.

Thursday, September 26,at 7i o'clock,p.M.

Tuesday, October 8, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Tuesday, October 8, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Thursday, October 10, at 7 o'clock, p. M.

Tuesday, October 15, at 4 o'clock, p. M.

Thursday, October 17, at 7i o'clock, p. m.

Thursday, October 17, at 7 o'clock, P. M.

Wednesday, October 23,at7i o'clock, p. m.

In October ( ?).

Chattanooga, Tenn., Thursday, November 7, at 71 o'clock, p. K.

New Britain,

Tuesday, November 12, at 11 o'clock, a.

1878.]

List of Congngational Ministers.

225

LIST OP CONGREGATIONAL MINISTERS IN THE

UNITED STATES.

BEPOBTBD BY THB SEVEBAL STATE 0BGANIZATI0N8.

Tn National Council, in 1871, ananimoosly adopted the following : —

**Ruoteedf That all ministers in onr denomination ought to be in orderly connection
with some ministerial or ecclesiastical organization, which shall be able to certify to
their regular standing in the ministry."

The following appears among the Bt-Law8 : —

** The Council approves of an annual compilation of the statistics of the churches,
and of a list of such ministers as are reported by the several State organisations."

The following list, in conformity to the above, is made up from the oJlphdbBtical lists
^nted by the State Associations and Conferences (not from the preceding tables),
smnetimes changed by letters from the Secretaries, with the names of persons regu-
lariy ordained since the issue of the State Minutes. Any omissions (unless by acci-
dent) an due to the fiujt that no organisation reported the names of the omitted.

Licentiates are not included in this list, nor are ministers of other denominations,
ulees they are also members of some (3ongregational organization, although they
■ay be temporarily supplying our churches. A list of Licentiates follows this.

Letlen for foreign missionaries are forwarded by the respective Boards. See ifis-
tkmarp Herald and American MUsionary for particular directions.

The figures refer to folios found at the bottom of the pages.

Abbp, Frederick B., Dorchester,

Mass. 114

Abbott, A., Fairfield, Neb. 07

Abbott, Charles H., Huntley, HI. 17

AMiott, Edward. Boston, Idass. 114

Abbott, Edward F., South Wards-

boro', Vt. 100

Abbott, Ephraim £. P., Newport,

N. H. 73

AbOott, Jacob, Farmin^ton, Me. 114
Abbott, Lyman, New York City, 118

Abbott, T. C, Iianmnf?, Micb. 117

Aberuethy, Henry C, Altona, 111. 15,20

A<lair, Samuel L.,Osawatomie, Kan.
Adamj*, Aaron C, Wetherxfield, Ct.
Adams, Alson D., Sioux Falls, Dak.
Adams, Amos B., Itonzonia, Mich.
Adanm, Benjamin d.» Cabot, Vt.
Adams, Calvin C^ Montour, la.
AdaiUH, Charles J., Winfield, Kan.
Adain:9, Daniel £., Ashburuham,

llass.
Adams, Edwin A., A. B. C. F. M.
Adams, Ephraim, Waterloo, la.
Adams, Pred'k H., New Hartford, Ct.
Adams, George B., New Marlboro',

Mass.
Adams, Oeorgs C, Alton, 111.
Adams, Georf^e M., Holliston, Mass.
Adams, Harvey, BowenVs Prairie, la.
Adams, J. A., Dallas, Tex.
Adam«, John, Hilisboro' Centre,

K.H.

31
12
13
117
96
2G
32

41

110

113

9

49
15
46
23
120

72

Adams, John C, Falmouth, Me. M

Adams, Jonathan E., Bangor, Me. 114

Adams, Joseph, Corry, Pa. 190

Adams, Lncien H., A. B. C. F. M. 100

Adams, Myron, Bochester, N. Y. 81

Adams, Nehemiah, Boston, Mass. 42

Adamfl, Thomas, Winslow, Me. 114

Adams, William, Brown, Mich. 65

Adams, Wm. W., Fall Biver, Mass. 45

Aiken, James, Fair lee, Vt. 97

Aiken, John F., Pawlet, Vt. 120

Aikin, William P., Rutland, Vt. 120

Aikman, Joseph G., Utica, O. 86

Alcott, Wm. P., BoRton, Mass. 114
Alden, Ebenezer, jr., Marahfield,

Mass. 47

Alden, Edmund K., Boston, Mass. 114

Aldertion, James, Sabula, la. 27
Aldriflh, Jeremiah K., Nashua,

N. H. 78
Alexander, Walter S., New Orleans,

La. 88

Allen, Abram Barker, Alpena, Mich. 55
Allen, Cyrus W., West Hanover,

Mass. 4B
Allen, Ephraim W , No. Middleboro',

Mass. 48

Allen, Erwin W., Dayton, W. T. 102

Allen, Frederick B., Boston, Mass. 42

Allen, Frederick L., Walpole, N. H. 74
Allen, George E., East Somervilie,

Mass. 114

Allen, John A., Odell, HI 19

(148)

226

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

AHen, John W., North Woodstock,

Ct. Ill

Allen, J. Winf, Sftline Co., Neb 118

Allen, Samoei U., Windsor Locks,

Ct. Ill

Allen, Simeon O. , New York City, 118
Alli-n, Warren, Oswego, N. Y. 118

Allen, William C, Sanjratnck, Mich. 117
Allender, John, K«Ki Oak, la. 27

Alley, Frederick, Wilber, Neb. 67, m
Alley, MowM. Waupaca, Wit. 121

AlTord, Angnstus, West GranTilIe,

Ma«s. 45

Alvonl, FT»»derick, Nashua, N BL 73
Ament. William 8., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Ames, Marcus, lAncaster, Mass. 46

Amsden, Benjamin M., Manchester,

la. 113

Amsden. Silas H., New Salem, Mass. 49
Anderson, Charles, No. Woburn,

Mass. 43,54

Ander»on, D. R., Oak Creek, Wis. 106
Andersun, Edward, Qaincy, 111. 19

Andertfou, George P., Gaines, N. Y. 78
Anderson, James, Manchester, Vt. 120
Anderifon, Jo»epb, Waterbury, Ct 11

Anderson, Kerr C, OshkoMh, Wis. 106
Anderson, Lauren C, Florence, Ala. 1
Anderson, Rufns, Boston, Mass. 114

Andrews, Edwin N., St. Charles, 111. 112
Andrews, Israel W., Marietta, O. 119
Andrews, Samuel B., Lanesville,

Mass. 45

•Andrus, Elizur, Vicksbnrg, Micb. 60
Angier, Man^hall B.. Ipj^wicb, Mass. 46
AnnJH, Aaron U., lUinoiP, 112

Anthony, George N,, Peabody, Mass. 114
Apthorp, Riifus, Big Rock, la. 23

Archer, M. D., Genoa Bluffs, la. 25

Archibald. Andrew W., Smart, la. 24, 27
Arms, Hiram P., Norwich Town, Ct. 9
Arms, Josiah L., Woodstock, Ct. Ill

ArmH, William F., Sunderland, Mass. 52
Armsby, Lauren, Council Grove,

Kan. 29, 30

Armstrong, Frederick A., Webster

Groves, Mo. 117

AnuMtroug, James, Orion, Mich. 117

Armstrong, Julius C, Western

Springs, III. 18

ArniHtrong, Robert S., Winnebago

Agency, Minn. 63

Arnold, Arthur E., Lemars. la. 26

Arnold, Henry T., Providence, R. L 120
Arnold, Seth A., Newton, lo. 28

Ash, William H., Providence, R. T. 120
Ashley, James M., Ridgeway, Kan.

30, 31,32
Ashley, Samuel S., Atlanta, Ga. 14

Ashley, W. H., Stranger, Kan. 32

Atherton, Isaac W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Atkins, Doane R., Westbrook, Ct. 11

Atkinson, George H., Portland, Or. 89, 102
Atkinson, John L., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Atkinson, William B., Wahoo, Neb. 118
Atkinson, William H., Orchard, la. 27
Atwater, Edward E., New Haven, Ct. Ill
Atwood, Eugene F., Rodman, N. Y.

Atwood, Edwaxd 8 , Salem, MaM. 61
Atwood, Lewis P., Sooth Middle-

boro', Mass. 114

Austin, David R., So. Norwalk, Ct. Ill
Austin, Franklin D., Ihiiiatable,

Mass. 44

Austin, Heniy A., PleaMUitoii,Mieh. 117
Austin, Lewis A.. Plainlleld, N. H. 73
Austin, Samuel J., Chioopee Fallii

Mass. 43

Avery, Frederick D., Colambift, Ct. 6
Avery, Henry, Tonica, HL 20

Avery, Jared R., Grotoo, Ct. Ill

Avery, John, Central Village, Ct. 10

Avery, William P. Chapin, la. 113

Avery, William F.,Lant^boro', MaM. 114
Ayer, Charles, L., SomersviUe, Ct. 10
Ayer, Franklin D., Concord, N. H. 70
Ay res, Fred'k H., Long Ridge, Ct. Ill
*Ayres, Milan C, Avon, Ct. 5

Ayers, Rowland, Uadley, Maaa. 45

Babb, Thomas E., Oxford, Masa. 114

Babbitt, James H.. Swanton, Vt. 120
Bacheler, F. £. M., Killinglj. Ct. 8

Bachtell, W. B., Viola. 111. 20

Backus, Joseph W.. Thomaston, Ct. 11
Bacon, Edw'd W., New London, Ct. 9
Bacon, Leonard, New Haven, Ct. 9

Bacon, Leonard W., New Haven, Ct. Ill
Bacon, Edward E., Norway, Me. 37

Bacon, William F., Chelsea, Mats. 114
Bacon, William N., Shoreham, Vt. 90
Bacon, William T., Derby, Ct. Ill

Bailey, Amos J., Hennepin, 111. 17

Bailey, Charles E., Benxonia; Mich. 117
Bailey, Edward D., Wheaton, III. 112
Bailey, George H., Griggsville, 111. 112
Bailey, John G., Windsor, Mo. 05, 66
Bainum, Geo. W., Bunker Hill, HI. 15
Baird, Enoch F., Mallet Creek, O. 85, 88
Baird, John G., New Haven, Ct. Ill

Baird, John W., A B. C. F. M. 110

Baird, Robert G., Lansing, Mich. 117
Bake, Henry P., PhcBuix, N. Y. 80

Baker, Ariel A., E. Hardwick, Vt 97
Baker, Edward P., San Francisco,

Cal. 3

Baker, Ephraim H., Waukegan, HI. 20
Bilker, John W. H., New Sharon,

Me. 114

Baker, Orrin G., Jamaica, Vt. 96

Baker, Silas, Standish, Me. 114

Baker, Smith, Lowell, Mass. 47

Baker, Zebina, Waushara, Kan. 114

Baldwin, Abraham C, Hartford, Ct. Ill
Baldwin, Charles H., Medford, Mass. 48
Baldwin, Curtis C, Sullivan, O. 85,87
Baldwin, David J., Iowa Falls, lo. 113
Baldwin, Dwight, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Baldwin, Elijah C, Branford, Ct. 5

Baldwin, Joseph B., West Towns-

hend, Vt. 100

Baldwin, John A., Plymouth, Mich. 117
Baldwin, Thomas, Plymouth, Vk 120
Baldwin, William 0., Maine, N. Y. 79
Bale, Albert G. Melrose, Mass. 48

Ball, John A., Rio, Wis. 106, 107

(144)

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

m

Ballard, Jan., Orand Bapids, Mich. 117
Baocron, laaao, Belmont. Wis. 104

Baofield, John A., Benicia. Gal. 2

Baaica, Frederick E., Farmington, la. 24
Banka, Q«H>rge W., Gnilford, Gt. 7

Barber, Alannon D.. Wallingford, Vt. 120
Baiber, Amai D.« Glaridon, O. 84, 86
Barber, Elthn, Beattie, Kan. 114

Barber, Geo. W., Milwaukee, Wis. 121
Bftrber, Leman N.« Robinson, Mich. 08, 00
Barber, Lother H., Hanover, Gt. 11

Barbtmr, Henry, JU>ndonj:ngland, 111
Baiboor, Wm. M.. New Haven, Gt. 9
BardlaT, Thomas D., Kent, Gt. 7

Bard, GKwrKe I., Meredith, N. H. 72

Barker, Isaac, Rockfoni, Mich. 117

Barker, Samnel P., Bran^ord, OrU. 117
Ba^er, Nathaniel, WakeHeld, N. »r.
Barlaod, Thomas, Eau Glaire, Wis. 120
Barnard, Alonxo, Benzonia, Mich. 117
Barnard, EUhu G., Muline, III. 18

Barnard, Pliny F., Westminster. Vt. 100
Barnard. Stephen A., Lansing, Mich 117
Bamea, Henry B., Haverl ill, Mass. 4tt
Barnes, Jeremiah B., Zambrota,

Minn. 117

Barnes, John B., Eldora. la. 24

Bametl, James, Grand Haven, Mich. 07
Bamett, Jnmes W., Blackhawk, la. 23
Bamam, Attjca"tine, Gandor, N. Y. 77
Barnnm, George. Wauseon, O. 119

Bamnm, Sam'l W . N*iw Haven, Gt. Ill
Barrett, John P., Manchester, Is. 2A
Banowa, Allen G., Kent, O. 80

Barrows, Gbarles D , Lowell, Mass. 47
Barrows, Elijah P., Oherlin, O. 119

Barrowa, George W., EUzabeihtown,

N.Y. n

Barrows, Homer, Andover, Mass. 110
Barrows, John H., Lawrence, Mass. 47
Barrows, John O., A. B. G. F. M. 109
Barrows, Simon, O-tceoIa, Neb. 68, (i9
Barrowi*, Walter M., Salt Lake Gity,

Utah. 95

Barrows, William, Boston, Masfl. 115
Barrows, Wm. H., Staceyville, la. 27
Barstow, Gharles, Am«»8, la. 113

Barteaa, Sydney H., Zumbrota,

Minn. 117

Bartholomew, G. M., Rashvillc, N. Y. 81
Bartlett, Bdw'd O., LynnfteM, Mass 47
Bartlett, Enoch N., Colorado Springs,

Gol. Ill

Bartlett, Joseph, North Springfield,

Mo. 117

Bartlett, Leavitt, Olathe, K in. 31

BartleU, Lymau, A. B. G. F. M. 109

Bartlett, ^mtiel C, Elanover, N. H.
Barton, Alanson S., Colchester, Vt. 97
Barton, Walter, Lynn, Mass. 47

Basoom, Flavel, Bristol, 111. 15

Bascom, (George S , Peru, III. 19

Basoom, John, Madison, Wis. 121

Bassett, Edward B., Shntesbnry,

Maa«. 02

Basaett, John F , Jaffrev, N. H. 72

Bassetr, William B , Nhw Haven, Gt. Ill
Bmtchelder, John S., Hampton, N. H. 71

Bales, Henry, Plymouth, Keb.
Bates, James A , Wolcott, Vt. 101

BateS|8. Lysander, Newbnry. Vt. 98
Batt, William J., Stonebam, Mass. 02
Baxter, Benjamin S., Mauston, Wis. 121
Bayliss, Samdel, Brooklyn, N. Y. 118
Bayley, Frank T^^ Detroit, Mich. 117
Bayne, John 8., Portland, Gt. 10

Bayne, Thomas, Golumbus, Neb. 67

Beach, Aaron G , East Haildam, Gt. Ill
Beach, David N., Westerly, R I. 11, 93
Beach, Edwin R. fWlsoonsili.1 121

•B«'ach, Elmer J., Hopkinton, N. Y. 78
Beach, George L., Rootstown, O. 87

Beach, Jt>hn W., North Branford, Gt. 0
Beach, Nathaniel, Woodstock, Gt. 12
Beach, Samnel J., Goming, la. 24

Beai/.eley, Theo., Bhonerville. GaL 3

Beaman, Ghas. O., Boi*ton, Mass. 110
Beaman, Warren H., Amhentt, Mass. 110
Bean, David M., South Framiugham,

Mass. 45

Bean, Ebenezer, Gray, Me. 86

Beane, Phineas A^ Jacksonville, nt 112
Beard, Augustus F., Syracuse, N. Y. 81
Beard, Edwin S., Brimklyn, Gt. 6

Beard, Wm. H., South Killingly, Gt. 8
Beardsley, Bronson B.,Bridgeport,Gt. Ill
Beardsley, Josiah, Sun Prairie, Wis. 107
Beck with, Clarence A., Brewer, Me. 30
Beckwith, Bilw*d G., Waterburv, (H. 11
Beckwith, Gtoo. A., Francouia, K. H. 71
Beebe, Hubbard, New Haven, Gt. Ill
Beecher, Charles, Georgetown, Mass. 40
Beecher, E<lward, Brvwiklyn, N. Y. 118
Beech«>r, Frederick W., Wellsville,

N.Y.
Beecher, Henry Ward, Brooklyn,

N. Y. 76

Beecher, .Tas. G., Pou^bkeepsie, N. Y. 118
* Beecher, Thomas K., Elmir^, N. Y. 77
B*^echer, Wm. H., Cbioago, III. 112

Beekman, James C, Byron, III. 112

BehrendM, Adolphus J. F., Provi-
dence, B. I. 93
Belden, H«nrv, Parkville, L. I. 118
Bi'lknap, A. J., Otley, la. 113
Bell, James M., West Med wav, Mass. 48
Bell, Newton H., Arcade, N.Y. 76
Bell, Robert C, Mc. Carniel, Ct. 7
Bell, Samuel, Atnleborouiich, Alass. 41
Bell, Samuel B., Mansfield, O. 119
Belt, Salathiel D., Rock Falls, 111. 19
Beman, Irving L., Crown Point, N.Y. 77
Benedict, Arthur J., Gorham, N. H. 71
Benedict, Ldwis, Auror:i, III. 112
Benedict, Thoa. N., Aquebogue, N.Y. 76
Benedict, William A.^ Sutton, Ma:4S. 58
Benjamin. A. J., Beloit, la. 112
Benner, E I ward A., Liowell, Mads. 110
Bennett, Ethan O., Brighton, la. 113
Bennett, Henry S., Na<4hville, Tniin. 94
Bennett, John, Cahokn, Mo. 64, 65, 66
Bennett, Jos. L., Suspension Bridge,

N. Y. 79

Bennett, Matthew, Barahoo, Wis. 121
Bennett, William P., Lyndon, Vt. 98
Benson, Almon, Centre Harbor, N. H. 118

(l«)

22S

List €f C4mgregaiiemal MimsUru

M

Ul

40

8

107

113
4i
»
18
11

109
24

112
110
130

I, Homer H., Bdoif, Wii. 121

Beat, Geon^, Seneca, Kaa. 31

Bent, J. A., Wbe«too, DL 112

Benton , Joteph A., O^klsBa, GU. Ill
Bentou, Ledjard E., Freaonl, Keb.
Berber, Janie* S., Bed Blnflk, Onl.
Barnej, Daniel, Port Sanilae, Mick.
Berry, Ao^iutos, Pelbam, N. H. 58^ 73
Berry, Ixjnrn F., PlantsriUe, Ct. 11

Betu. Darin*, Ada, Midi.
•Bickfi>rd, Leri F., Kinesirille, O.
BM^f ird, Warren K., WinClirop^ Me.
Biddle, J^cub A^ Milfbrd, Ct.
Bid veil, John B., Somah, Wis.
Bicelov, Andrew, Sonthboroo^,

MaM.
Billing*, Ri<^ard S., Daltnn, Maai.
Billman, Ira C, Adrian, Micb.
Bingham, Charle* M.. Millbom, m.
Biniehanj, Egbert B.. Roekrille, Ct.
Binirham, Uiram, A. B.C. F. M.
Bingham, Joel S., Dobnqne, la
Btichard, WiilUm M., W

D.C.
Bird, William, Smi^
Birge, Eben C, Lr>ndonderry, Yt.
Bisbee, CharU^ G.. Fontanelle, Neb. 118
Bisbee, John H., We«tfield, Mam. 115
*Bisbee, M^rrin D., Cambridgeport,

Maw. 43

Biaooe, George S., Shnllsbnrg, Wis. 107
Bisooe, Thomas C, Holiiston, Mass. 115
BisseU, Charles H., Traer, la. 28

Bissell, Edward C, A. B. C. F. M. 110
BisseU, Jonathan £., Milwankee,

Wis. 121

Bissell, Oscar, Westford. Ct. 5

Bissell, Samuel B. S., Norwalk, Ct. Ill
Bittiager, John Q., HaTerbill, N. U. 72
Bixby, ALiDSon, Oswego, Kan. 31

Bixby, Joseph P., Norwood, Mass. 49
Bixby, Solomon, Petersham, Mass. 60
Blagden, George W., Boston, Mass. 115
Blades, John L., Sacn, Me. 38

Blair, Harlan P., Copenhagen, N. Y. 77
Blair, John J., Rockland, Me. 38

Blaisdell, James J., Beloit, Wis. 121

Blaisdell, William S., Randolph, Vt. 99
Blake, Chas. M., San FrAncisoo, CaL 111
Blake, Geo. O., Kirwin. Kan. 30, 31

Blake, Henry A, Athol, Mass. 41

Blake, Henry B., Springfield, Mass. 113
Blake, Jeremiah, Gilmanton Iron

Works, N. H. 118

Blake, Joseph, Gilmanton, K. H. 71

Blake, Ljman H., Boston, Mass. 42

Blake, Alortimer, Taantou, Mass. 52

Blake, We.<*ley R , PhilUpsbnrg, la. 114
Blakeiey, Josiah B., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Blakely, Qaincy, Campton, N. H. 70
Blakeslee, Allen D., Brownhelm, O. 84
Blakeslee, Newton T., Baraboo, Wis. 103
Blakeslee, Samnel V., Oakland, Gal. Ill
Blakesley, Linus, Topeka, Kan. 32

Blaochard, Addison, Cumberland

Mills, Me. 104

Blanchard, Geo. P., Rochester, Minn. 63
Blauchard, Jonathan, Wheaton, 111. 112

BUss, Cbwfes R., Wakfl«eld,

118

lis

110

Bliss, Daniel J., Pent,
Bliss, Edwin E., A. B. C. F. M.
BUSS, J. Heny. CIlBioB, Ot.
Blias, Seth, Berlin, Ct.

%
111

Blodgett, Edward P., Qrecawkfc,

BlodgetS, Heary, A. R C. F. M. UO

Bloodgood, Abrahaa L., Mnune,

Mich. 117

Boaidman, Geo. X., Chicago, DL 16^112
Boaidman, JoMph, Oraftsbwy, Vt. 97
Bodwell, Joseph O^ Lenienwwtb,

Kan. 98

Bodwell, Lewis, Clilloii Spriao.

N. r. 119

Boltwood, Henry L., Prfnoetott, HI. 119
Bonar, James B., New MiUbcd, Ct. 9
Bond, Alran, Norwidi, Ct. lU

Bond, Elias, A. B. C. F. M. 109

Bond, John J., West Spring Craek,

^a. 99

Bond, Wm. B., New Braintree, Mmb. 49
Bonney, John R., Bronson, Mkh. 85
Bonney, Nathaniel 6., Bast Hart-
land, Ct. T
Booth, Edwin, GrandriOe, Mkdi. hi
Borcheza, Emcat F., PortlaBd, Me. 114
BordweU, Daniel N., Webster City,

la. 28

Boss, Thomas M., Springfield, Vt.
*Bosworth, Qnincy M., GosheD, Ct.
Bosworth, Wm. A., Deering, Me.
Bonme, James R., No. Stoningtoo,

Ct.
Bourne, Shearjashnb, Patezson, N. J.
Bonton, Nathaniel, Concord, N. H.
Bowers, Albert, Huntington, W. V.
Bowers, George, WarrenTille, N. J.
Bowers, John M., Rhinebeck, la.
Bowersox. James G., Edgerton, O.
Bowker, Samnel, Salem, N. H.
Bowler, Stephen L., Maehias, Me.
Bowman, Geo. A., So. Windsor, Ct.
Boyd, Pliny S., Amesbnry Mill%

Mass.
BoyntoD, Francis H., Raynham, Ms.
Boynton, George M., Newark, N. J.
Boynton, Lyman D., Nashua, la. 23, 98
Brace, Seth C, PhiUdelphia, Pa. 120

Bradford, Amory H., Montdair, N. J. 78
Bradford, Beni. F., Montolair, N. J. 118
Bradford, D. B., Bangor, N. Y. 76

Bradford, Moses B., Mclndoes, Vt. 120
Bradley, Charles F., Derby, Ct. 6

Bradnack, Isaac R, Bm, N. T. 81

Bradshaw, John, De K^b Centre, IB. 16
Bradshaw, John W., BauWa. IlL 15

Brainard, Timothy G., Grinnell, la. 119
Brainerd, Charles N., South Dennis^

Mass. 44

Braman, ICUfcon P., Aubumdale,

118

8
38

9

79

118

108

75

113

119

73

37

U

41
50
75

(146)

1878.]

Ltst of Congregational Ministers,

229

Branch, Edwin T., Grand Ledge,

Hioh. 07

Brand, James, Oberlin, O. 86

Brandt, Charles £.« Farmin^ton, Gt 111
Brastow, I^wis O., Biirliugton, Yt. 96
Brantow. Thomas E., Rock}K>rt, Me. 104
Braj. William L., Clinton, la. 23

Br^kinridge, Daniel M., Fort Dodge,

la. 26

Breed, Charles C, Qilmanton, Minn. 61
Breed, David, Patnara, Ct. Ill

Breed, D. Payson, Oxford, Mich. 60

Breed, Samuel D., Ypsilanti, Mich. 117
Bremner, David, Boxfurd, Mass. 73

Brewer, James, Lee Centre, 111. 17

Brewster, Wm. H., Blue Island, UL 15
Briant, 8. logersoll, Hartford, Vt. 97
Brioe, John G., Winchester, Ind. 113
Briokett, Harry, Hillsboro' Bridge,

N. H. 72

Bridgman, Chester, Torrin^ford, Ct. 11
Bridgman, Henry M.. A. B. C. F. M. 109
Bridgman, Lewis, Grove Hill, Dak. 13
Brier, James W., sen.. Grass Valley,

Oal. Ul

Briffgi, Wm. T.. East Doujrlas, Mass. 44
Brigham, David, Bridgewater, Mass. 114
Brigham, Levi, Marlhoro*, Mass. 115

BrintnalKLoren W., Monticello, la. 23, 26
Bristol, Frank L., Boston, Mass. 115

Bristol, Bichard C, Colorado Springs,

Col. Ill

BrifltoL Sherlock, San Buenaventura,

CaL 111

Broad, L. Pavson, Pa<ila, Kan. 31

Broadwell, Homer J., Stanwich, Ct. 7
Bronson, George F., Clinton, Wis. 103
Brooks, Charies H., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Brooks, Charles S., Putnam, Ct. 10

Brooks, Geo. W , Woonsocket, R. I. 93
Brooks, William E, West Haven. Ct. 10
Brooks, William M., Earlville, la. 22, 24
Brooks, William M., Tabor, la. 113

Bross, Harmon, Crete, Neb. 67

Brown, Aaron, Delaware, O. 119

Brown, Alvin H., Jackson, Mich. 117
Brown, Anselm B., Morrisianna,

N. Y. 79

Brown, Charles O., Rochester. Mich. 59
Brown, Edward. La Crosse, Wis. 121

Brown, Henry E., East Tawas, Mich. 56
Brown. Hope, Rockford. 111. 112

Brown, Israel, Olney, 111. l'»

Brown, J. Newton, Wilton, N. H. 74

Brown, Oliver, No. Springfield, Mo. 117
Brown, R<»bert, Leavenworth, Kan. 114
Brown, Theopbilus S., Croton, Mich. 117
Brown, Thomas L., Vermontville,

Mich. 117

Brown, Willard D., Gilbertville,

Mass. 46

Brown, William B., Newark, N. J. 75
Browne, John K., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Bruwnville, John W., Solon. Me. 39

Bruce, Henry J., A. B. C. F. M. 109

Bruce, Wallace, Scribner, Neb., 67, 68
Brnudidge, Hiram A., Neodeshn,

Kan. 31, 32

Brunker, James, Ninnesrah. Kan. 114
Brush, Jesse, North Stamford, Ct. 11
Bruske, August F.. Charlotte, Mich. 55
Bryan, George A. Preston, Ct. 10

Bnrant, Albert, West Somerville,

Mass. 51

Bryant, Sam'l J., South Britain, Ct. 11
Brvant, Stephen O., Mancelona,

Mich. 58, 60

Buck, Samuel J., Grinnell, la. 25

Buckham, James, Burlington, Vt. 120
Buckingham, Sam'l G., Springfield,

Mass. 52

Budington, William I., Brooklyn,

N. Y. 76

Bugbee, Roll a G., West Hartland, Ct. 7
Bugh^y, William S., West Stewarts-
town, N. H. 74
Bulfincb, John J., Waldoboro*, Me. 39
*Bull, Bichard B., Fairhaven, Ct. 6
Bullard, Asa, Boston, Mass. 115
Bullard, Charles H., Hartford, Ct. Ill
Bullard, Ebenezer W., Stockbridge,

Mass. 116

Bullen, Henry S., Moline. 111. 112

Bullions, Alexander S., Sharon, Ct. 10
Bullock, Metier A., Oakwood, Mich. 58
Bumstead, Horace, Atlanta, Ga. 112

Bunnell, John J., Eastmanville,

Mich. 55, 56

Burbank, Justin E. [N. H ] 118

Burbank, Lysander T., Herndon.Va. 101
Burnard, William H., Algona, la. 22
Burnell, John C, Freedom. O. 85

Burnell, Thomas S. A. B. C. F. M. 109
C. C. Burnett, Fairfield, lo. 113

Burney, Daniel, Port Sanilac, Mich. 59
Burnliam, Abraham, East Concord,

N. H. 70

Burnharo, Charles, Fayetteville, Vt. 98
Burnham, .lonas, Farniincton, Me. 114
Burnhani, Michael, Foil River, Mass. 45
Burr, Almon W., ILiIloweil, Me. 114

Burr, Austin H., Franklin, N. II. 71

Burr, Enoch F., Lyme, Ct. 8

Burr, Horace M.. PIvinonth, 111. 19

Burr, Willard, Oheriin. O. 119

Burr, Zalmon B., Soutlijxirt, Ct. Ill

Burrows, Edwin R., Mt. Vernon, O. 86
Burt, Daniel C, New Bedford, Mass. 115
Burt, David, St. Paul, Minn. 117

Burton, Horatio N., Kalamazoo,

Mich. 57

Burtt^n, Nathaniel J., Ilnrtford, Ct. 7
Burton, Nathan L , Lamoille, 111. 17

Bush, Charles P.. New Vork City. 118
Bush, Frederick W., Alamo, Mich. 65
Bushee, William A., Brook field, Vt. 96
Buahnell, Albert, SterliiiR, 111. 20

Busbnell, Alexander, Blandinsville,

111. 15

Bushnell, George, Beloit. Wis. 103

Bushnell, Harvey, S.aybrook, Ct 111

Bushnell, Horace, Cincinnnti. (). 84

Bushnell, William Boston, Mass. 115
Buss, Henry, Creston, III. 112

Biisser, Samuel E., Samnnc, Mieh. 117
•Butcher, William K., Kokorao, Jnd. 22

(147)

230

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan

Bntler, Daniel. Bm^ton, Maw. 115

Bntler, E<lward P LTine. N. H. 72

•BotW, F. H.. StTHttoo, Vt. 100

BotW, Frank I'm. Windmr, Vt. 120

Butler, Gardner 8.. North Troy Vt, 100
Butler, Jeremiah. Fairmrt, N. Y. 77

Butler, William. Lake ^t^igneur. La. 33
Bntterfield, Horatio Q., Olivet,

Mich. 5S, 117

Buxton, Edward. Wehrter. N. H. 74

B7in|^>D, Ezra H . Brunswick, Me. 35
Byiu^ton, George P., Wentford, Vt. 100
Byinjcton. Swift, Exeter, N. H. 71

Bjrd, John H., Lawrence, Kan. 114

Cadwallader, John, Lincoln, Keh. 118
Gadwalader, John, Newark, O. 88

Cadj, Galvin B , Alburgh Springa»

Vt. 120

Cadj, O. Sidney. Royal Oak, Mich. m
Cady, Daniel R., Westboro', Mara. 115
Caldwell. Jameii, Po^t MilU. Vt. 99

Caldwell, Wm. E., Pentwater, Mich. 59
Calhoun, Newell M., CleTeland. O. 81
Calhoun, 8. F., So. Dartmouth, Maas. 44
Calkinfi. L?mau D., West Spring-

field, MaMi. 53

Callan, Michael J., HadWme, Ct. 6

Cameron, John H., P«>waukee, Wis. 106
Camp. Ch5»rle» W., Waukei>ha, Wis. 107
Camp. William L., Solon. Mich. 117

Campbell, Alexander B., Men«lon, HI. 18
Campbell, Daniel A., Big Sprin ',

Win. ia3, 105. 106, 107

Campb**1l, G^b*!, Minneapolis Minn. 117
Campbell, James, Pickney, Mich. 69

Campbell, Ran<lolph, Newburyport,

Maw(. 4<«

Gandee, G«»org:e, Carj«on Citv, Mich. 65
Canfield, Philo, Washington, la. 113

Car»»y, Isaac E., Hunt-ibiirg, O. 85

Carlton, Urael, Utic:i, Mo. 66

Carpenter, Charles C, So. Peabody,

Masfi. 60

•Carpenter, Elbridge G., Golden

Prairie, la. 25

Carpenter, Henrv, Rridgrtm, Me. 114

Carpenter, Henry H. Danby, N. Y. 118
Carpenter, H. S., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Carpenter, P. H , Worcester, Mass. 101
Carr, William O., Barustead Parade,

N. H. 70

Carr, William T , Elizabeth, N. J. 118
Carruthers, John J , Portland, Me. 38
Carruthers, Wm , Pittsfield, Mass. 116
Carter, Clark, Liwrence, Mas.H. 47

Carter, Homer W., Kipon, Wis. 106

Carter, Nathan F., Bellows Falls, Vt. 99
Carver. Shul)a«»l, No. B,riren. N. Y. 118
Gary, Otis, jr., A. B. C. F. M. 110

Gary, William B., Lyme, Ct. 9

(^ase, Albert M. , Sharon, Wis. lOrl

Case, Harlan P., Brimfi.'ld, III 15

Ciise, Horatio M., Allen's Grove, Wis. 103
Case, Rnfiis. Hubbardston, Mass. 115
Caswell, .r. C, Strvkersville, N. Y. 79
Gate. Charles N., New York City, 118
Gate, George H. , Markesan, Wis. 105

80

85

6

9
85
19
81

Catlin, Wflllam E.. Lamar. Mo. 65

Caton, J. L., BrooklU*ld. Ma SI, 66

Cavemo, Charles, Lombard, m. 18

Chaddock,£mei7G.,Weltfl«eCMaat. 53
Chafer, Thomas, East Smithfield, Pa. 92
Chalmers, John K, Fair Haren, Vt.
Chalmers. Wm. J., Riverlicad, L. L
Chamberlain, Bertwell N., Ganetts-

▼ille, O.
Chamberlain, Charles, East Granhj,

Ct

Chamberlain, Edward B.. Sharon, Vt. 99
Chamberlain, John P., Bloomer, Wis. 103
Chamberlain, Josboa M., GrinneU,

la. 113

Chamberlain, Leander T., Korwich,

Ct.
Chamherlin, Uriah T., Hartford, O.
Chamberlin, Wm. A., Oneida, HI.
Chaml»ers, James, Sherburne, N. T.
Champlin, Oliver P., Sleepy Eye,

Minn. 61, 63

Chandler, Aag., BratUehoio', Vt 120
Chandler, Fr^erick D., Kensington,

N H 72

Chandler, John S., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Chandler, Joseph, Glencoe, Minn. 61, 63
Chaney, Lucien W., Maukato, Sfinn. 62
Chapin, Aan>u L., Beloit, Wis. 121

Chapin, Franklin P., North Wey-

month, Mass. 53

Chapin, George F., Alstead, N. H. 70, 72
Chapin, Nathan C , Bochester, Minn. 117
Chapin, Roswell, At water, O. 83

Chapman, Andrew W., Minooka, HI. 20
Chapman, Calvin, Kennebunkport,

Me. 114

Chapman, Daniel. Huntley, HL 112

Chapman, Elias, Boston Highlands,

Mass. 115

Chapman, Jacob, Kingston, N. H. 72
Chase, Austin S., Queeohee, Vt. 97

Chase, Edward, Biddeford, Me. 34

Chase, Ezra B., Courtland, O. 85, 86

Cha-e, F. A., Nashville, Tenn. 120

Chase, Henry A., Green Monntain.Ia. 25
Chase, James B., Jr., Weeping Wa-
ter, Neb. 69
Ch:ise, Levi G., Dummerston, Vt. 97
Cheney, R Lk, Bloomingtou, Wis. 103
Chesebrough, Amos S , Durham, Ct» 6
Chiokering, John W., Wakefield,

Mass. U5

Chickering, John W., jr., Washing-
ton. D. C. 112
Child, Alex. C , Orfordville, N. H. 118
Childs, James H., Byfteld, Mass. 49
Chipman, B. Manning, Jewett City,

Ct.
Chittenden, A. J., Boulder, Col.
Chittenden, E. P., Barton Landing,

Vt
Christie, George W., Wiscasset, Me,
Christie, Thomas D., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Church, Bethuel C, Goliad. Tex. 94

Church, Leonard W., West Winfield.

N. Y. 76, 82

Churchill, Charles H., Oberlin, O. 119

6
4

96
40

(148)

1878.)

List of CoHgregatiotial Minuters.

Chnrcliill, J.-hn, Wix-rtburv, Gt. 1

ClaS in. George P.. Moi'hersun Caa-

CUnrr, Win. P., Staffi.rJvilte, Ct. 1
Clapp. A. HunCiugton. Nev Yuik

Ciiy. 1

ClApp, Cephu IT., Prairie du Chica,

Clapp, Cbarlt

W.,

erly, la

, OiuDbridijHpart,

I, Albert W , A. B. C P. SL I
Cl.iili, Allen, Bridfnport, CC
CUrk, AnwiD, Went S;ilem, Wll, 1

CUrk, A»i F,. L^voivtt, MuH^
Cl»fk. A. T., Iron«il1e.N Y.
Clark, BeDl*aiiuF.,No. CheliiiafoTd,

Hnaa. I

Clark. Charleg W., QayBrille. Vt.
CUrk, DeWitt S., Clinton, Mmis.
CUrk, E Benediiil. Chicoptw. M ma ]
C[itrk, Edina L., St>iiLhnmptoD, MiL-n.
Clark, Bd«»rd W., WfBtUiru', iliua. 1
Clark, Fletcher, [OeorBia,] ]

Clark, Frank B., PortlHiiil. M».
Clark. Frank G.. RimlftB. N. H.
dark, Gmrve, Obxrlin, O. 1

CIvk, GmoTtm L , SUelliurDB, Mua.
Clark, K«nrv, Ar.m, Gt. 1

CUrk, Jacob S , MorBAii, Vt.
CUrk, JlIiu, Pljra.mlh, N. H. 1

Clark, JuMpli B., Jiinialca Plain,

OlMkTjuiloh B., Luilliw, Vt. 1

Olvk. Nel«-m,8iill«aler, Minn.
CUrk, S. 0«ur«e, Bo-ton. Mass. 1

Clark. Orville C, Vern ■"■
Clark. Serenu D., Oi

Cl*rk, aolnmnn, PUinfti'M, Mi-i.
Clark. s.rT,.M.>f \v..k.-fl..;.i N. H. 1
OUrk.Tli..: ■■ I S.i ■ ;,;: LI. ^[asa.
CLirk.W li. ]

Clark, W' ■■<. i

CUrk. V\ ■- 111.

CXak.. William 1, rt., IVi.iplH, N. B,
CUrka, Alman T.. Tiverton, R. I. 1
CUikn, Dl■^ll^ Dxtoo. M ua. 1

Clarke, Edward. Chester n-ild. Mau
Clarke, James V.. A. B, O. K. M.
Clarke, S^muet W.. Wnnlittm. Mara.
■Clarke, William B , Griswild, Ct.
Clarke, William W.. PainHHvllle, O.
Clay, Daniel, Tdrrebonne, La.
CleaveUud, Edv'd, BiirlinEton, Kan.
Cleaielaud, James B., KeD^iDgtDD,

Ct.
CleBTcUad. WillUm K., Hollaml

Patent. N. Y.
Clament. Ji>i>athan, Knrwinh. Vt.
GlemcDts. Jowph. Eait Pbaraalia.

K.Y.
Clilt, Willlani. Mystic Bridge, Ct
Oiinnn. Thaodnp-. Si. Lnui*. Mu.
Clinlun. Orsiiii P.. M^iiaaha, Win. 103,
Cliibeo, Edward P . Olwrlin, O.
Cllibe. Jay. Newark VaUbv, N. Y.
Clwuoo, JiMiah T., Xurtb Deer lale,

Cosn, LeftndM B., Alton, N. H. TO

Cuui, TJtni, A. B. C. V. M. IM

Cobb, Elliha Q., FlorenM, Htm. «

Cobb, Heary W.. Whemton. lU. IIS
Cobb, I«Tt Henry, UliUMapoIJi,

Minn. ^^ IIT

Cobb, Nathaniel, Klngoton Maai, 110

Oubb, Solon, JaoksonTille, Flk. U

Cobb, William EI.. HedSeld, Mau. 48

Cobl^h, Nelson F., MoiodoM. Vt 190

Cochran. Samaal D.. Kidder. Mo. 65

Coehnui, Warren, Fairmnnnt. Neb. 8T
CoddiogtoD, Oeorgs 8., Dell Itapidi,

Coe, Darld B., New York City, 11*

Cotnin. Wltliam B., Bnzfbrd, UaM. ItA
OofKawelt, Elliot 0.. Bpsom, N. H. 71
OtuiiVHll, Joaeph B.. Wwt Anbnrn,

Coit, JoaliBa. Lawrenoe, MaM. iT'

Oolbnm. Henrj H.. Stoddard, N. "B. 74
Colby. John, Fitiwilllam. N. HI 71

Colo, Albert, OornUh, Me. Sfi, 8S

Cole, Boyal U., A B. C. F. M. IDS

Coleman. Geo. A., Bartlett, 111. IS, SO
Coleman, WUlUn) L . SpauMr, la. ~

Colee, Solon- - " " "*

T«t. _

Oullie, Jixeph, I>laTan, Wis. Iu3

Collit^T, J..hQli.,HebraiikaClty.Neb. M
OoltlDs, Charles T . CIcTcland, O. H

Collins, WiUiam H., Qaiocy, III. 113
Caiman, QmrKe W., Shpflleld, 111. IS, M
Col ton. Aaron M., Eaathampton,

lam U-t opBIIQVQ A&

1 M., Ourpu Christi,

Colton, ErMtnn, WJIItnKton, Ct. IS

CilioD, Themn O., Hndaon, Hloh. ST
•Colton, Willis S^Wazren. Ck 11

Colwell. John W., West Conoold.

N. H. 70

Comly, Ezra. Tyion Mills. Ta. 113

Comstiick. Davillo W., Adrian, Mich. llT
Coiiant, Charles A., Duluch, Minn. 61
Conant, L'lba. Brlntol, N. H. 118

Condon, Tliomiia, Huitaim City, Or. 120
CiiNe. Luther H., Sprlnadeld, Mara. BS
Conkling, Beoj. D., White Water,

Wis, 107

110 •Connetl, Dayld. Plymouth. N. H. IIB
- " CiHinPt, Alfred, Solxherry, Ind. 21, 23
Conrad, Charlw E., Quiucy. III. 17. 10
ConverHe, John K„ Burlington, Vt. 120
Cook, JuUHthan B , Hebruo. N H. 118
Cook, Nehemiah B., Ledvard, Ct. Ill
Ciwk, SilHS P.. Ludlow. Vt. 98

Couledge, Charles B, Westminater,

Mau. 63

Coaley, Henry. Sprinafleld, Hasi. US
Cooley, Oramel W., Glenwood, la. 113
Co<)lidji:e, Amoa H,. Leiosster, Maaa. 47
Cooper, James W., New Britain, Ct. 9
Copeland. JuDHthan, Dnnlap. la. 34

Cordall, James Q., S^^henectady, N.Y. 119
Curdley, Richard, Flint, Mich. SO

Cornell, Wm. M., Boston, Hiira. IIS

Cornwell, lia.io D., Hancock, N. Y. 78
Cursbie, H. H., Si-ymuur. Wis. lOJ, 103
CorwiD. Ell, JacksouTille, 111. IT

232

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

Coach, Pani, Stonington, Ct 11

Coulter, C>reDiu8, N., Atwood,

Mich. 55

*CoantryinaD, Asa, fowa Fallii, la. 25
Coantryman, Franklin, Prospect, Ct 111
Cowan, John, E^ssex Centre, Yt. 97

Cowan, John W., Nor walk, O. 86

Cowles, Chauncy D., Farmington, Ct. Ill
Cowles, Henry, Oberlin, O. 119

Cowles, John G. W., CleTelnnd, O. 119
Cowles, John P., Ipswich, Mass. 115

Crasin, Charles C. McGregor, la. 26
Craig, Henry K., Falmouth, Mass. 45
Crane, Charles D., South Paris, Me. 114
Crane, Ethan B., South Meriden, Ct. 8
Crane, Kendrick H., Ransom, Mich. 50
Crane, Henry C, Allegheny City, Pa. 90
Crang, Frederick, Astoria, Or. 89

Cravath, Erastus M., New York City, 119
Crawford, A., Clover Bottom, Ky. 33
Crawford, Chas. H., Salamanca, N. T. 119
Crawford, Otis D., West Bloomfield,

N. Y. 82

Crawford, Bohert, Deerfield, Mass. 44
Crawford, Sidney, Lyon?, la. 26

Crawford, Wm., Green Bay, Wis. 107
Creegan, Charles C. Wakeman, O. 83, 87
Cressman, Abraham A., Monroeyille,

O. 119

Croft, Charles P^ Torrington, Ct. 11

Crofts, George W., Sandwich, 111. 20

Crosby, Benjamin S , Arvonia, Kan. 82
Crosby, James H., Bangor, Me.
Crosby, Josiah D., Ashburnham,

Mass. 115

Crosf), Gorham, Richville, N. Y. 77, 80
Cross, John, College Springs, la. 113

Cross, Joseph W., Worcester, Mass. 116
Cross, Roland S., St. Johnsbury, Vt. 99
Cross, Moses K., Waterloo, la. 113

Cross, Robelle T., Colorado Springs,

Col. 4

Cross, Wellington R., Camden, Me. 35
Cross, William H. , River Side, Cal. 3

*Cro8we11, Micah S., Ashland, Neb. Ill
Crowell. Zenas, Houlton, Me. 36

Crum, John H., Antwerp, N. Y. 74

Cruzan, John A., Portland, Or. 89

Cummiugs, Elam J., Kelloggsville,

O. 119

Cummings, Ephraim C, Portland,

Me. 114

Cummings, Henry, Strafford, Vt. 100
Cummings, Hiram, Colusa, CaL 111

Cumings, John N., Exira, la. 24

•Cunningham, John, West Groton,

N. Y. H2

Currier, Albert H., Lynn, Mass. 47

Curtice, Corban, Tilton, N. H. 118

Curtis, Asher W., Hastings, Neb. 67

Curtis, Chas. B., Burlington, Wis. 103
Curtis, Don E., Albany, Vt 96

Curtis. Ethan, Camden, N. Y. 77

Curtis, E. D., Sand Bank, N. Y. HI

Curtis, Otis F., Emerald Grove. Wis. 121
Curtis, Walter W., North Walton,

N. Y. 80, 82

Curtis, Wm. C, Richmond, Me. 38

Curtis, Wm. W., A. B. C. F. M. 110

Curtiss, Daniel C, Fort Howard^

Wis. 104

Curtiss, George, Amherst, Mass.
Curtiss, Gilbert A., Soutli Hartford,

N. Y. 81

Curtiss, Leander, Weldon Creek.

Mich. 55,60

Curtiss, Samuel L, Union. Ct 11

Curtiss, Wm. B., North Guilford, Ct. Ill
Cushing, Christopher. Boston, Mass. 115
Cushman, Chester Lw, Phillipstoo,

Mass. 50

Cushman, David Q., Bath, Me. 114

Cutler, Calvin, Aubnmdale, Masai 49
Cutler, Charles, Burton, O. 84

Cutler, Ebeneaer, Worcester, Maat. 54
Cutler, Robert £., Tiskilova, HI. 11.)

Cutler, Temple, Chattanooga, Tenn. 94
Cutler, William A., DaUas Citv, HL 16
CuUer, WilUam H., East Manhfield,

Mass. 48

Cutter, Edward F., Belfast, Me. 114

Cutter, Marshall M., West Medford,

Mass. 48

Cutting, Charles, Ledyard, Ct. 8

Daggett, Oliver R, Hartford, Ct. Ill
Daly, James A., Wellington, O. K8

Dame, Charles, W. Newbury, Mass. 53
Damon. John F., Port Gamble, W. T. 102
Dana, J. Jay, Alford, Mass. 41

Dana, Malcolm McQ., St. Paul,

Minn. 63

Dana, Sam'l H., Newton Highlands,

Mass. 115

Danforth, James R., Philadelphia,

Pa. 90

Dangremond, Gerret, Fremont Cen-

tre, Mich. 56

Daniels, Charles H., Cincinnati, O. 84
Daniels, Daniel, South Gibson, Pa. 91
Daniels, Henry M., Dallas, Tex. 94

Daniels, Joseph L., Olivet, Mich. 117
Danielson, Joseph, Southbridge,

Mass. 51

Danner, Edgar V. H., Cuyahoga

Falls, O. 85

Darling, George, Waupun, Wis. 107

Darling, Wklter £., Farmington,

N. H. 71

Dascorob, Alfired B., Winchester,

Mass. 54

Davenport, John G., Bridgeport, Ct. 5
Davidson, David B., Grinnell, la. 113
Davies, D. F., Findlay, O. 85

Davies, Daniel T., Shamokin, Pa. 91

Davies, David, Pariaville, O. 89

Davies, David D., New York City. 79
Davies, David R, Brady's Bend, Pa. 93
Davies, Edward, Waterville, N. Y. 119
Davies, Henry, Arvonia, Kan. 29, 31

Davies, John A., Patriot, O. 88

Davies, John L^ Paddy's Run, O. 86
Davies,. R. R, Cameron, Mo. 65

Davies, Thomas E., Unionville, Ct. 7
Davies, Thomas M., No. Yarmouth,

Me. 87

(150)

iS/S-] List of Congregational Ministers. 233

Datmi. Wlllism, Mount Canuel, Pa. ISO DIcklDion, FeTdinud W., VennoDt-

DaTii, BlnathoD, AubnTn, Mau. 41 ville, Micb. SB, W

D**iB, Fraoklin, Tamworth. N. H. 74 DtpkinsaD, George L., Schraon LKke,

Davis. Jerome D.. A. B.C.F.M, 110 N. Y.

Dmvia, John D., BlDfl Mounds. Wil. 103 DtcklDfOD, Henry A., HaDtingtOD,

Daris, Joeiah G„ Amherst. N. H. tfl Mass. M

Darii, PerlejB., Hjde Park, Miisa. TO Dickioson, Samael P., Cambtldge,

DaTla, S. Henrv, Oronby. Mass. 4S 111. IS

DaTii, W. H., BeTerly, Maas. *2 Dick<nN.it, Bamnel W.. JeSenoD, O. 88

Davis, William V. W., Manchester, Dickinson, William B., Chicouee,

N. H. 12 M>H. 43

Davison, Chsrlea, Oreenville, Me. 30 Dickiason, Wm 0.. Creston, 111, 113

D»viw)n, Joseph, Ricevilte Pa. 1211 DifTenbacber, , Mainland. Neb. 68

Davuon, Joseph B.. HtivTiile, Pa. 90 Di^gs, Manball W., Fort BecoTerjr,

Dawes, Bbeueier, DlRhton, Maes. 44 O. 23

DawBOD.Joho B.,ImlBjCLty, Mich. 117 I>ike,8aniiiel W.,We*lHaniiiilph,Vt. 8T

Da;, GeorKe K., Now Haven, Ct 111 DikemaD, Charles F., Mora Sprinen.

Day, Ony B., Bridgeport, Ct. Ill la. 26, Z7

Day, Henry N., New HiTen, Ct HI Dilley, Alexander B., Greene, N, T. T8

Day, Hiram, Cbatham, Mass. 43 Ditley, Snmuel, Reno Centre, Kan. 31

Day, Philemon K., BnrlinBlon, Ct. H Diman, J. I*wiB, Providence, R. I. 120

Dav, Rodney C, Linbon. N. Y. TH Dimock, Samuel R., J^nver, Co1. lU

ttay, Theodore L., New Haven, Ct. Ill DinKwell, James, W. SillioEly, Ct. 8

Day, Warren F., E. Saeinaw, Mich. K Dinsmore, John, Winslow. Me. 3*, 4(1

Z>D»ii, BeMamin A., Bibley, la. TT Diion, Hiram H , Ripon, Win. 121

Etaan, Gardiner, Harpersfleld, N. T. 78 Diion, James J. A. T., Bunker Hill,

I>e»n, Herman B.. Paris. Texas. Ufi Kao. 114

Dean, Oliver 8., Mitford, Mass. 48 D<>a>i. Henrv H., Wet Qlaie, Mo. HB. 68

X>ean, Bamoel C. Steele City, Neb. 69 T>nJE<>, Austin, Boston Highlands US

]3e»n, William N. T., Norton, Mass. 40 O^pf. Bentamln, Lebanon. Me. 36

Xteane. Jamee, Wentmoreland, N. T. 83 DoilRe, DaniclLProvidenoe, R. I. 120

X:>eBevoiBe, Gabr'l H., No. Brookfield, Bodge, D. D.. Wilmington. N. C. 83

Has*. 49 Dod^e, Geo. S.. Rntland. Maw. SI

X^Bos, Fredertok K., No. Beverly, Dodge, J.ihn W, Ynrmontb, Mam. S4

Mus. 42 Ilodson. Geo.,No,Weymonth, Mass. S3

XSeBnchananne, James, Dover, N. H. 71 Doe. Frarikliti P., Ripon, Wix. IZl

XtaOamp, Allen F., Egremont, Mass. Due, Waller P., Provldenoe. B. I. 120

44, 48 Doldt, Jnnies. Canterbury. N. H. 70

28 Dole, Dnniel, A. B. C F. M. 100

, , -I. 110 Dole, GeoTtce T.. Reading. Ma». 118

XteForest, Heman B.. Westborougb, Dole, Sylvester R., Crete, 111. 113

Maaa. 53 DonaldKun. John W.. Hancock. Wis. 104

DeHart. Andrew J., Cleveland. O. M Donaldson, Levi J., Gustavn*. O. 88

X>e la Vergue, Alex. F. , Great Bend, Doolittle, Charlen, Lament, Mieh. 67

Kan. 31 Doolittle, FAfar J.. Wallingford, Ct. Ill

rtaLong, Thomas W., Sheffield, O. 87 Doolittle, John B., Bridgownter, Ct. 8

Deinarest, Sydney B., Hartford, Wis. 103 DoremtiR, Andrew, Centre. Wis. 57

I>emeritt.JohnP., WilliamBlown,Vt. 100 Dougherty, James, Johnson, Vt. 120

Denison, Andrew C, Middlefield, Ct. 8 Dougherlf , Jnmes G., Ottawa, Kan. 31

Denisou. Daniel. Ciibalt, Ct. S Donglierty, Michael A. 118

Denison, John H., New Britain, Ct, 8 DoiiRlns, Jnmen, PiilB!<kl, N. T. 80

Dennen, Stephen R, New Haven, Ct. 9 Douelass, Ebeni'zer, Anoha. Minn. 117

DeKieoier, Wm. D,, A. B. C. F. Nt 109 Douiilass.Ftancis J., Genoa Junction,

Derins, Charles T., Rosemond. 111. 20 Wis 19, 104

Deucber. John H,. Springfield, Mass. B2 Douglas ' " ■—-•-- —

Dewey, William, Bristol, N. Y. 7r> Douclaa

Dewey, Willis C, A. R C. F. M. 109 Ct.

Dexter, Granville M., Pacheco, CaL Douglass. Thomas, New York City,

Dexter, Henry M„ Boston, Mss^. 115 Douglass, Truman O., Onage, In.

Dexter, H. Mortou, Tannton, Mass. B2 Dow, Eiekiel, Becket Centre, Mass,

Dickerraan, Geo. A., Chicago, III. 113 Dow, William W,, Donglaa. Ma^s.

Dickerman, Oho. S., Lewislon. Me. 37 Dowd, Quincy L,, Warren Win.

Dickerman, Lysanrter, Chico, Cal. " "^ — '- "'— " '^ '-
Dickerson, Orson C, Boonsborough,

la. 23, 25 Micb.

Dickinsoo, Cornelius E,, Elgin, III. 16 Downs, Charles A, Lebanon, N. B

Dickinson, Edmund F., Chicago, III, 113 Downs, Edward C. National. la,

Dickinson, Edward, Brodbead, Wis. 103 Dowse, Edmund, fiberhorn, Mass.

234

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

Drake, Andrew J., Dodge Centre,

Minn. fU

Drake, Charles W.. Angola, N. Y. 76, 77
Drake, Crrnn B.. Royalton, Vt P9

Drake, Ellis R., Middleboro', Ma«^ 115
Drake. Samnel S., SnIIivan, N*. H. 74
Dresser, Amos, Scbu?ler, Neb. 67, 69
Drew, John, Ari«*l, Kv. 33

Dudley, Horace F., Warsaw, N Y. 82
Dudley, Joseph F., Ean Claire, Wis. 1(H
Dndley, Martin. EsAton Ct. 6

Dudley, Myron S., Cromwell, Ct. 6

Dnncan, Andrew C, Soqnel, ChI. 3

Dunham. Dwight, Cambridgebor-

ongh, Pa. 90

Dunham, Isaac, Bridgewater, Mass. 43
Dnnlap, George H., Charlestown,

N. H. 70

Dunlap, S. P., No. Topeka, Kan. 32

Dunning. Albert E., Bo<ton High-
lands, Mass. 42
Dunning, Homer N., So. Norwalk,

Ct, 9

Duren, Charles, Granby, Vt. 97

Dnrfee, Calvin, Williamivtown, Mass. 115
Du^tan, George, Peterboro*. N. H. 73
Dutton. Albert L, East Longmead-

ow, Ma.ss. 47

Dutton, Horace. North boro'. Ma.ss. 49
Dutton, John M., Lebanon, N. H. 72

D wight, Etlward S., Hadloy, Mass. 25
Dwight, M. Everett, Onarga, III. 19

Dwieht, Timothy, New Haven, Ct 111
Dwinell, Israel E., Sacramento, Cal. 3
Dwinnell, Solomon A., Beedsburg,

Wis. 121

Dyer. Edmund, Dundee, Mich. 117

Dyer, E. Porter, So. Abiugton, Mass.

46,115
Dyer, Francis, Wolcott, Ct. Ill

Eastman, Edward P., Ossipee Cen-
tre, N. H. 73
Eastman. John, West Hawley, Mass. 46
Ea.<itman, Lucius R., Boston, .Mass. 115
Eastman. Lucius B., jr., Framing-
ham, Mass. 45
Eastman, Morgan L., Royalton, Wis.

103,106
Eastman, Samuel E., Swampscott,

Mass. 52

Eastman. William R., Suffield. Ct 11
Easton, David A., Naugatuck, Ct 8

Eaton, Cyrus H., Farragut la. 24

Eaton, Danforth L., Lowell, Mich. 58
Eaton, Edward D., Newton, la. 26

Eaton, James D., Bound Brook,

N. J. 75

Eaton, Joseph M. R., Fitchburg,

Mass. 115

Eaton, Samuel W., Lancaster, Wis. 105
Ebbs, Edward, Plainfield, 111. 19

Eckman, James K., Bloomington,

Kan. 29

Ecob, James H., Augusta, Me. 34

Eddy, Hiram, Jersey City, N. J. 118

Eddy, Zacharv, Detroit, Mich. 56

Edgar, John C., Heath, Mass. 46

EdsoD, Henry K., Denmark, la. 113

Edwards, G^rge L., Windsor, Mass. M
Edwards, Henry L., Northampton,

Mass. 115

Edwards, John, Yoangvtown. O. 90

Edwards, John, A. B. C. F. M. 110

Edwards, Jonathan, East Orrington,

Me. 87

Edwards, Jonathan, Grantville,

Mass. 45

Edwards, Richard, Princeton, III. 19

Edwards, Thomas, Birmingham. Pft. 120
Edwards, Thomas C, Wilkesbarre,

Pa. 91

Edwards, William, Syracuse, O. 88

Edwards, William P., Mineral

Ridge, O. 89

Eells, Cushing. Colfax, W. T. 101

E<'lls, Dudley B., Mankato, Minn. 61, 63
Eells, Myron. Skokomish. W. T. 102, 110
Egel.Hton, Wm. R.. Frankfort, Kan. 32
Egsleston, Nath'l H., Williamstown,

Mass. 115

*Bla, Benjamin, Merrimack, N. H. 118
Elder, Hugh. Salem, Mass. 51

Elderkin, John, West Suffield. Ct 11
Eldredge, Henry W., E. Weymouth,

Mass. 53

Elliot Henry B., Stonington, Ct 11

Elliot, John, Rumford Point Me. 38

*Elliot, John E., South Glastonbury,

Ct 7

Elliot Lester H., Bradford, Vt 96

Elliot, S. G , Aurora, Me. 64, (i6

Elliott A<>a S., Cincinnati, la. 23, 26

Ellis, .Jacob F., Seattle, W.T. 102

Ellis, John M., Oberlin, O. 119

Ellsworth, Alfred A., Galesburg, 111. 17
Elmer, Hiram, Olivet, Mich. 117

Ely, Isaac M., Chenango Forks,

N. Y. 119

Ely, Joseph A., Orange Valley, N. J. 75
Emerick, Frederic E., Mechanic

Falls Me. 37

Emerson, Alfred, Dorchester, Mass. 115
•Emerson, Brown H., Thornton's

Ferry, N. H. 118

Emerson, Chas. A., Creighton, Neb. 67
Emerson, Edward B.. Stratford, Ct 111
Emerson, John D., Underbill, Vt 100
Emerson, Joseph, Beloit, Wis. 121

Rmerson, Oliver, Miles, la 24, 27

•Emersou, Oliver P., Shelbume Falls,

Mass. 51

Emerson, Rufus, Dra^nt, Mass. 44

Emerson, Rufus W., Blanchard, Me.

34,38
Emerson, Thomas A, Braintree,

Mass. 43

Emery, Joshua, North Weymouth,

Mass. 115

Emery, Samuel H., Taunton, Mass. 115
Emmons, Amzi B., Oxford, Mass. 115
Emmons, Henry V , Hallowell, Me.
Entler, George R., Franklin, N. Y. 119
•Esler, William P., Sherman, Mich. 5«
Estabrook, Joseph, Ypsilanti, Mich. 60
Ethridge, Albert, Marseilles, IlL 18

(162)

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

23s

Eoitis, Wm. T., SprinefieM, Han. 115

Btsim, Cha.«. P., WynaotMkill, N. T. 119

Erans, Daniel A., LanRford, Pa. 91

Braiw, David, Oak Hill, O. 119

Bfau8, D. R., Plymouth, Pa. 91

EvaiM, E. B., Hyde Park, Pa. 120

Braoa, ETan, Oak Hill, O. 119

Enuui, F. Telio, BloMbarg, Pa. 91

Evans, Griffith R., Braceville, 111. liS

Evans, John M., Chnrch Hill, O. 89

Evans, Lewis D., Bristol, Me. 85
Evans, Robert, Remnen, N. Y. 76, 80

Evans, Thoman, Mineral Ridj^e, O. 119

Evans, T. B. W., New Orleans, La. 88
Evans, Thomas W., Columbus Ci^,

la. 118

JBvarts, Nathaniel K., Dorr, Mich. 56

JBvarts, Reuben, Battle Creek, Mich. 117

Evetdell, Rc»bert, Fond du Lac, Wis. 121

Everest, Asa E., Belle Plaine, la. 23

Everest, Charles H., Chicago, 111. 16

Bverss, Moritz E., Colnmbun, Wis. 108

Ewell, John L , Waverly, Ma-ss. 42

Ewing, Edwaid C, Enfield, Mass. 44

FUrbMik, John B., Farmington, 111. 17
FUrbMik, Samuel B., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Eairbanks, Edward T., St Johns-
bury, Vt. 99
Talrh»nks, Francis J., West Boyl-

ston, Mass. 58

Fistrbsoiks, Henry, St Johnsbury,

Vt 120

FUrchfld, Edward H., Berea, Ky. 114
FUrehild, James H., Oberlin, O. 119

FUrfleld, Edmund B. , Lincoln, Neb. 118
FUrfleld, Frederick W., Washington,

D. C. 112

VsiHIeld, Minor W., Romeo, Mich. 59
Faiiley, Samuel, E. Falmouth, Mass. 45
Fale«, Elittha F., Carthaji^e, Mo. 65

Falkner, Bishop, Brooklyn, N. Y. 76

Farmin, Uriel, Sbiloh, Kan. 114

Farnham, Luther, BoHton, Mafis. 115

Farnsworth. Wilnon A., A.B.C.F.M. 109
Farrar, Henry, Gilt-ad. Me. 36

Farwell, Asa, Crete. Neb. 118

Fassett, John, Hartland, Wis. 104

Fawcett, John, Ci'dar Springs, Mich. 117
Fawkes, Franci;), Otho. la. 27, 28

Fay, Henry C, Centre Brook, Ct 6

Fay, Levi L., Mosh Run, O.
Fay, Osmer W,, Gene.seo, 111. 17

Fay, Preffcott, MiDiioapoIis, Minn. 117
Fay, Solomon P., Bantror, Me. 84

Fee, John G., Berea, Ky. 33

Feemster, R. M. D., ColumbuB, Misa. 64
Feemster, Samuel B., Alinartha, Mo. 65
Feemster, Samuel C., Robbinston,

Me. 38

Fellows, Franklin E., Bozrah, Ct. 5

Fellows, Silenu« H , Wauregan, Ct 10
Fenn, William H., Portland, Me. 38

Femer, John W , Morris, 111. 16, 20

Ferrin, Clark E., Plaiiifield, Vt 99

Ferris, Hiram J., Hale, 111. 18, 20

Ferrid, Leonard Z., Kennebunk, Me. 36
Fessenden, Samuel C. , Stamford, Ct. Ill

Fessenden, Thomas EL, Farmiofton,

Ct 111

Ficke, Herman, Dubuque, la. 24

Field, Aaron W., Blandford, MaSN. 42
Field, Artemas C, Wilmington, Vt 100
Field, Oeorge W., Bangor, Me. 84

Field, James P., Stewartsville, Mo. 64
Field, Thomas P., New London, Ct 111
Fifield, Charles W., South Canton,

N.Y. 81

Fifield, Lebbeos B., Kearney Juno-

tion. Neb. 68

Fisher, E. W., Parishville, N. Y. 80

Fisher, George E., So. Hadley Falls,

Mass. 51

Fisher, George P., New Haven, Ct. Ill
Fisher, George W., Peaoedale. R. I. 93
Fisher, Oren D., Cleveland, O. 84

Fisher, S. V. S., Menasha, Wis. 105

Fisher, Wm. P., Providence, R. L 98
Fisk, Franklin W., Chicago, 111. 118

Fiok. Perrin B., Lnke City. Minn. 62
Fiske, Albert W., Fidherville, N. H. 118
Fiske, Daniel T., Newburyport, Mass. 49
Fiske, John B., Anamosa, la. 28

Fiske, John O., Bath, Me. 84

Fiske, Warren C, Charlton, Mass. 115
Fiske, Wilbur, Freeborn, Minn. 61, 62
Fitch, Albert, Central City, Neb. 61

Fitch, Charles N., North Cornwall,

Ct 6

Fitch, Franklin S., Stratford, Ct 11

Fitts, Calvin R., Slatersville, R. I. 98
Fitts, James H., Tbpsfield, Mass. 52

Fits, Arthur G., W. Stefford, Ct 11

Flngg, Rufus C, Westford, Mass. 58
Flanders, Charles N., Westmoreland,

N. H. 74

Fletcher, Adin H., Portland, Mich. 59
Flint, Ephraim, Hinsdale, Mass. 46

Flower, George A., Salisbury, Vt 100
Fobes, William A., Chesterfield, Mass. 43
•Folsom, George DeF. , Northford, Ct 9
Folsom, Omar W., Newburyport,

Mass. 49

Fonda. Jesse L, Morris, Minn. 62

Foot, William W., Geneva, O. 119

Foote, Hiram, Rockford, 111. 113

Foote, Horatio, Quincy, 111. 113

Foote, Lucius, Sacramento, Cal. Ill

Forbes, Samuel B., West Winsted,

Ct 111

Ford, James T., San Bernardino, Cal. 3
Forsyth, Wm., Buoksport, Me. 35

Foss, George A., Chicnester, N. H.
Foster, Addison P., Jersey City, N. J. 75
Foster, Amos, Putney, Vt. 120

Foster, Davis, Wiiichendon, Mass. 54
Foster, Eden B., Lowell, Mass. 47

Foster, Frank H., No. Reading, Mass. 49
Foster, L. M., Grand Rapids, Wis. 104
Foster, Richard B., Osborne, Kan. 29, 31
Foster, Wm. C , Middletown, Conn. Ill
Fowle, Hanford, Lake Mill.**, Wis., IW
Fowler, Stacy, Millbury, Mass. 120

Fowler, Wm. C , Durham Centre, Ct 112
*Fox, Almond R., Deane's Corners,

Ul. 6

(158)

236

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

Fox, Jared W., Bidf^eway, Kmn. 30

Fnmcifl. Cyrus W., Atlanta, Ga. 112

Trmry, Lacien H., Weymouth » MaM. 53
Fraser, John G.» East Toledo, O. 87

Eraser, John M., Clarksfield, O. 84

Free, Samuel R., Soutbfield, Mass. 49
Freeborn, James G., Grand Bapids,

Mich. 117

Freeland, Samuel M., Newton, Mass. 49
Freeman, George £., Abini^fcon, Mass. 41
Freeman, Hiram, Wisconsin, 121

Freeman, Joseph, York Corner, Me. 40
Fr(*eman, Joseph A., Broad Brook,

Ct. 6

French, George H., Johnson, Vt.
French, Herman A., Milford, Neb. 67, 68
French, Lyndon S., Franklin, Vt. 120
French, S. Franklin, Tewksbury,

Mass. 52

Frey, Isaac M., Stirling, Kan. 31

Frickntad, Taral T., Sergeant Bluff,

To. 113

Frink, Benson Merrill, Hamilton,

Mans. 46

Frisbie, Alvah L., Des Moines, la. 24
Frost, Daniel C, Killingly, Ct. 112

Frost, Daniel D., Fair&x, la. 24

Frost, Lewis P., Grand Blanc, Mich. 55
Fry, George V., Buggies, O. 87

Frye, Holland B., So. Bridgton, Me. 35
Fuller, Americus, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Fuller, Francis L., Hamilton, Minn. 62
Fuller, Homer T^ St. Johnsbury, Vt. 120
Fuller, Jo}«eph, Vershire, Vt. 120

FuUerton, Bradford M., Palmer, Mass. 50
FuUertoD, Jeremiah £., Laconia,

N. H. 72

•Fulton, S. D., Newtown, 111. 18

•Pultz, Wra. H., Ban Hampton, Ct. 5
Furber, Daniel L., Newton Centre,

Mass. 49

Gage, William L., Hartford, Conn._ 7
Gale, Edmund, Madison, O. 86

Gale, Sullivan F., Appleton, Wis. 103
Gkble, Wakefield, Easthampton,

Mass. 115

Gallagher, William, Boston, Mass. 115
Gallup, James A., Madison, Ct. 8

Gammell, Sereno D., Boxford, Mass. 43
•Gannett, Allen, Edgartown, 115

Gardner, Austin, Buckingham, Conn. 7
Gardner, T. A., Winnebarro, 111. 21

Garland, David, Bethel, Me. 34

Garland, Joseph, Waterville, Vt. 100
Garman, John H., North Orange,

Mass. 49, 53

Gkkrrette, Edmund Y.,'La Crosse,

Wis. 105

Gkrver, Austin S., Greenwood, Mass. 115
Gaskill, Junius T., Hartland, Wis. 121
Ghfctes, Charles H., Kennebunkport,

Me. 36

Ghktes, Hiram N., Omaha, Neb., 118

Gates, Lorin S., A. B. C. F. M. 109

Gatefi, Matthew A., Burke, Vt. 96, 98
Gay, Ebenezer, Bridgewater, Mass. 115
Gay, Joshua 3. , Meredith, N. H. 118

•Gav, William M., Thomtoo's Ferry,

N. H. 118

Gaylord, Joaeph F., Maoiatee, Mich. 58
Gaylord, Beuben, Omaha, Neb. 67

Gaylord, William L., Chicopee, Masa. 43
Geer. Heman, Tabor, la. 113

Gerald, £. M., Kirwin, Kan. 30

Geronld. Samuel L., Gofiktown, K. H. 71
Gerry, Elbridge, Bethel. Vt. 96

Gibbe, Charles, Cedar Falls, la. 23

Gibbe, J. F., East Hamburg, N. T. 119
Gibson, Chas. K., Wayland, MicdL 60
Giddings, Edward J., HousatonSc,

Mass. 115

Giddings, Solomon P., WashingtoD,

D. C. 113

Gidman, Bichard H., North Madioon,

Ct S

Gilbert, Henry B., Motf s Comen,
N. Y. 119

Gilbert, James B., Bockfbrd, la. 27, 38
•Gilbert, Simeon, Chicago, IlL 21

Gilbert, William H., New HaTen,

Ct. 112

Gill, William, Mantonrille, Minn. 62
Gillespie, Thomas, Wood worth. Wis. 103
Gillmor, D. W., Poto«d, Wis. 103, 105, 106
Oilman, Edwaird W., Bible House,

New York City, 119

Oilman, George P., Watertown, Ct 112
Gladden, Washington, Springfield,

Mass. 83

Gleason, Anson, Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Gleason, Charles H., Somerq, Ct. 10

Gleason, Gea L., MancheAter, Mass. #7
Gleason, John F., Norfolk, Ct 9

Glidden, Kiah B., Mansfield Centre,

Ct 8

Glidden, N. Dimic, New Haven.

Mich. 06, 58

Glines, Jeremiah, Lunenburg, Vt 120
Godfrey, E., Philomath, Or. 120

Goodell, Constans L.. St- Louis, Mo. 66
Goodell, Henry M., Cannon. Mich. 55
Goodell, Isaac, Greenville, 111. 17

Goodell, John H.. Windsor Loclcs, Ot 13
Goodenough, Artnnr, Winchester, Ct 13
Gkxxlenow, Smith B., Chandlerville,

111. 16

Goodhue, Daniel, Burlington, Vt 120
Goodhue, Henry A., West Barnstable,

Mass. 41

Goodhue, Nathaniel G., Johnstown

Centre, Wis. 131

Goodman, William, Nelson, Ind. 113

Goodnough, Algernon M., Vallejo,

Cal. Ill

Goodrich, Chauncey, A. B. C. F. M. 110
Goodrich, Darius N., Windham, Vt 100
Goodrich, John E., Burlington, Vt 130
Gh>odrich, Lewis, Warren, Me. 39

Goodsell, Dennis, Fergus Falls, IGnn. 61
Goodwin, Daniel, Mason, N. H. 73

Gtoodwiu, Edward P., Chicago, IlL 16
G^todwin, Henry M.. Olivet, Mich. 58,117
(Goodyear. G^eorge. Temple, N. H. 118
Gordon, Charles E., Pomfret Centre,

Ct

(154)

1878.]

List of Congngational Ministers.

237

Gofdon, D. B.» Colflo, la. 28

Goidoo, Georfce A.» Temple, Ma. 89

Qotdon, Robert F., East MilUmjMaas. 48
Oouldf Henry A.» Hammond, Wis. 121
Ooiild, Mark, Aiihbumham, Mass. 115
Gould, Samnel L. , Bethel, Me. 1 14

Gfat John P., Marshall, la. 118

Granger, Calvin, Bast Poaltnej, Vt. 99
Granger Charles^ Pazton, IlL 118

Granger, John L., Polo, 111. 113

Chmnnis, Oeoree H., St. Glair, Mioh. 09
Chant, Ben). F., Maldeo, Mass. 110

Ckaat, Henry M, Sterling, K. J. 118
<*Qffassie, Thomas G. , Sycamore, 111. 20
CkaYM, A.1pheus, Medford, Minn. 62
Qia?ea, Roswell liittle. Shasta, Gal. 2
Grawe, J. F., Bradford, la. 113

Gxay, 1>. B., Oregon Citr, Or. 89

Ckay, John, Wahoo, Neb. 67, 69

Ckseley, Ed ward H. , Goncord, N. H. 118
Greeley, Frank N. , Orwell, N. Y. 80

Ckeeley, Stephen 8. N., Gilmanton

Centre, N. H. 73

Ckeene, Albro L^ Stockholm, N. Y. 81
Qnene, Daniel G , A. B. C. F. M. 110
Greene, Henry S., Ballardvale, Mass. 41
Ckeene, John M^ Lowell, Mass. 47

Oreene, Joseph K., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Greene, Richard G., Orange, N. J. 75
Gvsene, William B., Scitiiate, Mass. 01
Oreentoaf, Joseph, New Canaan, Gt. 9
Gheenwood, John, New Milford, Ct 112
Greenwood, Wm., Haverhill, Mass. 46
Ckegg, James B., Hartford, Gt 7

Oregoiy, Lewis, Lincoln, Neb. 68

Grioiey, Albert L , Benzonia, Mioh. 00
QriAn, Edward H., Williamstown,

110

GrtOn, George H., Milford, Gt 8

Griffin, John A., Atkinson, 111. 10

Griffla, Perley M., Persons, Kan. 31

Griffiths, Griffith, Newport, Ky. 84
Griffiths, Henry, Neligh, Neb. 67, 6R, 69
Griffiths, James, Sandusky, N. Y. 77, 81

Griffichi*, J. A., LawreuoeviUe, N. Y. 78

Griffiths, J. H., Moriah, N. Y. 79

Griffiths, John K., Camroden, N. Y. 77

Gnffiths, Thomas M., Turin, N. Y. 81

Griggs, Leverett, Bristol, Ct. 112

Griegs, Leverstt S., Terry ville, Gt. 10
^Grimes, Frauk, J., Canaan, Falls

YUlaee, Ct. 0

Grinnell, Josiah B., Grinnell, la. 113

Griswold, John B., Millington, Ct. 6

Groot, 8. A., Maoon, Neb. 118

Grosvenor, Charles P., Ashford, Ct. 0

Groerenor, Mason, Jacksonville, 111. 113

Groat, Henry M., Concord, Mass. 44

Gfont, Lewis, W. Brattleboro', Vt. I'iO

Giover, Nahum W., Topsham, Me. 39

GroTer, G^rge \V., Hannibal, Mo. 60

Gmsh, James W., Cambria, N. Y. 77

Goild, Charles L., Bnckland, Mass. 43

Gnild, Rufus B., GaWa, III. 17

•Gnlick, , Park Ridge, HI. 19

Gnllok, John T., A. B. O. F. M. 110

Gnlisk, Oramel H., A. B. C. F. M. 110

Gnliok, Thom;is L., A. B. G. F. M. 110

Gnlick, WltUam H., A. B. 0. F. M. 110
Gnmey, John H., I>orohester, Mass. 43

Hadley, Andrew J., Toledo, O. 119

Hadley, James B., Oampton, K. H. 118
Haff, Scephen, Bay Shore. L. L 76

Hail, Alexander D., Berlin Heights,

O. 88

Haines, Simeon S., Tnstin, Mioh. 117
Haines, Thomas V., North HampUm,

N. H. 78

Hale, Enseblns, Baiting Hollow,

N. Y. 76

Hale, John G., Stowe, Vt 100

Hale, Lewis, Onekams;. Mioh. 06

Haley, Frank, Seabrook, N. H. 78

Haley, John W., Hudson, N. H. 72

Hall, Alexander, PlainTille, Gt. 10

Hall, Alfred H., West Meriden, Ct 8
Hall, Charles L., A. B. C. F. M. 110

Hall, B. Edwin, Fairhaven, Ct. 112

Hall, Elliot C^ Kiantone, K. Y. 78

Hall, George B., Vergennes, Vt. 100

Hall, Gk>rdon, Northampton, Mass. 49
Hall, Heman B., Oberlin, O. 119

Hall, James, Farwell, Mich. 06.

*Hall, Jeffries. Lyndeborongfa, N. H.
Hall, Martin S., Lawn Ridjro, HI. 17

Hall, Richard, St. Paul, Mfim. 117

Hall, Robert v., Newport, Vt. 190

Hall, Rnssell T., Pittdord. Vt 90

Hall, Sherman, Sank Rapids, Minn. 63
Hallev, Eben, CincinnatLO. 04

Hallioay, Joseph C, B. Weymofath,

Mass. 115

HaUiday, Sam'l B., Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Hallock, Joseph A., Chicago, HI. 118
Hallock, Lea^tt H., West Winsted,

Gt 13

*Hallock, Wm. A., Bloomfleld, Gt 0
Hamilton, B. Franklin, Boston High-
lands, Mass. 42
Hamilton, Henry H., Hinsdale, N. H. 72
Hamilton, John A., Norwalk, Ct. 9
Hamilton, Wm., Pattenvillo, Tex. 90
Hamlen, Channcey L., Aurora, O. 83
Hamlin, Austin N., WesterviUe, O. 119
Hamlin, Charles H., Chester, Mass. 43
Hamlin, Cyrus, Coiutantinople, 110
Hamlin, Cyrus, Council Bluffs, la. 24
Hammond, Charles, Monson, Mass. 110
Hammond, Henrv L., Chicago, HI. 113
Hammond, Joseph, Harwich, Mass. 46
Hammond, Wm. B., Acushnet, Mass. 49
•Hammond, Wm. P., Granby, Ct. 7
Hampton, W. S., Arborville, Neb. 67, 68
Hanaford, Howard A., Wellfleet,

Mass. 03

Hancock, Charles, Alden, la. 23, 24

Hand, Fred'k A., Dorchester, Mass. 110
Hand, LaB^ S.. Ogden, la. 23, 26

Hanks, R., South Granville, N. Y. 81
Hanks, Stedman W., Boston, Mass. 110
Hanna, C. W., Marlboro', Ct. 8

Hanna, John A., Thompson, Gt. 11

Hanning, James T., Marseilles, HI. 113
Harding, Charles, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Harding, Henry F., Hallowell, Me. 114

(100)

238

List ef Congrtgational Mimsters.

[Jan.

HanUu, J<dm W., Loognifladow,

MSM. «T

Hardy, Daniel W . Bl^if^htll, Me. 3«

Hard*. Gean«, Madiwn, X. Y. 79

Hardy, ViWlhuM, W.Randolph, Yl. »

Barker, MIHin. Eaet Oakland. Cftl. lU
Harloir. Edwin A., Cape Elizabeth,

Hannon, Elljali, WincheBUtr. N

Harpei. Aimer, Port Byron. III. If, W
Hamh. Cbarlfs C. Monroe, la. 26, 2T
Harrinnon, Charles E.. LancosU-r.

N. II, 72

HarriiiKtan, EU W., Kortb Beverly,

Rarriii^lon. J»mes L., Oiauge, Vt. 90
Hurdii^nii, -M. 0.,M»*fm, Ga. 14

Harris," 1). Fi=k, (.'■jluinbia, Cindn-

H*Si', * ;p'.rcp, frovi Jen«. R. I. 93

Harris, ,1. L».inMiii. Kuei, MaM. U

Harris, Jumiw W., Dftllca. Or. SB
Harrta, Looiiard W., Colebrook,

, II.

TO

s, Saiiiupl, New Haren. Ct.
Harruoh. <'. S., Ynrk. Keb, 69

Harriaoii, ticirKe J., Sljlton, Ct. 8

Harrison, P., Bellingham Bat, W. T. lOS
Harriaoii, Sninuel, Hiufieia, Maea. W
Harrisoij. William G., Sprinj; Gi

Wla.

WT

liar

Hjirt. Hfiiin li., Holden, Me. 1

,.__ ..__^ ... ... J ^;t. .

I Compton,
n. 1. :

Hartshorn, Jamee W., Kaperville,

Uarvc'v Cii:.'. \.. Mi.l.ll'i.Aiii, N.y. IIB
Harrey, Wlieoluck H., J*ew York

City, 119

Harvey, William F., Jamestown, la.

Harwood, Charles E., Orlortii-", Mass, 49
Earwood, Jamee H., EllunpLvilk-,

Haskell, John, Biilcrica, ^lon. 11

Haskell, Tl,i,m;u N,. tleuvcr Col. 11
Haakell, William H.. West FU-

Hatch, Franklin S., West Hartford,

Hatch, Reaben, Oberlin, O. 119

Hathaway, Daniel £., BoBeU, Kan.

»,31
HathawH, Oeonv W., SkowbesMi,

Me. m

Balhaway. Warren, Waikingtolk-

TiUe. N. T. IB

Haren. John. Charlton. Mans. •■

lUveoH, Duiiel W., Uilion. Kan. 114
Hawes, Edward. Sew Haven, LI. 9

ll»ni;j, Jusiab T., Lilclifipld Comen,

He. ST

Hawkea, WinfieU S., H^aenriUe,

Hawley. John P.. TalconHle. CI. 11
Hay. Janiffi. Holbuid. Vl. 97, M

Hav. Saninel C. Woodstork. III. 113

IlavP!-. Stfi hfii H., P^ieinn. Ma«i 4S
Havfoni, Ai.divw D.. CraryB Mills.

Hayward, John, Scatter Cr«ek, Kan.

39, SI

Hayward, Syl<raniu, Ollsam, K. H. Tl
Hayward, Wm. T., Independence,

Kan. 30
HazfD, Alien. A. B. C, F. M. 109
IIb?vii, AiLsiiii. Jerivl.u Centre, Vt. «, 99
Httieu, .\zcl W,, MiiMlctown. Ct. S
llazen, Henry A., Billerira, Mas. 43
Haxen, Timolhy A., Goaheu. Ct. T
Hazen, William S., Xorlhfield, Vt. H
Haieltine, Harry M., West Stock-
bridge. Moss. S3
lUileir.Mxi, Webster. ETeivn, Mass. IIS
" ,-rj- H. B„ PhUadelphia,

Pa.

19)

Headley, i'liineasC., Bosttm, 3

Healey, Joseph W.. Ottumwa. la. ai

Heath, Albert H., New Bedford.

Mass. 49

IIr.'j.i..ii, T*aac E., Fremont, Neb. U8

Helmet. Chiirli-s D., Bruoklm. N. T. 76
ll<^lm!i, Stephen E).. Lima. fa. 113

Ifometiwav, Asa. Manobealer, Vt. 120
■lIcmonwaT. F. D., Giencoe. DI. 17

lltiiidergon, David, Gainesville, N. T. 7T
Henderson, J. H. D., Eugene City,

ur. lao

Bendrlckson, William A., Water-
town, Wis. 107
Henry, Wm D., Jamoslown, N. T. US
llepwortli, Geo. H., New York City, 79
•Herbert, Charles D., Honroo, Ct 9
Herburt, John, SlouelitAO, Mass Si
Herbr«chter, F., Stocklmdge. Wis. 107
Merrick, Edward B., Chelsea, Vt. 97
Uerrick, Edward P., Bheruiau, Ct. 10
Herrick, George P.. A. B. C. F. M. 108
Herrtck, Henry, North Woodstock,

Ct,
Herrick, James, A. B. C. F. U.
Herrick, John B., South Hadley,

Maas.
Herrick, Samael E., Boston. Mass.

ua

109

i8;8.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

Hmrick, ■Willtam T., Wert Ch»rle»-

ton, VI. 9T

Henbey, SimoD B., DnnbiiT;, Ct.
Butt, Bttatj, Fort Atklnaon, Ib.
HMrick, Andrew J., Canteibnry, Ct.
HeUlw, HeniT, HiucaUDe, la. 2S,26,aT
H«iutla, Aaron, Cartbag*, Ind. 113

Hewitt, Ellas W., Pecatonica, Uh US
Berwood, TboniM, Ellubeth, N. J. 75
mbbard, CharleB, Fairmont. Jfth. IIH
HIbbard, David 8., Oilmanton Ceiitie,

M. H. lie

Hlblwn], Rnfna P., New Haven, Ct. »
Ukk, G«or|n H., New Hampton,

N. T. 116

Hickmott, John V., Ant;ola, Ind. 21

Hickok, Henrv P., BorlingtoD, Vt. 130
mck«, Lonli W., WoodMock, Vt. 101
Hioki, Bichard, Albnrgh, Vt. M

HIcka, William C, Hammond, Wit. 104
Hlck^ William H., Wellivilla, Mo. 6B, 68
ffidden, Ephraim N., Norfolk, Man. 4S
BlnliM, Jonatban E., »ew Balti<

mora. Mich. B8

*Higgllls,LD(itniH., Huntington, Ct. T
Wev, Hervey O., CnsUeton, Vt. 120
mileT. Henry H.,FTiendahip,K.r. 78
Hlchir. Henry P., Belolt. Wu. 103

ffib*. Joaepti B., Radical City. Kan. 114
Hni. Calvin G., WbIh^, Man. B3

Bill. CharlOB J., Hlddletown, Ct a

Hill, Dexter D., Aurora, HI. IE

HiH. Eben L., Armada, Mich. 117

ROl, Edwin S., Atlantic, U. 23

Bill, G«orge E., Marlon, Ala. Ill

mil, James U, I^nn, Haas. 47

Hill, Joahoa A., Hantord, Ct. 113

^ill, William P., Algonqoin, Dl. 10
milaid, EUaa B., Plymonth, Ct. 10

HUla, Aanm H., Ravenna, O. St, 86

HDla, Williant 8., Seeley, Neb. 69

•Hilton, John v.. East Boston, Mass. 42
Hinckley. William H., Racine, Win. 106
Biocka. Eklwanl Y., Ponlaud, Me. 38
Hincks, Jolin H., Monlpolier, Vt. 98

Hindlt^y, George. Avoca, la. 23

Bine, Orlo D.. Lebanoo, Ct. 8

Hinmaii, Horace H. 1

Hitchcuck, Abraham F., Sulsan, Cal.
Hitchcock, Henry C. Milwaukee,
Wi».

KB

Hitchcock, MUan H., A. B. C. F. M.
Hoedly, L. Ivsa, New Haven, Ct.
Hobart, L. Smith, N'ew York City,
Bobbn, Simon L., Anhflold, Mass.
K>ddle. Heiiry, Garliold, Kail. 29, 30
Hodginiin,KdwlnK,.We«tford,'Mass. UB

idgeport, Ct
itiim, N. H

. }ontbbOTo','

Holmea, Jamea, Bennington, N. H.
Holmes, Otis, Greenport, L. I.
Hoimes.Theodore J., Baltimore, Hd. 40
Holyoke, CharlesO., Sumner, Me. 77
Holyoke, William E., Byron, 111. U

Homei, Francii, Eaaton, Mass. 115

Hood, Edw'd C, Hlngham, Maaa. 46,47
Hood, Oeo. A., Hlnnouoiis, Minn. 63
Hood, Jacob, LynnAaldCentre,MaM. 115
Hooker, Edward P., Mlddlebnry, Vt. 96
Hooker, Edward T., Castleton, Vt. 97
HookOT, Henry B^BostOD, Mass. lU
Hopkins, Heuty, Weatfleld, Mass. S3
Hopkins, Mark, Wiilianwtown, Man. H
Hopklnson, Benjaulti B., Lyme, Ct. 8
Hoppin, James H., New Haven, C(. 113
Homer, John W., Keossnqaa, ^ 23, 25
Hoaford, Henry B., Hudson, O. 119

Htalord, Isaac, North Thelfot^, Vt. 120
Hoslord, Oramel, Olivet, Mich. IIT

Hcsmer, Sam'l D., So. Natlck, Mus. 48
Honeh, Jesse W., Soata Barbara,

noilyh, Jnel J., Danbiiry, Ct. «

Houjili, Ixint S.. East LjTne, Ct. lia

HouBhton, Chas. E., Auburn, N. H. 70
HoHRliton, James C„ Monlpelier, Vt. 120
Houghton, John C, Benson, Vt. 96

Houghton, William, Virotiua, Wis. lOT
Houghton, William A., Berlin. Mmb. 43
House, J. Hsiuy, A. B. V. F. M. 110
Houffi, William, Barnnrton, It. I. 98
Htnuton, Hiram. Deer Inle, .Me, 3S

H&vendPn, Robert, Poiitiiic. Mirh. 117
Hovejr, Hotace C, Falthaven, Ct. S

•Howard, Edward, Gasport, K. y. 78
Howard. Hiram L., Usbon, HI. 113

Howard, Jaboz T., West Charleston,

Vt. 120

Howard, Martin 8., Wllbraliam,

Howard, Rowland B., East Orange,
N, J. ^" 75

Howard. William, West Avon, Ct. 0

How(

Hirf, Philip J.. Boacobel. W
Hoffman. John H., Henniker, N. H.
HcJbmok. Amns, Saiton's Blver, Vt.
Holbrook, David L., Geneva, Wis.
Holbmnk. David 8., Ellington, Ct.
Mnlbrook. John C, Svrjcuso, N. Y.
Holbrook, Martin K., Lon^monl, Col.
Hnlbrook, Zephaini^ S., Chicago, 111.
HolcDtDbe, Gilbert T., Elkhart, Ind.

Howe, E. I

Howe, aeorgo M'., Princeton, Mass.

HowoB, Herbert B., Gray, Me. 1

Howie, Matthew F„ Maiden, III.

Howland, Sam'l W., A. B. C. F. M. 1

Howtand. Wm. S., A. B, C. F. M. ]

Howland. Wm. W., A. B. C. F. M. 1

Hoyt, James P.. Newtown, Ct.

" James S., Cambridgeport,

HubW._,

N. II.
Hubbard, David B,, Canton Centre,

Hubbard, George B., Shirland, III. 1
Hubbard, H. L., W, Newark, N. Y.
Hubbard, Jamoa M., Cambridee,

Mass. 1

Rubbard, Thomas 8., Rochester, Tt.
(157)

I, Charles L., Reed's Ferry,

240

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

Hubbard, Wm. H., Merrimac, Maas. 48
Hubbell, Henry L., Amberst, Mass. 115
Uabbell, James W., Portsmoutb,

N H 73

Hubbeli, Stepben, Mt. Garmel, Gt. 112
Habbell, William S., E. Someryille,

Mass. 61

Hudson, Alfred S., Linden, Mass. 47
Hudson, J. M., Mason City, la. 113

Hughes, David E., Coaldale, Pa. 91

Hugbes, E. B., Remsen, N. Y, 80, 81
Hughes, Hugh X., Dawn, Mo. 86

Hughes, Isaac C, Columbus City, la. 23
Hughson, Simeon S., South Boston,

Mass. 42

Hulbert, Calvin B., Mlddlebury, Vt.

100,120
Hull, Irwin T., Breckinridge, Mo. 64, 66
Hume, Edward S., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Hume, Robert A., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Humphrey, Chester C, Albion, Neb.

87,68
Humphrey, John P., East St. Johns-
bury, Vt. 99
Humphrey, Simon J , Chicago, III. 113
Humphreys, George F., Providence,

R.I. 93

Hungerford, Edward, Meriden, Ct. 8
Hunt, Lewis M., Galesbur^, Mich. 66
Hunt, Nehemiah A. , Sterlmg, Minn. 63
Hunt, Nathan S , Bozrah, Ct. 112

Hunt, Ward I., Columbus, Miss. 66, 59
Hunting, B. S., Berea, Ky. 114

Huntington, George, Oak Park, 111. 19
Huntington, Henrv S., Gorham, Me. 36
Huntress, Edward S., Wallingford,

Vt. 100

Hurd, Albert C, Taftville, Ct 9

Hurd, Alva A., Scotland, Ct. 10

Hurd, Favette, Cherokee, la. 23

Hurd, Philo R., Detroit, Mich. 117

Hurlbut, Everett B., Omaha, Neb.
Hurlbut, John E., Mittineague,

Mass. 53

Hurlbut, Thaddeus B , Upper Alton,

IlL 113

Husted, John T , Clinton, Mich. 66

Hutchins, Charles J., Petalama, Cal. 3
Hutohins, Henry L., New Haven, Ct. 9
Hutchins, Robert G., Columbus, O. 84
Hutchins, Wm. T., Westchester, Ct. 6
Hutchins, Henry H., North Edge-

oomb. Me. 36

Hutchinson, John C, Cummington,

Mass. 116

Hyde, Azariah, Galesburg, III. 113

Hyde, Charles M., A. B. 0. F. M. 109
Hyde, Henry F., Rockville, Ct. 11

Hyde, James T., Chicago, HI. 113

Hyde, Nathaniel A., Indianapolis,

Ind. 22

Ide, Alexis W. , West Medway, Mass. 116
Ide, George H., Lawrence, Matss. 47

Ide, Jacob, West Medway, Mass. 48

Ide, Jacob, jr. , Mansfield, Mass. 47

liams, Wm. B., San Francisco, Cal. 3
Usley, Horatio, South Freeport, Me. 114

119

. 61

29,30

83

109

1

29

112

6

114

5

IngallB, Alfred, Smithville, K. Y.
Ingalls, Edmond C, Benson, Minn
Ingalls, Francis T., Atchison, Kan.
In^le, John, McLeansville, K. G.
Ireland, Wm., A. B. C. F. M.
Irwin, A. B., Mobile, Ala.
Irwin, Corydon S., Belfield, Kan.
Isham, Austin, Rozbury, Ct.
Isham, J. H., Cheshire, Ct.
Ives, Alfred E., Castine, Ma.
Ives, Joel S., East Hampton, Ct.
Ives, Joseph B., Douglas, Kan.

Jackson, A. T., Weaverville, Cal. 8

Jackson, Gtoorge A., Globe Village,

Mass. 115

Jackson, Jas. T^ Cornish Flat, N.H. 71
Jackson, Wm. C., Brentwood, N. H. 70
Jacobus, Isaac, Louisville, Kan. 30

Jt^gar, Edwin L., Aubumdala,

Mass. 115

James, Nathan B., Carrolton, La. 114
James, Wm., Woodhaven, L. L 82

James, Wm. A., Marysville, O. 86

Jameson, Ephraim O., East Medway,

Mass. 48

Jameson, James, Bfagnolia, Wis. 121
Janes, Elijah, Oakland, Cal. Ill

Janes, Frederick, Salisbury, Vt, 99

Jenkins, David, Monticello, Minn. 62
Jenkins, Josiah H^Harmar, O. 85

Jenkins, John J., Palmyra, O. 86

Jenkins, Jonathan L., Pittsfield,

Mass. 50

Jenkins, Owen, De Peyster, N. Y. 77
Jenkins, Richard W., Yarmouth, Me. 40
Jenkins, Thomas, Rskdnor, O. 88

Jenkins, William, Jermyn, Pa. 91

Jenness. Geo. O., Wakefield. N. H. 74
Jenney, Elisha, Galesburg, 111. 113

Jenney, E. Winthrop, A. B. C. F. M. 110
Jennings, Isaac, Bennington Centre,

Vt. 06

Jennings, William J., Coventry, Ct. 6
Vennison, Edwin, Winchester,

N. H. lis

Jerome, Theodore C, River Falls,

Wis. 106

Jesup, Henry G., Amherst, Mass. 115
Jewett, George B., Salem, Mass. 115

Jewett, Henry E., Redwood, Cal. 3

Jewett, John E. B., Pepperell, Mass. 115
Jewett, Spoflford D., Middlefield, Ct. 112
Jewett, WUliam R.. Concord, N. H. 118
Jocelyn, Simeon 8., Brooklyn, N. Y. 119
Johnson, Albion H., South Brain-

Johnson, Alfred P., Platteville, Wis. 105
Johnson, Charles C, Smyrna, N. Y. 81
Johnson, Edwin, New York City, 119
Johnson, Frank A., Chester, N. J. 75
Johnson, George, Scambler, Minn. 63
Johnson, George H., Uxbridge, 62

Johnson, Gideon S., Hale, 111. 118

Johnson, Henry C, Dallas City, HI. 118
Johnson, Hiram B., East Proyidenoe,

R. I. 51

Johnson, James G., Rutland, Vt.

(IM)

1 8/8.]

List of Congregational Ministers,

241

Johnson, J. R., Hemdon, Ya. 121

Johnson, Samuel, Sidney Plains,

N. r. 81

Johnson, Wilbar, Royalston, Mass. 51
Johnson, W. L., Orangeburg, S. C. M
Jones, Albert N., Jac^on, Me. 36

Jones, Amos, Colesburg, la. 23, 24

Jones, Benjamin, Granville, O. 119

Jones, Cadwalader D., Beacon, la. 23, 25
Jones, Charles, Saxonville, Mass. 45

Jones, Charles J. K., New Bedford,

Mass. 49

Jones, Clinton M., Eastford, Ct. 6

Jones, Daniel I., Norwood, O. 119

Jones, Darius E., Davenport, la. 113

Jones, David, Gomer, O. 88

Jones, David, Richville, N. Y. 81

Jones, David E., Roxbury, Ct. 10

Jones, David L., South Freoport, Me. 36
Jones, David M., Arena, Wis. 121

Jones, David S., Alexandria, O. 83,85
Jones, D. Jerome, Crete, Neb. 67, 69

Jones, D. Todd, Shenandoah, Pa. 91

Jones, E. W., Johnstown, Pa. 92

Jones, Enoch, Waukesha, Wis. 103

Jones, Franklin C, Franklin, Ct. 7

Jones, F., Skidmore, Tex. 95

Jones, George M., New Cambria, Mo.

65,66
Jones, Q. J., Prospect, N. Y. 80

Jones, Griffith, Nelson Flats, N. Y. 79
Jones, Gustavus W., Frankfort, Me.

36, and Winterport, Me. 40

Jones, Harvey, Diamond Springs,

Kan. 29,32

Jones, Henry, Bridgeport, Ct. 112

Jones, Henry W., St. Johnsbury,

Vt. 99

Jones, Ira B., East Irving, Mich. 56

^Jones, J. G., Ninety-Six, N. Y. 79

Jones, James I., Farmington Falls,

Me. 36, 37

Jones, Jesse, H., North Abington,

Mass. 41

Jones, John, Columbus, O. 88

Jones, Johu A., Salom, Neb. 68

Jones, John E., Audenried, Pa. 91

Jones, John H., Delaware, O. 88

Jones, John L., Modesto, Cal. Ill

Jones, Jonathan, Wyoming, Wis. 107
Jones, Joseph H., Westchester, Ind. 22
Jones, Lemuel, Monsey, N. Y. 79, 81

Jones, Newton I., Mt. Pleasant, la. 26
Jones, Rhvs G., Utica, N. Y. 82

Jones, R. S., Providence, I*a. 91

Jones, Samuel, Red Oak, la. 25

Jones, T. G., Butternut Valley,

Minn. 61, 63

Jones, Thomas, Detroit, Mich. 117

J<Mies, Thomas R., Ebensburg, Pa 92
•Jones, Thomas W., Ticonderoga,

N. Y. 81

Jones, Timothy, Watertown, Wis. 121
Jones, William L., Oakland, Cal. 3

Jones, William W., Glendale, Wis. 121
Jordan, Ebenezer S. , Brownfield, Me. 35
Joo»>, Emanuel, Sutton, Neb. 69

Joyslm, William R., Orient, NY. 80

Jnchau, Georee, Halifax, Mass. 45
Judisch, Freaerick W., Davenport,

la. 24

Judson, Sylvanus M., Sylvania, O. 119
Julien, Matthew C, New Bedford,

Mass. 49

Kaley, John A, Irasburgh, Vt. 98

Karr, William S., Hartford, Ct. 112

Kedzie, Adam S., Dowagiac, Mich. 117
Keeler, Seneca M., West Newbury,

Mass 53

Keeler, Seth H., Somerville, Mass. 115

Keep, John R. , Hartford, Ct. 112

Keep, Marcus R., Dalton, Me. 114

Keep, Theodore J., Oberlin, O. 119
Keith, Adelbert F., Providence,

R.I. 93

Kelley, George W., Eastport, Me. 35

Kellogg, Elijah, Harnswell, Me. 36

Kellogg, Martin, Berkeley, Cal. Ill

Kellogg, SylvanusH, Swansea, Minn. 117
Kelsey, Frank D., Attleboro' Falls,

Mass. 41

Kelsey, Henry S., New Haven, Ct 89

Kelsey, Hiram L., Hollis, N. H. 92
Kemp, G^eorge S., West Brooksville,

Me. 35
Kendall, Henry A., East Concord,

N. n. 118
Kendall, Henry L., Charlestown,

Mass 42

Kendall, S. C, Williamsburg, Mass. 53

Kennedy, Joseph R., Grinnell, la. 113

Kent, Cephas H., Ripton, Vt 99

Kent, Evarts, Michi^n City, Ind. 22

Kenyon, Fergus L., St. Joseph, Mo. 66

Kerr, Robert, Webster Grove, Mo. 66

Ketcham, Henry, CoUamer, O. 119

Ketchum, Silas, Poquonock, Ct. 12

Keyes, Russell M. , Conneaut, O. 84

Keyser, Calvin, Fall River, Mass. 45

Kidder, Albarom, Durand, Wis. 104

Kidder, James W., Norfolk, Neb. 68

Kidder, John S. , Hopkins, Mich. 57

KUbon, Charles W., A. B. C. F. M. 109

Kilbourn, James, Racine, W^is. 121

Kilbourne, James K., A. B. C. F. M. 110

Kimball, Caleb, Medway, Mass. 115

Kimball, George P., Chicago, 111. 113

Kimball, Henry S., Boylston, Mass. 43

Kimball, James P., Boston, Mass. 116

Kimball, Woodbury S., Wells, Me. 39

Kincaid, William, Oberlin, O. 86

King, Henry D., Orwell, O. 119

Kingman, Matthew, Amherst, Mass. 116
Kingsbury, Chas. A, Chestnut Hill,

Mass. 115

Kingsbury, Howard, Amherst, Mass. 41

Kingsbury, John D., Bradford. Mass. 43
Kingsbury, Josiah W., Montague,

T^Iass 48

Kinne, George W., Bath, N. H. 70

Kinue, T. C, Langola, Minn. 63

Kinney, Thomas, Patten, Me. 38

Kinzer, Addison D , Hampton, la. 25

Kirk, Robert, Springfield, Dak. 13

Kirkland, Elias E. , Missouri. 117

(169)

242

List of Congregational Ministers,

[Jan.

Kitchel, CorneliiiB L., Salisburv, Ct 10
Knapp, George C, A. B. G. F. M. 109
Knight, Elbridge, Fort Fairfield,

Me. 118

Knight, Merrick, Kepang, Ct. 9

Knight, P. S., Salem, Or. 89

Knight, Ricliard, So. Uadley Falls,

Mass. 51

Ejionse, William H., Deep River, Ct. 10
Elnowles, David, Middle River, la. 25
Knowlton, Francis B., Oxford, N. H. 73
Knowlton, Stephen, New Haven, Vt. 98
Knox, William J., Augosta, N. Y. 119
KoDt, J. H., Madrid, N. Y. 79

Kribs, Ludwig, tlawley, Minn. (i2, 63
Kntz, Henry D., New Haven, N. Y. 79
Kyte, Felix, Lumberland, N. Y. 76, 79
Kyte, Joseph, Buxton, Me. 35

La Bach, James M., Amboy, 111. 15

Laharee, Benj., Philadolpliia, Pa. 120
Labaree, John C, Randolph, Mass. 50
Ladd, Alden, Roxbury, Vt. 99

Ladd, George T., Milwaukee, Wis. 105
Ladd, Henry M., Walton. N. Y. 82

Ladd, Horatio O., Hopkinton, Mass. 46
Laird, James II., Andover, 41

Lake, Lot, Hyde Park, Pa. 91

Lamb, Edward £., Collinsville, Ct. 5
Lamb, William A., Foxboro', Mass. 45
Lambert, A. Boardman, Rupert, Vt. 99
Lamphear, N. D., Y^lanti, Mich. 117
Lamson, Chas. M., Worcester, Mass. 54
Lancaster, Daniel, New York City, 119
*Lancashirc, Henry, New Preston, Ct. 11
Landlcar, Rudolphus, Hartford, Ct. 112
Landon, Goo. M., Minneapolis, E. D.

Minn. 117

Lane, B. B., Mitchellville, la. 26

Lane, Daniel, Belle Plains, la. 113

Lane, tlaines P., Bristol, R. I. 93

Lane, John W., No. Hadley, Mass. 45
Lane, Larmon B., Wellington, O. 119
Langworthy, Isaac P., Boston, Mass. 115
Lanman, Joseph, Woodland, Cal. 3

Lanphear, Orpheus T., Beverly,

Mass. 42

Larry, John H., Wilmot, N. H. 74

Lasell, Nath'l. Mattapoisett, Mass. 48
Lathe, Herbert W., Portland. Me. 38
IiBithrop, Alfred C, Glenwood, Minn. 61
Lathrop, Stanley E., New London,

Wis. 105

Laorie, Thomas, Providence, B. I. 93
Law, Sidney G., Redding, Ct. 10

Lawrence, Amos E., Newton Centre,

Mass. 115

Lawrence, Edward A., Marblehead,

Mass. 115

Lawrence, Edward A., jr., Pough-

keepsie, N. Y. 80

Lawrence, Robert F., Maiden, Mass. 115
Lawson, Francis, £2arlville. Dl. 113

Leach, Cephas A.. Sedalia, Mo. 117

Leach, Giles, Meredith, N. H. 118

Leach, Joseph A., Keene, N. H. 72

Learned, Dwight W., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Leavitt, Burke F., Chicago. HI. 16

Leavitt, G^rge B., Cambridgeport,

Mass. 43

Leavitt, Horace H., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Leavitt. Jonathan G., New Gloaoes-

ter. Me. 37

Leavitt, William, Fayette, la. 24

Leavitt, Wm. S., Northampton, Maas. 49
LeBosquet, John, Lempster, N. H. 72
Lee, Albert, East Watertown, N. Y.

77,81
•Lee, Frank T., Milwaukee, Wis. 121
Lee, Lucius O.. Owosso, Mich. 58

•Lee, Samuel, New Ipswich, N. H. 118
Lee, Samuel H., Cleveland, O. 84

Lee, WUliam B., Portland, Ct. 112

Leeds, Samuel P., Hanover, N. H. 71
Lees, Henry, Wauooma, la. 28

Lees, John W., Lee, N. H. 72

Leei)er, Edward A., Chorchville,

N: Y. 77

•Leete, Theodore A., Orange, Ct. 10

Leland, John H. M., Amherst. Mass. 115
Leonard, Delavan L., Northfield,

Minn. 62

Leonard, Edwin, Morris, Ct. 8

Leonard, H artf ord P. , Taunton, Mass. 52
Leonard, Julius Y., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Leonard, Stephen C., Seymour, Ct. 10
Leonard, William, North Rochester,

Mass. 4& 50

Lewis, Edward R., Hyde Park, Pa. 120
Lewis, Everett E., Haddam, Ct. 7

Lewis, George, South Berwick, Me. 39
Lewis, John T., Thomaston, O. 89

Lewis, Richard, Ludington, Mich. 58
Lewis, Wm. S., Pleasauton, Mich. 117
Liggett, James D., Hiawatha, Kan. 30
Lincoln, John K., Bangor, Me. 114

Lincoln, Nehemiah, North Bridgton,

Me. 35, 36

Liuklotter, Elihu, Empire, Mich. 55, 56
Litch, J. Lincoln, Mcindoes, Vt. 98

Little, Arthur, Chicago, 111. 16

Little, Charles, Lewis, la. 23, 26

Littlelield, Ozias, Seneca, la. 113

Litts, Palmer, Central City, la. 23

Livermore, Aaron R., North Haven,

Ct. 112

Livermore, Albert, New Richmond,

Wis. 105, 107

Livingston, Wm. W., North Carver,

Mass. 43

Lloyd, John, Shawnee, O. 119

Lloyd, Wm. A., Ravenswood, HI. 19

Lochridge, G. C, Centre Point, la. 23, 28
Locke, Wm. E., A. B. C. F. M. 110

Lockwood, George A., Oxford, Me. 37
Lockwood, John H., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Logan, Robert W., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Long, Frederick, Frewsburgh, N. Y. 77
Longley, Moses M., Danvers, 111. 16

•Loomis, A. F., Roodhouse, 111. 19

Loomis, Alpha L. P., Milton, Wis. 105
Loomis, Aretas G., Greenfield, Mass. 115
Loomis, Elihu, Chesterfield, 111. 16

Loomis, Henry, jr., Poughkeepsie,

N. Y. 119

Loper, Stephen A., Hadlyme, Ct. 112

(160)

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

2Ai

Lord, Daniel B., Goshen, Mass. 45

Lord, John M., Rockland, Mass. 115

Lord, Thomas N., Sanford, Me. 38

Loring, Amasa, Foxcroft, Me. 114

Loring, Henry S., Phipsburg, Me. 38
Loring, Herbert A., Foxcroft, Me. 36
Loring, Joseph, East Otisfield, Me. 114
Loring, Levi, Waseca, Minn. 63

Lougee, Samuel F., Danbury, N. H. 71
Lonnsbury, Henry A., Boston, Mass 116
Love, Wm. DeL., Andover, Mass. 115
Lovejoy, George K., Bedford, Mass. 41
Lowell, John N., Milton, N. H. 73

Lowes, Josiah E., Nebraska City,

Neb. 67

Lowing, Henry D., Centre Boad Sta-
tion, Pa. 87, 90
Lowry, Samuel E., Newton, Mass. 49
Luce, Leonard, Westford, Mass. 116
Lum, Samuel Y., Rocky Hill, Ct. 10
Lyle, William \V., Duxbury, Mass. 44
Lyman, Addison, Kello^, la. 113
Lyman, Albert J., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Lyman, Charles N., Onawa, la. 23, 36
Lyman, David B., B. C. F. M. 109
Lyman, Kphraim, Minneapolis, Minn. 117
Lyman, George, Amherst, Mass. 116
Lyman, Horace, Forest Grove, Or. 120
Lyman, Huntington, Triangle, N. Y. 81
Lyman, Payson W., Belchertown,

Mass. 41

Lyman, Timothy, Ludlow Mills,

Maas. 47

Lyman, W. A., Windsor, Wis. 105, 107
Lyon, Amzi B., West Newbury, Vt. 98
Lyon, George G., West Farmmgton,

O. 85

Lyon, James H., Central Falls, R. I. 93

Harcardle, George, Pecatonica, HI. 19
Machin, Charles, Lyndon, 111. 18

•Mack, Josiah A., Gilead, Ct. 7

Macnab, William, Orwell, Pa. 110

Magill, Sea^rove W., C^ornwall, Vt. 97
Magoun, George F., Grinnell, la. 113

Mahan, Asa, JAjruhn, Ku<j. 119

Maile, John L., Jackson, Mich. 57

Mallary, R. Dewitt, Williamsport,

Pa. 90

Mallory, Chas. W., Housatonic, Mass. 45
Mallory, W. W., Meinpliia, Tenn. 94

Maltby, ErastiLS, Taunton, M:i.ss. 52

Mandell, William A., Cambridgeport,

Mass. 115

Mann, Asa, Raynham, Mass. 115

Mann, Joel, New Haven, Ct. 112

Manning, Abel, Goffstown, N. H. 118
Manning, .Jacob M., Boston, Mass. 42
Manning, Samuel, Mercer, Pa. 90

Manson, Albert, Qnasqueton, la. 27

Marble, Wm. II., Grundy Centre, la. 113
March, Daniel, Woburn, Mass. 54

Marden, Augustus L., Piermont,

N. H. 73

•Marden, George N., So. Weymouth,

Mass. 53

•Marden, Henrv, New Boston, N. H. 109
Markham, R. F., Savannah, Ga. 14

Marsh, Alfred F., Orange, Mass. 49

Marsh, Abraham, West Woodstock,

Ct. 112

Marsh, Charles E.. Summer Hill, 111. 20
Marsh, D. Dana, Georgetown, Mass. 46
Marsh, Dwight W., North Ainherst,

Mass. 41

Marsh, Francis J., Upton, Mass. 62

Marsh, George D., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Marsh, Henry, Kalamo, Mich. . 67

Marsh, John T., Lisle, N. Y. 78

Marsh, Joseph, Thetford, Vt. 120

Marsh, Loring B., Sterling, Mass. 116
Marsh, S. H., Forest Grove, Or. 89

Marsh, Spencer, Burlington, Vt. 120

Marshall, Chapman A., New Hami>-

ton, la. 26

♦Marshall, Henry G. , Middlebury, Ct. 8
Marshall, James, Troy, N. H. 74

Marsland, John, New Marlboro',

Mass. 49

Marsten, Francis E., Boston High-
lands, Mass. 116
Martin, Benjamin N., New York

City, 119

Martin, E. H., Ogden, la. 113

Martin, Moses M., Mazomanie, Wis. 121
Martin, Solon, West Fairlee, Vt. 100

Marts, William G., Charleston, S. C. 94
Martyn, Sanford S., Terre Haute,

Ind. 22

Marvin, Abijah P., Lancaster, Mass. 116
Marvin, Sylvanus P., Woodbridge,

Ct. 12

Mason, James D., Forest City, la. 26
Mason, Javan K., Fryeburg, Me. 36

Mason, Joseph, Godfrey, Hi. 113

Mason, Lewis T., Ellington, N. Y. 77
Matson, Albert, Topeka, Kan. 29, 30

Matthews, Caleb w., Le Verne,

Minn. 117

Matthews, Luther P., Postville, la. 27
Matthews, R. J., Bevier, Mo. 64

Matthews, S. Sherburne, Maynard,

Mass. 48

Matthews, William D. A., Chicago,

111. 113

Maxwell, Abram, Red Cloud, Neb. 68, 69
May, Oscar G., Fulton, Wis. 103, 104

May, T. Melbourne, Volney, N. Y. 80, 82
Maynard, Ulric, Castleton, Vt. 120

Mayne, Nicholas, Plattville, Wis. 121
McArthur, H. G., Beloit, Wis. 19

McCall, Salmon, East Haddam, Ct. 6
McChesney, James, Prospect Park,

III. 113

McChesney, J. H., Big Marsh, Wis. 121
McClelland, Page F., Northport,

Mich. 68

McClenning, Daniel B., East Con-
cord, N. H. 118
McCollom, J. Clinton, East Arling-
ton, Vt. 96
McConaughey, Frank, Lorain, O. 86
McConoughey, Austin N., Bowens-

burg, 111. 15, 20

McConnell, Alex. S., Cresco, la. 24

♦McConnell, C. M. , Elk River, Minn. 61

(161)

244

List ef Congregatiomal MinisUrs.

[Jan.

McCord, Robert L., TooIod, HL 90

McCormick, T. B., Princeton, Ind. 21, 23
McCraken. F , Dodge Centre, Minn. 117
McCracken, Bobeit. Paxton, HI 113

McCnlloch, Oscar C, Indianapolis,

Ind 22

McCoIlj, Charles G., Calais, Mei 35

McCone, Robert. Toledo. O. 87

McCone, William C, Lin wood, O. 118
McDaffee, Samoel V., Ladlow. Mass. i7
McElrqr, Elbridge P., Brockton,

Mass. 115

HcEwen, Robert, New London, Ct. 112
McFarland, Henry H., Brooklyn,X.Y.119
McFarland, Moses Q., Parma, Mich. 117
M cFarland^W., Barton Citr, Mo. 61, 65
McGinley,Wm. A.. Greenfield, Mass. 45
McGown, Alfred J., Orono. Me. 37, 39
Mclntire, Chas. C, Rockport, Mass. 51
McKay, James A., Grand Rapids,

Mich. 117

McKaj, Wflliam. Brooklyn. N. Y. 119
McKean, John, Ceredo, X<r. V. 103

McKellar, W. S., Spartansbore, Pa. 90
McKenzie, Alexander, Cambridge,

Mass. 43

McKinstiT, John A., Richfield, O. 87
McLaoghnn, Daniel D. T., Litchfield,

Ct. 112

•McLean. AUen, Litchfield, Ct. 8

McLean,CalTinB..8andisfiel<LMa8B. 51
McLean, Jas., West Boxford. Mass. 43
McLean, John K., Oakland, Cal. 2

McLeod, Andrew J. , Waldoboro', Me. 39
McLeod, Norman, Humboldt, la. 25

McLoney, John N , Sioux City, la. 27
McLoud, Anson, Topsfield, Mass. 116
Mc Master, A, Menomonee, Wis. 105

McSeille, Robert G. S., Bridgeport,

Ct- 5

McVicar. Peter, Topeka, Kan. 114

Mead, Charles M , Andover, Mass. 116
Mead, Darins. New York City, 119

Mead, Henry B., Saccarappa, Me. 39

Mead, Hiram, Oberlin, O. 119

Meade, L. H., Clayton, Cal. 2

Means, James H., Dorchester, Mass. 42
Means, John O., Boston Highlands,

Mass. 116

Mears, Dayid O., Worcester. Mass. 54
Mears, Lucien D., Danby, Vt 97

Meek, 8. W., Franklin, N. Y. 78

Mellen, William. Oakham, Mass. 116

Mellish, John H., North Sdtuate,

R.I. 93

Melvin, Charles T., Atkinson, N. H. 70
Meriam, Joeepb» Randolph, O. 87

Merrall, Joseph H., Dntch Flat, Cal. 2
MerreU, Edward H., Ripon, Wis. 121
Merriam, Alexander R, Easthamj)-

ton, Mass. 44

Merriam, Geo. F., Greenville, N. H. 71
Merriam. Jas. T., Springfield, Mass. 52
Meprill, Benjamin B., Searsport, Me. 38
Merrill, Chas. U., West Brattleboro',

Vt. 96

Merrill, Charles W., Spring VaUey,

Minn. 63

Merrill, Elnah W., SptiB« TaDej,

Minn. U7

MerrilL George B.. Kddefotd, Bfe. 91
Merrill, James G., Daycnporl, la. at
Merrill, James H., Andorer, Maoi 41
Merrill, John I^ Mariboro'. N. H. 73
Merrill. J. Lewis, Aiiinn^ton, Mas. 41
Merrill, John M., No. Ridgeyille, O. 87
Merrill, Josiah, Boston, Mms. Utf

Merrill, Selah, Andoyer, Mass. 116

Merrill, Thomas, Winthit^, la. 38

Merrill, Tmman A.. WaylaikL Mmi S3
Merrill, Wnk. A., Sherman Btills, Me.

36,30

I Merriman. Daniel, Worcester, Mass. 54
Merriman. William R, Ripon, Wte. 121

t Merritt, Elbridge W., Hardwidk,
Mass. U6

Merritt, Wflliam C, Pwcadero, CaL 3
Mershon, James R., Newton, la. 114

Merwin, Nathan T., Tnunboll, CL 11
Merwin, Samuel J. M., Wilton, Ct. 18
Meserye, Isaac C, New Hayen, Ct. 9
Metcalf, H. D., Worcester, Vt. 101

Michael, George, Freeport, Me. 36

Miles, Edward C, Mont Clair, N. J. 118
Miles, Harrey, Russell, N. Y. U9

Miles, Thomas M., Winsted, Ct 12

Millard, Joseph D. , Pleasanton, MidL 59
Millard, WUliam B., Dundee, DL 16

Miller, Daniel, Glen Arbor, Mich. 117
MiUer, Daniel R., Oberlin, O. 119

l^Uller,£lishaW.,Bi^ Rapids. Mich. 55
Miller, Joel D., Leommster, Mass^ 116
Miller, Richard, Calumet, Mich. 55

Miller, Robert D. , Hartland, Vt. 97

Miller, Samuel, Deansyille, N. Y. 77, 79
Miller, Simeon, Andoyer, Ct. 5

Miller, William. Killingworth, Ct. 8

Milliken, Silas F., Maquoketa, la. ' 96
MillUcen, Charles £., Littleton, N. H. 12
Mills, B. F., Cannon Falls, Minn. 81

Mills, Charles L., Bethel, Me. 34

Mills, Henry, Canton, HI. 15

Mills, H. S.. DnnUp, la. 24

*Mills, Thornton A., Maine, Minn. 63, 63

119

17

121

112

119

121

39

65

06

23

114

Milne, George C, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Milton, George R. , Geneva, lU.
Miner, Henry A., Madison, Wis.
Miner, Nathaniel, Salem, Ct.
Miner, Ovid, Syracuse, N. Y.
Miner, Samuel E. , Monroe, Wis.
Mirick, Edward A., Bu£Fido, Kan.
Missildine, Alfred H., Lebanon. Ma
Mitchell, Charles L , Sedalia, Mo.
Mitchell, James, Cass, la.
Mitchell, James M., Burr Oak, la.
Mitchell, Thomas G. , Madison Bridge,

Me.
Mobley, Hardy, New Iberia, La.
Mollenbeck, Bernard, Greenbush,Wl8.
Monroe, Benjamin F., Lost Nation,

la.

Monroe, Thomas E., Akron, O. 83

Montague, £nos J., Fort Atkinson,

Wis. 101, 106

Montgomery, Andrew, Abington, Ct. 10
Montgomery, Giles F., A. B. C. F. M. 100

37
114

(162)

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

245

Kontgomery, John A., Morris, lU. 18
Mooar, George, Oakland, Cal. 3

Moody, Howard, East Andover, N. H. 70
Mooney, Warren, Vernon, Mich. 60

Moore, Benjamin, Middleville, Mich. 58
Moore, Edson J., Harwichport, Mass. 46
Moore, George W., Nashville, Tenn. 120
Moore, Mason, Saratoga, N. Y. 119

Moore, Nathaniel S., Hancock, N. H. 71
Moore, William E. R, Bolton, Ct. 5

Moore, William H., Hartford, Ct. 112
Morehouse, Charles M., Evansyille,

Wis 121

Morehouse, Darius A., Owatonna,

Minn. 63

Morgan, Chas. L., Springfield, Mass. 52
Morgan, David 8., Montello, Wis. 121
Morgan, George F. G. , Grass Valley,

Cal. 2

Morgan, John, Oherlin, O. 119

Morgan, John F. , Portland, Me. 38

Morgan, StiUman, Bristol, Vt. 120

Morley, John H., Winona, Minn 63

Morley, Sardis B., Pittsfield, Mass. 105
Morong, Thomas, Ashland, Mass. 41

Morrill, Stephen 8. , Amherst, Mass. 116
Morris, Edward, Caddo, Choctaw N.,

Ind. Ter. 21

Morris, E. J., Neath, Pa. 91,92

Morris, George, Vallejo, Cal. 3

Morris, Henry, Binghamton, N. Y. 119
Morris, Myron N., West Hartford,

Ct. 112

Morris, Richard, Allen's Grove, Wis. 121
Morris, Ozias S., Cnmmington, Mass. 44
Morrison, Nathan J., North .spring-
field. Mo. 117
Morrison, Samuel, Sheboygan Falls,

Wis. 106

Morse, Alfred, Austin, Minn. 62, 63

Morse, Charles F., Thetford, Vt. 109

Morse, Henry C, Union Citv, Mich. 117
Morse, James E., Webster, ta. 28

Morss, George H., Clarendon, Vt. 97

Morton, Aljtha, Oakliam, Mass. 49

Morton, Wm. D., South Coventry, Ct. 6
Mofees, Dighton, Montville, Ct. 8

Moses, John C, Clinton, la. 114

Monlton, E. C, Mason City, la. 26

Mulder, Wm., Leslie, Mich. 57

Mungcr, Theodore T., North Adams,

Alasfl. 41

Munsell, J. H., Sandy Creek, N. Y. 81
Munsell, Joseph R , Harwichport,

Mass. 116

Munson, Frederick, Haddam Neck,

Ct. 7

Munson, Myron A.. Neponset, Mass. 115
Murdoch, David, Now Haven, Ct. 112
Murphy, Thomas 1)., Granby, Ct. 7

Murray, Wm. H. H., Boston, Mass. 110
Muzzj"', Clarendon F., Amherst, Mass. 116
Myers, Hiram, Alma, Kan. 29

Myers, John C, La Salle, 111. 17

Myrick, Osborn, Middletown, Vt. 98

Nail, James, Detroit, Mich. 117

Nason, Charles P. H., Chelsea, Mass. 43

*Nason, Ellas, Dracut, Mass. 44, 47

Nason, John H., East Smithfield,

Pa. 120

Neerkin, Nicholas, Fruitport, Mich. 117
Neesima, Joseph H., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Nelson, George W., Wauwatosa, Wis. 107
Newcomb, Geo. B., New Haven, Ct. 9
Newoomb, Luther, Waushara, Kan. 32
Newell, Wellington, Greenfield, Mass.

43,45
Newhall, Ebenezer, Cambridge, Mass. 116
Newman, Stephen M. , Taunton, Mass. 52
Newton, Albert F., Townsend, Mass. 52
Newton, John, Philadelphia, N. Y. 119
Nichols, Charles, New Britain, Ct. 112
Nichols, Charles L., Brownville, Me. 36
Nichols, D. Bar, New MUford, 111. 113
Nichols, Nathan R., Bamet, Vt. 96

Nichols, Washington A., lAke Forest,

HI. 113

Nield, Thomas, Gavlord, Mich. 66

•Nims, Granville W., Greenwich, Ct. 7
Noble, Charles, Montgomery, Ala. Ill
Noble, Edward W., IVuro, Mass. 62

Noble, Frederick A., New Haven, Ct. 9
Noble, Mason, jr., Sheffield, Mass. 61
Noble, Thomas K., San Francisco,

Cal. 3

Norager, J. A., New Orleans, La. 116
Norcross, Flavins V., Union, Me. 39

Norcross, S. Girard, North Conway,

N. H. 71

Norris, Austin H., Clare, Mich. 66

Norris, John S., Mondovi, Wis. 121

Norris, Kingsley F., Anoka, Miirn. 61
North, Suneon, Clinton, N. Y. 118

Northcott, Theodore C, Woodstock,

111. 113

Northrup, H. H., Schenectady, N. Y. 81
Northrup, James A., Otisville, la. 114
Norton, Edward, Quincv, Mass. 50

Norton, Franklin B., Burlington,Wis. 121
Norton, H. B., Gilroy, Cal. 2

Norton, John F., Hubbardston, Mass. 116
Norton, Smith, Boston, Mass. 116

Norton, Thomas S., Prescott, Mass. 50
Norton, Wm. W., Alexandria, Minn. 117
Nourse, Robert, Springfield, 111. 20

Noyes, Daniel J., Hanover, N. H. 118
Noyes, Daniel P., Wilmington, Mass. 54
Noyes, Gurdon W., Woodbury, Ct. 12
Noyes, Joseph T , A. B. C. F. M. 109
Noyes, Selah W., Litchfield, Mich. 117
Nutting, George B., Oramel, N. Y. 119
Nutting, John K., Austinburg, O. 83

Oakey, James, Ridgofield, Dl. 113

Obear, William F., Newcastle, Me. 37

Ober, Benjamin, Petersham, Mass. 116

Olds, Henrv H., Shutesburv, Mass. 51

Oleson, William B., Gambi'er, O. 85

Oliphant, Charles H., Orange Valley,
N.J. B J ^^

Ollerenshaw, Samuel, Laclede, Mo. 65
•Olmstead, Franklin W., WUliston,

Vt. 120

Olney, Eugene C, Grand Rapids,

Mich. 57

(168)

246

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

Ordway, Jairns, Salem, Ct. 10

Orvis, William B., Philadelphia, Pa. 120
Osbom, G^o. S., South Sanford, Me. 114
Osbom, R. S., Stockton, Kan. 32

Osborne, Cyrus P., Southinsi^n, Ct. 11
Osborne, Wm. H., Tyrone, Mich. 67, fiO
Osgood, Edward R., Bluehill, Me. 114
Osgood, George, Tunbridge, Vt. 100

Osgood, Henry H., Waterford, Me. 39
Osgood, Reuben D., Limington, Me. 37
Omiun, Wm. T., Champion, N. Y. 77
Otis, Israel T., Exeter, N. H. 118

Otis, J. T., Sheridan, Mich. 59

Otis, Norman L., Crystal, Mich. 117

Otis, Orin P., Providence, R. I. 120

Ottman, H. Augustus, Northfield Ct. 8
Overton, A. A., Muscoda, Wis. 105

Oviatt, George A., Sudbury, Mass. 52
Owen, Evan, Jennieton, Wis. 106

Owens, Thomas G., Trempealeau,

Wis. 107

Owens, Thomas M., New York Mills,

N. Y. 79

Oxnard, Frederick, Sandwich, Mass. 51

Packard, Abel K., Greeley, Col. 4

Packard, Alpheus S., Brunswick, Me. 114
Packard, David T., Los Angeles, Cal. 2
Packard, Edward N., Evanston, 111. 16
Packard, Theophilus, Manteno, 111. 113
Paddock, Edward, South Haven,

Mich. 59

Page, Benjamin G., Friend ville, Neb. 67
Page, Charles E., Chardon, O. 119

Page, Henry P., Harvard, Neb. 67

Page, Jesse, Atkinson, N. H. 118

Pame, Albert, North Falmouth,

Mass. 45

Paine, Bernard, Boston, Mass. llfi

Paine, John C, Groveland, Mass. 45

Paine, Levi L., Bangor, Me. 114

Paine, Rodney, North Topeka, Kan. 114
Painter, Charles C, Stafford Springs,

Ct. 11

Palmer, A. B.. Burton. N. H. 71, 74

Palmer, Charles M., Meriden, N. H. 73
Palmer, Charles R., Bridgeport, Ct. 5
Palmer, Edward S., WesUiampton,

Mass. 53

Palmer, Edwin B., Ipswich, Mass. 46
Palmer, Elliot, Portland, Ct. 112

Palmer, Frederic, Revere, Mass. 60

Palmer, George W., Carroll la. 23

Palmer, John A., Slioldon, la. 27

Palmer, Ray, Bible House, New York

City, 119

Palmer, S. Fielder, Bethlehem, Ct. 5
Palmer, William S., Norwich, Ct. 9

Pangbom, David K., Wadham's

Mills. N. Y. 82

•Pannel, C. H. H., Bethlehem, N. H. 70
Paris, John D., A. B. C. F. M. 109

Park, Austin L., Gardiner, Me. 36

Park, Calvm E., West Boxford,

Mass. 116

Park, Charles W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
•Park, Edwards A., Andover, Mass. 116
Park, William E., Gloversville, N. Y. 78

Parker, Alexander, Mitchell, la. 26

Parker, Charles, Coral, Mich. 117

Parker, Edwin P.. Hartford, Ct. 7

Parker, Henry E., Hanover, N. H. 118
Parker. Henry H., Honolulu^ HooDa-

iian Islands, 110

Parker, J. Homer, Bay Citv, Mich. 65
Parker, John D. , Kansas City, Mo. 117
Parker, Leonard S., Montague, Mass. 4B
Parker, Roswell, Manhattan, Kan 114
Parker, R. Daveni>ort, Manhattan,

Kan. 30

Parker, Wooster, Belfast, Me. 114

Parkhurst, Chas. H., Lenox. Mass. 47
Parkinson, Royal, Washington, D. C. 112
Parlin, Jonathan B , Staceyville, la 114
Parmelee, E. Harvey, Long'Ridge, Ct. 11
Parmelee, Henry M., Iowa Falls, la. 114
Parmelee, Howard R., Edinburg, O. 85
Parmelee, James B., Peru, Ind. 22

Parmelee, Moses P., A. B. C F. M. 109
Parmelee, Simeon, Oswego, N. Y. 119
Parmenter, Charles O., (^rawell. la. 24
Parrey, Porter B., Three Oaks, Mich. 59
•Parry, Wm. M., Worcester, Mass. 54
Parsons. Benjamin F , Webster, Mass. 53
Parsons, Ebenezer G., ByfieI<L Mass. 116
Parsons, John, Kennebunk, Me. 114

Parsons, Robert, Brownstown, Mich. 56
Partridge, Geor^ C, Batavia, HI. 113
Partridge, Lewis C, North Benning-
ton, Vt. 96
Partridge, Samuel H., Greenfield,

N. H. 71

Pasco, Martin K., Belpre, O. 83

Patch, Rufus, Ontario, Ind. ^ 22

Patchin, John, Charaon, O. ' 84

Patrick, Henry J., West Newton,

Mass. 49

Patten, Moses, Greensboro', Vt. 97

Patten, William A., Kingston, N. H. 118
Patton, James L., Greenville, Mich. 57
Patton, William, New Haven, Ct. 112
Patton, William W., Washington,

D. C 112

Pavne, Edward B., Berkeley, Cal. . 2
Payne, J. H., Tanytown, N. Y. 11

Payson, Edward P., Ansonia, Ct. 6

Peabody, Albert B., Stratham, N. H. 74
Peabody, Charles, Springfield, Mass. 116
•Pearce, Thomas G. , Armada, Mich. 65
Pearson, James B., Mont Clair, N. J. 118
Pearson, Reuel M , Polo, 111. 113

Pearson, Samuel W., Andover, Me. 34
Pease, Edmond M., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Peck, Whitman, New Haven, Ct. 112
Peckham, Joseph, Kingston, Mass. 46
Peebles, David, Dudley, N C. 83

Peeke, George H., Chicago, 111. 16

Peet, Jonah w., Prescott, la. 114

Peet, Lyman B., West Haven, Ct. 112
Peet, Stephen D., Ashtabula, O. 119

Pefters, Aaron B., Barkhamsted, Ct 5
Peiroe, Charles M. , Middlefield. Mass. 48
Peloubet, Francis N., Natick, Mass. 48
Pelton, George A., Morrisville, N. Y. 79
Pelton, G^eorge S. , Glyndon, Minn. 61, 62
Pendleton, Henry G., Chenoa, HI. 17, 18

(164)

■N

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

247

Penfield, Samuel, Ricefield, la. 114

Pennell, Lewis, West Stockbridge

Centre, Mass. 53

Pennoyer, Andrew L., Roseville, 111. 113
PereCTine, Philip, Shetek, Minn. 63

Perkins, Ariel E. P., Ware, Mass. 53

♦Perkins, Benjamin F., Sterling,

Mass. 52

Perkins, Edgar. Perry Centre, N. Y. 80
Perkins, Francis B., Sonoma, Cal. 3

Perkins, Frederic T.. Tilton. N. H. 74
Perkins, George A , Limenburgh, Vt. 98
Perkins, George G., Ames, la. 22

Perkins, Henry K. W., Cambridge-
port, Mass. 116
Perkins, Henry M., Hanover, Mass. 46
Perkins, Sidney K. B., South Royal-
ton, Vt. 99
Perrin, Layalette, Wolcottville, Ct. 11
Perry, Arthur L., Williamstown,

Mass. 54

Perry, Cyrus M., Pembroke, N. H. 73
Perry, D. Brainerd, Crete, Neb. 118

Perry, David C, Columbus, O. 120

Perry, Ralph, Agawam, Mass. 116

Perry, Truman S. , Cumberland Cen-
tre, Me. 35
Pettengill, John H., Brooklyn,'N. Y. 119
Pettibone, Ira, Colebrook, Ct. 6
Pettibone, Ira F., A. B. C. F M. 109
Pettitt, John, Bonzonia, Mich. 57
Phelps, Austin, Andover, Mass. 116
Phelps, Frederic B., Lowell, Vt. 98, 100
Phelps, L., Ferrisburg, Vt. 97
Phelps, Samuel W , Lombard, 111. 113
Phelps, Winthrop H., So. Egremont,

Mass. 116

Phillips, Daniel, North Chelmsford,

Mass. 116

Phillips, Geo. W. , Worcester, Mass. 54
Phillips, John, Geneva, Kan. 30, 31

Phillips, Lebbens R , Groton, Mass. 116
Phillips, Samuel, Disoo, Mich. 117

Phillips, Sem, Dod^eville, Wis. 104

Phillips, W. J. , College Springs, la. 23
Phinney, George W., Geneva, O. 85

Phipps, George G., Welleslev, Mass. 48
Phipps, Wm H., Prospect, Ct. 10

Pickett, Cyrus, New Jersey, 118

Pickett, Joseph W.. Des M'«»ines, la. 114
Pierce, Asa (J , Brookfield Centre, Ct. 5
Pierce, Frank. Dover, Vt. 97

Pierce, George, jr., Milford, N H. 75
Pierce, George J , Weiitworth, N. H. 74
Pierce, John D , Ypsilanti, Mich. 117
Pierce, John E., A. B C. F. M 109

Pierce, Leroy M., Bernardstown,

Mass 42

Pierce, Nathaniel H., Minneapolis.

Minn. 117

Pierc«, Webster K., Brimfield, Mass. 43
Pierce, Wm., West Buxton, Me. 114

Pierce, Wm G., Champaign. 111. 15

Pierson, Isaac, A B. C F. M. 110

Pierson, Samuel W., Paincsville, O. 119
Pierson, Wm. H., North Somerville,

Mass. 51

Pike, Alpheus J., Sauk Centre, Minn. 117

Pike, Eaara B., Northwood, N. H. 78

Pike, Gustavus D., 56 Beade St.,

N Y. City, 119

Pike, John, Rowley, Mass. 116

Pike, Josiah W. C, Holland, Mass. 46
Pinkerton, Adam, Arena, Wis. 103

Pinkerton, Myron W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Pitcher, Charles W., Crary's Mills,

N. Y. 80

Pitkin, Paul H., Marshfield, Vt. 98

Pixley, Stephen C, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Place, Olney, Massena, N. Y. 79

Piatt, Dennis, South Norwalk, Ct. 112
Piatt, Henry D., Kemper, 111. 16

Piatt, Luther H., Eureka, Kan. 30, 32
Piatt, M. Favette, Lincoln, Neb. 67, 69
Piatt, L. B.,*Fall8 Church, Va. 101

Piatt, Merit S., Glassborough, N. J. 76
Piatt, Wm., Maple Rapids, Mich. 66, 58
Plumb, Albert H., Boston High-
lands, Mass. 43
Plumb, Joseph C, Joplin, Mo. 65
Plumer, Alexander R., West Eden,

Me. 39

Poage, George G., Newton, la. 26

Pollard, George A., Grand Rapids,

Mich. 65

Pomeroy, Edward N., Marion, Mass. 47
Pomeroy, Jeremiah, South Deerfield,

Mass. 116

Pomerov, Lemuel, Muscotah, Kan. 31
Pond, Benjamin W., Washington,

D. C. 112

Pond, Chauncey N., Wauseon, O. 87
Pond, Enoch, Bangor, Me. 114

Pond, Jeremiah Evarte, Milltowni

Me. 114

Pond, Wm. C, San Francisco, Cal. 3
Pope, Charles H., Thomaston, Me. 99
Pope, G. Stanley, Tougaloo. Miss. 64

Pope, Howard W. , Bltvck Rock. Ct. 6
Porter, Edward G., Twcxington, Mass. 47
Porter. Geo , Townshend East, Vt. 100
Porter, Giles M., (iarnavillo, la. 114

Porter, Henry D , A B. C. K. M. 110
Porter, Jeremiah, Fort Ilussell, Wyo-
ming, 121
Porter, Nelson D., Oskaloosa, la. 114
Porter, Noah. New Haven Ct. 112
Porter, Samuel, Chicago. 111. 113
Porter. Samuel F.. Ori.skanv, N. Y. 119
Porter. William. Beloit. Wis. 121
Post, Aurelian H., Twinsburg, O. 87
Post, Martin, Stockton, Cal. 3
Post. Truman M , St Louis, Mo. 66
Potter, Daniel F.. Brunswick, Me, 114
•Potter, E<lmund S , West Somer-
ville, Mass. 116
Potter, William, Hampden, O. 120
Pot win, Lemuel S , Hudson, O. 120
Potwin, Thomas S , Hartford. Ct. 112
Potwin, William S. , Monona, la.
Potwell, Isaac P , Clinton N. Y. 119
Powell, James. Chicago, 111. 113
Powell, John J., Norton villo, Cal. 2
Powell, Llewellyn H., Alliance, O. 88
Powell, Rhys, Delaware. O.
Powell, Samuel, Plymouth, Mass. 50

(168J

248

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

Powell, WUliam^ ThnrmAn. O. 88

Pratt, Edw'dH., Ea^^t Woodstock, Ct. 112
Pntt, Francis 6 , Midd]eboro% Man. 116
Pratt, George H. , Agawam, Mass. 41
Pratt, Horace, Northfield, Vt 120

Pratt, J. Lorine, Strong. Me. 38

Pratt, Llewellyn, Williamstown,

Mass 116

Pratt, Miner 6., Andover, Mass. 116

Pratt, Parsons S., £>or8et, Vt 97

Pratt, Theo. C , Orfordville, N. H. 73
Prentiss, Norman A., Aurora, lU. 15

Preston, E. T., Newton, la. 114

Preston, Ira M., Marietta, O. 120

Preston, Joseph P., Kelly's Island,

O. 86, 86, 87

Price, Lewis V. , Sonth Adams, Mass. 41
Prince, Newell A.. Enfield, Ct. 6

Prior, Isaac R. , Kingston, R. I. 98

Pritchard, David E., Rome, N. Y. 81
Proctor, Peter P., Abberville, La. 114
Pmdden, Theodore P., Lansing, Mich. 67
Push, Thomas, Fairfield, Neb 118

PnUan, Frederick B.. Vineland, N. J. 75
•Pulsifer, Daniel, Danbury, N. H. 118
Putnam, Austin, New Haven, Ct. 7

Putnam, George A , Millbury, Mass. 48
Putnam, Hiram B., Salem, Mass. 116
Pyke, Charles, Waterbury, Ct 112

Qnaife, Robert, Elroy, Wis. 104

Quick, Abram J., Rochester, N. H. 73
Quint, Alonzo H. , Dover, N. H. 116

Radford, Walter. Clay, To. 23

Rand, Edward A., Franklin, Mass. 45
Rand, \Vm. A , So Seabrook, N. H. 74
Rand, Wm. H., Manchester, N. H. 118
Rankin, A L, Tulare, Cal. 3

Rankin, Edwin E., Fairfield, Ct, 6

Rankin, J. Eames. Washington, D. C. 13
Rankin, Samuel G. W., Glastonbury,

Ct. 11

Ranney, Timothy, St. Johnsbury

Centre, Vt. 120

Ranslow, Eugene J., Wells Rivcr,Vt. 98
Ransom. George R., Waverly, la. 28

Rawson, George A., Hamilton, N. Y. 78
Ray, Charles B., New York City, 119
Ray, John W., Lake Citv, Minn. 63

Raymond, Alfred C, l^ew Haven,

Ct. 112

Bayrnond, Edward N., Granite Falls,

Minn. 117

Read, Edward G.. Bennington, Vt 96
Read, Eugene B., Marietta. O. 86

Read, HcrlKjrt A.. Marshall, Mich. 117
Redeoff , Richard. Rockford. Mich. 69
Redficld, Charles, I»lainfield, Vt. 120

Redlon. Amos Abbot Village, Me. 34
Reed. Albert C, Flushing. L. I. 77

Reed, Arthur T., Medina, O 86

Reed, Edward A., Springifteld. Mass. 62
Reed. Frederick A., East Taunton,

Mass. 116

Reed, Glover C, W^adsworth, O. 87

Reed, Julius A.. Columbus, Neb. 118

Reed, L., Erie, Pa. 120

Reed, William C, Milton, Mma. 48

Rees, Henry, Emporia, ELan. 29; 90

Reid, Adam, Salisbury, Ct. 10

Reid, Lewis H., North Canaan, Ct.
Relyea, Benjamin J., Westport, Ct 12
Reuth. Jacob. Percival, la. 27

Reynolds, Geor^ C, A. B. C. F. M. 190
Reynolds, Launston, Auburn, Me. 34
Reynolds, William T., Korih Hayen,

Ct. 9

Bice, Augustus M., Little CompUMi,

R.I 120

Bice. Charles B., Danveis Centra,

Mass. 44

Rice, Edwin W., Phihidelphia, PXk 120
Rice, John, Hematite, Mo 66

Rice, Walter, Lunenburg, Maas. 47

Rice, Othello V. . Penfield, O. 87

•Rice, T. O., Chiltonville, Mass. 50

Rich, Alonzo B., West Lebanon,

N. H. 72

Richards, Austin, Boston, Mass. 116

Richards, Charles H., Madison, Wis. 106
Richards, Jacob P., Bowensbiuv, HI. 113
Richards, J. E., St. Johns, Mich. 69

Richards, Jehiel S., Dexter, Me. 36

Richards, John L., Danville, 111. 113

Richards, R., Thurman, O. 98

Richards, William M., Princeton,

Wis. 106

Richardson, Albert M., Lawrence,

Kan. 29, 90

Richardson, Charles A., Cottonwood

Falls, Kan. 29

Richard.-^on, Cyrus, Keene, N. H. 72

Richardson, D. Warren, East Bridge-
water, Mass. 44
Richardson, Elins H., Hartford, Ct. 7
Richardson, Gilbert B., East Alstead,

N. H. 70

Richardson, Henry, Gilead, Me. 114

Richardson, Ilenry J., Lincoln, Mass. .47
Richardson, Martin L., Sturbridge,

Miiss. 52

Richardson, Nathaniel, West Glou-

cest^r l^ass 45

Richardson, Sanford, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Richardson, William T., Thompson,

O. 87

Richmond, James, Le Raysville, Pa. 92
Richmond, Thomas T., Taunton,

Mas.0. 62

Riddle, Morchant S., Cedar Narrows,

O. 84, 85, 87

Riggs, Alfred L., A. B. C. F. M.,

Ban tee Agency, Dak. 110

Riggs, Thomas L., A. B. C. F. M.,

Fort Sullv, Neb. 67, 110

Rindell, Gilbert, Jr., Toledo, la. 28

Rindinger, .Jacob P., Kirkland, O. 86
Ritchie, George, Stellapolis, la. 28

Bobbins, Aldon B., Muscatine, la. 26
Robbins, Anson H., West Williams-
field, O. 88
Robbins, Eliiah, A. B. C. F. M. 109
Robbins, H.H., Alden, la. 114
Robbins, Silas W., Manchester, Ct. 8
Roberts, Bennett, Brighton, la. 23

(166)

\

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

249

Roberta, George L., Trcmont, HI. 18, 20
Boberts, Hiram P., Galesburg, 111. 20
Boberta, Jacob, Aubumdale, Mass. 116
Boberts, James G., Kansas City, Mo. 66
Roberts, James H., A. B. C. F.M. 110
Roberts, Lindsey A., Athens, Ala. Ill
Roberts, Morris, Remsen, N. Y. 119

Roberts. Thomas E., Keene, N. H. 118
Robie, Benjamin A., Oroton, Mass. 45
Robie, Edward, Greenland, N. H. 71

Robie, Thomas S., "Winchendon,

Mass 54

Robinson, EtheUred R., Mt. Palatine,

m. 18

Robinson, Harvey P., Highland, Kan. 90
Robinson, Henry, Guilford. Ct. 112

Robinson, Stephen H., Waitsfield,

Vt. 100

Robinson, William A., Homer, N. T. 78
Rockwell, Charles, Peru, Vt. 99

Rockwell, Samuel, New Haven, Ct. 112
Rock wood, George A., Rensselaer

Falls, N. Y. 80

Rockwood, Samuel L., Hanson, 46

Rodgers, Levi, Claremont, N. H. 70

Rodman, Daniel S., Mont Clair, N.J. 118
Roe, Alvah D. , Afton, Minn. 61, 62

Rogers, A., Glenwood, la. 25

Rogers, Enoch E., Wabaunsee, Kan. 30
Rogers, Henry M., H olden, Mass. 46

Rogers, J. A. B., Berea, Ky. 114

Rogers, Osgood W., Farmington, Me. 86
R<wers, Wuliam C, Dwight, HI. 16

B<tte, Elijah J. , East Machias, Me. 37
Rood, David, A. B. C. F. M. 109

Rood, Beman, Hanover, N. H. 118

Boot, Augustine, Taunton, Mass. 116
Boot, Barnabas, Atendi, West Africa.
Boot, Edward P., South Wilbraham,

Mass. 53

Boot, Edward W., Chenango Forks,

N. Y. 77

Root, James P., Cranston, R. I. 93

Root, Marvin.

Ropes, Charles J. H., Ellsworth, Me. 36
Ropes, Wm. L., Andover, Mass. 116

Roeboro, S. R., Moffat, Tenn. 94

Rose, Henry T., Milwaukee, Wis. 105
Rose, L. P., Orland, lud. 22, .56

Bose, Wm. F., Cherokoc, 111. 114

Rope, William W., Pittsfield, HI. 19

Boeenkrans, D. W , Little Falls,

Minn. 61, 62

Roes, A. Hastinjrs, Port Huron, Mich. 69
Ross, James H. , Kewhur>'i)ort, Mass. 49
Ross, John A., Belfast, Me. 34

Boss, Orville A., Lockoford, Cal. Ill

Bounce, Joseph S., Pauldingsville,

Mo. 65

Bouse, Thomas H., San Mateo, Cal. 3
Bowell, Joseph, San Fraurisco, Cal. Ill
Kowland, Lyman S , Leo, Mass. 47

Bowland, Samuel, Fontonville, N. Y. 92
Bowley, George B., Norfolk, N. Y. 70, 80
Bowley, Lovelaud T., Mt. Pleasant,

la. 24 25 27 28

Bowley, Milton, Evansville, Wis. ' " 104
Boy, Joseph E., Chicago, 111. 113

Bovce, LeRoy, Lexington. O. 85, 87

Buddick, Charles E., Collinwood, O. 84
Buddock, Charles A., Granite Falls,

Minn. 62

Buddock, Edward N., Pine Biver,

Wis. 103, 106

Bunnels, Moses T., Sanbomton,

N. H. 73

Russell, Ezekiel, Holbrook, Mass. 116
Bussell, Frank, Kalamazoo, Mich. 57
Russell, Henry_A., Colebrook, Ct. 112
Bussell, JohnE., Putney, Vt. 99

Bussell, William, Washington, D. C. 112
llussell, William P., Memphis, Mich. 58
Rustedt, Henry F., Sudbury, Vt. 100

Rybolt, John C., Mukonwago, Wis. 105
Byder , William H. , Ann Arbor, Mich. 56

Sabin, Joel G., Beedsburg, Wis. 104, 106
Sahin, Levi P., Centre, Wis. 121

Safford, Albert A., Kewaunee, Wis. 106
Safford, George B., Burlington, Vt. 96
Saflford, Heman, Metomen, Wis. 105, 107
Safford, John, Ashtabula, O. 83

Sallenbach, Henry H., Lincoln, Neb. 68
Salmon, Edmund P., Beloit, Wis. 121
Salmon, Edward P., Depere, Wis. 103
Salter, Charles C, Denver, Col. 4

Salter, Wm., Burlington, la. 23

Samson, Amos J., St. Albans, Vt. 120
Samuel, Robert, Cawker City, Kan. 29
Sanbome, George E., Hartford, Ct. 112
Sanders, Clarendon M., Cheyenne,

Wyoming, 108

Sanderson, Alonzo, Bedford, Mich. 55
Sands, John D., Belmont, la. 23

Sanford, Baalis, East Bridgewater,

Mass. 116

Sanford, Elias B., Thomaston, Ct. 112
Sanford, Enoch, Bajniham, Mass. 116
Sanford, Wm. C, Oak Grove, Wis. 106
Sanford, Wm. H., Worrester, Mass. 116
Sargent, Benjamin F., Paxton, 111. 19
Sar^^ent, Frank D., Brookliue, N. H. 70
Sargent. Geo.W., Salem, Wis. 105,106,107
Sargent, Roger M., Harristown, 111. 17
Saunderson, Henry H., Swauzey,

N. H. 74

•Sauers, E. H., Udina, 111. 20

Savage, George S. F., Chicago, HI. 113
Savage, John R., Kalkaska, Mich.
Savage, ,Iohn W., Canton, Mass. 41

Savage, Wm. T., Quincy, 111. 113

Sawin, Theophilus P., Somerville,

Mass. 116

Sawin, T. Parsons, Janesville, Wis. 105
•Sawyer, Daniel, Hopkinton, N. H.
Schauflier, Henry A . A. B. C. F. M. 110
Schaerer, John, La Grange, Mo. 65

Schlichter, John B., Sterling. Kan. 29, 31
Schlosser, George, Paxton, 111. 15

Schofield, Wm., Berlin, Vt. 96

•Scofield, Ahishai, Hartford, Ww. 104
Scofield, William C, Owego, N. Y. 80
Scotford, Jolm, Chicago, 111. 113

Scott, Darius B., Milton Mills, N. H. 73
Scott, George H., Plvmouth, N. H. 73
Scott, George R. W.,* Fitchburg, Mass. 45

(167)

250

List of Congregational Ministers,

[Jan.

Scott, Nelson, East Granville, Mass. 45
Scoyille, Samuel, Norwich, N. Y. 80

Boribner, Leonard M., St. Mary's, Elan. 31
Scndder, Evarts, Great Barrington,

Mass. 45

Scndder, Henry M., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Scadder, John L., Shrewsbury, Mass. 51
Scndder, Wm. W., Glastonbury, Ct. 7
•Seabnry, Edwin, Walpole, N. H. 118
Seabnry, Joseph B., Lowell, Mass. 47
Seagrave, James C, Haverhill, Mass. 46
Searle, Richard T., Windsor. Vt. 100
Seaton, Charles M., Essex Junction,

Vt. 120

Beaver, Wm. R., Muskegon, Mich. 68
Seccombe, Charles, St. Helena, Neb. 67
Seeley, Raymond H. , Haverhill, Mass. 46
Seelye, Julius H., Amherst, Mass. 116
Seelye, L. Clark, Northampton, Mass. 116
Seelye, Samuel T., Easthampton,

Mass. 116

Selden, Calvin, Aurora, 111. 113

Selden, Edward G. , Manchester, N. H. 72
Sell, Henry T., Lvsander, N. Y. 79

Sengstache, J. H.* H., Woodvillo, Ga. 14
Sessions, Alexander J., Beverly, Mass. 116
Sessions, Joseph W., Westminster, Ct. 6
Sessions, Samuel, St. John's, Mich. 117
Severance, Milton L.. Orwell, Vt. 99

Sewall, Albert C, Williamstown, Mass. 54
Sewall, David B.. York, Me. 40

Sewall, John S., Bangor, Me. 34, 114

Sewall, Jotham B. 117

Sewall, William. Littleton, Mass. 47

Sewall, William S., St. Albans, Me. 39
Seward, Edwin D., Licl 'de, Mo. 117

Seward. D. M., Moriah, N. Y. 79

Seymour, Bola N., New Ipswich,

N. H. 73

Seymour, Chnrles N., Tolland, Ct. 11
Seymour, Charles R., Newburyport,

Mass. 49

Seymour, Henry, Eist Hawley, Mass. 46
Seymour, Joel M., Fort Wayne, Ind. 21
Shafer, Archibald S. Oberlin, O. 120

Shannon, Oscar J., Emporia, Kan. 29
Sharp, J. B., Union Grove, Wis. 107

Shattuck, Amos F., HoUis, N. H. 118
Shattuck, Calvin S.. Millville, N. Y. 79
Shaw, Edwin W., Saranac, Mich. 59

Shaw, Horatio W., Sabetha, Kan. 31

Shaw, Luther, Tallmadge, O. 120

Shay, John H., McLean, 111. 18

Shedd, Charles, Wsiseca, Minn. 117

Sheldon, Luther H., Easton, Mass. 44
♦Sheldon, Stewart, Maiden, Mass.
Shepard, Thomas, Bristol, R. I. 93

Shopley, David, Providence, R. I. 120
Sherman, E. L., Prairie City, la. 26, 27
Sherrill, Alvan F., Omaha, Neb. 68

Sherrill, Dana, Forrest, 111. 17

Sherrill, Franklin G., White City,

Kan. 32

•Sherrill, S. B., Moravia, N. Y. 79

Sherwin, John C, Menomonee, Wis. 121
fihinn, Robert F., Quincy, HI. 113

Shiphord. John R., New York City, 119
Shipman, Samuel B., Cleveland, 6. 84

Shipman, Thos. L., Jewett City, Ct. 112

Shirlev, Arthur, Conway, Mass. 44
Shirrell, Samuel D , Fairhaven, Vt.

Shorey, H. Allen, Boston, Maas. 42

Shnrtlefif, David, Shirley, Mass. 51
Sibley, J. W., Ellickpoor, India.

Sikes, Lewis E., Vienna, Kan. 114
Simmons, H. C, Marshall, Minn. 62, 63
Simpson, Adam, Fairmont, Minn. 61, 63

Sims, J., Nevada, Cal. 2

•Singleton, H. L., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76

Sinnett, Chas. N , Fort Fairfield, Me. 96

Skeele, John P., E. Bloomfield, N. Y. 77 •

Skeels, Henry M. , Turner Jnnct.. HI. 20

Skentelbnry, W. H., Wacousta, Mich. 60

Skinner, Alfred L., Bucksport, Me. 114

Skinner, Edward, Milford, Kan. 31

Skinner, George W. , Wellsville, Kan. 32

Slack, Henry L., Chester, Vt. 97

Slater, Charles, Woodbum. 111. 21

Sleeper, Wm. T.. Worcester, Mass. 54

♦Slicer, T. R., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76

Slyter, S S, Smyrna, Mich. 09

SmaU, Uriah W., WUton, Mo. 39

Smart, William S., Albany, N. Y. 76

Smith. Andrew J.. Neosho, Mo. 65

Smith, Arthur H.. A. B C. F. M. 110

Smith, Asa B., Rockv Hill, Ct. 112

Smith, Azro A., Ashby, Mass. 41

Smith, Bezaleel. West Randolph, Vt. 120

Smith, Burritt A., Middletown, Ct. 112

Smith, Chas. B., W. Medford, Mass 116

Smith, Charles E., Abberville, La. 114

Smith, Charles S.. Montpelier, Vt. 120

Smith, Ebcn, Middleburj-, Vt. 120

Smith, Edward A., Farraington, Ct. 7
Smith, Edward G., No. Leominster,

Mass. 47

Smith, Edward H., Morrison, 111, 18

Smith, Edwin, Barre, M:iss. 41

Smith, Edwin F., Juniata, Neb. 68

Smith, Edwin G., Morrison, 111. 113
Smith, Elijah P., Wilton, la. 24, 28

Smith, Emerson F., Beuzonia, IVIich. 117

Smith, Ezra N., Water ville. Me. 39

Smith, F. H., Darlington, Wis. 103

Smith, George, Genesee, Wis. 104
Smith, George, Hanover Centre, N.H. 72

Smith, George H., Rio Vista, Cal. 3

Smith, George S., Raleigh, N. C. 83

Smith, Henry B., Staff ordville, Ct. 11

Smith, Hinds, Kelloggsville, O. 86

Smith, Irem W., Becket, Mass. 41

Smith, Isaiah P., Dover. N. H. 118

Smith, James A., Union ville, Ct. 112

Smith, James F., Crete, 111. 16

Smith, James W., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Smith, J. Malcolm, Cedar Springs,

Mich. 55
Smith, J. Morgan, Grand Rapids,

Mich. 56
•Smith, John C, Winchester, N. H.

Smith, John E., Andover, O. 83

Smith, .lohn F., A. B. C. F. M. 109

Smith, Joseph, Kenduskeag, Me. 36
Smith, Joseph E., Golding*s Grove,

Ga. 14

Smith, Judson, Oberlin, O. 120

(168)

I878.J

List of Congregational Ministers,

251

Smith, Lowell, A. B. C. F. M.
Smith, Lucius, Strongsville, O.
Smith, Mortimer, Pierce City, Mo.
Smith, Moses, Jackson, Mich.
Smith, Nathaniel, Geneseo, III.
Smith, Nicholas E., Plainfield, N. J.
Smith, Oscar M., Strykersville, N . Y.

81
Smith, Oscar S., Spring Green, Wis.
Smith, P. S., Alexandria, Minn.
Smith, Thomas S., A. B. C. F, M.
Smith, Wilder, Rockford, 111.
Smith, William, Oswego, N. Y.
Smith, William A., Groton, N. Y.
Smith, William E., Newark, N. J.
Smith, William J., Newell, la.
Smith, William S., Aubumdale,

Maas.
Smyth, Egbert C, Andover, Mass.
Snell, M. Porter, Washington, D. C.
Snell, William W., Rushford, Minn.
Snelson, Floyd, A. M. A.
Snider, Solomon, Coral, Mich.
Snow, Beniamin G., A. B. C. F. M.
Snow, Benjamin P., Alfred, Me.
Snow, Frank H., Lawrence, Kan.
Snow, Roswell R., Elgin, 111.
Snowden. J. E., Oskaloosa, la.
Somerville, W. C, Coventry, Vt.
Somes, A. H., Warren, Mass.
Sonle, J. F., Nelson, Ind.
SoQthgate, Charles M., Dedham,

Mass.
Soathworth, Alden, Woodstock, Ct.
Soathworth, Benjamin, Wells, Me.
Soathworth, Francis, Portland, Me.
Spalding, George B., Dover, N. H.
roalding, Samuel J., Newburyport,

Spanlding, Lvsander T., Chester, Ct.

Spanldlng, William A., Lynn, Mass.

Spaulding, William S., Lynn, Mass.

Spear, Charles V., Pittsfield, Mass.

Spear, Wm. E., J'Jurope,

S^^re, S. Lewis B., Charlestown,
Mass.

Spell, William, Greenwood Centre,
la.

Spelman, Levi P., Stanton, Mich.

Spence, Adam K., Nashville, Tenn.

Spencer, J. G., Omaha, Neb.

Spooner, Charles, Olivet, Mich.

Spoor, Orange H., Dowagiac, Mich.

Sprague, F. M., Carlisle, Mass.

Sprague. William P., A. B. C. F. M.

Spring, l/cverett W., Lawrence, Kan.

Sprole, William T., Detroit, Mich.

Spyker, Simon, Ithaca, Wis. 104,

Squier, E. II., Columlms, O.

Squires, Norman J., North Manches-
ter, Ct.

Staats, Henry T., Bristol, Ct.
Stafford, B. t., Streetsborough , O.

Stanley, Charles A., A. B. C. F. M.
Stanton, Geo. F., South Weymouth,

Mass.
Stanton, Robert P., Greenville, Ct.
Staples, Piatt R., Friendship, Wis. 104,

109
119
117

57
113

75

,82

107
61

109
19
80
78

118
26

116

116

112

63

110

117

110

34

114

113

27

97

53

22

44

112
39
38
71

49

5

47

110

116

61

116

25
59

120
68

117
56
43

no

30

56

106

84

8

5

120

110

53

9

105

Starbuck, Charles C, Keatskatoos,

Neb. 68

Starr, Edward C, Hartford, Ct. 7

Starr, Milton B., Berkeley, Cal. Ill

Starr, Otis A., Montevideo, Minn. 62
Staver, Daniel, A. B. C. F. M. 109

St. John, Joseph, Sandy Point, Me. 88
St. John, Samuel N., Georgetown, Ct. 112
Stearns, Charles C, A. B. C. F M. 109
Steams, Jesse G. D., Zumbrota, Minn. 117
Stearns, Josiah H., Epping, N. H. 71
Stebbins, Charles £., Brookfield,

Mass. 43

Stebbins, Milan C. , Springfield, Mass. 116
Steele, Charles E., Winooski, Vt. 101
Steele, ]E^dward S., Joy Prairie, 111. 17
Stelling, Charles F., d. d. , Red Hook,

N. Y: 119

•Sterling, George, Lenora, Minn. 62

Stevens, Alfred, W. Westminster, Vt 100
Stevens, Asahel A., Peoria, 111. 19

Stevens, Henry A., Brighton, Mass. 42
Stevens, Moody A., Woodstock, 111. 21
Stevenson, John O., Ellsworth, Ct. 10
Stewart, Amasa, Pittsford, Vt. 120

Stewart, Jeremiah D., Little Valley,

N. Y. 78, 79

Stewart, S. J., Fitchburg, Mass. 45

Stewart, T. N., Marietta, Ga. 14

Stewart, William C, Lockeford, Cal. 2
Stewart, Wm. M., Semiahmoo, W. T. 102
Stickel, E. C, Mazomanie, Wis. 106

Stickles, Peter, Vienna, Kan. 32

Stiles, Edmund R., Hancock, Mich. 67
Stimson, Henry A., Minneapolis,

Minn. 62

Stinchfield, Josiah P., Caribou. Me. 35, 37
Stoddard, James P , Byron, 111. 113

Stoddard, Judson B.. Cheshire, Ct. 112
Stoddart, William, Boscobel, Wis. 103
Stone, Andrew L., San Francisco,

Cal. 3

Stone, Clarendon A., Hopkinton,

N. H. 72

Stone, Edward G., South Royalston,

Mass. 51

Stone, Edward P., Centre Harbor,

N. H. 70

Stone, George, North Troy, Vt. 121

Stone, Harvey M., Saundersville,

Mass. 45

Stone, James P.. Highgate, Vt. 121

Stone, John F., Montpelier, Vt. 96

Stone, Levi H., Castleton, Vt. 121

Stone, Richard C, Bunker Hill. 111. 113
Stone, Rollin S., Southampton, Mass. 116
Stone, Timothy D. P., Springfield,

Mass. 116

Storer, Henry G., Oakhill, Me. 114

•Storm, J. E., Baldwin, Minn. 61, 63

Storrs, Henry M., New York Citv, 119
Storrs, Richard S., Brooklyn, N.Y. 76
Storrs, Sylvester D., Topoka, Kan. 114
Stout, William D.,Ran.som, Mich. 117
Stouteuburg, Luke I., Schooley's

Mountain, N. J. 118

Stowe, Calvin E., Hartford, Ct. 112

Stowell, Abijah, Erving, Mass. 44

(169)

252

List of Congregational Ministers.

[Jan.

StoweU, Alex. D , Nichols, N. Y. 119
Strasenburgh. Geo., Rushville, N. Y. 78
Stratton, II. W., Albany, Or. 89

Stratton, S. Fav, Wheaton, HI. 16, 113
Street, George fi., Exeter, N. H. 71

Street, Owen, Lowell, Mass. 47

Streeter, Sereno W.. Saybrook, O. 87
Strickland, Mioah W., Prentissvale,

Pa. 120

Strieby, Michael E., New York City, 118
Strong, Charles, Sing Sing, N. Y. 119
•Strong, D. A., Ceresco, Mich. 65, 66

Strong, David A., Coleraine, Mass. 44
Strong, Ed ward , West Roxbury , Mass. 42
Strong, Elnathan E. , Waltham , Mass. 63
Strong, Guy C, Paxton, El. 113

Strong, Jacob H., Femdale, Cal. 2

Strong, James W., Northfield, Minn. 117
Strong, John C, Chain Lake Centre,

Minn. 117

Strong, Joniah, Sandusky, O. 87

Stuart, Robert, Green Mountain, la. 114
Sturges, Albert A., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Sturges, Thomas B., Greenfield Hills,

Ct. 112

Sturgess, Frederick E.
Sturtevant, Julian M., Jacksonville,

111. 113

Sturtevant, Julian M., Jr., Grinnell,

la. 25

Sturtevant, Wm. H., Tiverton, R. I. 93
Sumner, Charles B., Raymond, N. H. 73
Sumner, Charles E., Chicago, 111. 113
Sunbnrg, L., Keokuk, la. 25

Suss, William, Olive Branch, Neb. 67, 68
Swain, Augustus C, Hard wick, Mass. 46
Swain, George F., Pepuerell, Mass. 60
Swallow, Joseph E., Alford, Mass. 116
Sweetser, Seth, Worcester, Mass. 64

Swift, Alfred B., Enosburg, Vt. 97

Swift, Eliphalet Y.. Denmark, la. 24
Swift, Henry B., West Greece, N. Y. 82
Swinnerton, William T., Dennis,

Mass. 44

Switzer, Christopher J., Weston, Vt. 120
Switzer, S. H., Munsville, N. Y. 79

Sylvester, Charles S., Feeding Hills,

Mass. 41

Talbot, Benjamin, Council Bluffs, la. 114
Talbot, Henry L., Durham. N. H. 71
Talcott, Daniel S., Bangor, Me. 114

Tanner, Edward A., Concord, 111. 17

Tappan, Benjamin, Norridgewock,

Me. 37

Tappan, Charles L., Sandwich, N. H. 118
Tappan, Daniel D., Weld, Me. 114

Tarbox, Increase N., Boston, Mass. 116
Tatlock, John, Pittsfield, Mass. 116

Taylor, Ezekiel D., Welshfield, O. 86, 87
Taylor, Edward , Binghamton , N. Y . 119
Taylor, Horace J., Athens, Ala. 1

Taylor, James F., Saugatuck, Mich. 117
Taylor, Jeremiah, Providence, B. I.
Taylor, John G., Melrose, Mass. 48

Taylor, John L., Andover, Mass. 116

Taylor, John P. , Andover, Mass. 116
Taylor, Lathrop, Wheaton, 111. 21

Taylor, Nelson, Lockport, La. 33

Taylor, Wallace, A. B. C. F. M. 110

Taylor, William M., New York City, 79
TebbettB, Arthur H., Tyngsboro',

Mass. 52

Teele, Albert K., Blue Hill, Mass. 116
Teele, William H., Berkley, Mass. 42
TeUer, Daniel W., Ridgefield, Ct. 10

Temple, Charles, Otsego, Mich. 117

Temple, Charles M^Templeton, MasB. 62
Temple, Josiah H., Framingham,

Mass. 116

Tenney, Charles, Chester, N. H. 70

Tenney, Edward P., Manchester,

Mass. 116

Tenney, Francis V., Saugns Centre,

Mass. 51

Tenney, Henry M., Rt^ubenville, O. 87
Tenney, Herbert M. , Wallingford, Ct. 11
Tenney, Leonard, Barre, Vt. 96

Tenney, Marcus D., Westmoreland,

Kan. 29, 31, 32

Tenney, Sewell, Ellsworth, Me. 114

Tenney, William A., Hvdesville, CaL 2
Tenny, Erdix, Westboro', Mass. 116

Terrett, W. R., Saratoga Springs,

N. Y. 81

Terry, Calvin, North Weymouth,

Mass. 116

Terry, Cassius M., St. Paul, Minn. 117
Tewksbury, George A., Plymouth,

Mass. 50

Tewksburv, George F., L3rman, Me. 37
Thacher, tsaiah C., Lakeville, Mass. 116
Thatcher, George, Iowa City, la. 25, 114
Thain, Alexander R., Galesburg, 111. 17
Thayer, David H., East Windsor, Ct. 112
Thayer, Henry O., Woolwich, Me. 40
Thayer, J. Henry, Andover, Mass. 116
Thayer, Peter B., Garland, Me. 36

Thayer, Thacher, Newport, R. I. 98

Thayer, William M., Fmnklin, Mass. 116
Thayer, William W., St. Johnsbury,

Vt. 121

Thomas, Chauncoy B., Glover. Vt. 97
Thomas, David, Big Rock, HI. 15

Thomas, David, Canton, Dak. 13

Thomas, D. D., Ebensburg, Pa. 120

Thomas, Hugh E., Pittsburg, Pa. 92

Thomas, Isaac, Cumberland, Md.
Thomas, J. M., Alliance, O. 89

Thomas, John G., Ebensburg, Pa.
Thomas, Ozro A., Farmington, Pa. 92
Thomas, Reuen, Brookline, Mass. 43

Thomas, Richard P., Spruigfield, O.
Thomas, Rol)ert D., Knoxville, Tenn. 94
•Thomas, William H., Ionia, Mich. 67
Thome, Arthur M., Memphis, Mo. 65
Thompson, Augustus C., Boston

Highlands, Mass. 42

Thompson, Chas. W., Danville, Vt. 97
Thompson, Frank, Windham, Ct. 12

Thompson, Gteorge, Leland, Mich. 57
Thompson, George W., Stratham,

N. fi. "^ U8

Thompson, Howard S. Kellogg, la. 25

Thompson, J. Charles, Laingsburg,
Mich. 57, 60

(170)

1878.]

List of Congregational Ministers.

253

Thompson, John C, Greenfield, O. 86
Thompson, Leander, North Wohum,

Mass. 116

Thompson, Mitchell, Helena, Tex. 91
Thompson, Nathan, Boxborough,

Mass. 43

Thompson, Oren C, Detroit, Mich. 117
Thompson, Robert M., C^umet,

Mich. 55

ThomMon, Samnel H., Smith Cen-
tre, Kan. 31
Thompson, Thos. W., A. B. C. F. M. 110
Thompson, William, Hartford, Ct. 112
Thompson, William S., Acton, Me. 34
Thomson, William J., Newin^on, Ct. 9
Thornton, James B., Oakhill, Mo. 114
Thrall, Geor^ S., Wasliington, Ct. 11
Thrall, Homer, Litchfield, O. 86
Thrall, Samnel R., Golesburg, 111. 113
Thorston, Charles A. G., No. Rayn-

ham, Mass. 50

Thurston, Henry W. L., Harrisville,

N. H. 72

Thurston, John R., Whitinsville,

Mass. 49

Thurston, Philander, Dorchester,

Mass. 42

Thurston, Richard B., Saybrook, Ct. 9
Thurston, Stephen, Searsport, Me. 114
Thwing, Edward P., Brooklyn, N. Y. 76
Thyng, John H., Hubbardton, Vt. 98
Tilden, Lucius L., Nashua, N. H. 118
l^otson, George J., Rocky Hill, Ct. 112
•Tilton, Gkorge H., Pawtuckot, R. I. 60
Tingley, Edwm 8., Turner, Me. 39

Tincl^, Marshall, Blair, Neb. 118

Tinxer, Anson P., Auburn, Me. 34

Tltoomb, Philip, Plympton, Mass. 50

Titoomb, Stephen, Farmin^n, Me. 114
Tltsworth, Adoniram J., Westfield,

Mass. 63

Tobey, I^aac F., Brownsdal**, Minn. 61
Todd, A. E., Stuart, Ta. 114

Todd, James D., Albert Lea, Minn. 61
Lodd, John, Tabor, la. 27

Todd, John E., New Haven, Ct. 9

Tolman, George B.. Brookfield, Vt. 96
Tolman, Richard, Hampton, Va. 101

Tomblin, Charles L., Giimanton Iron

Work.s N. H. 71

Tomlinson, Joseph A., East Haven,

Ct. 6

Tomlinson, J. Logan, Simsbury, Ct. 10
Tompkins, George T., Magnolia, la. 26
Tompkins, Frank P., So- Abington,

Mass. 51

Tompkins, James, Kewanee, III. 17

Tompkins, William ii., Wrentham,

Mass. 54

Torrey, Charles C, Charlotte, Vt. 97

Torrey, Henry A. P., Burlington, Vt. 121
Torrey, Joseph, Yarmouth, Me. 40

Towle, Charles A., Chicago, 111. 16

Towle, James H., Ripon, Wis. 121

Towler, Tliomas. Hart, Mich. 67, 50

Towne, Joseph H., Milwaukee, Wis. 121
Townsend, G. H., Sandgate, Vt. 99

Tracy, Alfred E., Oconomowoc. Wis. 106

Tracy, Caleb B., Wilmot, N. H. 118

Tracy, M. M., Three Rivers, Mass. 50
Tracy, James E., A. B. C. F. M. 109
Tracy, William, Lacon, 111. 17

Trask, John L. R., Holyoke, Mass. 46
Treat, Charles R., Greenwich, Ct. 7

Trowbridge, John P., Standish, Me. 39
Trumbull, H. Clay., Philadelphia, Pa. 120
Tuck, Jeremy W., Middletown, Ct. 8
Tucker, Ebenezer, Randolph Coun-
ty, Ind. 113
Tucker, Joshua T., Boston, Mass. 116
Tuckemian, Lewis B., Austinburg, O. 120
Tufts, James, Monson, Mass. 116
Tunnell. Robt. M., Wyandotte, Kan. 32
Tupper, Henry M., Ontario, 111. 19
Turner, Asa, Oskaloosa, la. 114
Turner, Edwin B., Owego, N. Y. 119
Turner, Josiah W., Strongsville, O. 87
Turner, William W., Hartford, Ct. 112
Tuthill, Edward B., Martinez, Cal. 2
Tuthill, Geo. M., Kalamazoo, Mich. 117
Tuttle, Harmon B., Worthington,

Minn. 63

Tuttle, William G., Ware, Mass. 63

Tuxbury, Franklin, Watertown, Ct. 11
Twining, Kinsley, Providence, R. I. 120
Twining, William, St. Louis, Mo. 117
Twitchell, Joseph H., Hartford, Ct. 7
Twitchell, Justm E., Cleveland, O. 84
Twombly, Alexander S., Charles-
town, Mass. 42
Tyler, Amory H., Middletown, Mass. 48
Tyler, Charles M., Ithaca, N. Y. 78
Tyler, Henry M., Northampton,

Mass. 116

Tyler, Josiah, A. B. C. F. M. 109

Tyler, William S., Amherst, Mass. 116

Underwood, Almon, Irvington, N. J. 118
Underwood, Rufus S., Irvington,

N. J. 118

Updvke, Stephen G. , Aupista, Mich. 55
Upson, C E , Lewis, N. Y. 119

Ui)Son, Henry, Now Preston, Ct. 112

Upton, Augustus G., Windham, O. 88
Upton, John II., Lakeville. la. 25, 27

Utley, Wells H., Pontiac, Mich. 59

Vaill, Henry M , Cape Elizabeth,

Me 114

Vaill, Wra. K, Packardville, Mass. 50
Valentine, Peter, Mt. Sterling, Wis.

KM, 105, 106
Valliet, Louis, Highland, 111. 17

Vanderveer, Davia N., Chicago, 111. 16
Van Antwerp, John, Moreiici, Mich.

55,68
Van Anken, Helmas H., Traverse

City, Mich. 59

Van de Kreeke, Guy, Boston High-
lands, Mass. 43
Van Homo. Mahlon, Newport. R. I. 93
Van Norden, Charles W., St. Albans,

Vt. 99

Van Wagner, Allen J. , Elmwood, HL 16
Van Wagner, James M., St. Charles,
Minn. 63

(171)

- f!c^za::jnui Llinistirs.

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\

1878.]

List of Cotigregaiional Ministers,

White, Orrin W. W^.^^tK.^llll n
White, OrUndo H. ;:„»;„„ A,)
White. Siimucl J. (.■nriiH.ill fi
Whitehill, John, \V,st AliU.boroiiKh

0.

'Whitmote, Alfred A.. Anita, It,. :

Whitney. Chas. H.. \i'nrceslPr. Ma». 1
Whitney, llenn- M., Bcloit, Win. -JJ i:
Whitney, ,I(«I V., A. B. C. F. M. l:
Whiten, James M., liiisllianipton,

Whltteraore, William H., Brooklyn,

N. Y. i:

mitller. CharlM. Dennraville. Me. J
Whittlesey. UliarW M., Sponcerport,

Whittlesey, Elijilialet, Washington,

D C. j;

Whittlesey, Nathan H , Creston, U. :
Whittlesey. .loMjih. Berlin, Ct. 11

Whittlesey, Maitin K., JackiionTtlle,

•Wild, .Ti>i;pli, Hrai.ltlvn, X. Y.
Wildw. J. C.. Charlotte. Vt.
Vader, Hneea H., Brooklyn. S. T,

sga,'-;

Mi™.

Wilkin:.
N. Y.

Wilkinson, Heed, Fairfield, la.
Wilkinson, Thomas K., Atwi

Hiiin.
Willard, Anilrew,!., Burl npinn.
WliUrd, llviirv, [■l..invi,™- Mibi
WQlard, .
Willard, .
Willard. :
Willcoi, U, Uiiduimhaai aiauiford,

Ct. 1

^Uooi, William II., Rewllng, MaM. 0
WUlett. Hahlon, Biui .lo^e L'ni.
Wflley. AuBHn, Northfluld, Minn. II
WiUey, Charles. Newfield, N. .1. T

WHley, luuui, Penibrnkt. N. II. 11

WMl^, Sainael H., Snnla fnii. CiJ.
WUIey. Worcwl4?r. AnrioviT, Mii-n. 11
WUlliims Aaron, San Friiiirisco. t::il. 11
Williauif, IJ. U.. Waliirvilltf. N. Y. 8
■WiUiuus, Charles U., Sew lluven,

Ct.
Williams, David T.. Brighton, O, M, B
ViLiam.<, Edward F., Chicago, 111. 1
Wlllianii, Edvard M., Minneapolis,

wmiaTTiB, Edwin S., Minnespolli,

Minn.
Williamn, Francis, Chaplin. Ct.
Williamfl, FtuncisF., Biivli^lou, Mam.
Wllllamg, (ieo.. Laneeborough, Minn. 1
Willianw, Horace K.. Alnioiit Mich. >
Williams, HiiKh R., Plaiiiiield. N. Y.
Williams, .tolin, Pitlalon, I'a.
Williams, Jolin H., Cooper, Mieh.
Williams, John U.. Murblcbead,

WilUams, John K., West Batland,

Vt.
Williams, John M., Jnfftirspn, 111.
Williuns, John f Bapiuc Wis. 1'

Willismi. JohnW., Fairliaven, Vt,
Williams, John W., Miners, \'a. \

Williams, Levrii. Carlnnilale. I'a.
Williams, Lorin^ S., Clinwood, la. 1
Williams, Mart A. li. r. F. M, 1

WilUauB, Hoacly U., FhiladelphU,

Pa.

WUlia

IS, Nathan W., Proiidence,

Williams, Robert f;.. Cnsileton, Vt. 11
Williams, Wni.B., M..ijiiovi. \VU. H
Williams, Wm. IL, Ui.Ttkl.i, N, Y. 77, 1
Williams, Wolci.,n if., (.harlolW,

Mich. 11

Willing, Samnel E., Prospect Patk,

III.
Willis, Josbh fl.. GnltdhaU, VL !

Willis..!, v.. Chenoa. Hi. ]

Williston, Martin L,, Jamestown,

N. Y. :

Wills, John T.. Haywood, Cal,
Wilson, G. Haywood, Xortli Brook-

field, Mb«s. 4

■Wilimn, Geo. E., No Adams, Mich. I
Wilson, Edwin P., Watctlown, Mafls. I
Wilson. Oowpii C, Wlndnor, Ct.
Wilson, Henry, Wyanet. U. 19, !

Wilson, John C, l-ortmud. Me. IJ

Wilson, l.«vi B.. Valli-v Fnlls Kon
Wilson, \.i:-.\ ■

y.iiiA

Vt.

Windsor, John H., Grafton, Mass. 43

Windsor. Richajd. A B. C. F. W. 109
Windsor. Win., MarBballUjwn. la. SG

Wlnship, Albert E., Souicrville,

Mass. SI

■Wins'ow, Horace, Williraantio, Ct 13
Winslow, Jacob, Hastings. Neb, 118

WiQ«[ow, Lyman W., l-eshtieo, Wis. 106

itiffl ,
Alpbeus, Round Hill, Ct.
Wirt, David. Piymoiitli, WU.

106

156

List of Congregational

u

W/A-r«, Wa. H.. Irvil^j. Maj*. 44

W.>iL*<tn. LrA-r^. V.j^ar.-zrh. Wii. l*i
W/Xi*!, A'rjitl -i.. a:. 4a^^ Ms-rfa. 5&

Wood. ChM. W.. Midd^w*?./. Mas.
'WfffA, Fraaklia P.. \nu/a. 3tku.
Wood. ti*?,T7»: I.. EIlin^>3. Ct.
Wx-i. H^nr*^. ^iitoia. N. H.

Wrxid. R Uad A.. K-jiwr-^e. E-
Wr»i. K. K.. LlfskT Lake. Lk.

w.»i. wli: <;.. ,v.**->n*;t. >u«.

Wrxjd'biriir J'jun A.. C^pivOLi. K.in.

-jr«. 31
W'jrjflbary. Fnnk P.. Borkford. El. K»
Wyyi^ir-t', Wrrt"S%r. Ski>whrZ"in. Me.
W<>jdcoc;t, ILattj £.. Tvn^aDOxi>'.

Kan.
Wryyihol]. John A., Grot^n. Ci.

Woi^roff, Win. L-. iVthjiny. Ci.
Wr^^niiT, J:i«></o Ij.. N/rtLi C<jlliiL«.

N y.

wVi*l«, Kr.li<irT M.. HatSrld. >U«»
Wiyyi-srari. J'-hn H.. Milt/jn. Vi.
Woofiwrll. Wm. H., Mount Vernon,

N. H. 73

Wfwdworth. Ouw. L., Boston. Man. 11»;
Wor>] worth, LKftriojt, West WiUiams-

field. O. jC, «

Wo<j*] worth, Horace B., Decorah, la. iM
Wood worth. Lererctt S., Campello,

Matfi*. 43

Wooil worth. B-, Church's Comer.

Mirh.
Wrxwlworth. Wm. W., B«;rlin, Ct. 5

WoTiUcy, J'riOT»h -J.. Pawtiioket, R. I. fi3
Wor>liaan, Wi*liarn, Aurora, Xeb.

•iT. 68, •>'.♦
Woolsev, Theodore D.. New Haven,

Ct. * 112

1 1

41

112

44

45

3if

32

»
a4

79

W.m«ce-. Isaac R..

Mj»4. 1»

W.:.r*>fcrter. John H.. Bzriiazton. Vt. 121
W.«.i«fi. JedM A. s.. AdA. M^h. SS, 5ft
WjrreU. BenJAzsin F.. RanfiooL DL

18,19
Wrij^t. Abcel H.. Po?tiazi4. Me. 38

Wrl^t. Alwn O.. Fox LdJu, Wm. 10ft
Wr;^:. Casjtos E.. Aanin. Mnm. 81, 8S
Wrizht. ChaaiMxj D.. Bazfier

Spri:;^. Kan. 29, 31

Wn^t. Et20ene F.. Seward. EL 39

Wr;^h:. Ephraim H.. Le«C«ntze. ID- US
Wrlzh:. <>-<-rze F.. Andurer. Maw. 41
Wrlihi. 'i€.jr^ F.. Rrc^r P^-int, R. I. 98
Wrl^rhi. Hcnrr N.. Bibvl-.n. N. Y. 119
Wri^t. J*>hn'K. M.. Needham. Mass. 44
WrLrfat. N^weli S.. S^Ii^burr. Mum 51
Wriiht, R^^aVn B.. P.-plir Grove. lU. IS*
Wri^t. Siaiael ' ».. B^»k^iile. Kan. 29
Wright. Walter E. C. Daaveis. Mass.
Wrizht. Wm. B.. B-v^on. Ma».
Wrtzhi. Win. S.. f ilwtonharr. Ct.
WjrJkoff. Alonzo !>.. Chebonse, UL
Wvckoff. .IamiR» D.. Bedirdscown. 111.
WyckofF. J. L. R.. Woodhary, Ct.

44
42

112

113

15

12

Yac^er. Granville. Boston. Man. 116

Yates. Thomas. Shutesbnrr. Mass.
Yeomans. Nathan *1 T.. Bristol, X. Y. 119
Yonker. D. G., Gowrie, la. 25

YounjiT, Air^rt A.. New Lisboa. Wis. 120
Youn?. J. E.. Kirwin. Kan. 114

Youn^. John H.. Iron ton. O. 85

Youn^. Nebon. Scambler. Minn. 63

Youn^. Samuel. Brier Hill. N. Y. 119
Yonut:?, Christopher, Aquebociie,
N. Y. 119

Zabriskie, Francis N., WoUastoD,
Mass. 50

(174)

1878.]

List of Licentiates.

257

LIST OF LICENTIATES REPORTED.

This list contains the names, not only of those specifically reported as under CMWt
bat also of all Licentiates reported as supplying specified chuiohes (the figures refer-
ring to pages); and of this latter class, it is by^o means certain that all are under
care of a cfmgrtgaikmal organization.

And also, I. This list does not agree in number with the Summary I, because all
ordained since the lists were reported are here dropped. 2. The post-ofiice addresses
are often delusive, the place being that of temporary service only. 3. Names fol-
lowed by State only are of persons approbated in the State mentioned, no residence
being reported. 4. The list is incomplete, because some States make no full report
of Licentiates.

Adams, Edward P., Ct.

Adriance, S. Winchester, Pough-

keepsie, N. Y.
Albee, Solon, Prof., Middlebury, Vt.
Allen, Ira B., Columbus, N. Y.
Allenbaugh, J. W., Climax, Kan.
Armstrong, T., Elmore, 111.

77
16

Bacon, Thomas R., Ct.

Bailey, D. W., Big Woods, HI. 16

Ballxu-d, Walter J., Black Creek,

N. Y. 76, 80

Bancroft, Isaac, Elk Grove, Wis.
Bartlett, Amos G., Vineland, N. J.
Bartlett, Frederick H., Bristol, N. H.
Btftlett, Hamilton M. , Mass.
Bartlett, William J., lay preacher,

Lee, Mass.
Batchelor, Ward, Lebanon, N. Y. 78

Beard, Reuben A., Rawsonvi He, O. 87
Beckwith, Clarence, Ct.
Benton, Charles W., Ct.
Bradley, I^everett, jr., Ct.
Braina'rd. Ezra D., Prof in College,

Middlebiirv, Vt.
Brewer, Fisk P., Ct.
Briggs. Calvin B., ('t.
Brob^Jt, F. .J., Beetown, Wis. 103

Bruce, CharU-s C, I'eterboro', N. H.
Buckham, Matthew I[., I^rosident

University, Burlinj2:ton , Vt.
BufiTum, Joshua, Salem, Mass.
Burr, Richard M., Muss.
Bushnell, Samuel C, Ct.

Callen, Wilson, Selma, Ala.

Campbell, J. H., North Evans, N. Y. 79

Carter, Richard II., [Ala.?]

Carter, Stephen B., Ct.

Chapman, Henry L., Prof. College,

Brunswick, Me.
Cliessington, J. M. F.. Svracuse, Neb. 68
Chipperfield, G. F., Chebause, 111. 15, 16
Clark, William W., Brooklyn, N. Y.
CcK.'k, Joseph, Boston, Mass.
Cope, William H., Ct.
Crosby, James H., Hampden, Me.

Crouch, William 8 , Wakefield, Kan. SO
Crowell, Edward P., Prof, in College,
Amherst, Mass.

Dennison, Tristram R, City Mission-
ary, New Bedford, Mass.
Diffenbacher, B. P., Neb.

Ely, Charles, Montgomery, Mass.
Evans, E. C, OberUn, O.

iS

Finster, Clarence, Ct.
Fiske, Joseph E., Mass.
Foster, Edward Powell, Ct
Francis, D. W., Bird's Creek, Wis.

103,108

Galliper, Joseph P., Mauston, Wig. 106
George, Harry W., South Amherst,
O. 83

Gochcnaucr, David, Ellis, Kan. 29

Grant. Barbour, Talladega, Ala. 1

(ircenough, James C, Providence,

K. I.
Grinnell, Sylvester E., North Madi-
son, O. 86, 87
GueriLsey, Charles W., Mass.

Hadley, Willis A., Newington,

N^ FT 7S

Hali, Albert P:., Dalton, N. H. 71

Hall, Isaac, New Orleans, La. 33

liall, LjTuan B., Pittsfiold, (). 87

Hargrave, John W., Marblehead, O. 86
Harrington, Myron O., Macon, Ga. 14
Hart, John M., Bristol, N. U. 70

Hastings, Samuel S., Ct.
Hemenway, John, Brighton, Me.
Henshaw, Gurdon E., Frewsburg,

N. Y. 78

Hird, John W., Mass.
Hopkins, Theodore W., Chicago, 111.

Jones, Alfred, Childcrsbnrg, Ala. 1

Kellogg, II. Marty n. North Hadley,
M:uis.

(175)

i58

£jS£ €f ^iHfUfTiitlTT

[Jan^ 1878.

W^dmrr. Zthrnrri D . Hanwisr. T. T.

X 31

DBW77, S^Mh. TM^aiJpfru

IT

» "-

B^chani H^ PsnC. Aa&aac

Xscd&0w. BiiiKX? X..
Xanlaiui. X'lhxi. Ct.

3f«K2^i9tiW. «^. F.. 35«b.
3Cr.Leaa. CalTln B.. Tt.

x^:7»r. r>!iTui •:.. *jb«iiii, o.

Xevl. X H.. L«'fMUb)iL. 3fe. 39.

Xanw. X^r»8or. PmL of CoCep.

XM*n#?tjnrr. Vr.
X«n*tei:. ElJi. •:=.
X#««aif. Royau D.. Wotr»eer, Vs.
Xirha^tiaa. Gnsgrrr. Cc
XilU, Frank E.. P»ppiaeIL Xaps.
Xoatain^' William ll. Pn£. CoLjCfv,

Xaoti^. J. W., NaahT-Tje. Teirn.
XattIi. X. B.. Bc^a. Kan.
XryMii. L. FT.. Laxr'rwrmi. Xina, "52,
Motauai. William. D.. Ct.

3C«w<»mb. Frederick ^'.. Ct

Osrlen. DaTid J.. Ct
Oigrjoi. G«Mrgi« W., Lee. Xe.

PtekaH. l>flrij B.. Ct

Park, Enjc^iie J,

Parker, rranci*. Enfield. X. H.

P^ckham. Wm. C . BrooklTn. X. Y.

Penniman, J. A., x. d.. (jreas Bar-

rins^/m Xaw.
Peters, Xoset, Ct

Pett^^, Jskmes H., Xancherter. >'. H.
Pettengrill. ft. B.. Ratland. Vt
PheljM, X. Stuart, tutor. Yale Col-

Pott^, Frank C, Ct.
Vrff^AX, Harrison, lay preacher. Xeir-
ton Centre, Xam.

Rand, Lyman F., Keene, X. H.
B*ynoM<i, H., New Portland. Xe.
Wch, Thrmiaa H., Prof, of Coll., Lcw-

ifton, X«;.
Richardson, C. J., Ct.

SLcsmoKii. .#1
3o

Htnr

■Tiihn

H.. 5

E.. PnnuT,
A.. Xacan.

. Vt

14

ScntjDvd. BDenzT C.. ^So-

SewSftl. Jtjtiiain. Y'lck.

:S:*ji£. J* Jim. Bmssvzck. O. 8ft, 85

Sci'icoiL. Histicn jL^ I>svnBCO»

X;Hiw
$hav. HinxTY H.. Ptm. ScnuBazr,

Xiocsater. >'. H.
Shtinmn. Floyd E.. Qazadan^ Kaa. 31, 33
Stie. J. 5«yawiir. ProC CoQesey To-

Smich. Etiwaxd P..

5p«rrr. W. G.. Blair. Neb. 31, 33

Scaaley. Biehaxd C Ptof. of CoQcfe,
Lev^-^n. Xtf. S, 38

SUTtfoSk fi. £.. C JBCaca* O. 8k

Sa^ne. Cttos. DexBR. ICiiB. 61

ScTJim:, Cborics Bl. Ct.
M Swtnc. Albert T.. Ct
3:
•?3 Tirley. Eli, FleasBnt Ridge, Ky. 64

T«GNica». Jackiwa. ^*^^^""*, Wis.

104,105

Tenney. Jt^nathaa. Dep't Pah. Insti-
nrte.' Albany . X. Y.

Tenney. Lecnard B.. Pern, Vt
X Thomw^n. Alc^rt H.. Ct.

Tracy." C. T. K.. Oro Fino. Cal. 2, 3

Van Slxke. F. X.. Paola. Ean.

Wait. F.^Ker E.. Ct.
Walker. Isaac. Pembroke, X. H.
Walter*. William. Wyoming. 111. 21

Watkins« Harnscn, 'Byron Station,

Ga.
Whittle, David W.. Chkaco. 111.
W:«.*ke8. Thomas A.. Hamuton, Xo. 65
Williamston. J. D.. Xa».
Wilson. J. J., Xaple Grore, Kan.

29, 30, 31
Winslow, Edward C Ct.
Wood, Xelvin C. Xoond City, Kan. 31
Woodbridge, C. X., Breckmridge,
37 Xinn. 61

; Woodruff. Elijah W., Ct.

I Young, Preston, K3rmulga, Ala. 1

(176)

'^ CHRISTO DUCE 1

JRAR'i'.

£1^ ^ /ki^

^Oi:'i;rci>;-iri'-;i.i

N.'RKl--

; \'i

butliw ,st of S '^nl
|w Y.Jik. His m>:.
1, was of V. ..-hii li'. ,.
I soil, th''Pjl'.>:': %ps .

lad nil fKTi-ii-Li lv> I,".-

:<■■, ■ ni;' i,;ji;rs of 1
(;3tion, of wh. . ih ;.■- il.t f.-.i'

(

THE

Congregational Q^uarterly.

Whole No. LXXVIII. APRIL, 1878. Vol. XX, No. 2.

EDWARD NORRIS KIRK.

Edward Norris Kirk^ was born in the city of New
York, Aug. 14, 1802. His father, George Kirk, emigrated
from the Southwest of Scotland about the year 1780, and set-
tled in New York. His mother, Mary Norris, who was the
second wife, was of Welsh descent, and a native of Princeton,
N. J. The son, therefore, was a cross between the old Scotch
seceders and the modified Welsh of America, an ancestry of
which he had no occasion to be ashamed. He was the third
of four children.

The parents were members of Dr. John M. Mason's congre-
gation, of whose church the father was an elder, and under
whose ministry young Kirk received his first religious impres-
sions. The home training was of that strict and serious sort
known in Scotland and New England two generations ago.
It was, perhaps, rigid enough for a boy endowed with a surplus
of physical life and with a will like steel ; yet in spite of this
discipline, he grew up, like many another in our Puritan house-
holds, without an interest in personal religion. Still it would
be unwise to say that this training was lost, or without precious
fruit. The moral side of his nature had been awakened and
developed, and the foundation laid for that strong, tough moral
fibre which so marked his after life.

1 We are indebted for the facts in the following sketch mainly to the Z/)^ of
Z>r, Kirky by Rev. D. O. Mears, published by Lock wood, Brooks & Co., of Boston.
For fuller details the reader is referred to that volume, 83.00.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by Chkistophbr CushinGi in the

Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 2. I

26o Edward Norris Kirk. [April,

Strong men are frequently bom in clusters. It seems to
have been so in this case, for in that same congrq;aition were
two other boys of his own age, lifelong friends, and his equals
in talent and fame, — George W. Bethune and MantCA East-
burn. It would not be easy to find a trio of names who Iwve
filled a larger place in the religious thought of the last gettera*
tion, in different churches, while they yet worked harmonious^
for the common cause.

The boyhood of Dr. Kirk was not of that angelic kind which
promises an early translation to a better world. He had the
elements of a great character in which strength was the domi-
nant quality, but it needed years of discipline to shape and
round him into the almost perfect man which he became. It
was early decided that he should have the advantages of a lib-^
eral education, and to this end he was kept steadily at school
That he was not an unapt scholar is evinced by the fact that
he was fitted for college at the age of fourteen ; and four years
later (in 1820) was graduated in due course at Princeton.
Though too young to have achieved a remarkable scholarship,
yet he always felt that it might have been much more thorough
and exact. Nevertheless, even then he gave promise of that
wonderful power over men which so distinguished him in sub-
sequent years. As might be expected, he was popular in col-
lege and an especial favorite with his classmates ; but there was
one, James W. Alexander, to whom his soul clave to the end
of life in a friendship like that between David and Jonathan.
Both, however, left college without any purpose to pursue the
work which God had marked out for them.

Mr. Kirk had fixed upon the law as his profession, and soon
after his return to New York entered the office of Rad-
cliff and Mason to prosecute his studies. Humanly speaking,
he had the qualities which would have made him successful at
the bar. He loved debate, and would have found here congen-
ial work. Indeed, one can hardly see why he might not have
achieved a success equal to that .of a fellow-student in the
same office, William H. Seward, whose fame has since filled
two hemispheres. Between these two there was formed a
respect and a friendship which closed only at the grave.

But Kirk was a chosen vessel. Like his prototype, Paul^

1878.] Edward Norris Kirk. 261

he was to do and to suffer great things for the sake of Christ.
He had been at his law books only about eighteen months
when several of his classmates, in different parts of the country,
who had experienced the power of the life to come, began
simultaneously to write him on the subject of personal religion.
One, two, three wrote, but the first, second, third — his friend
Alexander even — were not answered. Such neglect might
have quenched the zeal of one less ardent ; not so with Alex-
ander, he wrote again. But his letter found his friend in
the hands of the only agent who can deal effectually with a
lost sinner. The struggle lasted for days and even weeks, but
at length the proud heart broke, and went out to Christ in love,
quenchless as life. The immediate circumstances connected
with his conversion are thus related in his own language : —

" In the State of New Jersey was a Mr. Scudder who had
given himself to the missionary service. In order to prepare
himself more fully for the work, he went to New York to pur-
sue a course of medical study. He boarded in a family named
Waterbury, not a member of which, I believe, had confessed
Christ In that circle began his missionary labors. Two of
the souls there given him as the seals of his ministry were
Harriet and Jared, children of the household. Harriet became
his wife, and Jared became a student in Yale College preparing
for the ministry. I was then a student at law in the city of
New York. The blessed Spirit of God was then most merci-
fully striving to convince me of sin, righteousness, and judg-
ment. Jared came down to the city from amid scenes of
revival in Yale College. He assembled several young men in
a private house to address them on the subject of religion. A
friend took me to the meeting. I had heard of Christ from
the cradle to that hour, but in that hour the eye of faith was
open to behold Him. Thus was Mr. Waterbury the human
instrument of leading me from death to life.*'

From that hour he lost his relish for the law ; there was
but one thing which he could do, — to preach Christ and
Him crucified. A nature like his, aflame with a passion for
God and souls, would find the dry technicalities of the law dull
and irksome ; and though he struggled on for a time, trying
to find soul-freedom and work in his chosen profession, it was

262 Edward Norris Kirk. [Aprilt

of no use. Preach the gospel he must, and he found no rest
until he resigned his law books and returned to Princeton to
enter on the study of theology. This he did Nov. 19, 1822.

From the records which we have of his life while in the
seminary, it is manifest that he was a diligent student, atten-
tive to all his duties and deeply anxious to lay, broad and
strong, the foundations of sacred culture. He was not satisfied
merely to accept a system of theology at second-hand, but he
searched the Scriptures daily for himself, and especially in the
original tongues, a habit which he preserved to the end of life ;
and very fortunately for himself, in view of the busy life
which he was to lead, he remained at the seminary four years.
They were years of faithful labor, in which he gathered large
stores of sacred learning, and what was better still, learned
the sources of their inexhaustible supply. Here, also, he
formed the habit of self-examination and of personal com-
munion with God which made him so rigid a judge of himself
and so firm a believer in the efficacy of prayer; and it was
this habit, probably, which gave him those thorough views of
human nature, — levelling the distinctions of birth, rank, and
wealth, — which made him see in man, in every condition,
the image of God. His first attempts at preaching were for a
little company of colored people in Princeton, and he seems to
have felt that it was an infinite privilege. To his mind, the
man was so much greater than his accidents that these added
little to his weight or worth.

He was licensed to preach by the presbytery of New York^
June, 1826. The sermon he preached on that occasion was
delivered in the Old Scotch Church in Cedar Street, from
Luke xi, 29, 30. His critical hearers were kind enough to inti-
mate to him that his sermon was a good one.

That he was looked upon at this time as a rising young man,
having special gifts to please and persuade, is evident from the
fact that he was sought by the American Board to go before
the churches to convince and arouse them as to the impor-
tance of foreign missions. In that early day the scepticism
in regard to that work was almost universal. A tongue as
eloquent as Kirk's was needed to clear away the doubts. He
was sent forth in company with no less a man than Jonas

1878.] Edward Morris Kirk. 263

King. Kirk was to beat the bush, and King was to gather
the fruit. The arrangement, which was well conceived, brought
a tremendous pressure upon the speaker. He felt it, and pre-
pared himself with a written discourse finished after the most
approved rules of rhetoric and logic. Thus armed, he went
forth to the battle against prejudice and unbelief His ser-
mon was grand, his oratory glowing and faultless ; but some-
how the people were unmoved from their indifference and
doubts. He was greatly troubled, but in a most unexpected
way learned the difficulty and the remedy. The result is best
told in his own words. The scene was in the Presbyterian
Church in Flemington, N. J. Just as he was entering the
church the pastor had introduced him to a leading man of his
congregation, a Dr. A., who at once said, " Charity begins at
home, and I don't believe in giving my money to the Yankees."

Mr. Kirk writes, " You may imagine some of the feelings
with which I, an unfledged preacher, ascended the pulpit. It
stirs my blood to this day to recall my position at that moment.
The question was, * Shall I preach my splendid sermon } ' Its
utter inappropriateness, its totally abstract views of my subject,
its utter remoteness from all the thoughts my audience then had,
or ever had, flashed upon me. Almost with tears I parted with
my old friend, pressed it into my pocket, and consigned it to
the tomb of the Capulets. The next question was, Dare I ven-
ture to launch forth in an extemporaneous address, without the
least method ? Providence answered the question for me, and
seemed to say, Let the preacher and his reputation go ; play
the man and attack these Goliaths of unbelief; put fire into
these dead hearts ; leave not a man or a woman of them hos-
tile and indifferent to the sacred cause of evangelizing the
Pagans. I arose, calm in the assurance that the Lord of mis-
sions was with me, firm in the conviction that I was the advo-
cate of truth, and earnest in the purpose to bring every hand
in that house to sign my subscription-paper. Be sure the dis-
tance between the pulpit and the pews was now annihilated !
It was a hand-to-hand contest ; every soul felt the grapple.
The sermon finished, an invitation was given to the people to
come before the pulpit and subscribe to the missionary fund-.

" The first man that came was the unwilling Dr. A. The rest

264 Edward Norris Kirk. [Aprils

followed like sheep. Then I learned the efficacy of extempo-
raneous speaking, and discovered its elements, — a full mind, a
glowing heart, and a relentless purpose to secure practical
results."

For two years Mr. Kirk continued in his agency. They
were, of course, unfavorable to hard, consecutive study ; but
on the other hand, they taught him how to think upon his feet,
and made him master of a vocabulary and an eloquence which
moved and enchained assemblies at his pleasure. He had done,
too, not a little to vindicate the cause of missions and arouse
the churches to duty in their behalf.

He closed his labors for the Board in May, 1828, to accept
an invitation from Rev. Dr. Chester, pastor of the Second
Presbyterian Church in Albany, to occupy his pulpit while he,
for a time, sought health by recreation and rest. The church
was at that time the most wealthy and influential in the city.
In the congregation were such noted men as Martin Van
Buren, William L. Marcy, Chancellor Walworth, and B. F.
Butler. The young preacher was intensely in earnest. His
fiery eloquence stirred his audience and filled his house. It
was such a sensation as the staid, eminently respectable part
of his people were not used to. They began to question his
great plainness, and hinted that it would be well to moder-
ate his tone, and avoid offending cultivated tastes. But the
preacher went straight forward as if he believed the infinite
verities of the gospel. The end was not far, nor hard to see.
He received an invitation one morning to call at the office of
Mr. Butler. He went, and there found ten or twelve of the
leading men of his congregation. Mr. Butler politely informed
him that there was a division in the society in regard to his
preaching, and that it might be well, as their pastor was sick
and absent, for him to retire for a time. Mr. Kirk replied that
he had not sought the post, that he came at the request of Dr.
Chester ; but believed, also, that he was there by the will of his
heavenly Father. The conference was courteous on both sides
but unsatisfactory. The next morning, while at breakfast^
one of the elders waited upon him and, handing him his
back salary, informed him that the Second Church would no
longer need his services. The blow was almost stunning.

1878.] Edward Norris Kirk. 265

Avoiding the sight of men, he went into the woods, where he
spent the day trying to master his feelings and to rest himself
quietly with God. He returned to his lodgings in the evening,
fully determined to leave the city the next day ; but in the
morning a company of gentlemen waited upon him and be-
sought him to remain until his friends could counsel together,
and decide as to whether the time had not come to go out and
form another church. The result was the organization of the
Fourth Presbyterian Church, over which he was installed on
the 2 1 St of April, 1829. At this distance of time it would be
impossible to comprehend fully all the reasons which led to
this step ; but it is clear that those who felt moved to take it
were thoroughly conscientious, and believed that fidelity to
Christ demanded it. For a year the congregation worshipped
in the hall over an old tannery, steps leading up to it from the
outside. The windows were without glass, the seats rough and
uncomfortable, but during the summer and fall it was crowded
with throngs eager to hear the gospel from the lips of the elo-
quent preacher. In the mean time, however, a site had been
selected for a new house of worship, and the building pushed
forward so rapidly that it was formally dedicated to God, May
20, 1830. Here he remained eight years, abounding in labors
of every kind by which the good of man and the glory of
Christ could be advanced. In the pulpit, on the platform,
through the press, preaching the gospel, lecturing on temper-
ance, on missions, preparing young men for the ministry, he
spent himself with a consuming zeal. During this time ten
hundred and twelve members had been added to his church,
and the whole period, almost, had been a continuous revival.
The enterprise which had started under such suspicion and
reproach stood at the end of this time strong, respected, and
influential. He himself, with whom scarcely a minister in the
city would exchange for the first three years, outlived all prej-
udice, was welcomed into every pulpit, and was second to no
other, perhaps, in Christian influence in Albany and the region
around ; but what he suffered in the mean time is best told in
his own words.

" For three years," he says, " I walked the streets of this
city feeling as if, by God's command, I was an intruder here.

266 Edward Norris Kirk. [April,

I have felt as if the very houses frowned upon me. Cheerfully
would I have fled and hid myself, like Elijah, in a cave, but
the very style of opposition showed clearly that the contro-
versy was with God and His word, not with the lips that uttered
it."

The strain was too great even for him, and he felt compelled,
at the end ef eight years, to ask for dismission and to go
abroad for rest and recuperation. His farewell sermon he
closed with these words, " And now, brethren, I am about to
szy farewell. I leave you, not because I do not love you. My
heart grows closer to you every day. I go because I believe
I ought to go. Europe is dear to my heart, but America is
dearer, and I know that, if permitted, I shall hail its shores
again with delight. I go to gather light from the experience
of ages, to see man in other climates and under other institu-
tions. My soul pants for knowledge, human and divine ; but
I would not indulge the desire could not that knowledge when
acquired be employed for greater usefulness. Be assured it is
not for myself. Whatever I am now, or may be hereafter, is
my country's and my God's. I consecrate it to the church of
Christ and to the human family."

He sailed from New York April lo, 1837, and spent the
year in Great Britain, Ireland, and France. How keenly he
enjoyed all that he saw, the acquaintance that he made, and an
occasional sermon and address which he was called to deliver,
is told in the journal which he kept and in the letters which he
wrote to his friends. We have not space here to quote from
them, as we are tempted to do. The next eighteen months
were spent mainly in Italy. Rome, Naples, Florence, Milan,
Venice, and Athens opened to him museums, galleries, libra-
ries, in which he fairly revelled, while the classic memories
which they revived thrilled him with delight. He returned to
America in September, 1839, ^^^^ ^^ absence of nearly two
years and a half. He came back thoroughly invigorated in
body and mind, and eager for abundant work.

While in Paris he had been engaged as secretary of the
American and Foreign Evangelical Alliance, since merged in
the American and Foreign Christian Union. In the interests
of this society he at once commenced his labors. At Balti-

1878.] Edward Narris Kirk. ti^y

more he found a powerful revival of religion in progress.
From Baltimore he went to Philadelphia, and again found him-
self amid the outpourings of the Spirit From thence he
proceeded to New York, and while preaching in the chapel of
his old friend, Dr. Skinner, the Spirit was so manifestly present
that at the close the elders gathered around him and almost
insisted that he should remain and engage in special labor to
save souls. This was the beginning of that series of evange-
listic labors in which he was so eminently owned of God. In
New York, Philadelphia, New Haven, Hartford, and Boston
crowds thronged to hear him, the most cultivated and refined
were attracted and won, while the common people heard him
gladly. His preaching was in the demonstration of the Spirit
and of power. He shunned not to declare the whole truth,
the strictness of the law, the fulness of the gospel While his
earnestness held and awed the ciireless, his pathos and power
of appeal subdued and drew them to Christ

It was while in Boston that a few devout, able men, whose
names have since become historic in connection with Mt
Vernon Church, were moved to form a new church, and invite
him to be the pastor. Their purpose seems to have received
its first embodying in December, 1841. A committee had
been appointed to negotiate with Mr. Kirk with reference to
such an undertaking. A few months later, May, 1842, Mr.
Kirk signified his readiness to come. A month after that^
June I, a council was called to organize the church and install
the pastor. Mr. Kirk was now in his prime, — forty years of
age, — and had reached the spot where he was to achieve the
great work of his life. It is no reproach to the other pastors
and churches to say that some of the best and ablest men in
the city gathered around him, and that Mt Vernon Church at
once stood among the foremost in wealth, intelligence, piety*
and influence.

He had a tireless energy ; it seemed as if work was pastime.
His physique was perfect and admirably fitted to the strong,
fiery soul whose servant it was. The city at once felt his pres-
ence ; he became the centre of a mighty influence for the best
interests of society and of men ; he drew to himself the respect,
confidence, and love of the good, the brave, and the strong here

268 Edward Norris Kirk. [April,

and elsewhere. Distinguished strangers of this and other lands,
who visited the city, sought his acquaintance and waited on his
ministry. His brethren, who had stood aloof from him while
he labored as an evangelist, and even after he was called to the
pastorate, were won by his frankness, sincerity, and thorough
manliness. Every good cause that needed an advocate and a
helper could count on him. On anniversary occasions any
society which had him upon its platform felt sure of the public
ear and of a triumphant presentation.

For thirty years he stood in the pulpit of Mt Vernon, re-
vered and almost idolized by his people, and an object of pride
and admiration in the city. Everybody knew him ; his superb
form and fine bearing as he passed along the street were at once
a pleasure and a benediction. And when years passed and blind-
ness overtook him, and that same form crept along the street
with unsteady step, it was something very touching and affect-
ing to see how everybody was ready to act as his guide, help
him over the crossings, and walk with him to his journey's
end. And we venture to say that no one ever performed that
blessed service who was not repaid a hundred-fold in the words
of kindness, wisdom, and piety with which he expressed his
gratitude.

The results of his labor, as they stand on the records of his
church from 1842 to 1874, are: whole number of additions
1,596, of which 919 were by letter and 6^^ on profession of
faith. The rate of increase here, it will be seen, was not equal
to that in Albany. This is explained by the very different
circumstances under which the churches were formed.

But we only //^^ estimate his work by looking merely at his
own church. He lived for a larger public, — the country and
the world shared his labors.

May 2, 1846, he sailed for Europe the second time, to be
present at the World's Convention in London on the 19th of
August ensuing. The result of that meeting was the forma-
tion of the Evangelical Alliance, in which he ever after took a
deep interest, and which has done so much to break down the
barriers of sect, and to present a united Protestantism against
the encroachments of Rome. He deeply enjoyed the meeting
renewing the acquaintances of previous years, and forming
many new ones which he never ceased to prize. .

1878.] Edward Norris Kirk. 269

About the middle of September, however, we find him back
in his pulpit again, with a new supply of material and enthusi-
asm for his work. There was no end to the calls on his time
and effort. Churches, schools, colleges sought his advice, —
wanted ordination sermons, commencement orations, or his
services on boards of trustees. He stood, perhaps, at the very
zenith of his influence, — so high that a head less calm would
have been dizzy with the elevation. But his honors and
responsibilities, instead of feeding his vanity, served rather to
steady him, and make him more intensely serious. He was
interested in everything that pertained to the welfare of his
church, especially of his young people, whom he formed into a
literary society, and whose characters he sought to mould under
the influence of good learning and religion.

Thus abounding in labor, he spent ten years from 1847 to
1857. Then a call came from the American and Foreign
Christian Union for him to go to Paris, and undertake the
work of establishing in that city the American chapel. Hav-
ing gained the consent of his church for that purpose, he went
abroad the third time, reaching his destination in the month of
January, 1857. He at once set about his work, and after en-
countering many and serious obstacles succeeded in securing a
site on which the chapel was built, and where services have
been maintained for our countrymen until the present time.

While the chapel was building, however, Dr. Neale, by whose
side Dr. Kirk had labored in Boston for years, came to Paris,
and invited the latter to join him in a trip to the Holy Land.
The obstacles, which at first seemed insuperable, were at
length overcome, and the two friends started for Palestine.
They visited nearly all the places made sacred by association
with the Saviour of men. It might be difficult to tell which ap-
preciated and enjoyed what he saw the more ; but if Dr. Neale,
who tells the story of their journey, can be relied upon, we are
sure that Dr. Kirks imagination and heart were full, so full
that his tongue frequently broke out in bursts of song and joy.
We can conceive how he would linger at the manger, how he
could hardly tear himself from the Garden, and how he would
look down from Olivet, with eyes swimming in tears, like those
that wept over Jerusalem eighteen centuries ago.

2/0 Edward Norris Kirk. [April,

But Dr. Kirk was back in Paris in time to aid in the dedica-
tion of the chapel, and to see its services well under way. In
the autumn of 1857 he returned to his own land and people,
to leave them no more until he went to that " bourne from
which no traveller returns." Indeed, his country and his people
needed him now as never before. The days of darkness were
coming upon the land, when those who ministered at the akar
must inspire the heart and faith of the people,

With the repeal of the Missouri Compromise in 1854, Dr.
Kirk saw that the death-struggle with slavery had begun. In
the agitation that followed he took his stand uncompromis-
ingly on the side of freedom. In the pulpit and on the plat-
form his voice rang out clear and full for the inalienable rights
of all men. There were timid, conservative men among his
hearers who sometimes complained that he "meddled with
politics," but he went' boldly on, weighing men and measures
in the ** bright balances of the sanctuary." The Sabbath after
Mr. Sumner had been smitten down in the Senate chamber by
Preston S. Brooks, for words spoken upon " the crime against
Kansas," the pulpit of Mt. Vernon held up the horror and
characterized it as it deserved. Said Dr. Kirk, " The slave
power is now ready for a death-struggle. Justice and oppres-
sion have now met in the field of contest. The doctrine that
the negro is not a man, and the doctrine that the negro is
a man, have now come to the death-grapple ; and a nation will
heave with every convulsive struggle of the contest. Neither
party will yield, until a continent has been swept with the
deluge of civil war."

How prophetic these words were is now matter of history !

In the summer of i860. Dr. Kirk, in company with two other
distinguished gentlemen, personal friends, made quite an ex-
tensive Southern tour. It was during the campaign preced-
ing Mr. Lincoln's election. The travellers found the excite-
ment high and at times threatening. Indeed, at one point, it
was proposed to tar and feather them, and at another to mob
them. They returned, however, about the first of September,
without personal harm, but with a deeper hatred in the mind
of Dr. Kirk of the whole outcome of slavery, and a profound
conviction that war was at hand.

1878.] Edward Norris Kirk. 271

In the early spring he was compelled to be absent from his
pulpit a month or more on account of ill health. His plans
led him to Washington several weeks after the inauguration
of Mr. Lincoln. He was keenly alive to the public situation,
and carefully noted all that he saw and heard. Everything
confirmed him in the belief that God's time had come to smite
slavery, and rock the country with a tempest of fire and blood.

From Washington he had gone on to Norfolk with a company
of friends ; but before the week was over, they had all become
alarmed and determined to return northward at ouce. Hardly
had they started before they learned that Fort Sumter had
been fired on, and the bloodiest civil war of the century had
begun. They were just in time to escape detention at Rich-
mond, at Washington, at Baltimore. All along the route the
country was ablaze with excitement, and men were arming for
the fight. And yet not a few, even then, dreamed that war
could be averted. This is the comment Dr. Kirk made in his
journal the first Sabbath after his return : —

" Permitted to enter my pulpit again. Much of the social
gratification was spoiled by the aversion of my people to hear
me preach on the war. I was conscientious in it, but it has
led to so many severe remarks, that a few more repetitions of
them would convince me that my work was done here."

But whatever doubts might have existed in the minds of the
most hopeful, they were soon dissipated by the dreadful realities
of war, and differences of opinions were unified by the course
of events. People now flocked to the sanctuary to gain strength
by prayer and by the word of God. While our armies, for
two years, were rolled back on bloody and disastrous fields, Dr.
Kirk stood like an old prophet, calling the people to courage and
trust in God. He declared that we were scouged for our sins,
and could hope to prosper only as we dealt justly by our fellows.
Words like his toned up the moral forces of the nation, and
prepared the people for those terrible sacrifices necessary to
redeem four millions of slaves.

He visited the army and looked with his own eyes on "grim-
visaged War." He encouraged the soldiers, preached in their
camps as he had opportunity, visited the hospitals, comforted
the sick and the dying. His great heart was full, and he never

2/2 Edward Nortis Kirk. [April,

ceased to preach and pray and work for his country until her
honor was vindicated and the slave was free.

If, in the dark days of defeat and discouragement, the
people came to look to him for inspiration and counsel, how
natural that they should have sent for him on State Street when
the news of peace came flashing through the air, and men left
their stocks and bonds and counting-rooms, and sang the
Doxology, " Praise God from whom all blessings flow." Who
could voice the feelings of such an assembly, and bear them up
to God, as could that grand old man who had stood so near to
God all these terrible years ! And when, a few days later, that
" black Friday " bore the news of the martyred President, was
there another, in all the city, who could bear the soul of the
people on his own, and hush it to stillness in the presence of
Him " who doeth all things well " ?

But if he had been eager that the war should be fought
through on a right basis, he was no less anxious that the
fruits of it should be secured. He saw the importance of edu-
cating the colored people, and of planting the institutions of
learning and religion throughout the South. When, therefore,
in 1865, the American Missionary Association, whose labor
was largely among the emancipated, was seeking a president
whose life and character should best embody its own princi-
ples and work, it is not surprising that the choice should have
fallen on Dr. Kirk. His name, at the head of the association,
was a guarantee of its own character, and gave it currency
among the good at home and abroad ; and although, for a
number of years, his infirmities had forbidden his attendance
at the annual meetings, yet the society chose him as long as
he lived for its president, as the one who best embodied its
spirit, and represented its work among the poor. In 1873 he
attended the annual meeting for the last time in Newark,
N. J., and though too feeble to preside without an assistant,
yet his presence was a benediction, and the few words which
he uttered, as well as the prayers which he offered, left an
impression never to be forgotten by those who heard him.

The end was fast approaching. He might have said, like
him whom he much resembled, " I have fought a good fight, I
have finished my course, I have kept the faith." In 1871 he

iS/S.] Edward Narris Kirk. 273

resigned the active duties of the pastorate. The loss of
sight, and to some extent of speech also, permitted him no
long^ to preach, but he was never more interested in the prog-
ress of Christ's kingdom, or busy in planning to spread the
gospeli than during these few years of enforced seclusion
firom public life.

Unless prayer is unmeaning and unavailing, it is possi-
ble that these years were among the most useful of his life. He
lived in the very atmosphere of communion with God. He was
cheerful and genial, as if not a wish was ungratified. He walked
and he talked with God. The writer of this sketch, who had
occasion to consult with him frequently on the interests of the
association, will never forget how, after every perplexing ques-
tion, he would say, " Let us tell Jesus about it" And there in
that upper room, face to face with God, he talked as friend
with friend. Those prayers are bringing their answers upon
the world to-day.

Dr. Kirk can be characterized in a few words. He was
moulded after the largest and noblest pattern of manhood.
Nature had given him a splendid body and endowed him with
rare intellectual and moral powers. These he had consecrated
fully to Christ There was not a little thing about him. Ap-
proach him on any side, and you found him genuine, large, and
true. He was tender as a woman in dealing with suffering
humanity, but bold, brave, and terrible as a lion in battling with
wrong. He spoke with authority, as one sent from God. Intel-
lect, heart, and will did him service.

His charities were free and large. During the latter part of
his life he gave, annually, twenty per cent of his income, and
the year the war closed forty per cent as a thank-offering to
God. Giving was both a principle and a joy. He accumulated
for God, and ultimately all that he had, with the exception of
some small legacies, will go to different benevolent societies.

He was like a little child in the transparency of his charac-
ter and in the simplicity and perfectness of his trust He saw
God in everything, and never doubted that He would bring out
the best and most glorious results. He asked and received. He
took God's hand, and walked by His side. This glorified all
his infirmities ; even his blindness was beautiful in the sweet-
ness of his resignation and trust

274 Edward Norris Kirk. [April.

The last work on which he was engaged was in preparing a
brief on revivals, which he was to present at the ministers'
meeting, the next Monday morning. He had filled out two of
the general divisions of his subject, and had started the third
and last, when, as if to mature and concentrate his thought,,
he arose from his table, and began walking his parlor floor.
This was about eleven o'clock, A. m., March 27, 1874. His
unsteady step attracted the attention of a sister, who noticed
him falter, and then sag as if about to fall. Hurrying to his
side, she found him speechless, though conscious, and was able
to assist him in lying down. Other members of the family
were called, and an effort made to hel 3 him to his room, but
in vain ; he sank backward upon the sofa in a comatose state,
in which he lingered until about five o'clock, p. m., when he
passed into the light beyond.

C. L. WOODWORTR.
Boston,

18/8.] The Lor^s Supper: Who nug^ partake of It. 275

THE LORD'S SUPPER: WHO MAY PARTAKE OF IT.

The Lord Jesus Christ, on instituting the sacramental sup-
per, saidy '' This do ye in remembrance of me ; for as often
as ye eat this bread and drink this cup, ye do show the Lord's
death till He come." All Christian communities, except the
Quakers, hold that these words authorize the celebration of
the eucharist until the coming of Christ at the end of the
world, and the repetition of the sacrament as frequently as the
Christian life may demand. This memorial rite is, therefore,
perpetually recurring in the churches, and the question
respecting admission to it presses upon every generation of
believers for an answer. Without entering the realm of dis-
pute over the nature of the Lord's Supper, and the true idea
and development of the Christian church, we shall traverse a
field where comparative unity and peace have reigned from
the earliest days to the present time, — a task we would gladly
spare ourselves, but for some recent attempts to remove the
ancient landmarks.

To the question, again raised by some who conscientiously
sedc, and fondly hope they have found new light, namely,
Who may partake of the Lord's Supper t we would give the
following answer : Only those should be admitted to the Lord's
Table who believe in Him, and who are in full membership in
His churches. There are four distinct points in this affirma-
tion, namely : —

1. That belief in Christ is necessary to communion.

2. That full membership in. some one of His visible
churches is necessary to communion.

3. That the churches have all needful power to enforce
these prerequisites.

4. That the churches are in duty bound to enforce them.
Praying for divine guidance into the truth that it may make

us free, we would support these propositions by arguments
which appear to us to be conclusive ; and we beg those who
may dissent to examine most carefully the whole subject, lest
they unwittingly introduce practices which bear in their
bosom the'poison of asps.

SBOOND SBRUCS.— VOU X. Na 2. 2

276 The Lor£s Supper: WhomayparteJuef It. [April,

I. Belief in yesus Christ is necessary to admission to the
Lords Table.

We reject the Romish doctrine that the sacraments confer,
ex opere operatOy\yi%\\\Y^T\Z and sanctifying grace; so that all
the preparation needed by the communicant is insensibly con-
veyed to him in baptism and confirmation. The belief we
speak of is not conferred but exercised, a faith that justifies, an
assenting trust that implies a change of wilL It is that which
is spoken of in the passages, '' Believe, and thou shalt be
saved," "The just shall live by faith."

That this belief or fadth is a necessary prerequisite to the
Lord's Table is involved in the nature of communion. Fellow-
ship, or communion is, and can only be, between friends. There
must be a point of unity somewhere, around which there can
be a flowing together. If there be no living point of union,
there can be no sympathy, no fellowship, no communion, but
in name. In the Christian church that point is faith, uniting
believers to Christ, and uniting believers in love to one another.
The Lord's Supper cannot, therefore, gather from every kind ;
to be a communion at all, to have any foundation in fact, it must
admit only those who have a loving connection in faith with
Him who sits at its head. An unbeliever at this table is an
alien element, destroying, so far forth, the very nature of the
sacrament.

Turn to the Scriptures, and we find that love is made the
basis of all Christian fellowship, and hence of all church organ-
izations ; it is the loyalty that gives citizenship in the kingdom
of heaven. " If we walk in the light, as He is in the light, we
have fellowship one with another." ^ We walk in the Christian
life by faith, not by sight, and the degree of our love meas-
ures both our light and our fellowship with God and with one
another. " The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the
communion of the blood of Christ ? the bread which we break,
is it not the communion of the body of Christ t For we being
many are one bread, and one body ; for we are all partakers
of that one bread." Then, after showing that " the Gentiles
sacrifice to devils, and not to God," the apostle adds, " I would

1 I John i, 7.

1878.] The lAmts Supper: Who may partake ef It. 277

not that ye should have fellowship with devils. Ye cannot
drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of devils ; ye cannot be
partakers of the Lord's Table and of the table of devils." ^ In-
tercourse and fellowship are radically different things: the
former, with godless men, we cannot altogether avoid without
going out of the world, and hence it is not forbidden ; ^ but the
latter is forbidden in outward act because impossible in the
mner life. Hence the apostle appeals to the believer's own
reason when he asks, " For what fellowship hath righteousness
with unrighteousness ? and what communion hath light with
darkness ? and what part hath he that believeth with an infi-
del " (f. e.^ unbeliever)? ^ This prerequisite of faith invades even
the inclosure of the church, and disfellowships the unbelieving
member : '^ But now I have written unto you, not to keep com-
pany^ if any man that is called a brother be a fornicator, or
covetous, or an idolater, or a railer, or a drunkard, or an extor-
tioner : with such an one, no, not to eat " ^ If the £uthful can-
not cQmpany with such members, even to eat bread, how much
less can they fellowship them in the communion of the blood
and body of Christ Jesus ? John, in his old age, reiterates the
injunction of Paul, and gives the reason for so doing, saying,
** If there come any unto you and bring not this doctrine [the
doctrine of Christ as taught by the apostles, see preceding
verse], receive him not into your House, neither bid him God-
speed ; for he that biddeth him Godspeed is partaker of his
evil deeds." ^ With such injunctions against ordinary social
intercourse with the unbelieving and the heretic, no disciple of
our Lord would think for a moment of sitting at the Lord's
Table with them.

But how about Judas Iscariot ; did he not partake with the
eleven at the institution of the Supper ? So many have sup-
posed ; but the most critical harmony of the parallel passages
excludes him. The giving of the sop was the sigjn by which
John should know who the traitor was ; and Judas, " having
received the sop, went immediately out'* ^ This was at the
close of the Paschal feast, but before the institution of the
eucharist ; and John, writing after the other evangelists, is very

1 I Cor. X, 16-22. « I Cor. v, 9, 10. ■ 2 Cor. vi, 14, 15.

* I Cor. V, II. * 2 John, 10, 11. • John xiii, 25-30.

2/8 The Lords Supper: Who may partake ef It. [April,

explicit, as if to clear the subject of all ambiguity.^ The ^axX
that the sacrament, the nature and name of which is the
communion, was not, at its very institution, offered by its om-
niscient Founder to a traitor, accords with its nature and with
the deepest Christian instincts. None but the faithful par-
took from the hands of the Master at the first sacramental
supper.

As naturally the members of any society are partakers of
its privileges^ so the members of a church would naturally be
admitted to the Lord's Table; hence belief in Christ Jesus
would have to be made a condition of church memberships, in
order that it might be a prerequisite to the Lord's Table ; and
such we find the case to have been. The door into the
church was faith and its sacramental symbol. The entrance ^

into the kingdom of heaven is by faith in Jesus Christ. ,^ .
Churches are the embodiments or manifestations of this in- — ^-
visible kingdom, and the entrance into them is made the same as <^».j5
into the kingdom itself, except a visible sign and seal of the ^E>.^e
inner grace is appropriately added in baptism. It is of the^^-^^e
inner grace that we now speak, and which is everywhere in-MTM'-i it'
the New Testament required as a condition of membership mmrMM^ it
the Christian churches. When men asked what they shouldE>X-Kil(
do to be saved, they were commanded to repent, to believe,
and on the profession of repentance and faith, they were ad— -
mitted to the fellowship of the disciples. Hence the churcheaB5^^-^ea
are called " the holy," " the sanctified," " saints," " beloved ot^i^ oi
God," " the faithful," " faithful brethren," " elect " ; and othe^-^^ ^er
terms are used expressive of their renewed nature and theiri^^^ir
separation from the world. The Master declared the tru^-«i^"Ue
state of His churches when he said, " If ye were of the worldE:> W\d^
the world would love his own ; but because ye are not of thi^ ^^ he
world, but I have chosen you out of the world, therefore tb-^^ he
world hateth you." ^

1 Dr. Gardiner's valuable Harmony gives in tabular form the arrangement • of

events as they are held to have occurred, according to the leading Harmonist:^ ^^^
From it we learn that Greswell and Stroud make Judas present at the Suppc^^^fi*,
while Robinson, Thompson, Tischendorf, and Gardiner exclude him. So air JW»o
does Strong. Of recent commentators Nast, Whedon, Lange, Slier, Olshausc^^^'^
Ellicott, Alford, et al. exclude him from the supper

'John XV, 19.

1878.] The tardus Supper: Who nu^ partake of It. 279

No doubt that bad men crept in unawares to spy out their
liberty or to make gain of the gift of God, as Simon Magus
did. Even the apostles' eyes did not detect all the chaff; and
to there was a constant sifting going on in the churches to get
clear of unbelieving members. Some were cast out by disci-
pline ; some ^ went out, that they might be made manifest that
they were not all of us/' says John ; ^ and some, no doubt,
remained in the church, deceiving others and themselves.*

Whatever may have been the reason why the ]Lord chose a
traitor, a ^ devil/' to be one of his twelve apostles, the fact that
one was so chosen was never elevated into a principle or rule
by the fiuthful eleven to guide them and their successors in
iimnding churches. It does teach us, however, in the most
emphatic way, that as one traitor did not spoil the apostolate,
so a few bad men in a church do not destroy it as a Christian
church, or prevent its receiving the special care of the Master,
while the words of Jesus which led to the withdrawal of Judas
before the institution of the eucharist may, without forcing,
be regarded as indicative of His will that all unbelievers
should be kept away as completely as possible from the sacra-
ment of spiritual communion and the memorial of redeeming
love.

That the primitive churches protected the Lord's Supper
from the unbelieving by admitting only the regenerate to
membership, is clear from the writings of the ante-Nicen^
Christian Fathers. Thus Clement of Rome, the contemporary
of the apostles, calls "the church of God sojourning at Cor-
inth " " them that are called and sanctified by the will of God,
through our Lord Jesus Christ" ^ Ignatius, A. D. 107 or 116,
calls the church at Tralles " holy," and the church at Rome
**the church which has obtained mercy/' "worthy of God,"
^ united, both according to the flesh and spirit, in every one
of His commandments."* The Encyclical Letter of the
church at Smyrna on the martyrdom of Polycarp, A. D. 150,
speaks of " the holy and catholic church in every place," and

* John ii, 19. * Matt vii, 22,23.

'Ep. to Cor. I, ch. I. This and the following quotations from the Fathers are
taken from the AnU-Niceru Christian Library, T. & T. Clark, Publishers, Edin-
burgh.

* Ep. to Tr. and £p. to Rom. Intro.

28o The Lords Supper: Who mty partake of It. [April,

Christ as the " Shepherd of the catholic church throughout
the world/'^ applying for the first time in the history of Chris-
tianity the term "catholic" to the church. About a half-
century after the last apostle had gone to his rest, the follow-
ing was the condition of admission to church membership :
'' As many as are persuaded and believe that what we teach
and say is true, and undertake to live accordingly, are in-
structed to pray and entreat God with fasting, for the remission
of their sins that are past, we praying and fasting with tbem."*
Clement, of Alexandria, A. D. 189-220, wrote, "Therefore in
substance and idea, in origin, in pre-eminence, we say that the
ancient and universal church is alone, collecting, as it does, into
the unity of the one faith . . . those already ordained,
whom God predestinated, knowing before the foundation of the
world that they would be righteous." ' The canons of the Ethio-
pian Christians mention " various pursuits (studa) " " the fol-
lowers of which are not to be admitted to the Christian religion
until repentance is exhibited."* TertuUian, A D. 193-216,
says, "They who are about to enter baptism ought to pray
with repeated prayers, fasts, and bendings of the knee, and vigils
all the night through, and with the confession of all bygone
sins."5 Lactantius, A. D. 250-325, writing against the Nova-
tians, says, " The true catholic church is that in which there
is confession and repentance, which treats in a wholesome
manner the sins and wounds to which the weakness of the
flesh is liable." ^ Finally, the so-called Apostolical Constitu-
tions^ the first books of which were probably gathered in the
second and third centuries, defines the church thus : " The
catholic church is the plantation of God, and His beloved vine-
yard, containing those who have believed in His unerring divine
religion, who are the heirs by faith of His everlasting kingdom ;
who are partakers of His divine influence, and of the communi-
cation of the Holy Spirit ; who are armed through Jesus and
have received His fear into their hearts ; who enjoy the benefit
of the sprinkling of the precious and innocent blood of Christ ;
who have free liberty to call Almighty God, Father; being

' Ch. xvi., xix. 2 Justin Martyr, Apol. I, ch. Ixi. * Strom. B. VII, ch. xvii.
♦ Hippolytus, II, p. 135. * On Baptism, ch. xx (Vol. I, p. 255).

« Divine Institutes, B. IV, ch. xxx (Vol. I, pp. 288, 289).

18/8.] The LariPs Supper: Who nu^ pixriake of It. 281

lenow-heirs and joint partakers of His beloved Son. Hearken to
this holy doctrine, you who enjoy His promises, as being deliv-
ered by the command of your Saviour, and agreeable to His
S^Iorious words."^

From the nature of the Lord's Supper as a communion,
£rom the express declarations of the New Testament, and from
the condition of admission into the apostolic and primitive
churches, we maintain that belief in Jesus Christ is a necessary
prerequisite to the Lord's Supper. There is ample room, then,
for the exhortation, " Let a man examine himself, and so let
Iiim eat of that bread, and drink of that cup." The force of
these quotations cannot be turned by saying that they apply,
aot to the outward, visible churches, but to the spiritual, invis-
ible body; for the distinction between the visible and the
invisible church was not then drawn, and hence they were
intended to describe the visible bodies, as composed of saints
only, into which nothing foreign should intentionally be
admitted, or having entered should be suffered to remain.
*' Brotherly love in its depth, truth, and blessedness has its
limits " ; and those limits in fellowship and membership are
the bounds of renewing grace. Christian love cannot overleap
these bounds without danger and loss.

II. Full membership in some church of Christ is also neceS"
^ary to admission to t/ie Lord's Table,

The Christian church was not established until Christ had
fulfilled and abolished the old and introductory dispensation
in his death, resurrection, and ascension, and had fully inaugu-
rated the new in the gift of the promised Comforter on the
day of Pentecost. Christ Jesus himself up to His crucifixion,
and His apostles up to the Pentecostal enduement, were
strict and dutiful members of the Jewish church, obedient,
not only to its written requirements, but also to the injunctions
of its latest prophet, the "voice crying in the wilderness,"
thus fulfilling all righteousneps. The baptism of John was not,
therefore. Christian baptism ; it was not administered in the
Christian church, nor in " the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Ghost " ; and it was not regarded as
Christian baptism, but expressly repudiated as such by the

^B. I, sec. I, p. 15.

282 The Lord's Supper: Who may partake of It. [April,

chief of the inspired apostles.^ In their institution, conse->
quently, both the Christian sacraments were anticipatory of a
kingdom near at hand, like all the teachings of the Saviour.
They were ordained or commanded beforehand for His church,
when it should be established upon the annulling of the old
covenant While those receiving Him were the holy seed,
the " little flock/' which should form, and which actually
formed, the connecting link between the old and the new, bind*
ing them as distinct parts into one covenant of promise, this
seed, bom out of the old and rooted in it, flowered into the
new and better. In it there was a passing over from the
former to the latter, the preparatory to the completed. It was
the true Israel of God, nurtured under the bondage of cere-
monies, coming into the liberty of sons under the gospel.
Thus there was more than a succession, there was also a
continuity ; more than a beginning, there was also a trans-
formation. Christ's strict observance of the ceremonial law
up to His death, and His honoring the Pentecost with the out-
pouring of His Holy Spirit, proves that the old did not cease
to be obligatory until the rending of the veil, and that the new
did not begin before that event. The Supper was, therefore,
instituted under the old for the new, that when the Passover
ceased, the Supper should begin as its continuance.

This fact needs to be stated in order to understand two
things : First, why the apostles certainly, and, we may almost
say the other disciples certainly, who believed previously to
the day of Pentecost, were never baptized with Christian bap-
tism. How could they be, unless they baptized one another ?
Why should they be, since they themselves were the only true
church of God on earth at the time ? The old had been ful-
filled and abolished. His own received Him not ; but those
that received Him were His church in transition into His
promised kingdom, to whom, as His church, He had promised
the kingdom, and on whom, as His church, He bestowed the
Holy Spirit, that they might be fully endued with power to

^ Acts xix, 1-7. How, in the face of this recorded repudiation of John's bap-
tism as Christian baptism, Prof. Geo. D. B. Piper, D. D., can affirm their iden-
tity, and declare any inquiry respecting their identity " puerile," " raised in
defence of Rantism," is passing strange. See Baptist Quarttrly for April, 1872,
p. 177.

1878.] Th$Lmts Supper: Who mt^ partake of It. 283

conquer the world for Him. All the promises travelled with
them, as the true seed of Abraham, from the bondage of the
law to the liberty of the gospel. They all had been circum-
cised under the law, henceforth all who join^i them were to
submit to baptism as its substitute. In this view of the case,
they could not have submitted to Christian baptism with pro-
priety, while there is nothing in the order of the sacraments
violated by their neglect of it; for to them circumcision
answered for baptism.

Secondly^ when the Lord's Supper was instituted, there were
many disciples in Jerusalem besides the eleven faithful apos-
tles, above one hundred of them remaining until the day of
Pentecost ; but only the eleven were permitted to partake of
it They had all eaten the Passover under the law, as faithful
Israelites, piously observing every rite ; and not until the
Lamb of the new dispensation had been sacrificed, and the new
covenant fully established, could they have partaken of the
other sacrament, the sign and seal of a &r greater redemption.
Both sacraments were alike unsuited to their transitional state,
as the church of God passing from a preparatory to a com-
pleted stage on earth. It was necessary, however, in the case
of the Lord's Supper, as it was not ifl the case of baptism,
which was well known in mode, though not in the words to be
used in administering it, to institute it, so that its elements,
mode of administration, design, perpetuity, and frequency
might be known to the apostles, and that the Head of the
church might be the recognized founder of it.

But when the Christian church was fully established on the
day of Pentecost, and all the ordinances of the old dispensation
ceased forever to be binding on the Jew, then at once and for
the first the sacraments of the gospel became binding on the
pious remnant, and on all who should join it^ each to be ob-
served in its order, and baptism, like circumcision under the
old, became the initiative rite under the new. And as no un-
circumcised person could partake of the Jewish Passover, so no
unbaptized convert could be allowed to partake of the Christian
Passover, the Lord's Supper. This brings us to the positive
proof of our second point.

We have before proved that faith in Christ, the '' putting on

284 The LorcC s Supper : Who may patiake qf It. [April,

Christ," ^ the cleansing of the heart by renewal, is essential to
communion with Christ and with His people in the eucharist ;
this spiritual act is symbolized by an appropriate visible sign,
the application of water in the name of the Holy Trinity. And
this sign, in nature and in fact, is made a condition of admis-
sion to the Lord's Table. We use baptism as equivalent to
full admission in cases of adults ; those baptized in infancy
must ratify their baptism by public profession. From every
point of view from which the order of the sacraments can be
studied, their relation is that of antecedent and consequent,
first and second, not one and other. " They are visible embod-
iments of invisible realities. As the realities are related, so
are, so must be, the ordinances. Now, the realities . • . are
comprehensively the origination of spiritual life, and the contin-
uance of that life. . . . Life coming to be, — life continuing to
be, — one life. Where were the continuance without the be-
coming } " * This natural order has always been observed in
the various Christian communities, from the earliest days to
the present time.

We may not be able to prove that baptism did in every in-
stance precede admission to the Supper during the apostolic
days ; but we can show that it is sheer assumption to declare
that, after the day of Pentecost, believers may have been ad-
mitted to the Lord's Table without baptism and church mem-
bership,— an assumption, nevertheless, sometimes made to
relieve from a false position. Strange, indeed, that men should
find it easier to admit to the table without baptism than to
treat sprinkling or pouring as valid baptism,^ — a thing which

* Gal. iii, 27.

* Prof Geo. D. B. Piper, D. D., in Baptist Quarterly for April, 1872, p. 179.

' Rev. Geo. F. Pentecost is reported to have said in his pulpit in Boston, on
Oct. 17, 1875, " ^^^^ ^^^ ^^h great essential for communion at the Lord's Supper
is spiritual regeneration, personal communion with Christ" ; and, "that anything
else that is thrust in between the regenerate soul and the cup of blessing we drink
and the bread which we eat at the Lord's Table, is without warrant of the word of
God, and tends to the external division of His followers, and the rending of the
seamless garment which represents and covers the one body of Christ" — Boston
Daily Globe for Oct. 19, 1875.

' His only proof is an indefinite reference to Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthi-
ans, which, singularly enough, was addressed, not to believers in general in Cor-
inth, but to " the church which is in Corinth," and its instructions about the
Supper are limited by the words, "when ye come together into one place," and

18/8.] The Lmts Supper Who nu^ pariake of lU 285

God had done from the beginning. There is not even a
shadow of a probability for this assumption.

Those who were converted on the day of Pentecost were
all baptized ; ^ baptism implying, in the connection, on the part
of the recipient, repentance and faith in Christ, and being made
a condition among others of church communion. '' The con-
ditions are exclusive as well as inclusive, negative as well as
positive.'" ^ In this first recorded church act, strictly speaking,
by which the holy remnant made its first increase under the
new covenant upon which it had entered. Christian baptism
was assigned its logical place as the condition of admission to
the " little flock," and to the Lord's Table. Baptism is thus
made to precede the Supper, as the joyous reception of the gos-
pel had been made the prerequisite to baptism. This remnant
and flock is not yet called the church ; but when it is declared
that daily additions were made, the body to which they are
made is called ''the church."^ These daily converts were
admitted, like the three thousand, by baptism, both to the
church and to its privileges. The same also may be said of
all the converts who were " multiplied in Jerusalem greatly." *
The first converts to the new faith in Samaria '' were baptized,
both men and women." ^ The devout Ethiopian was baptized
immediately on confessing Christ ; ^ and Saul of Tarsus re-
ceived the rite after " three days "^ of sightless reflection,^ and
as his first duty after believing. To the Gentile converts also
baptism was immediately administered as the first Christian
rite after they had received the Holy Ghost.® So we might go
on, and show that the infant church understood the words of
our Saviour in His great commission, by which baptism is
joined with belief, as requiring the two conditions of belief in
Christ and the ritualistic expression of that faith in the bap-

" wherefore, my brethren, when ye come together to eat " (ch. xi, 20, 33). The
whole intervening discussion had reference, therefore, to church members and
church members only.

Further study will convince Mr. Pentecost that the alternative of close com-
munion, from the bondage of which he has escaped, is not unlimited communion ;
for neither position is Scriptural ; also that mode^ not the order^ has rent the
churches.

1 Acts ii, 41. « Smith's Bib. Diet. (Hackctt's cd.), art. Church.

•Acts ii, 47. * Acts vi, 7. « Acts viii, 12.

* AcU viii, 38. 7 Acts ix, 18. ' ^ Acts x, 48.

286 The Lards Supper : Who may partake &f It. [April,

tism with water, before membership in the church, with its
eucharistic privilege, could be secured; but this point is so
plain that we need go no further in the examination of texts, and
so impregnable as to be wellnigh conceded. "The apostles,"
says Dr. Emmons, " admitted no adult person into the church,
whom they had not previously admitted to baptism. • •
There is nothing in the New Testament to lead us to suppose
that the apostles ever admitted any person to the table of our
Lord before he was baptized." i "In no case," says Dr.
Hovey, "is the Lord's Supper put before baptism ; in no case
does the narrative recognize any interval between faith and
baptism, to be filled by the Lord's Supper; in no case are
believers brought into the church and afterwards baptized." '
Indeed, the assumption that such was not the case, that the
Lord's Supper may have been partaken of before baptism, has
not the thread of a probability to hang upon. " The King of
the kingdom of God, by His manner of ordaining baptism, has
Himself given to it the character of invitation into the personal
enjoyment of the blessings of the new dispensation."'

The apostles' practice can be learned also from the writings
of those Christian Fathers who wrote before corruption had
modified the usages of the churches. We have seen that these
authorities represent the churches as requiring belief in Christ
as conditional of admission to the Lord's Supper. And what
now is their testimony respecting baptism or church member-
ship as a prerequisite? We desire to state it with partic-
larity, and in their own words, that all doubt may be removed,

Justin Martyr, after stating the care of the churches in
requiring faith as a prerequisite for baptism, in the passage
above quoted, says, " Then they are brought by us where there
is water, and are regenerated in the same manner in which we
were ourselves regenerated. For in the name of God, the
Father and Lord of the universe, and of our Saviour Jesus
Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they then receive the washing
with water. But we, after we have thus washed him who has
been convinced, and has assented to our teaching, bring him
to the place where those who are called brethren are assem-

^ Scrip. Qualifications, ch. vi. Arg. v. ' Close Com., Bib, S(u, xix, 145.
^ Christ Dogmatics of Von Oosterzee, Vol. II. p. 747 (Smith & Schaff 's ed.).

^

1878.] The Lards Sf^per: Wko mag^ partake of It 287

Ued, in order that we may offer hearty prayers in common, for
ourselves and for the baptized [illuminated] person, and for all
others in every place. . . . Having added the prayers, we salute
one another with a kiss. There is then brought to the pres-
ident of the brethren,^ bread and a cup of wine mixed with
"water ; and he taking them gives praise and glory. . . . And
when the president has given thanks, and all the people have
given their assent [by saying amen], those who are called by
OS deacons give to each of those present, to partake of the
bread and wine mixed with water, and to those who are absent
they carry away a portion." > This description implies the
absence from the room of all who are not brethren in full
membership, the Supper, as at its institution, being partaken
of in private. But Justin Martyr does not leave us in doubt
here, for he immediately adds, '' And this food is called among
us Ei%aqunia [the euchsuist], of which no one is allowed to par-
take but the man who believes that the things which we teach
are true, and who has been washed with the washing that is
for the remission of sins, and unto regeneration, and who is so
living as Christ has enjoined. For not as common. bread and
common drink do we receive them." ' Here doctrinal belief,
baptism, and holy living are made requisite, and the church
exercises the power of allowing only the approved to partake,
lest the Supper become common. Heretics and the disorderly,
though claiming to be churches of Christ, or to be within the
fold, were excluded from communion, as not churches of
Christ, or not, through transgression and discipline, remaining
in fuU connection, as is proved by the following quotations.

Tertullian, after showing that likeness in doctrine, and
not the fact that an apostle had planted them, constitutes
churches apostolic, says, " Nor are they [all the heresies]
admitted to peaceful relations and communion by such churches
as are in any way connected with apostles, inasmuch as they
are in no sense themselves apostolic, because of their diver-
sity as to the mysteries of the faith."* [Sacramentu]

^Thc translator adds the following note, namely, «*rQ) TtQOtcr&ti r<av ddeX-
^P. This expression may quite legitimately be translated, ' to that one of the
brethren who was presiding.* "

' Apology, I, ch. Ixv. ' Ibid. ch. IxvL

* Prescrip. fv. Heretics, ch. zxxii, p, jS.

288 The lAmC s Supper : Who nuig^ partake of It. [April,

Cyprian says that '' no one can come to communion unless
the hands of the bishop and clergy be first imposed upon him,"^
i. e,y in confirmation.

The Apostolical Constitutions^ teaching that the incorrigi-
ble ofiender is to be excommunicated, and treated no longer
as a Christian, but as a heathen, adds, '' For the church does
not receive an heathen or a publican to communion before
they every one repent of their former iniquities " ; * " but if he
[the excommunicated] afterwards repents, and turns from his
error, then, as we receive the heathen, when they wish to
repent, into the church indeed to hear the word, but do not
receive them to communion until they have received the seal
of baptism, and are made complete Christians, so do we also
permit such as these to enter only to hear ; until they show
the fruit of repentance, that by hearing the Word they may
not utterly and irrevocably perish. But let them not be ad-
mitted to communion in prayer." ^ So in the detailed descrip-
tion of a church assembly, after the public services and
preceding the Supper, the catechumens and penitents, as non-
communicants, go out* If catechumens and penitents were
excluded, a fortiori all others in less connection with the
church would also be excluded from the room where the bread
is broken. "If any brother, man or woman, come in from
another parish, bringing recommendatory letters, let the dea-
cons be the judge in that afiair, inquiring if they be of the
faithful, and of the church ; whether they be not defiled by
heresy; . . . and when he is satisfied in these ques-
tions that they are really of the faithful, and of the same
sentiments in the things of the Lord, let him conduct every
one to the place proper for him ; and if a presbyter comes
from another parish, let him be received to communion by the
presbyters ; if a deacon, by the deacons ; if a bishop, let him
sit with the bishop, and be allowed the same honor as him-
self." * When one was first brought to the eucharist he was
examined with great particularity " as to the causes wherefore
they came to the word of the Lord ; and let those that bring

> Ep. XI, Vol. I, p. 44. « B. II, ch. xxxviiL

» B. II, ch. xxxix. ♦ B. II, ch. Ivii ; see also B. VIII, ch. xiL

» B. II, ch. Iviii.

i87&] The Lord* s Supfitr: Who ftugt partake of It. 289

them exactly inquire about their character, and give them their
testimony."^

The Canons^ appended to Book VIII of the Apostolical CoU"
stiiutioffs, enforce the same position ; as, " Do not ye receive
any stranger, whether bishop, or presbyter, or deacon, without
commendatory letters ; and when such are offered, let them be
eanmined, and if they be preachers of piety, let them be
received'; but if not, supply their wants, but do not receive
them to communion, for many things are done by surprise." ^

The three most ancient liturgies are equally explicit in
guarding the eucharist : ** Let none of the catechumens, none
of the unbaptized, none of those who are unable to join with
us in prayer [remain] ; look at one another ; [shut] the door."'

The call to look at one another was for the purpose of
detecting any who might have crept in unawares, that they
might be put out ; and the call ** the door," was, as the trans-
lation indicates, " to shut the door," to exclude all non-commu-
nicants. This is clear from the connection, but is put beyond
dispute by the direction which closes the description of the
assembly of the primitive churches, already quoted, namely,
** but let the door be watched, lest any unbeliever, or one not
yet initiated, come in." <

The proof is, therefore, overwhelming, both from the New
Testament and from the practice of the primitive churches
down to the Council of Nice, that the eucharist was not open
to the believer unless baptized and a church member in good
standing ; and the assumption that there was no bar to the
Lord's Supper but the lack of " spiritual regeneration " is only
a baseless fabric of a dream.

Should it be said that every regenerate soul is, as a child of
God, in Christ's spiritual kingdom, and is as such entitled to
all its privileges, even to the Lord's Supper, we would reply.
First, that the sacraments are not privileges in the kingdom of
heaven, but in the visible manifestations of that kingdom, the
churches. They do not belong to the invisible reign of Christ

* B. VIII, ch. zzxii. ^ Canon, 34.

' Litargy of St. James, sect xvi ; Divine Lit of Mark, p . 55 ; Lit of the
Holy Apostles, p. 76.

* Apost Const., B. II, ch. Ivii.

299 TheLmrtTsSmfper: Wi^ wmy fmrUdt^ tf H. [April,

assoch. That Idngdcmiindiidesan His saints, Imng and dead;
it is, therefore, partly on earth and partly in heaven ; and no
one, we presume, will make the encharist a sacrament to be
repeated in heaven. The sacraments are signs and seals of
the covenant of promise, not remembrancers of a covenant fbl-
filled and realized in fruition. As the believer enters upon his
** promised inheritance," the sacraments, like the staff of his
{Mlgrimage or a note of promise to pay, are thrown away as no
longer needed. But, even granting that the sacraments are
privileges in the kingdom of heaven as such, as distinct from
church ordinances, — Secondly^ it does not foUow that tfaey
should be offered unconditionaUy to the believer. The interests
of the churches may be such as to impose conditions upon who-
soever would enjoy the sacraments. The churches, as organi-
zations instituted for the' evangelization of the woild, and as
training schools where saints are fitted for labor and for heaven,
may require, for their own well-being, their own continuance,
discipline, and efficiency, certain limitations of the believer^s
privileges ; one of which may be that he who partakes of the
Supper must first become a full member of the church. This
is possibly, and in the proper place we shall show that it is
actually, the case ; but however plausible any theoretical claim
may be to a communion fi'eed firom all restrictions except &ith
in Jesus Christ, it is met by the positive teachings of the New
Testament, the written and infallible law of believers, as
interpreted by the primitive churches. These teachings we
have already sufficiently indicated, and they are conclusive
against the objection. It cannot, therefore, stand.

This prerequisite to the Lord's Table is that of full member-
ship in some church of Christ By it, infant baptism is not
alone sufficient ; that baptism must be supplemented by the
individual's profession of faith in Christ, before he can scriptu-
rally be admitted to full membership. Nor can membership
in any other than a true church of Christ qualify for the com-
munion. What fellowship can there be at a table where every
heresy which has borne the Christian name may meet with
those who hold the doctrine of Christ ? As before proved, if
fellowship exist at all, it must be of the heart in spirit around
some point of unity ; and in the church that unity is faith in

1878.] The LoTiFs Supper: Who nu^ partake of It. 291

Christ A sacramental table which does not represent this
point of unity, by asserting it, but only expresses a name, the
contents of which name each communicant is permitted to
determine for himself, can never be the Table of our Lord ; for
it stands for no real fellowship either between one communi-
cant and another, or between the whole and Him whose vica-
rious sacrifice the Supper represents. To one, that name stands
for an amiable but peccable man, a little better and wiser than
Socrates ; to ' another, the name stands for the first-born of
created beings ; to others, that Name is above every name and
stands for the God-man, bearing in His own body on the tree
the sins of the world. Can love for one so variously regarded
become the gp^ound of fellowship, the bond of perfectness ?
Impossible ! There must be unity in belief and life before there
can be unity in love and Christian fellowship, such unity as
comes only through the second birth. It is because of this
impossibility that Paul, speaking with the emphasis of a repe-
tition, says, " As we said before, so say I now again. If any
man preach any other gospel unto you than that ye have
received, let him be " — fellowshipped ? as some now say ; no,
but " accursed " ; ^ and again, " If any man love not the Lord
Jesus Christ, let him be Anathema Maran-atha." ' The New
Testament does not seek an impossible fellowship at the Lord's
Table.

III. The churches have all needful power to enforce these
prerequisites to the Lord's Table,

Having imposed restrictions on the Table, it is natural to
believe that Christ empowered His churches with the authority
to enforce them. The restrictions themselves imply the power.
In nature God enforces His laws without the aid of men ; but
in all His institutions among men, it is otherwise. The insti-
tution of marriage is hedged about by restrictions which man
is to enforce. Neither the plea of aflSnities nor the impulses
of desire may intrench on the exclusiveness of the marital
relation, and the failure to enforce these limitations works all
manner of lewdness. The institution of civil government,
though ordained of God, rests for its operation wholly on the
agency of man. If the ruler, from any cause, whether ambi-

* GaL i, 9. ■ I Cor. xvi, 22.

SECOND SERIES. — VOI. X. NO. 2« 3

. f

292 The LoreCs Supper: Who may partake of It [April,

tion, imbecility, good-nature, or wrong views, bears the sword
in vain, anarchy inevitably follows. A necessity is laid upcHi
him, therefore, to be a terror, not to good works, but to the
evil This institution of God cannot run itself, without the
active hand of man. Now, along with the family and the
state, God has instituted another organization among men for
their good, the church ; and is it not reasonable to suppose
that this, too, depends for its efficient working upon laws and
limitations to be enforced by men ? We shall find that the
position which the churches have taken in regard to this in-
stitution is essentially the same that men, the world over,
have taken in respect to the family and the state.

The power of the keys, to bind and to loose, has been
expressly conferred on each local congregation of believers.*
This bequest of power to each local church is not impaired by
Christ's conferrence of similar power upon the apostles,* the
founders of the churches, and the channels of the law by which
the churches are to be governed. The whole passage implies
that the church is an organization with well-defined bounda-
ries, so that it can determine who are in membership with it,
and who, consequently, can be disciplined and cast out, if need
be. To be such an organization it must have conditions of
membership, and the power to enforce them. Excommunica-
tion is itself a form of enforcing them. We have already seen
that belief in the Lord Jesus Christ and baptism are made
conditions of membership, as of the communion ; or, strictly
speaking, they are made conditions of membership, that they
may be of communion. There is involved, therefore, in each
church, by the words of Christ, its Head, the power of exam-
ination and the power of discipline, the power of admission
and of exclusion, the power of keeping out and of casting out ;
in short, the power of guarding both the door to the church
and admission to the Lord's Table. This power thus con-
ferred was freely used, as we have seen under the preceding
head, but the testimony may be greatly multiplied. The
church at Rome seems, in its commendable zeal for purity, to
have excluded from membership, by doctrinal tests or other-
wise, those weak in the faith. Paul, in correcting their error,

* Matt xviii, i5-2a « Matt xvi, 18, 19 ; John xx, 23.

187S.] The Lords Supper: Who may partake of It. 293

has left for all churches a most precious command, — to receive
the weak child of faith into the nurture of the church ; for
^Grod has received him/' and ''God is able to make him
stand." ^ Churches were called upon by the apostles to exer-
cise this authority,* which some did.' They baptized into
the visible church only believers, as we have before shown,
unless they were deceived ; * and when Diotrephes had led a
church, in the partisan and unjust use of its legitimate power,
to cast out those who received the messengers of John,^ the
aged apostle, though himself clothed with authority to command
even churches, does not question the church's power to expel,
but only its wrong use of it The churches are repeatedly for-
bidden to fellowship heretics,* which implies the power to disfel-
lowship them. Besides, churches are distinctly reproved for
not exercising the authority necessary to keep themselves
pureJ

The examination of the New Testament leads to the inevi-
table conviction that the churches of Christ have been endued
with the ecclesiastical power to impose, as prerequisites to the
Lord's Supper, faith in the Lord Christ and full membership in
some one of His visible churches.

That the primitive churches, founded by the apostles, re*
garded themselves as so empowered, and did in fact exercise
the right to exclude all but full members from the Lord's
Table, is conclusively established by the quotations we have
already made from their writers. Their recorded action proves
that they were not mere assemblies of believers, but close
organic bodies, with officers and members, with conditions of
membership, power of exclusion, indeed, everything necessary
to carry out the commands of Christ. The church at Corinth,
shortly after the death of the apostles, exercised the full extent
of its authority in the deposition from the ministry of elders
by majority vote.® Their right thus to remove bishops is never
questioned, nor is any appeal to some higher judicatory, as a
presbytery or synod, even suggested, for the very good reason

1 Rom. xiv, 1-4. * 1 Cor. v, 13 ; Rev. ii, 14, 1$. ■ 2 Cor. ii, 6.

* Acts i, i-io ; viii, 13, 21, 22 ; Gal. ii, 4 ; Judc 4 ; i John, ii, 19. ' 3 John, la

• Rom. xvi, 1 7 ; Gal. i, 8, 9 ; Tit iii, 10 ; 2 John, 9-1 1. ^ Rev. ii, 14, 1 5, 20.
' Clement of Rome, £p. to Cor. I, chs. zliv, liv.

294 The Lords Supper: Who may partake of It. [April,

that none then exbted ; but the church is simply reproved for
the wrong use of its recognized power. Cyprian, referring to
a similar case of deposition by the local church, but for cause,
exhorts the church to relent when the presbyter should become
penitent.^ Surely, if the local, particular church had the
unquestioned ecclesiastical power to remove its minister, its
bishofHpresbyter, from his office in the church, and depose him
from the ministry, it is useless to deny to it as an organic body
the right and the power to guard its membership and its sac-
raments, according to the requirements of the New Testament,
its only authoritative law.

The Recogfiitions of Clement^ although a sort of theological
romance, gives probably with accuracy the opinions and usages
of the churches during the first half of the third century. By
it, the churches excluded the unbaptized from joining in prayer
with the disciples. And when Clement's brothers are repre-
sented as haying joined with him in pleading for an earlier
baptism to be administered to their mother, Peter is said to
have been inexorable, declaring, " For it is not right that the
precepts of truth be relaxed and weakened in favor of any
person or friendship." ^

In a fragment ascribed to Caius, A. D. 201-218, men are
declared to have been cut off from the communion of the
church for affirming that Jesus Christ was a mere man.3 The
Apostolical Constitutiofis teach that the wicked, upon full con-
viction, should be cast out, unless they repent ; ^ for, " if we
neglect to separate the transgressor from the church of God,
we shall make the Lord's house a den of thieves."* The
steps of discipline in casting out offenders are detailed, as
given by our Lord.® ** But if thou seest any one past repent-
ance, and he is become insensible, then cut off the incurable
from the church with sorrow and lamentation." ^ " Thou shalt
cast him [the false accuser] out of the congregation as a mur-
derer of his brother." If such an one repents, is restored to
the church, and does the same thing again, the order is given
to " cast him out as a pernicious person, that he may not lay

* Ep. No. Ixvii. See also Polycarp's Ep. to Phil., ch. xi.

^ B. VI, ch. XV ; B. VII, chs. xxxvi, xxxvii. ' In Hippol3rtus, II, p. 157.

♦ B. II, ch. viii. * Ibid., ch. xvii.
' Ibid., chs. xxxvii, xzxviii. ^ Ibid., ch. xlL

1878.] The Lori s Supper : Who may partake of It 295

waste the church of God ; ... for he, though he be within,
does not become the church, but is a superfluous and vain
member. . . . Such an one, therefore, when he is a second
time cast out of the church, is justly cut off entirely from the
congregation of the Lord." 1 Not only was discipline exercised
towards errors of life, but also towards errors in doctrine. The
first Canon of the Alexandrian church gives the usage of the
third century in this respect. It is in part as follows : ''And
we agree in this with all reasonable certitude, that the Trinity is
equal perfectly in honor, and equal in glory, and has neither
beginning nor end. ... On this account we have simdered
them [who reject this doctrine] from the church."* Theodotus
the tanner was excommunicated for this heresy.'

The gradual and unwarranted usurpation of ecclesiastical
power by the ministry impeaches in no way the force of this
testimony, or that under the preceding head, relative to the fact
that down to the Council of Nice the churches did possess and
did exercise, either by vote of their own membership, as in the
earlier days, or by action of their bishops, as in* the later period,
all needed authority for keeping themselves pure ; yea, more,
that they applied their power to the exclusion from the eucha-
rist of all unbelievers, heretics, catechumens, penitents, -^ every
one not previously admitted to full membership in some church
of Christ, or who had lost full standing therein. And it does
not appear that during this period either Catholics or schismat-
ics, whatever their controversies over the degree in which dis-
cipline should be exercised, ever denied the right of the church
to exclude from the communion non-church-members or here-
tics or those under censure. We have noticed before how
carefully they shut and guarded the door to the place where
they were about to celebrate the sacrament, " lest any unbe-
liever, or one not yet initiated, come in." Members of other
churches had even to be examined or certified to before they
could commune in a sister church, as before detailed.

Neither the Greek Church, nor the Roman Catholic, nor any
branch of the Protestant faith that holds to the doctrine of
Christ and to the observance of the sacraments, has ever denied
the right of the churches to impose the Scriptural conditions

* B. II. ch, xliu. a Hippolytu8, VoL II, p. 138. • Ibid, p. 156.

296 The Lor^r s Supper : Who may pariake of It, [April,

upon communicants. They have erred in not enforcing more
rigidly and persistently the Scriptural condition of membership^
— belief in Christ ; but there has been, down to the present
time, less divergence respecting the necessity of full member-
ship to participation in the eucharist than perhaps in anything
else. The idea, which a few have recently advanced, that the
communion is solely a matter between the individual believer and
Christ, and that, therefore, all that a church may properly do is to
spread the table, and throw the responsibility of partaking of it
upon the individual conscience, seems never to have entered
into the practice of the churches ; and no wonder, for it finds no
countenance whatsoever in the Scriptures, in the usages of the
primitive churches, or in reason. Were this idea to prevail,
the eucharistic seal of the covenant of promise would put no
difference between faith in Christ and the wildest heresy,
between the " doctrine of Christ " and the doctrine of Anti-
christ ; whosoever felt himself fitted to partake would then have
the right to partake, and no barrier could be interposed.

True, the table is the Lord's, but so is the church itself the
Lord's ; baptism is the Lord's, the ministry is the Lord's, yea,
the cattle upon a thousand hills are the Lord's. But it does
not follow that the magistrate is not the minister of God, to
enforce the distinction between meum and tuum^ in respect to
cattle, as in other property ; it does not follow that the church
has no power to enforce the revealed conditions of admission to
the rite of baptism, or that of the Lord's Supper, or the revealed
qualifications of a bishop and deacon. The cases are parallel ;
and if the eucharist is the Lord's in such sense that no con-
ditions can be imposed upon communicants by ministry or
church, then so is the church itself, and the ministry also. The
whole grand institution for evangelizing the world goes to
pieces like a lump of sand under the blow of the same logic.
We shudder at the consequence of such teaching ; for disor-
ganization into individual atoms is its only logical end.

IV. The churches are bound by their fealty to Christ to enforce
the prerequisites to the Lord's Supper.

If Christ had founded churches, and left them without
instructions, except to propagate their organization until He
should return in glory, the churches as societies could not have

1878.] The LoTiT s Supper : }^ko may partake of It. 297

obeyed even this sole command without granting to their mem-
bers privileges which others could not enjoy. Unless members
should have peculiar privileges, who would join them, to keep
up the organization ? If the marriage bed be open to all, what
is the use of marriage ? or who will enter into the relation ? If
the citizen have no special privileges, in protection and rights,
fHiat better is he than an alien ? why incur the risks of a
draft ? If the church member can enter no farther into the
sanctuary than an outsider, why join at all ? why incur the
risks of discipline ? It belongs to the very nature of matri-
mony, of citizenship, of association in any organic body, that
those entering into these respective relations should enjoy
privileges not enjoyed by others, and privileges sufficient to
compensate for all the risks assumed. Is the church relation
the only exception ? If the churches had been left free from
all injunctions respecting the sacrament, they would have had
to. invent some mystic rites, and accord some special privileges,
in order to maintain their own existence. This principle seems
to control all other societies. Did Christ ignore it in His
churches ?

Fealty to Christ, then, would require the churches to with-
hold the eucharist from non-members, in order to their own
perpetuity ; for there is no adequate inducement to join the
church, if the bread and cup are offered to non-members. The
chief privilege of the church is made common. Nothing else
remains, even in Congregational churches, but office-holding
and voting ; and these, on similar grounds and for similar rea-
sons, would soon become common. Membership would include
no adequate privileges, but involve certain risks, the liability to
discipline for misconduct and ridicule as a member. No wise
man will run risks without corresponding advantages. Hence
the inevitable result of this course is the fatal dilemma, either
no membership, or no discipline. The churches kill themselves
either by annihilation or by a world-wide comprehension ; i. e.,
either by ceasing to have members at all, or by baptizing all the
people into membership, on the Roman Catholic principle.

It may be affirmed that this sad end will not befall the
churches, because believers will obey the command, and join
themselves to the church. But how strange ! We must offer

298 The Lord's Supper: l^ko may partake of It [April,

the sacrament to believers outside the church, because they
will not join the church ; and we shall escape, the evils of such
a course, because believers will join, the church. Special favors
shown transgressors will not increase transgression ! If this
principle is ever good for the church, it will be when the whole
course of nature has been reversed, but not before. Fealty to
Christ in the matter of self-preservation demands that the
churches restrict the eucharist to their own members.

The same is true in the matter of discipline. If the offender
will hot hear the church, said the Master, " let him be unto thee
as a heathen man and a publican." Now if this means no more
than to erase his name from the church roll, while offering him
still the sacramental bread and wine, if he desire them, it means
essentially nothing at all ; for it simply cuts off the man from
all risk of future discipline, while admitting him freely as before
to the most characteristic privilege in the church. The very next
communion after his excision he can take his place as usual, or
perchance in the most conspicuous seat, and partake in sight
of all the congregation, in defiance of their discipline, — a sorry
spectacle in any society, much more in the house of God, the
pillar and the ground of the truth. If the deacons refuse him
the emblems, then they play fast and loose with the practice we
have in hand, presuming on their own option to put up bars in
special cases, which the church, of which they are officers, has
taken down and thrown away. A church where such mockery
can be made of its discipline, at the very table of its Lord and
Head, must cease to try offenders, or must become a laughing-
stock to every one. Had Theodore Tilton been excommunicated
from Plymouth Church for the alleged slanders which led to the
scandalous dropping of his name, he could have entered that
church on the very next communion day, and partaken of the
emblems, administered by the hand of its pastor, on the invita-
tion understood to be advocated and used by that church, thus
defying their discipline to their faces. The possibility of such
an atrocious spectacle, which a little bravado might make actual
in any church adopting the same course, is disastrous to disci-
pline, and makes a church contemptibly ridiculous by reason
of its own folly.

Should a church in such cases respect its own discipline

1878.] TkiLcnFs Supper: Who pu^ partake of It. 299

in thoughtless inconsistency, and exclude from the Table of

the Lord those whom it expels from its membership, they

could go to neighboring churches and receive their welcome

to the eucharist And thus the discipline of a church would

go for nothing among its sisters, the inevitable result of which

^would be the cessation of all discipline in all churches. May

God keep the churches from such a career of corruption and

dissolution I The political watchword throughout the land

18 Reform, the lifting up of a standard against the sea of cor-

xuption which threatens our ruin as a nation. Surely this is

3iot the time to weaken the lax discipline of churches. The

jprimitive way is better ; for when the early churches expelled

a member, they commonly gave notice to other churches of the

^fact, and '^ sometimes by circular letters to eminent churches

over all the world, that all churches might confirm and ratify

^is act of discipline by refusing to admit such a one to their

communion." ^ A practice which subverts church discipline

cannot draw its life from the New Testament If light has

'fcroken forth in our day from the word of God, it surely must

1)6 in some other direction.

To the duty arising from the suicidal nature of neglecting
to enforce full membership as a prerequisite to the com-
munion may be added a " Thus saith the Lord." We do not
believe that the primitive churches, all Christian communities*
with possibly here and there an exception, and the most care-
ful students of the Bible have been deceived in respect to this
teaching of the apostles. Unless they have been, then the nat"
ural order of the sacraments should ever be preserved ; baptism*
including admission to full membership, then the Lord's Sup-
per. The bread and* the cup should not be offered to those
outside the fold, even though they belong to the invisible
flock. Their place is inside, through the appointed door,
which the Shepherd commands them to enter. Any fair inter-
pretation of their infallible rule of faith and practice will place
every one of them within the fold, and forbid the churches
from taking the sacramental privileges of the fold to them.
Therefore, the churches will be unfaithful to Christ if they
admit any to His table who have not been baptized, in the

^ Christ Antiq. Bingham, B. XVI, ch. ii, sects. 8, 9.

300 The Lord's Supper: Who may partake of It. [April,

fullest sense of that word, who have not, on profession of their
faith in a risen Redeemer, entered into a visible connection
with his people. This duty is as imperative and perpetual as
any of the commands of our Lord. The churches are bound
in fealty to obey it.

What if this stringent rule does work hardship in certain
cases ; is it, therefore, to be neglected ? Belief in Christ has
worked manifold persecutions of Christians through the enmity
of the world, even down to the present day. Shall it, there-
fore, be given up ? What regulation does not work more or
less hardship among men ? Even the law of gravitation is
hard on one not walking in conformity with it. If, then, it
should be found that in certain cases hardship results from
enforcing the prerequisites to the Lord's Supper, the duty of
the churches respecting them is not altered or modified by it.
But what are the hardships ?

We maintain that " the weakest Christian, if sincere,"
ought not to " be excluded or discouraged " from admission to
the church ; ^ that no church has power to enforce unscriptural
tests of membership ; that the perfect rule is to admit whom
the Lord receives, and keep out whom He refuses ; that the
first duty after belief is baptism, the confession of Christ in the
first sign and seal of the covenant of promise, and that all
Christian communities which believe in sacraments at all hold
substantially these positions. Now, if a convert refuse or
neglect to discharge this, his first duty as a convert, when all
the doors are open to welcome him, where is the hardship in
denying him admittance to the second sign and seal, the Sup-
per of our Lord ? If hardship there be, it is a hardship resting
solely on the convert's neglect of duty. Let him obey Christ,
and it is removed. That anybody should ever have regarded
such a denial as a hardship, shows to what extent, in our days,
the mere desire of the individual is made a rule for public
corporate action, even in the church of Christ A believer,
living in the neglect of an express command, to separate him-
self from all the enemies of Christ, and to join himself to the
saints, desires the richest, the characteristic privilege of the
church, while incurring none of the obligations and liabilities

^Camb. Plat., zii, 5. Boston Plat, Pt. II, vii, 2.

1878.] The Lord's Supper: Who mey partake of It. 301

erf" a member ; and, forsooth, he must have it Individual de-
sire» though forbidden by the Master, though demanding all
the privileges of a society without incurring a risk, must over-
ride a restriction enforced by the necessities of the church's
existence, by the revealed will of its Founder, and by the
practice of all Christian communities ; otherwise, where is the
hardship ? Certainly none but the hardship arising from the
believer's own transgression.

If the eucharist come between a man's conversion and the
first opportunity which he has of joining the church, it is rather
a wholesome lesson to be learned than a hardship to be endured,
for him to wait until he is ecclesiastically as well as spiritually
qualified to partake. Disastrous indeed would be the influence
upon him, if the church should trample upon the universal prac-
tice of the churches, and upon the law of the Lord, in order to
gratify his personal wish. No one in his senses would think
of asking a lodge of Odd Fellows or of Free Masons to do a
aimilar thing ; it is only required of the church of the living
God, the pillar and ground of the truth I

If any true believer be joined to a body which denies the
doctrine of Christ as delivered by the apostles, the only Scrip-
tural course is for him to leave his connection there, and join
moxD& church of Christ. That such a course will, in many
cases, be painful, is evident to all. But the church has not yet
outgrown the words of Christ, uttered when it cost something
to follow Him, " If any man love father or mother more than me»
lie is not worthy of me " ; " He that will save his life shall lose
it " ; " Whosoever shall be ashamed of me and of my words,
of him shall the Son of Man be ashamed," etc. Persecutions
even unto death did not deter the early Christians from joining
the church ; less should not deter believers now.

If there be others with whom the rule works hardship, they
must be very few indeed. If God has placed any child of His,
dear to Him as the apple of His eye, where he cannot be bap-
tized into full membership in one of His churches, He will, in
His own way, compensate for the loss ; but neither God nor His
suffering child will ask the churches, in order that the Supper
may be administered, to break down the limitation imposed
upon this sacrament in the New Testament.

302 The LorcCs Supper: Who may partake of It. [April,

There is no escape in the plea that partaking of the Lord's
Supper is itself a profession of Christ, and a joining to the peo-
ple of God ; for it is not, in any sense of the words known in
the New Testament, or in chiu'ch history. Never do the sacred
writers place the Supper before baptism, never do they speak
of it as a confession or profession, or as initiatory into the
church ; but as a communion, a breaking bread together, of the
household of faith. The idea of this sacrament forbids its ever
assuming the place of baptism, or of its preceding it. ''Baptism
speaks of origination, only of origination, as a symbol ; the
communion ... of the central verities pertaining to the
perpetuation of the Christian life." ^

We have now shown, at great length, and as we believe
incontrovertibly, that belief in Christ Jesus and full member-
ship in some one of His churches are prerequisites to the Lord's
Table; that the churches have been clothed with power to
enforce these conditions, and that fealty to the Master lays upon
them the imperative and unoptional duty of enforcing them, in
administering this sacrament. However the true door into the
church may have been perverted by various Christian commu-
nities, so that unregenerate men may be freely admitted to
membership, we hold that Dr. Hovey's words, before quoted,
are strictly true : ** Christians of every name, from the apostolic
age to the present, with hardly a dissentient voice, have declared
baptism to be a prerequisite to the eucharist " ; and by bap-
tism here we mean full membership, which, in communions
practising infant baptism, save the Orthodox Greek, includes,
besides baptism, confirmation, or the public ratification of the
parental consecration in the profession of one's personal faith
in Christ Jesus. To waive all this testimony to the truthful-
ness of our position aside, seems to us the height of presump-
tion.

In bringing this paper to a close, we must note the fidelity
of the Congregational churches, even from their resuscitation
to the present hour, to the Scriptural and primitive practice in
. regard to admission to the Lord's Supper.

John Robinson, the Pilgrim Father, argues the question of
communion at length, for it was a live issue in his day, raised

1 Prof. Piper, as above, pp. 173, 174.

18/8.] TJu Lards Supper: Who may partake of It. 303

by separation from the Established Church, saying, '' I deny
that external communion doth necessarily flow from the dis-
cerning of inward communion with Christ, ... for then I have
external communion with the angels and faithful departed this
life. External communion is a matter of external relation and
order, under which men out of the church are not." In his
catechism he asks : " Q. 35. May all the faithful partake in the
sacrament ? A. No, except they be added also to some partic-
ular congregation, unto which the public ordinances and min-
istry doth appertain." ^

The usage of the early churches of New England is given
by Rev. John Cotton, as follows: —

1. " Wee doe not admit the members of other Churches in
this Countrey, unlesse they bring with them letters of recom-
mendation from the Churches whence they came ; or at least
unlesse those Churches have made known to us their desire,
'^hat their Members coming occasionally amongst us, may be
X'eceived to the Lord's Table, with our own, by virtue of com-
snunion of Churches.

2. " Wee doe not admit the Members of other Churches to
fellowship of the Lord's Table, if either the persons themselves,

the Churches from whence they came, lie under any offense

the church." *

This is given as an answer to those who charged that the
^^ew England churches did " not admit the members of the
^^hurches of England, either themselves to the Lord's Supper,
their children to Baptism," as they received ** the members
other Churches in this Countrey."

" We administer the seals of the Covenant not to all, but
ly to believers, or their seed, which are either in covenant
'Vdth ourselves, or with some other Church of Christ ; for
though we verily believe there are many precious saints
Amongst us, who with their children are under the covenant of
grace, through faith in Christ, whom we tenderly embrace, and
esteem dear unto us, because they are so to Jesus Christ him-
self, and are ready to give to such approved ones the right
hand of fellowship, in case they shall desire it, yet seeing such

1 Works (London Ed.), Vol. Ill, pp. 87, 434.
• Way of the Churches, ch. iv, sect. 5.

304 The Lord's Supper: Who nu^ partake of It. [AprO,

are not liable and subject to the Church's censure, it is not
meet they should partake of the Church's privileges, therefore
we have hitherto forborne it until further light shall appear.***

" The like trial is to be required from such members of the
church as were bom in the same, or received their member-
ship, or were baptized in their infancy or minority by virtue of
the covenant of their parents, when being grown up into years
of discretion, they shall desire to be made partakers of the
Lord's Supper ; unto which, because holy things must not be
given unto the unworthy, therefore it is requisite (Matt vii, 6 ;
I Cor. ri, 27) that these, as well as others, should come to their
trial and examination, and manifest their faith and repentance
by an open profession thereof, before they are received to the
Lord's Supper, and otherwise not to be admitted thereunto." *

This position was reaffirmed by all the Congregational
churches in the United States, assembled by their pastors and
messengers in National Council in Boston, June, 1865.'

Even the local Boston Synod of 1662, which gave formal
birth to the pernicious Half-way Covenant, so soon rejected,
jealously guarded the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. Its
position in regard to this point is comprehended in its third and
fourth propositions: —

" Proposition III. The Infant-seed of Confederate visible
believers are members of the same church with their parents^
and when grown up are personally under the watch, discipline*
and government of that church.

" Proposition IV. These adult persons are not, therefore,
to be admitted to full communion, merely because they are and
continue members, without such further qualifications as the
Word of God requireth thereto."

In the proof of the propositions, the following reason is given
why such baptized members should not be admitted to the
Supper : " But the Lord's Supper is the sacrament of growth
in Christy and of special communion with Him, i Cor. x, 16,
which supposeth a special renewing and exercise of faith and
repentance, in those that partake of that ordinance." *

' Reprint of Brief Narration of Practices in N. E. Chhs. (1645) '^"^ Con^egational
Quarterly^ XVI I, p. 260.
2 Cambridge Platform, ch. xii, 7. « Boston Platform, Pt. II, vii, 4.

* Mather's Magnolia, B. V, Third Part.

1878.] Tkt Lords Supper: Who tmy partake of It. 305

Rev. Samuel Mather, in his Apology (1738), says: ''The
things which we judge requisite, absolutely requisite, in all
those that would enjoy the Communion in these churches [of
New England], are repentance towards God, and faith towards
our Lord Jesus Christ, and a fixed resolution to lead a life of
piety and virtue, . . . although they should be but weak
Christians, but babes in Christ . . . But however we
expect, and we may well expect, that all who are sincere in
these things, and are desirous of communion in these churches,
should make profession of their faith and repentance, and res-
olutions for a good life. And we protest that we cannot admit
any into full communion and actual participation in all the
privileges of our churches, without such a profession, and unless
this profession be recommended by a moral and Christian
conduct'' ^

** Members of one church, coming occasionally to another
nrhere the eucharist is to be administered, may at their desire be
admitted to the privilege of partaking in that holy ordinance,
provided that neither they nor the churches to which they belong
chargeable with any scandalous offense,^* ^

This was written ninety years after the Cambridge Platform
framed and adopted by our churches.

The "Heads of Agreement, assented to by the United
3{inisters, formerly called Presbyterian and Congregational,"
declares " that none shall be admitted as members, in order to
communion in all the special ordinances of the gospel, but
such persons as are knowing, and sound in the fundamental
doctrines of tlie Christian religion^ without scandal in their lives ;
^md to a judgment regulated by the Word of Grod, are persons
of visible holiness and honesty, credibly possessing cordial
subjection to Jesus Christ" (I, 3.)

The attitude of the English Congregationalists is expressed
in the Savoy Confession (A. D. 1658) in these words : " All
ignorant and ungodly persons, as they are unfit to enjoy com-
munion with Christ, so are they unworthy of the Lord's Table,
and cannot, without great sin against Him, whilst they remain
such, partake of these holy mysteries, or be admitted thereto,"
etc.3

^ Edition of 1738, p. 6. ^ Ibid^ p. 130, ch. viii. ' Chap, zzz, .

306 The Lord's Supper: Who meypoftake of It. [April,

When the Congregational Union of England and Wales was
organized in 1833, the body adopted unanimously a declaration
of faith, and a statement of '' Principles of Church Order and
Discipline/* in the latter of which they say : —

" They [the Congregational churches] believe that the fel-
lowship of every Christian church should be so liberal as to
admit to communion in the Lord's Supper all whose faith and
godliness are, on the whole, undoubted, though conscientiously
differing in points of minor importance ; and that this outward
sign of fraternity in Christ should be coextensive with the fra-
ternity itsel£, though without involving any compliance which
conscience would deem to be sinful." *

The question, " Whose faith and godliness are, on the whole,
undoubted ?" is not here thrown for an answer upon the indi-
vidual desiring to commune, nor upon the minister, nor upon
the deacons, but upon the churches through examination.

If, then, the existence of the Christian churches, as corpo-
rate spiritual entities, depends on enforcing the Scriptural lim-
itations of the communion, as we have abundantly proved, it
follows, not only as a logical inference from our infallible rule of
faith and practice, but also as an ever-present, living demand of
the continued existence of the churches that the invitation to the
Lord's Table be limited. The invitation cannot reach beyond
the membership of the churches, and include all who love our
Lord Jesus Christ in sincerity and in truth, allowing each indi-
vidual to determine for himself who Jesus Christ is, and what
sort of love for Him is requisite, without involving the suicide
of the churches ; and the result is the same if the invitation
be never abused. But it will be abused ; heretics of every color
will accept it, in order to destroy the churches. It is with pro-
found sorrow that we have watched the departure of some, on
this subject, from the old landmarks ; and we beg of them to
review the grounds of their action, and especially to study it in
respect to its far-reaching results. The so-called Half-way
Covenant seemed harmless and even Scriptural to those adopt-
ing it ; but it was full of mischief and strife. The venerable
grandfather of President Edwards saw no evil, but great good,
in this innovation upon the usages of the churches ; but his

* Principles, viiL

1878.] The LoTits Supper: Who fHoy partake of It. 307

distinguished grandson, in attempting to restore the purity of
the churches, which Dr. Stoddard's innovation had corrupted,
encountered probably the most disgraceful ecclesiastical storm
that has ever beclouded our history. ^ The Unitarian apostasy,
during the first third of the present century, had one of its
roots in these earlier departures from the good old way. God
forbid that the children should not learn wisdom from the folly
of their fathers, and that the churches should not take warning
betimes from these unhappy, yea, disastrous departures from the
Scriptural way, and hitherto their own chosen way. An invi-
tation to the Lord's Table, wholly unlimited, probably no min-
ister of our order would think of giving ; but an invitation
extending the privilege of communion beyond membership in
some evangelical church, and throwing the whole responsibility
upon the individual conscience of the communicant, is a long
step towards unlimited admission. The churches cannot afford
to try the experiment It is too costly in purity, peace, and
prosperity.

And the question of invitation rests with the churches, not
with the ministers. Ministers are not over the churches, but
in them ; officers to do the will of the church, when that will
is organically expressed. The sacraments have not been con*
fided to them as ministers, but to the churches as organic
bodies. The minister has, therefore, no right, either in virtue
of his ordination, or in virtue of his official relation to the
church that has called him, to stand before the Lord's Table
and say, " This is the Lord's Table ; therefore all His children
are invited to partake without restriction." The church is the
Lord's, also, to which the sacrament has been intrusted, with
instructions to keep the eucharist pure from all heretics and
unbelievers. Let the churches, therefore, reassert their posi-
tive right, and allow no trifling with the position which, from
John Robinson to the present time, they have individually and
unitedly taken, in obedience to God's Word. It betokens a
lamentable arrogance or thoughtlessness on the part of a min-
ister to presume, in his invitation to the Lord's Supper, not
only to set aside the. regulation or usage of his own church,
but to defy the utterances of all our churches from their begin-

' See Life of Edwards, prefixed to his works.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 3. 4

3o8 The LonTs Supper: Who may partake of It. [April,

ning, the usages of all Christian communities, and the teach-
ings of the New Testament.

We gather our argument into the following brief summary :
The New Testament, the dictates of self-preservation, and the
practice of the apostolic and primitive churches, as of all Chris-
tian communities since to the present time, except such as
deny the sacraments as outward ordinances, demonstrate the
following propositions to be true, namely : —

1. That the Lord's Supper is a church ordinance, subject to
the limitations of a visible organization.

2. That no one not in full membership in some church of
Christ, though a true believer, should be invited or permitted
to commune at the Table.

3. That only those members in full connection in some
church of Christ, who truly believe in a risen Redeemer, can
have fellowship with Christ and His people, and hence they
only should be invited to commune.

4. That the weakest faith in Christ should admit to the
church that it may admit to the Table, as those who are weak
in the faith need most the aid of this fellowship.

5. That each church is clothed with the requisite power and
obligation to enforce these limitations upon candidates for
admission to the Supper ; and hence to determine what
churches are churches of Christ, what members are walking
orderly, and who are qualified for church membership.

6. That fealty to the church itself and to Christ its Head de-
mands from each church the rigid enforcement of the foregoing
limitations.

7. That no church should tolerate any usurpation of its
right to enforce these prerequisites to the eucharist, in the
form of the invitation to be given from the pulpit to communi-
cants, or permit any neglect or defiance of the same.

So shall peace and prosperity abound unto the churches
when the Lord's Supper is kept pure.

A. Hastings Ross.

Port Huron^ Mich,

1878.] The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. 309

THE CONFLICT OF CHRISTIANITY AND INFIDELITY.

The shortest, and to many the only needful answer to the
question, why Christianity may be expected to triumph over
die infidel philosophies, would be an authoritative appeal to the
teachings of the New Testament These clearly sanction this
belief, as they also detail the agencies by which the result is
to be accomplished ; and that would doubtless suffice for Chris-
tian faith, but might hardly be accepted as satisfactory where
such faith is lacking. The purpose of the present inquiry
contemplates a wider range of observation, which, in turn,
may do something towards vindicating, as reasonable, the reli-
ance reposed on Holy Scripture by its believers, concerning
the issue of this conflict.

Philosophical infidelity includes several groups of metaphys-
ical and ethical speculation, presenting striking and seemingly
antagonistic differences, but rooted in a non-Christian unity
which reduces them to a family relationship. The word
** infidelity," in its accepted sense, properly means the denial of
Chrisfs ultimate authority in questions of religious belief.
This denial may be a reverent and docile intellectual failure to
grasp the holding-places of a Christian faith, which is entitled to
great respect and sympathy as an honest scepticism ; or it may
be an immoral and scoffing rejection of Christian facts and
truths, which is alike destitute of reason and of manliness.
These classes of unbelievers are very unlike in their moral
consciousness; but their position with reference to Christianity
comes from the working of a very few elementary principles,
of which they may or may not have any distinct perception.

There is proof of the immoral lives of not a few leading scep-
tics. Of many more, Professor Fisher's remark in the Super-
natural Origin of Christianity is true, that " at the bottom of
unbelief is a rationalistic or unreligious temper, . . . the
abuse of the understanding (as Dr. Arnold says) in subjects
where the divine and human, so to speak, are intermingled.
Of human things the understanding can judge ; of divine
things it cannot ; and thus, where the two are mixed together,

310 The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity, [April,

its inability to judge of the one part makes it damage the
proportions of both, and the judgment of the whole is vitiated."
The attacks from this side on the fourth gospel, Professor
Fisher is confident, have their root " in a determined unwill-
ingness to admit the historic reality of the miracles which that
gospel records. This feeling, which sways the minds of the
critics of whom we speak, is the ultimate and real ground of
their refusal to believe that this narrative proceeds from an
eye-witness of the life of Jesus. ... It is right to observe
that, behind all their reasoning, there lies this deep-seated and,
in our opinion, unwarranted prejudice." (pp. 20, 35.)

Infidelity, in all ages, has had its parentage in an idealistic
and a materialistic philosophy. The idealism which antagonizes
the gospels is not the old Platonic doctrine, that the forms of
all possible things exist eternally as ideas, without any con-
nection with matter. What we have to deal with is the ideal-
ogy which may, in part, have sprung from this visionary
speculation, but which is anything than a mere dreamer of
dreams. Unsettling all confidence in the reality of external
nature, it makes an easy step to the disbelief of anything seen
or unseen. This is shown in the transition from Berkeley to
Hume. The good bishop reduced all existence to the power
which thinks, — myself, my fellow-man, and God. But the
acute Scotchman, starting here, denied the fact of the thinking
principle as well as of the object thought. What looked like
anything was the mere shadow or ghost of something ; no re-
lation of cause and effect could obtain between such flitting,
unreal fantasies, no proof is possible of a Divine power or
being, or of a future beyond death to the soul which is not
spirit but only breath. Under German transmutations, this
theorizing has turned the whole biblical history into an imagi-
native picture of horrible or beautiful sentiment, another my-
thology. Revelation, so far as it is helpful, is the self-evolved
form which man's conscious want of spiritual belief and repose
has taken. Its teachings are merely ideal conceptions of the de-
sirable, assuming an embodied shape, fancies clothing them-
selves in the semblance of reality, yet not real. Thus the
narrative of our Lord's life, and the whole Christology, is dis-
posed of. It tells us that all this story or drama is too good

1878.] The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. 3 1 1

and beautiful to be true, — what men so wished to be that they
created it out of their own hearts as a lovely illusion ; but that it
only projects a charming mirage upon vacancy, — " the dream
of a poet or a saint, of a spirit full of divine yearnings and
sympathies, but still a dream, an empty, unsubstantial dream." ^

Dr. Strauss comes to the conclusion, in his last work, that
" not only does the manner of Jesus' development remain envel-
oped in impenetrable obscurity : it is by no means very ap-
parent into what he developed and ultimately became." ' So far
as he had any mission and any record of it, he seems to have
at last lost faith in it and in himself. That record is not of
what he was and did, but of what others, more or less near to
him in time, desired to be true. Emphatically is this so of his
reported but utterly illusory resurrection. " Nothing " (writes
Strauss) " is firmly established, save the objection that so many
and such essential facts in the life of Jesus are not firmly
established, that we neither are clearly cognizant of his aims,
nor the mode or degree in which he hoped for their re^diza-
tion." ' This destructive criticism is not surprising in a writer
whose philosophy has no place for a spiritual life in man, for a
future existence of any kind for man, or for a Divine Being in
the universe. Here we have, again, the utter dropping out of
the £aith-power in man through this emasculating idealistic
speculation. It leaves no grasp or evidence for anything which
it cannot handle, and not even for that which it can handle.
It floats in vapor, and so does what only by the greatest stretch
of courtesy can be called its theology.

Pantheism is a sprout from the same root. Descartes was
the father of Spinoza, the transcendentalism of the first
germinating the pantheistic theosophy of the second. That
which thinks is, says the Cartesian, whether myself or God.
That God is, because he thinks, is an idea innate in my con-
sciousness. But it could not be a part of my consciousness,
that is, I could not think it, unless God and I do our conscious
thinking in common ; that is, unless God and I are one and the
same. And so of the to nav. There is a universal amalgama-

^ Here, and on another page, I have borrowed slightly from my previous un-
signed publications,
s The Old Faith and the New, I, 8S. * Ibid., I, 90.

312 The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. [April,

tion or inter-transfusion of all into one, and that one is the All-
Divine. This is not what has been named the Christian
Pantheism of St. Paul ; "For in Him we live, and move, and
have our being ... for we are also His oflfspring " : " The
fulness of Him that fiUeth all in alL" The apostle everywhere
marks the sharp personality between the Divine Parent and
the created child. But the Pantheism of Spinoza and of his
Concord school of disciples wipes out all the lines of indi-
viduality as between God and man. When it rains or snows
or blows» I rain and snow and blow, and so does God. It is
thoroughly a joint-stock corporation, all-inclusive, all-inter-
active, and no one responsible to any other partner. We all
are in the great ark again, man, beast, and creeping thing,
clean and unclean, and so we drift over the dark waters, to
what dry Ararat, by and by, my fraction of deity knows as well
as any other. It would be difficult to say at what point this
most egotistic system touches evangelical or any other Chris-
tianity, except as a direct but most slippery enemy and rival.

The family relationship of these philosophical infidelities is
apparent. We are indebted to the veteran anti-Christian, Dr.
Strauss, for the strong assertion of what many had suspected,
that the materialism so potent and aggressive to-day is of the
same near kin. In the work of his old age already quoted,
after a jubilant indorsement of the simian origin of humanity,
and a section on the " Metamorphosis of the Animal into the
Man," he proceeds : " If this be considered pure, unmitigated
materialism, I will not dispute it. In fact, I have always
tacitly, regarded the contrast, so loudly proclaimed between
materialism and idealism, as a mere quarrel about words."
Quoting Schopenhauer and the History of Materialism^ he
adas, " It is just as true that the percipient is a product of
matter, as that matter is a mere conception of the percipient
. . . We are justified in assuming physical conditions for
everything, even for the mechanism of thought ; but we are
equally justified in considering, not only the external world,
but the organs, also, with which we perceive it, as mere images
of that which actually exists." " But the fact always remained,"
says Strauss, " that we must not ascribe one part of the func-
tions of our being to a physical, the other to a spiritual cause.

1878.] The Conflict of CkristianUy and Infidelity. 313

but all of them to one and the same, which may be viewed in
either aspect"^ However these systems may be discriminated,
his example shows how much stronger the gravitation here is
than the levitation, how readily the airy nihilism of the one
may settle down into the muddy drainage of the other, worse
than the dip of Icarus, who found at least a clean if a fatal
immersion into ihQponium profundum.

The nearest approach which materialism makes to theologi-
cal science is in the flat denial that such a science is possible,
and that its claims can be entitled to any attention or respect
If its psychology is anything more than a physiology, who by
searching can find it out ? By its fundamental assumptions,
all life is subjected to physical law. If the universe, including
what goes by the names of soul, spirit, God, be only made
up of particles of matter, these must obey the laws of matter*
and no minuteness or trituration of these particles can carry
them outside of this necessity. The doom of the brute whose
spirit (whatever that may be) goes downward, is the doom of
all humanity and divinity. It is substantially the pagan atomic
doctrine of Epicurus and Lucretius in the feathers and war-
paint of the advanced left of modem science. Of course, we
are not to fasten this philosophy on men who in terms dis-
claim it, even if their writings seem to admit no other
interpretation. Strauss claims Darwin as a comer-post of the
most pronounced materialism. Prof. Tayler Lewis, on the
contrary, does not find this a necessary conclusion from the
Darwinian theory of development, and probably Darwin would
so far side with our countryman against the German.. Be this
as it may, the summing up of the writer in McClintock and
Strong's Cyclopaedia does not overstate the case — that this
scheme of nature is materialistic in its assumptions and drift,
even if its authors do not see it or confess it. So of Herbert
Spencer's metaphysical development by successive processes
of difiEerentiation and integration. The same of Dr. Carpen-
ter's unconscious cerebration, which, though not necessitating
the materialistic hypothesis, is yet materialistic in its tenden-
cies and associations. Comte's " Biology " makes no secret of
its positive acceptance of this philosophy. Mill, while not

1 The Old Faith and the New, II, 19, 2a

314 The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. [April,

avowing his adherence to this school of thought, reduces mat-
ter and mind to formulae, which, as conceived by him, are not
distinguishable from physiological phenomena or products.^

On the radical and vital question of God, the outcome of all
these speculations is abroad, like the winds from the cave of
iEolus, in what Mr. Gladstone calls '' the extraordinary and
boastful manifestation ... of the extremest forms of un"
belief." Strauss's " Universum or All," with neither conscious-
ness nor reason, though subject to law and order ; Ryan's
" Eternal Foundation or Absolute," which is and endures ;
Spencer's " Persistence of Force," unconditional, unknown,
unknowable ; Arnold's " Eternal, not ourselves, which makes
for Righteousness," — these are some of the newest samples of
this mintage, the images of the new worship, which it will be
hard to pray unto or to sing the praises of, however they may
furnish topics for platform disputation.

These are the main lines of modern infidel thought, the
frames on which are stretched the sail-wings of that great
windmill, always fanning around their monotonous circle and
grinding out its grists of the wisdom from beneath which is
foolishness with God. It is very difficult for a really religious
mind to attach much importance to such speculations as mov-
ing forces in society, but they must not be underrated as powers
hostile to Christianity. As a matter of fact, they are exerting
an influence in the most unlike classes of the community,
which is as vast as it is mischievous. " The very life of our
souls," says Froude, " is at issue in the questions that have
been raised." Says Uhlhom, " The very existence of Chris-
tianity is at stake." And Gladstone is yet more emphatic in
charging this not only as a war levied against the church or
the Bible or Christianity, but as a conspiracy " to deal alike
with root and branch, and to snap the ties which, under the
still venerable name of religion, unite man with the unseen
world." It is a scepticism, says De Pressensfe, which " is in
the very air we breathe," in the lightest publication, the novel,
the newspaper, the short review article, " skilled in giving grace
and piquancy to erudition," and in the lecture desk, it may be
added, and in the weighty volume crowded with weapons

1 Article " Materialism."

Z878.] The Coftflict of Christianity and Infidelity. 315

against all that is divine and immortal in human thought and
bope.

If it be folly to underestimate the opposition in any conflict,
it will be a yet greater folly, in this, to infer from any survey
which we can make of the strength or strategic skill of the infi-
del philosophies, that they will not, nevertheless, be conquered
by a pure and true Christianity. The more thorough, indeed,
our study of these philosophies, the more fatal the weaknesses
in them which we discover. It is not the understanding, or any
other mental faculty, which is only to be satisfied by these
inquiries. It is never to be forgotten that, in spite of all mate-
rialistic or other analysis, we have a spiritual nature which has
its springs far deeper down in moral sentiments and intuitions
than in any intellectual perceptions. The most inappeasable
and potential thing in humanity is the human heart What it
desires it will seek ; what it feels the utter need of it will have,
if earth or heaven contains it It knows itself to be possessed
of a religious capacity grounded in conscience and the moral
affections. It can worship, therefore it will. What is worshipped
must be good, and infinitely so ; must meet its sense of abso-
lute right, must be able to return blessings for homage, love for
love. Along these channels, the soul, whatever that is, pours
the strongest flood of its devotion when its deep fountains are
broken up. It demands God, even if only an " unknown God " ;
but one that has life and consciousness and responsive power.
Now take the answer which philosophical infidelity gives to this
yearning of man's spirit : —

" God is no more than a * being of the understanding,' a
reflected image of the human intellect projected upon vacancy,
not only in His attributes, but in His very existence, demon-
strable to have no other than this deceitful origination. . . .
Religious science sees the mind of man, by means of its high-
est faculties, painting itself in the image of God, forming a vast
and shadowy representation of human lineaments thrown out
before it upon the surface of the unknown." ^

It is simply impossible for the spirit of man, quickened to
religious sensibility, to be content with such an answer to such

1 Cf. North British Rev., Vol. XXXIII, Art. " Modern Thought : Its Progress
and Consummation."

1878.] The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. 317

ever else He is, there must be in him that to which our moral and intellec-
tual and affectional nature corresponds, and which it feebly shadows forth."

And what is thus true of God as a need of humanity is true
of Christ, the revealer of the divine, and of the treasured grace
of his gospel. Cut away all this, and you cut away with the
same stroke the taproot of man's essential nobleness ; you make
him a mere stake driven into the earth, and then tell him to
bud and blossom and cover himself with golden fruit. He can
do that when your gate-post can bear figs. So the very
destroyers of all theistic and Christian truth know and confess.
The atheistic apologist, cited not far back, in the same treatise
admits all that is here claimed, in these homesick words : —

*' It is useless for reason to convince itself to weariness that
Christianity is a fable, and to go on showing plainly to our
eyes how it grew out of its earthly root, while the heart keeps
protesting that it contained a response to her need, whose
absence leaves her cold and void. It would be much better
for reason to cease his claim to be solely attended to, till her
want has been supplied."

Her want cannot be supplied by a half-way Christianity, still
less by retaining the mere name of this venerable &ith, while
all which it signifies historically and doctrinally is evaporated.
What the Westminster Review said, a dozen years ago, of the
ideological travesties of the gospels, is just as true, in their
measure, of all these devitalizing processes to which Christ and
His salvation are subjected. We have nothing to do with this
reviewer's purpose while accepting his criticism. " Melt the
Christian history into myth, and what remains of the Christian
hero ? Every man must make his own Christ, and build his
church, not on a rock of fact, but on the quicksand of fancy.
An ideal Christ is next to no Christ at all. Phantom Saviours,
phantom Christians, and phantom churches may be very well
suited to the deceptive twilight of Hegelian or German meta-
physics ; but we are convinced they will all disappear ere they
have long been imported into the broad noonday of English
common-sense. Christianity is either a history, or it is noth-
ing. It is true or false, not true and false. What is a fiction
in reason is not a fact in faith." Mr. Frothingham pleads for
the •• new " infidelity as religious and constructive, in a protest

3i8 The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. [April,

which is more pathetic than strong against the old and destruc*
tive antichristianism. " Shall we go on " (he asks) " protesting,
debating, pulling down, when there are so many millions of
souls asking and seeking for something better to come ? . • •
The new infidelity admits the need and comes forward to satisfy
the claim." The admission is unavoidable, but the satisfying
of this world-wide and ever-deepening want is impossible, so
long as they persist in leaving out of their gospel " the Lamb
of God who taketh away the sin of the world."

But it is time to say that our reasons for believing that the
religion of the gospels will overcome and supplant philo-
sophical infidelity do not mainly lie in the weaknesses, the
falseness, of these nihilistic and demoralizing misbeliefs. Gen-
uine Christianity has positive forces of immense power. The
proof of this is analytical, experimental, historical. The past
predicts the future ; but the past has gathered up and brought
along with it a vast accumulation of impediments which has
hindered the effectiveness and slowed the speed of all former
Christian consecration. When the " Great Eastern " was dry-
docked the last time, several schooner-loads of barnacles were
scraped off her copper, which had made her hardly better than
a log on the water. This has been too much the misfortune
of our faith, ecclesiastically, theologically, practically. It is at
last going through a scraping process, which promises the very
best results. Only let it stop before any leaks are made in
the solid oak. The nearer the gospel can be brought to *' the
simplicity that is in Christ," the better adaptation will it have
to quiet the intellectual as well as the spiritual restlessness of
men. It will bear the demand, and cheerfully meet it, to hold
no position as vital which cannot be justified at the bar of
right reason in any sphere which reason is competent to super-
vise. The claims of the reasoning faculties are valid, not as
the revealer but as the critic of truth, finding their " highest
function," in the expressive language of Dr. Bushnell, " as a veto-
power to stop off faith from what might be credulity or ex-
travagance." Christianity can rationally abide the challenge
to show cause why a religion for humanity has and must have
a supersensuous and superhuman sphere of facts and verities
revealed to faith, which cannot collide with reason because

18/8.] The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. 319

they lie in a region too high for it;^ present range of travel
The supernaturalism of the New Testament ceases to be a
drag on its progress, if candidly studied. Christ's miracles
are seen to have been the legitimate counterpart of his sinless,
God-like life. Needed at first ''as the seal of God to the
proclamation of the New Kingdom, to us they are but fresh
revelations of His will. We appeal to them, not to prove the
truth of Christianity, but to illustrate its dissemination. • • •
A belief in these miracles enables us to solve problems which
would otherwise be insolvable, as well as to embrace moral
conceptions which would otherwise have found no illustration."^
The gospel will triumph over philosophical unbelief, not by
abandoning, but by holding fast the position that (to quote
again from Bushnell) it is this very " faith-power in man "
which opens the ''gate that lets in all the inspirations, rev-
ebtions, unctions, gifts, and so in a very peculiar sense, all
the higher endowments of power." This will bring back the
ancient joyousness of Christian belief, which has almost been
refrigerated out of our religious intellectualism, thus demon-
strating, by the unhappy converse of an unblest and unbless-
ing piety, that " the joy of the Lord is our strength " in coping
with infidel superciliousness as well as all other kinds of spir-
itual perverseness.

This infidel pride and pugnacity has a strong entrenchment
in the earthworks of modem science. To the popular appre-
hension, Christianity has here its most formidable opponent,
not perhaps so much on account of direct issues as yet made
with essential Christian doctrine, as from the general seem-
ingly adverse bearing and spirit of scientific research upon the
commonly accepted biblical cosmology and anthropology. But
the Christian cause need borrow no trouble from this quarter ;
for whatever is true, on bofh sides of this line, will readily and
necessarily coalesce in the common work of human improve-
ment. Whatever in either is untrue, will be found to be unten-
able and must be thrown aside. The Bible does not stand in
our present views of its scientific requirements. Christianity
is not pledged to these ; its triumph does not demand their
vindication. It will meet all thorough, genuine inquiry into

'Farrar*8 Life of Christ, Albany Ed., p. 8.

320 Tkt ConfiUt of Cknstiamiy and Jnfiddiiy. [April,

nature in all its department;^, and s^ipropriate the results as its
Intimate aids in making all things new. However materialis-
tic is the existing drift of scientific investigation and experi-
ment, there is enough most weighty protest against this firom
many of the ablest scientists of the day, to prove that it
does not come from the rigid conditions of the subject, but
from much more personal sources. These, of course, cannot
ultimately control the conclusions involved. Natural science
cannot settle down on an atheistic basis, under the reign of
unconscious law, so long as it is self-evident that law alwa]rs
proclaims a law-maker and a law-administrator. This £u:t
g^uarantees the success of this revelation of God's character,
will, and grace in Christ, in winning the confidence and satisfy-
ing the spiritual wants of a race so needy and self-helpless as
ours.

The hope of the gospel, in its struggle with infidelity of any
kind, is not in formal controversy. The age of polemics is
past Christianity will more and more depend upon the
leavening power of the truth and grace which are in it to
displace the sceptical temper of the times. It must bring to
the front and keep there, in modest and unfailing manifesta-
tion, the honest, incorruptible righteousness which is in it It
must purify itself, even as Christ is pure, and thus hold the
unbelieving minds around it to the cardinal fact that salvation
through Christ is doing a work for society's moral renovation,
which infidelity, even as educated and self-restrained as that of
Stuart Mill or Herbert Spencer, has never even attempted.
Where conscience is at all enlightened, the con\'iction is deep
and general that the right and the good will prevail, because
they ought. We accept this as the Divine order in our world,
which must ultimately rule, so far as it is morally possible.
We predict victory to a sound Christianity, because, more than
any other actual or conceivable regenerating force, it possesses
the elements of the right and the good. It carries, in its very
life, the rectifying and energizing spirit of Christ. It pre-
sents His manhood as the model of humanity, and His gprace
as the moulder of humanity into this pattern. It gives no
countenance, but a steady and withering rebuke, to the
wretched divorce of religion from morality, of which, just

iS/S.] The Conflict of Chrisiumiiy and Infidelity. 321

now, there is an infectious epidemic in the churches. Philo-
sophical infidelity admits the excellence* surpassing every
other type, of the Christ-character. When it also sees what
alone can reproduce this in its fuhiess, it must accept the
moral demonstration. Evangelical Christianity is suffering
from overorganization. It takes too much of its strength just
to carry this cumbrous armor of SauL This has a bad effect
in stimulating much unrighteousness, nursing many sordid,
divisive, and variously evil passions. A first necessity of the
triumph of Christianity over keen-sighted and logical critics
is a real and unmistakable umfying of itself in loving and self-
renouncing brotherhood. It is carrying too much weight for a
race or a warfare. Its ecclesiasticism and its theology are
alike too bulky. The camel is again too big for the needle's
eye ; it needs to unload before going further. The church-
ism of the age will bear an immense reduction in the line of
union ; its dogmatics, in the direction of a return to a biblical '
statement and method. The religion which is to win the field
will keep very closely to the supreme demand of that filial love
and loyalty to God which is the only sure basis of at true love
to man, and which, in both of these branches, must find its
source and support in the grace of Christ and the indwelling
of His Holy Spirit.

The church has in its especial keeping the only solution of
the ominous " capital and labor " question, out of whose angry
bosom the socialistic infidelity, now so rampant, draws much of
its bitter sustenance. That cure for this evil is in the thorough
application of the Master's rule, " And as ye would that men
should do to you, do ye even so to them," — a law of business
intercourse which has never yet won the practical assent of the
majority of Christ's professed friends. When Christian piety
shall put itself, by these self emancipations and better equip-
ment, into its best living and working conditions, then, whether
its antagonist be philosophical infidelity or any other develop-
ment of human unbelief, either of the misled head or the evil
heart, the ever-present spirit of Christ will have, at last, a fair
chance to show what the Divine love can do in satisfying the
religious wants of men, in anchoring their souls to a firm, im-
mortal hope, and thus also setting communities of men well

322 The Conflict of Christianity and Infidelity. [April,

forward on the path of their only thorough deliverance from
social demoralization.

In making this hopeful survey of the great conflict between
Christianity and Infidelity, it is not forgotten that, in the judg-
ment of able students, the final and most mighty form of Anti-
christ will be manifested in the concentrated malignancy,
cruelty, and pride of an atheistic philosophy, whether organized
under the leadership of some gigantic devastator in the earth,
or difiEused through the world in many shapes of virulent and
destructive unbelief. However this may be, the utmost con-
centration or distribution of error and wrong can only work
more energetically in the interests of anarchy and deei>er
unrest to men and nations. Nations cannot remain, if they
temporarily become, atheistic. Surface revolutions do not
change the underlying principles of this strife. Nothing can
ultimately and forever rest on a false centre. "Wherever
moral truth has started into being, humanity claims and guards
the bequest Each generation gathers together the imperish-
able children of the past, and increases them by new sons of

light, alike radiant with immortality."

J. T. Tucker.

Boston^ Mass,

1878.] WimaAam, Mass.: Its Ecclesiastical History. 323

WRENTHAM, MASS.

SKETCHES OF ITS ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY.

•

Wrbntham is situated about midway between Boston and
Providence, and was originally a part of Dedham ; one of the
old boundaries still remaining in Wrentham retains the name
of Dedham Rock. Dedham was about the seventeenth settle*
ment in the Massachusetts Colony. Its first inhabitants were
a serious, godly people, who, like many others, were compelled
to leave their homes in England on account of their religious
principles. They seem to have migrated from different parts
of England, and were not much known to each other before
they came over.

Several of the original inhabitants of Dedham obtained
grants of land in the northern part of the town, in what is
now Wrentham, and began early to remove their families
thither. A few years later, the proprietors applied to the
town of Dedham to be set off as a separate precinct, which was
done in the spring of 1661. About twelve years later, viz., in
October, 1673, they petitioned the General Court to be incor-
ix>rated as a town. They took the name of Wrentham from a
town in England of the same name, from which some of the
settlers had come. There were but sixteen families in the
town when it was incorporated.

Before the town was incorporated, or a church was formed,
the people took measures to secure to themselves the
stated preaching of the gospel. They entered into a sort of
covenant for this purpose, and applied to Mr. Samuel Mann, a
candidate for the ministry, to come and labor with them. Mr.
Mann was born in Cambridge, and was a graduate of Harvard
College in 1665. Although the people had, as yet, no house
of worship and no proper ecclesiastical organization, Mr. Mann
acceded to their request He came and labored with them
for several years, until the people were driven from their rude
farms and dwellings by Philip's Indian War. The Indians
came and burned all their houses except two. These were
spared because they were supposed to be infected with the
small-pox, and the savages did not dare to approach them.

flSCOND SERIESb — VOL. X. NO. 2, C

324 Wremiiam, Mass. : Its Ecclesiastical Histofy. [April,

As the people had all seasonably retired, no one of them was
killed.

At the close of the war the people generally returned to
their deserted settlements, and so great was their regard for
the services of religion and for Mr. Mann, that th^ invited
him to return with them. He was at this time preaching at
Milton, with a prospect of settlement ; but he loved his former
charge at Wrentham, and concluded to return and take his lot
with them. They came back to their deserted homes in the
summer of 1680, having been absent something more than four
years.

In the following year, notwithstanding their present trials
and straits, they began to lay their plans for a house of worship,
which was finished in 1684. Eight years after, in 1692, a church
was first gathered, and Mr. Mann was settled over it He
preached his own ordination sermon. Why it was so long after
the town was incorporated before the church was formed and
the pastor settled, we do not know. We are sure it could not
have been from any lack of affection and interest between the
parties.

It was the custom of our fathers to organize their churches
with a few leading members, putting on them the responsibility
of admitting others. Seven was a favorite number with which
to commence a church, and the following Scripture was often
quoted to justify it : " Wisdom hath bailded her house ; she
hath hewn out her seven pillars." Prov. vii, i. The Wrentham
church consisted, at first, of only ten members.

The first minister of Wrentham was no ordinary man. He
had the reputation, among his contemporaries, of being not only
a very good man, but a great and learned one. A sermon of
his on Gen. i, i, was published by his descendants in 1801,
just one hundred years after it was preached. The subject
was, " The creation of the world," and it certainly is a very able
discourse for the time it was delivered.

Mr. Mann died in the year 1719, in the seventy-second year of
his age, and in the forty-ninth of his whole ministry, twenty-^
seven years after his ordination. He left a numerous posterity,
being the ancestor, perhaps, of all the Manns in this vicinity
His son Theodore and his grandson Thomas were successively
deacons in the church in Wrentham for almost a century.

1878.] Wreniham, Mass. : Its Ecclesiastical History. 325

After the death of Mr. Mann, the church remained destitute
of a pastor only seven months. His successor was the Rev.
Henry Messenger, a graduate of Cambridge in the class of
171 7. About two years after his ordination, the second house
of public worship was built, — much larger and more com-
modious than the first

Up to this time Wrentham contained a very large territory,
embracing what are now four or five towns ; yet the people
constituted but one church and society, and continued to
worship together. But in 1737, seventeen years after the
building of the new church, they had become so numerous,
and had been so much prospered and blest, that they decided
to become two bands. The people of the west part of the
town, at their own request, were constituted a parish by them-
selves. A new church was organized in what is now Franklin,
and on the 8th of November, 1738, the Rev. Elias Haven was
settled over it in the work of the Lord He too was a graduate
of Cambridge, in the class of 1733.

It was during the ministry of Messrs. Messenger and Haven
that the Great Awakening took place in this country, commonly
called the Whitfieldian revival. It prevailed in Boston and in
most of the adjacent towns. It prevailed extensively in both
the parishes in Wrentham, and both the ministers were
earnestly engaged in it They prayed and labored assiduously
for its advancement in their own parishes, and in other places,
and more two hundred in Wrentham made a public profession
of their faith.^ The pastors united with more than a hundred
other ministers in different parts of New England in bearing a
solemn testimony to the revival, as a glorious and powerful
display of Divine grace and an inestimable blessing to o.ur land.
Itf essrs. Messenger and Haven also drew up a long and inter-
esting account of the revival in Wrentham, which was pub-
lished in Prince's Christian History for 1743, pp. 236-250.^

* Neither of the churches in Wrentham ever practised what was called the
lialf-way covenant All who joined these churches were received to full com-
munion.

^ The Christian History was a weekly newspaper, and the first religious news-
paper that was ever published. It grew out of the Great Revival ; was edited and
published by Mr. Thomas Prince, Jr., son of one of the pastors of the Old South
Church, Boston, and was continued through the years 1743 and 1744. A few
copies were preserved and bound, and are still extant, — a rare and valuable work

326 Wntntkam, Mass. : Its EccUsiastual History. [April,

In the year 1 750, Mr. Messenger died, in the fifty-fifth year of
his age and the thirty-second of his ministry. A contemporary
bears the following testimony to his worth: '' He was a gentle-
man of unblemished reputation and highly esteemed for his
piety and virtue. He had the character of a plain,- faithful,
afiectionate, and profitable preacher. And though he was of a
slender and feeble constitution, yet he was abundant in labors
among the people of his charge^ and spared no pains in pro-
moting the interests of the Redeemer and the good of souls.
When all the people saw that he was dead, they mourned for
him as Israel did for Aaron."

Only four years after his decease, the Rev. Mr. Haven was
called to follow him. He was an excellent preacher and pastor,
but for several of his last years was able to do but little for his
people. He had a lingering consumption, which at length
wore him out Death had no terrors for him. He welcomed
it as a messenger to release him from a world of sin and pain
into the presence of bis Lord, which was far better. So great
was the attachment of his people to him that, during most of
his long sickness, they supplied the pulpit at their own ex-
pense, and suflfered him to retain his salary.

After the death of Mr, Haven, the pulpit of the West parish
remained vacant for about six years, when the Rev. Caleb
Bamum became their minister. He, like his predecessor,
was a graduate of Cambridge, but received his degree out
of course, after his settlement. He was ordained in 1760.
His ministry was short for those times and not altogether
peaceful. Difficulties arose between him and some of his
people, which led him to seek a separation. He was dismissed
in 1768. He was afterwards settled in Taunton.

When the news of the battle of Lexington reached his peo-
ple, he preached a sermon to them which roused both himself
and them to fly to the service of the country. In the winter of
1776 he entered the army as chaplain to the 24th Regiment,
then stationed near Boston. He accompanied his regiment to
New York, and thence to Montreal. In the retreat from
Canada he suffered great hardships, which brought on a dis-
ease which terminated his life. He died in great serenity and
peace at Pittsfield, Mass., expressing the utmost confidence in

1878.] WrenthoMt Mass. : Its EccUsiastical HisUny. 327

the goodness of his country's cause. " Had I a thousand lives/'
he jsaid, " I would willingly lay them down for my country."

The pulpit in West Wrentham was again vacant for five
years, when it was happily supplied by the settlement of Rev.
Nathaniel Emmons. He was ordained April 21, 1773. The
parish was incorporated as a town in 1778, and took the name
of Franklin, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. When Dr.
Franklin heard of it, he proposed to make the new town a
present It was suggested to him that he might give them a
bell ; but he said, '* No ; I presume they prefer sense to
sound ; I will send them a library."

Dr. Emmons continued to be the pastor of Franklin — its
principal attraction and ornament — for the next fifty-four years.
His oitire ministry was sixty-seven years. It is no part of our
present plan to write an obituary of Dr. Emn^ons. His name,
though indelibly associated with Franklin, does not belong to
it exclusively. It belongs rather to his country and to the
whole church of Grod.

We turn, now, from what had been long known as the West
parish in Wrentham, to speak of the original parish. We have
said^ that the Rev. Mr. Messenger died in 1 7Sa He was suc-
ceeded, after a vacancy of about nine months, by the Rev.
Joseph Bean, a native of Cambridge, and a graduate of Harvard
College, in the class of 1748. His health was always delicate,
but his diligence and fidelity in the discharge of his duties were
most exemplary. His parish was a dozen miles in length, over
which he was obliged to ride on horseback at all seasons and in
all weathers, to visit the sick, to bury the dead, to direct the, in-
quiring, to comfort the afSicted, and to visit and catechise the
schools. Dr. Emmons preached his funeral sermon and pro-
nounced his eulogy, in which he speaks of him as a man of
distinguished piety and usefiilness. He married a daughter
of his predecessor, and trained up a large family, the most of
whom lived to advanced age. He preached an historical ser-
mon at the close of the first century after the incorporation of
Wrentham, which is highly creditable to him as a man of
learning and godliness.

At this time the town is said to have contained four hundred
and sixty families, and twenty-six hundred persons. They

328 WrmiAam, Mass, : lis Ecclesiastical History. [Apri

were occupying their third house of worship, which was a largt
imposing structure, and stood through the first quarter of th
present century. When removed it was about as sound an
strong as when it was built Mr. Bean died, greatly lamente<
in the year 1784.

The first slice from old Wrentham was taken from the wes
em side, in the separation of what became Franklin. The tim
had now come for a separation from the eastern border. Th
town of Foxborough was taken almost entirely from Wrei
tham, and was incorporated in 1778. It has had several minis
ters in the Congregational society, but we believe none of thei
have died there ! It was a small town originally, but has growr
chiefly by its manufactures, to be one of the finest villages i
the country. It has three religious societies, — Cong^regatior
alist, Universalist, and Baptist There lived in Foxborougl
many years ago, a venerable man by the name of Shepan
He used to boast that he had lived in two counties, — SufibI
and Norfolk, — and three towns, — Dedham, Wrentham, an
Foxborough, — and had never changed his residence. H
lived to be more than a hundred years old.

We turn again to the original town of Wrentham. Goa
Mr. Bean died in 1784, and was succeeded by the Rev. Davi<
Avery in 1786. Mr. Avery was a graduate of Yale College ii
1769, and studied divinity with Dr. Wheelock of Dartmoutl
College. He was for some time a missionary among the Onei
da Indians. He was settled at Windsor, Vt, in 1773, but wa
dismissed in 1777 that he might be a chaplain in the army
He was present at the taking of Burgoyne, at the capture o
the Hessians at Trenton, and at the battle of Princetor
After serving in the army more than three years, he retire<
from it, and was settled at Bennington, Vt, in 1780, and dis
missed in 1783. His next settlement was in Wrentham ii
1786, where he remained about eight years.

Mr. Avery was a large, portly man, of fine personal appear
ance and manners ; had a powerful voice, and was a fluen
speaker. He was better calculated to get a parish than t<
keep one. His previous settlements had been short, and hij
stay at Wrentham was not long, — not half that of either o
his predecessors. Difficulties sprang up, growing partly out 0

1878.] WrsHtkam, Mass.: lis EccUsiasUcal Histaty. 329

some peculiarities in his theology, but more from his overbear-
ing manner' in the pulpit, and from imprudent speeches on
both sides. I have beard it said that ''the main object of a
minister's wife is to bear all the blame." If this be so, the tradi-
tion is that Mrs. Avery pretty fully accomplished it ; at any
rate, she was a good deal blamed.

These difficulties increased from year to year, until they could
no longer be endured, and an effort was made to effect a separa-
tion. A council was called for this purpose, which declared
the pastor dismissed, and the meeting-house was shut up.
There were other councils, in this connection, of which we need
not speak particularly. That to which we have referred was the
principal one, and that on which the main issues depended.
Mr. Avexy* and his friends, who were pretty numerous, did not
think that he was properly dismissed ; they claimed that he
was still the legal pastor ; and as the meeting-house was shut
up, be opened a meeting in his own large, unfinished house,
where he preached and performed ministerial services every
Sabbath. Our own first recollections of going to meeting are
connected with the services in Mr. Aver/s house.

In due time Mr. Avery sued the parish for his salary, and
this brought on a perplexing trial Mr. Aver/s lawyer was
the late Judge Howell, of Providence, while the celebrated
James Sullivan, afterwards governor of Massachusetts, ap-
peared against him. The case was decided in favor of the
parish, and Mr. Avery was declared to have been legally
dismissed.

The old church and society was now divided, each church
claiming to be the first, and neither taking measures to
form a new church ; and as both had their advocates among
neighboring churches and ministers, — Mr. Sanford of Med-
way siding with Mr. Avery, and Dr. Emmons against him, —
both were acknowledged by one and another to be the original
church in Wrentham.^ The opp)onents of Mr. Avery retained
the meeting-house, and established public worship there,
while the other party organized a separate parish and procured

' Probably no person now living can determine precisely how this matter stood.
It is certain that Mr. Avery and both the deacons, and probably a majority of the
acting members, went with the North Church, while the rest of the church and a
large majority of the society went the other way.

330 WrentAam, Mass.: Its Ecclesiastical History. [Aprili

an act of incorporation, calling it the '^ North Parish in Wren*
tham." They built a house of worship for themselves.

This was a long and bitter struggle. It cost the town of
Wrentham, as we have often heard it remarked, more than tlie
Revolutionary War. Strong party feelings and prejudices were
excited on both sides, families and neighborhoods were divided,
and it was a long time before old friends could come to trent
each other civilly. Neighboring churches had become more or
less involved, their fellowship was broken, and it was a long
time before the breach could be healed. One of the questions
long agitated between the churches was, '' Which is rightfully
the first ? " This was finally adjusted by agreement that one
should be called the North Church and the other the Centre.

But time and the grace of God are effectual healers. Old
passions have subsided, prejudices have been done away, and
for long years the two churches in Wrentham have been in as
cordial friendship and harmony as any churches in the country.

When the church in Wrentham had been divided, and the
North Church had become established in another part of the
town, it was undoubtedly the expectation of Mr. Avery that
he should be its pastor. But the people decided differently.
They thought it best for all concerned that he should retire,
and that the pastoral charge should be given to some other
man. Mr. Avery removed his family to a farm belon^ng to
his wife in a part of Mansfield, Conn., where he gathered a
church and preached for several years. In 1817 he visited a
married daughter in Virginia, and notwithstanding his age
(seventy-one) he accepted* a call to settle there in the ministry ;
but he suddenly died the day previous to his installation. The
ministers who assembled to install him assisted at his funeraL

Mr. Avery was converted under the preaching of Whitefield,
and lived and died an earnest and devoted Christian. He
published several sermons and other pamphlets, which were
highly creditable to him as a preacher and a writer.

The first pastor of the North Church in Wrentham was the
Rev. John Cleaveland, uncle of the late Rev. Dr. Cleaveland
and of Prof. Cleaveland of Bowdoin College. He was born at
Ipswich in the year 1750, had not a collegiate education, but
received the degree of A. M. from Dartmouth College in 1803.

iS/S.] WrmtAoffi, Mass.: Its Ecclesiastical Histoty. 331

He was for several years a chaplain in the Revolutionary War.
On leaving the army, he was setded at Stoneham, in 1 785, and was
dismissed in 1 794. He was installed over the church at North
Wrentham in June, 1798, and continued there till his death in
1815. Mr. Cleavdand was an instructive and useful preacher,
though not eloquent His sermons were experimental and
jNractical, eminently so; better adapted to assist the mem-
ory, enlighten the understanding, stir the conscience, and
penetrate the heart, than to excite the admiration or gratify
the curiosity of his hearers. His labors were patient and
successful He devoted two afternoons regularly every week
to pastoral visitation. He had the rare &culty of turning con-
versation to useful subjects and of introducing pertinent and
serious remarks with ease and propriety. His labors in North
Wrentham were singularly blessed. He was &vored with
several seasons of religious interest among his people, in
which a large proportion of them, especially the young, were
hopefully convert^ It was under his £uthful ministry that
the writer commenced a religious life, and became a member
of the church.

Mr. Cleaveland died most peacefully in the winter of 181 5,
and Dr. Emmons preached his funeral sermon. His text was
in Phil, ii, 20, '^ I have no man like-minded, who will naturally
care for your state." This text could appropriately be applied
to Mr. Cleaveland. He published several occasional ser-
mons; but his heart, his hands, and his time were devoted
chiefly to his people.

Since the death of Mr. Cleaveland, North Wrentham has
had several ministers, and has passed through some trying
changes. The church was at one time divided, and so con-
tinued for several years. It is now happily united, and the
parish has become a town by the name of Norfolk. It con-
tains also a Baptist society and a meeting-house.

The successor of Mr. Avery in the Central Church in
Wrentham was the Rev. Elisha Fisk, who was settled in
1799, and is said to have been the forty-ninth candidate. He
was born in West Medway, but removed with his parents,
while a child, to Upton. He was graduated at Brown Univer-
sity in 1795, and spent the next three years at the college as a

332 Wrentham^ Mass. : Its Ecclesiastical History. [April,

tutor. He studied divinity with Dr. Hitchcock, of Provi-
dence, who was an Arminian, perhaps a Unitarian, who
preached his ordination sermon. It was uncertain when Mr.
Fisk was settled on which side he would fall ; but his early
education, his surroundings, and the g^ace of God inclined
him to the right side. He became an evangelical, orthodox
minister, though never so outspoken and decided as some of
his neighbors.

At the time of his ordination the church was in a very weak
and low state. It was reduced to ten acting members, and
these were not united among themselves. But the new pastor
was the right man in the right place. '' Of an observing mind,
careful and conciliating in his conversation and manners, in-
teresting and popular in his pulpit performances, he succeeded,
as few other men could, in holding together very discordant
materials, not only at the commencement of his ministry, but
through the vicissitudes of more than fifty years." He was a
prudent man and a peacemaker.

Mr. Fisk was blessed with repeated revivals of religion. In
1805, fifty-one were added to his church; in 18 15-16, sixty-
four were added ; in 1821, forty-four were gathered in; and in
1852 (after the settlement of his colleague), fifty-eight

Mr. Fisk was sound in doctrine, fervent in his devotions, and
laborious in doing good. He had a fondness for society, and
made himself an agreeable companion. He was a man of
decided intellectual ability. Had he applied himself as closely
to study as some ministers, he might have accomplished almost
anything in the line of his profession which he had been pleased
to attempt. He was always busy and contrived to perform a
vast deal of outdoor service. He was usually present on public
occasions, and is said to have attended one hundred and fifty
ecclesiastical councils. He was sole pastor of the church in
Wrentham forty-four years ; his whole ministry was fifty-two.
He continued to preach with his usual acceptance almost to
the last He died in January, 185 1, in the eighty-second year
of his age. He was buried on the very day of the regular
meeting of the Mendon Association at his house. The
brethren came together according to appointment, but it was
to follow their departed brother to his grave. Mr. Fisk pub-

X878.] Wrentham, Mass. : Its Ecclesiastical History. 333

Xisbed several occasional addresses and sermons, which were
^well received.

In 1843 the Rev. Horace James was settled as colleague
Tirith Mr. Fisk. He was dismissed after a few years and was
settled in Worcester. From Worcester he went into the army
as chaplain, and has recently died. He was a popular preacher,
a forcible writer, and a genial, agreeable, and useful man.

He was succeeded by the Rev. William L Ropes, now libra-
rian of the Andover Theological Seminary, and he by Rev.
Charles L. Mills, whose ministry continued about two years.
Since his dismission the pulpit has been very acceptably sup
plied by Rev. William R. Tompkins, who holds the position of
acting pastor. But these later settlements are too recent to
become matters of history.

There has long been an incorporated Baptist society in
South Wrentham. There is also an Episcopal society, with a
church and a pastor, near the middle of the town.

It is remarkable that, in all the changes through which the
original town of Wrentham has passed, it has always been
£avored — and so have its several offshoots and branches —
with faithful evangelical preaching, and this preaching has been
followed with its appropriate results, — frequent revivals, flour-
ishing churches, and a sober, substantial, well-ordered com-
munity. The prayers of a Puritan ancestry have been answered
jpon it, and their spirit and example have been regarded.

The people of Wrentham have always been distinguished as
he promoters of education. Its common schools have been
fell sustained ; and many years ago an academy was incorpo-
ited. It was endowed in part by the State and partly by the

unificence of Mr. Benjamin Day, a venerable citizen and

ember of the church, from whom it took its name. It has

^en a means of preparing many young men for college and of

nferring upon a much larger number a higher education than

aid be acquired in the common schools.

Indeed, the people of Wrentham have much occasion to say

h the Psalmist, " The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant

:es, yea, I have a goodly heritage."

Enoch Pond,

nt^OTy Me,

334 Congregational Theological Seminaries^ 1877-78. [April,

COxVGREGATIONAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES IN

1877-78.

The following lists are compiled from the printed catalogues, with
additions by letters and information in manuscript.

The seminaries are arranged in the alphabetical order of the towns and
cities in which they are located.

The date following the office of a professor is that of the year when he
entered upon that professorship. If he was earlier a professor in some
other department, we have mentioned the fact in parenthesis.

The students are arranged in one catalogue, alphabetically, to ^cilitate
reference. In this catalogue a dash under '' College " signifies that the
person has not been a member of any college ; the name of a college, with
a dash where the year would come, signifies that the person was once a
student in that college, but did not become a graduate ; a blank in either
case signifies our ignorance.

The following list of abbreviations of names of colleges has been pre-
pared after careful survey of the whole field. To secure uniformity, we
are obliged to make several changes from the abbreviations used in some
catalogues. Our rule is, in case of conflict, to use the simple initials for
the older catalogues and more extended abbreviations for the later ones.

Ac. 0. Acadia Ck)nege, Nova Bootia. My. O. Maryville College, Tenneasee.

A. O. Amherst Ck>llege,Maaaaohasett8. If. A.O. IfaMachnsetU Agricaltaral OoU.

A. U. Atlanta University, Qeorgia. McK. O. McKendree Ck>llege, Illinoia.
Bal. 0. Bala College. 1£. 0. Middlebury College, Vermont.

Ba. C. Bates College, Maine. Mon. C. Monmoath College, Illinois.

Bel. C. Beloit College, Wisconsin. Mt. A. C. Mt. Allison College, Nova Bootia.

Bl. U. Blackburn University, Illinois. N. N. 8. 0. NaUonal Normal School, Ohio.

Bos. U. Boston University, Massaohosetta. O. C. Oberlln Collin, Ohio.

B. C. Bowdoin College, Maine. O. W. U. Ohio Wcsleyan University.
B.U. Brown University, Rhode Island. 01. C. Olivet College, Michigan.

Carl. C. Carlton College, MinnesoU. Ott. U. Otterbeln University, Ohio.

0. of C.N. Y. College of the City of New York. Pac. U. Pacitic University, Oregon.

Col. U. Colby University, Maine. Pal. C. Palatinate College, Pennsylvania.

Col. C. Columbia College, N. Y. B. C. Bipon College, Wisconsin.

D. C. Dartmouth Coll., N. Hampshire. Tab. C. Tabor College, Iowa.

D. U. Denison University, Ohio. U. O. University of Chicago, lUinoli.

F. & M. O. Franklin & Marshall Coll., Penn. U. Ice. University of Iceland.

O. O. Oriswold College, Iowa. U. M. University of Michigan.

G, D. Gymnasium, Dresden, Germany. U.N. Y. University of New York.

Ham. C. Hamilton College, New York. U. T. University of Toronto, Canada.

H. C. Harvard College, Massachusetts. U. Vt. University of Vermont.

Hills. C. Hillsdale Oollege, Michigan. Urs. C. Ursinus College, Pennsylvania.

Hi. C. Hiram College, Ohio. Vic. O. Victoria College.

Hob. Col. Hobart College, New York. Wab.C. Wabash Oollege, Indiana.

Hop. O. Hope Oollege, Michigan. W. U. WesleyanUniversity,Conn©ctic*t.

H. U. Howard University, D.Oolumbia. W. R. C. Western Reserve College, Ohio.

III. C. Illinois Oollege. Westm. 0. Westminster Coll., Pennsylvania.

Ia.C. Iowa College. Whit. C. WhitUer College, Iowa.

Ia.8.U. Iowa State University. W. C. Williams Collego,Massaeha8etts.

K.C. Knox CoUege, IlllnoU. Witt. C. Wittenburg College, Ohio.

L. C. Luther College, Iowa. Wy.S. Wyoming Semin'y, Pennsylvania.

Mar. 0. Marietta College, Ohio. Y.C. Yale College, Connecticut.

3t 878.] Congr^gatumal Theological SemUtarUs, 1877-78. 335

I. ANDOYEB THEOLOGICAL SBBflKABY,

Andoyxr, Mam.
Opened for liistnictlon, Sept. 28, 1808.

FACULTY.

r. SDWABD8 A. Pakx, d. d., Abbot rn^mnr of ObrlillMi Theologj. — 1M7. (Ptotetor
of Baered Rhetoric, 1886-47.) ^

r. JoHK L. TATI.OB, D.D., Smith Profeiior of Theology and Homfletlei (In the Bpodal
Conna) and Lecturer oo Pastoral Theology. ~18M.
"Sot. Avami Phblpi, o. d., BarUett Proftaaor of Baered Bhetorlo. ~ 1848.
Sot. Bobsbt 0. Bicttb, d. d., Brown Profsiior of Eoolealaatloal Hictory. — 1868.
'XoT. J. HXHBT Tbatbb, d. o.» AMoolate Proftaeor of Sacred Literature. » 1864.
"Ser. Obaelbs M. Msad, Hitchcock ProllBaaor of the Hebrew Langoage and Liteiataro.—

1866.
'Bm» J..WS8IAT OHUBOHII.L, Joncc Profsaio^ of Sloeotlon.— 1868.
Ifr. William W. Batch, b. A., Aaiiatant to the Aaeodate Profteeor of Baored Liteiataro.

Her. Acomnw 0. Thompsoh, d. d., Leetnrer on Foreign Mlaalona.
BflT. Heiibt M. Dextbb, d. d.» Lectorer on CtongregattonaUsm.
Ber. Albzabdeb H. Olapp, d. d.. Lecturer on Home Mleirtona.
BflT. William L. Ropes, a.m.. Librarian.

II. THEOLOGICAL SEHINART,

Bangob, Mk.

Opened for instroction, NoYember, 1817.

FAOULTT.

Be?. Kbooh Pond, d. d., Preeldent. ProfBasor KmtriiM of Boelealaatleal Hlatory.— 1866-

1870, EmerUH$ 1870. (ProfBcaor of Theology, 1882-66.)
Rer. Pabiel Smith Taloott, d. d., Hayee Profeeeor of Sacred Llteratare. — 1880.
Ber. Otblb Hamlib, d. d., Buck Profeeeor of Ohrletian Theology, and Lecturer on Ohureh

Polity and Pastoral Theology. ~/Vo Tern,
Ber. Levi L. Paine, Waldo Profeeeor of Bocledaetical Hietory, 1870; and Librarian.
Rer. Jonif 8. Bbwall, Fogg Profeasor of Baered Rhetoric and Oratory, 1876; and Uecretary

of the Faculty.

IIL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,

Chicago, III.
Opened for Instmctlon, October, 1858.

FACULTY.

Ber. Fbavblin W. Fibk, d.d., Wieoonein Profeeeor of Baered Rhetoric— 1858.

Rer. Jambs T. Htoe, d. d., Iowa Profbaeor of Paetoral Theology and Bpedal Stndiea. —

1870.
Rev. Qboboe N. Boardmab, d. d., Illinola Profeeeor of Byetematic Theology. ~187L

Aleo, Librarian.
Rev. Tbeodobb W. Hopkibb, a. m., Bweetser and Michigan Profeeeor of Bccleeiaatlcal

Hietory.— 1874. Also, Inetructor in New Teetament Bzegeeia.

-— ^ , New England rrofcseor of Biblical Literature.

Pro! BEB5BABD Maixob, PH. D., Instructor in Hebrew.

Rev. A. 8. Kkdzie, Dowagiac, Michigan, Financial Secretary.

Rev. Qbobob 8. F. Savaue, d. d., 112 Weet Waahington Street, Treasurer.

336 Cdngr^;atumal Theological Somi$tarigs, 1877-78.

IV. THEOLOGICAL INSTTnTTB OF CONMKCTiCUT«

Hakttoxd, Oonh.
Opened for instnictioii in 1984.

FAOULTT.

B«T. WnuAM TBOMPtov, D. D., N«ttl«loB VnJamot of Hm Hebtw

tora.— 1884.
B«T. William 8. Kars, d. d^ Bltoy ProiMior of Ohrteliaii Tboologj.— UTtf,
^— » — — , ProfMior of Homiledet «nd Um FMlonl OhMfo.
Bev. O. D. HABTBAJirr, d. d., Waldo Profeawr of BibUeal and Eoel<riiitlo>l HiMoty. —

1878.
Rer. Mattbvw B. Riddlb, Hoamer Ptoteaor of Now TotUunoat BzofasU.— IBTI.
Mr. O. T. UiBBARD, Teacher of Sloeotioo.

Leetnrara on the Carew Foondatton, 18T8.

Frea. Samuxl C Babtlbtt, d. d.; Bar. Jobh Hall, d. d.; Ber. William M. Tatiab,
D. D. ; Ber. Lleweltii D. Bsy ah. d. d. ; Praa. JuLnia H. Sbslte, d. d.

v. THEOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF TALE COLLEGE,

Nbw Havbn, Conk.
Opened for instmctlon In 1823.

FAOULTT.

Ber. Noah PoBTn, d. d., ll. d., Prerident (1871), and Olaik Profeaaor of MonI Fhlloao-
phy and Metaphyaiea. — 1846. (Temporary Profeaaor of Theology, 1858-M.)

Bev. Leonard BacoNy d. d., ll. d., Leotarer on Ohoroh Polity and American Ohoreh Hia-
tory. — 1871. (Temporary Profeaaor of Theology, 1866-71.)

Bev. O^EORGE B. DAT, D. D., Holmca Profeaaor of the Hebrew Language and Lttaratiirt,
and Biblical Theology. ~ 1866.

Rev. Bamcel Habeih, d. d.. ll. d.. Dwight Proftaaor of Syatematic Theology. —ISTl.

Bev. Jaxem M. Hoppilf . D. d., Profeaaor of Honiiletlca and Paatoral Dntiea. >• 1801.

Rev. Qeorgb p. Fibher, d. d., Profeaaor of Bcclealaatioal History. —1861.

Bev. Tm OTHT Dwigrt, d. d., Buckingham Profeaaor of Sacred Literature. — 1856.

Speoial Leetnrera.

Bev. BOBERT W. Dale, d. d., on Preaching.
Bev. JoHB Hall, d. d., on Leaaona fh>m Medisval Ohurch History.
Bev. Pbillipb Brooem, d. d., on the Teaohinic of Beliglon.
Prof. 8. Wella WiLLiAMa, ll. d., on the Religion of Ohina.
Prof. Legm ABD J. Sanford, m. d., on the Preaervatton of Health.

VL PACIFIC THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY,

Oakland, Cal.
Opened for instroctlon, Jane, 1869.

FACULTY.

Bev. JosEPn A. Benton, d. d., Profeaaor of Sacred Literature. — 1860. Alao, of HoallellQit

Pro Tnn.
Bev. George Mooab, d. d., Profeaaor of Systematlo Theology. — 1870. Alao, of Beelaalaa.

tical lUstory, Pro Tem.

Lectnrea are given weekly, during the year, by the leading paatora of the State.

xStS.] CoHgngatumal TTuologieiU Seminarus, 1%77-yZ. 337

TIL THBOLOQICAL DBF4BT1CBNT OF OBBBLIN COLLEOB,
Obekliv, O.

Opened (br Instnctton In 18AS.

FACULTY.
Ba*. jAMia H* TAiacHiui, d. i>., PrMldaM flMW]. Atctt ProftiiT of Ifoiml FhfliiHinhT

{IBM), and PnihHOTof STitamUlaTbaologr.— lUS. (Tntor la (lu Oollgfl^ leaOnU:

Fnifwwrin UieCoUogs.lMtM.)
Kn. JOHS UoaOAM. I — * '" — ■" — ' "" — ' j •ui.h— 1 nw.^

Rav. JDIMOR 81HTH, ProfeiHr of Oborob HIMny and Foiltlra iDttttnltinw. — UtO.

Bpoebl IiMtaias.
B«r. Hakk HOFKIK, D. D., on tbe Blbllsil Idea of God.
tm. HiaiT U. UiXTU, D. D., 00 Ui« Hlatoiy of OonmnUonallH
imt, BiHnRb WiiLaOTT. d. |>., on the Topognpby of tSa Half L
Bar. intra Ooat, on ICodara MWrtaUAo Ma^cdm.

STUDENTS.

^

i

8

1

J_

nukB.AdwD>.

IS^'^

A-a

IS!T

^

Jnn

OMisa B. Adama,

4. a

BbI. 0.

a!

J«n.'

OeD™,WU.

lij*

B.-

'X

Jbdm nawart Allan,

Wlddwr. H. 8.

ut. A. C.

B.'

Jun.

SSJS^'SS;..,

Bolton, Ut.

P. K. T.

U.

uid.

Pleaurt Oro™. S. 3.

Jon.

AD*aa G. F. Atterhnrr,

UantHold Oenln. 01.

~0.

IWJ

nIh.

ieo.

Npw Ydtk, N. Y,

y.a

tUd.

ItllanChorchAyrei.

HamUn, Kan,

—

nIh

HonaSanmalBoker,

SlS^

DarlC.
F.StU.O.

1879

S. H

Mid.

Tboma* Udnhard BillUt,

N. U

Jnn.

OuanoaH.ltubar,

Buniul HoIKO B-rDilm.

Kew BMan, 0(.

y^c:

ISTi tf! H

Ohloa«o,Ill.

Bel. 0.

S-l N. B:

ISfca"-

a. C.

B.I-

MwardHookorBiutar,

Beabon Aliloo Beard,

O.'W.TJ.

Uldl

OUrkB. Beardilee,

Cownlry.lI.T.

A.O.

ISJfl H.

Mid.

j^mm^nM,

EsHf"'""'

wilm.O.

B^-l-

Howard BtLliDan.

WllLO.

is: u

Jun.

OhwlM Wlllard Bird,

Heiblehem, CL

T.O.

m« N. H

Joo.

eeorn ninun Klrd,
Obarfc. E. B1.h™.

srssr''--

lalt N. H

Hid.

a. 0.

Trank Anno Bl»cll,

Amhcrrat. Uaaa.

wTk-o.

iKfl n! b

Uld.

nudKn, O.
KlrkiriUe, Uo.

W. 11. 0.

1818 S. H

Jnn.

WlUlam Fif moDl Blackmui,

I>. C.

AndoTxr, Uau.

T.C.

1803 a!

tfciTill Bluicbard!

KobiS^dawall.'

— B.

Jnn.

r.o.

1ST6 ((. H

Hid.

HIcbard H?B<M«orib,

Chiii:>eD, til.

Jun.

PaAA. C. Bmdford.

.Ponti^illalcm. Uloh.

- a1

Hid.

Solonon Edmnna Breen,

|Walertown,H.Y.

- Ob.

Jun.

TlaTliuJ. Urobil,

jcbicago.ni.

- c.

8.c.a.

T. Uneoln Bnoii.

.K. L.

Oh«l«C.U™«.

- A. IBeo.

BIdntr A. Barnaby,

BrookBuW', H. B.

Ae,0.

IB.

IHld.

338 Ctmgrtgatioital TktologUal Stmimarus, 1 877-78. [April,

J"

"~

K*>n>.

"-""•

1

I

1

1

OXtBmG.V^tTntmm,

e«>.l(e

B.C.

__

,™,.

"i-

.UlM IMm* BiHb.

KnB»tB,CL

T.O.

^..»

■M.

ChHUM-rilarrtDCMT.

innrtln. 0.

o.a

ict;

X. KJo.

WiOluC-1-Ulw.a.

o.a

wn

A.

--!'^^1^M.

5. H

MfOdot. UL

w.c.

i»n

A.

WlUUmCux. ' ■

W«.«to«r.Vl.

D.C.

iKtiJr. H.

JatiBBarTCimttim,

CcrbuD, U*.

B.

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^jlfEio', K. H.

£a

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B.I.&

a

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VrukUB U. Cbatiia.

>-ew BoMin. IT H.

C-C

M.

Jaa.

■dwud L. Clnlc
IhM Olio Ckik.

EH>Onfi>«l0i>.M*.

!;•

ifiS-

BKbeLMa.

B.C.

UU.

0«^O.

o.a

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s£

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Boa.II.

k'

matTb«>d«*Uuk.

B«klud,ll.K

s.e.

Joa.

MwTboBHCtaik,

UBla«bu.II>t>.

O.a

laa.

aai?s:-3S2r-

liSifif-"-

DC.

S'

I.C.L

fta^WflfldtwrOtW.

LmnoD.H*.

iTa

S. H-

««.

Domln, HI.

B.i-a

- X. H Jan.

S.W tt^nHGL

Y.C.

ISIijS. H.

P»d. J.O.MO.

aa

wiuiHi B. a»k.

OaUud, Cat.

-loo.

^•*

B«BWd CDppillc,

Hbe9Md.lI. A.

— [B.

Saa.

Ehh UBU^i^t^nT,

W.VC.

-iOk

MU.

H-JWM ■:-o"W«.

'^^^°'

VlTi)t.C.

iS7*tt 8 at

BACuUiU-rdOnudD*,

SogiAwHt Evbor, U>.

B.C.

tS~jB. Jml

esnve fidwvd OrmH,
lj™£q8.C«*fard.
flanhew A. Cnirtjrd,

TlK:"-

is;?' I*. iJaa.

D^rflelJ. VuL

w.d.

is:« H. MM.

Liirn tUd(«, IlL

Hon. a

IKiO. Sae.

bcitilvtam, P>.

-,01».

allxn Baroe* Crialr.

OrwEwieh.0.

CofC.S.T.

jS. H.

Mid.

LatUn E-imoDd Duki,

oberUa O

-U

J«u

TboDiH WhlRiff UvUat,

K«n«. ';«. k.

u.a

iKiJs. a.

B«.

D«ld E- IMvii,

I-lrmoah. Pa.

- B.

Ktd.

XdfV rwtrr DirU,

EoFl MuhiU, 1I(.

re.

w:i s. a.

lOd.

Tfaropblliu B. Ihiiti,
dnrleiO. Dij,

Cal>klll,>.Y.

Y. a

■s^S:.

8.aL

HI.

KcimlJe Id'I.

OtuU.

S. H

ss-

FtsiuU B. I>*nto,

si. Jahi»bai7, VL

ii.a

IRt A.

Mid.

Wllll.ni IJcnlli

ig Ll«n. Mw.'

- B.

8«a.

OlBri» A. blctU-Od.

iWa.

MM.

wniUia Lee IWuglM.

^L Loal.. Ho.

MeK. 0.

- !I. H

Sf

WUltam R. Diig.1..

MoDU«a>. UiH.

B.

Mid.

JCMph Ftrrj. Dy».

gudwlch, 111.

Bil, U.

IIM K. H

Mid.

JunHF™nrl.K»Mn.

n»inden. S. T,

w.a

is:a^s. B.

UU.

WIUIUD Wilier Gid.r.

»w Usvn.CI.

U. L.

JuiunllKir Kmenuo.

piiuHeld, K. H.

Ba.a

S. a-Jaa.

fRdcritk Wtllli.u Kmn.

D. 0.

II7S K. a Kid.

BlnkmCrwiognb Kym-,

^^HX^-^T.

a. a

i»M|X. a.

Mid.

Wim«mJ.7™mt.r.

-ColoinbiiB, IUM.

B«u

Tndtdck A. held,

L«..ogd».0>L

O-C.

^Mk.

?"■,

Wlll[»=.B.rt.hor.

UcPh'ngD, Ku.

_.C.

e.ai.

Hcnrr Oiloo Vtinh,

K«mile, N. r.

D. Vt.

Jan.

"Wnlur B. Ploid,

.SrilnfUle. 111.

Bi!u.

- c.

I***-

A. a

iKgA.

B«a.

Dulcl W. l^>nd>,

^■fi'wil iJnr, N. B.

- c.

Mid.

WlJl&in (ioodoll Frg*t,

- B.

J.C.

isja lib.

AorJ-luit a. ifnller,

L>-nn. Mui.

unu.

— '

-

A.

Jbo.

iS/S-] CoHgrtgatimal Thtol<>gical Seminaries, \iy7-7i. 339

John Bailar Glugow,

DbIm Ooodtiwotb,

F. BvtU,
Bndlaj HuRlaon,

nSdiB

/wMF. Hamr,
AidHuefa,

Mpr Halfleld,

Bdnrd A.Bue]tlT»,
iriDbua Redna.
JMM HulfMb HonsT,
Bobtn II . Hlgsnni,
Cbulet WIIUuD Hill,
Knpm PrciiDD Bodge,
Alpbn* Cluk Hodg«,
Jobd Hode»,

Frank Burgenl HoObiu,
John Hooper,

WnUamFi

Honoa PiTiia Jamn,
John F. JoDH,

Fmik H. EcHon,
IjTDao S. Keen,
iavard P. D. Kalaar,

Joalali Kidder,
B*ma«i T. Klddxr,
Idward Kimball,
Kdward H. KnJgbt,
Junaa K. Knodell,
PhWD 8Uu Kobler,

Vradwald a. Lawranee,

nCOND SEKIES.— VOL. X. Ma 3.

SnoTlUa, USdi.
North Oimnie, llM*.
Raat OnlaatMi, tC*.
Jukaon. Wsh.
Haw HsvML CM.
Brookflald, Haia.
Butoo, Wl«.
Melaan. O.
BarUoetoD, Vb
Portluid.H*.

- ■ oTlUa.Cal.
t«bniy,Pfc

UaiTTlUa.l'Bui.

Yokohama, Jap.
Andarar, Uaaa.

Olavalud, O.

- ■ bora, 111.
In, 0.

Traka,Gal.
Coahoelon, O,
Uultwro'. H. H.
KIpon, Wla.

Cbl(3«D, 111.

Ohieuo, 111.
"loam, lU.

..jvaluid, O,

W. Bloomllald, K. T.

0bwUn,O.

BpriniflaU, IT, B.
OB^ph.Ont.
Bnatf, M. T.
Brldgv-HampMi, If.
tf«w Taua.ft.
"jiTDird, llH*.
-Iddctbrd, Ua.
JanecTllle, Wl*.
" ichMter, N. T.

iriloiibrd. Out.

imbndc*, Maaa.

GrlDneU. la.
FllUbnn, Pa.
Colambua, O.
Onisva, H. Y.
K. PalSeia, VU
ADdover, Ifaaa.
Rtdllak, la.
N«w Harlbrd, OU

.

^

1

"

iftf-

;l

II

1«T4

P.kH.O.

1614

II

D.C.

is

n.

1877

0.0.

1876

wTa
?.S:

187*

A.O.

vr.t:

Bat. a
Bal. a

Bii.b.

Is?fl

felo:

T.

974

A.O.

!!•

~0.
A.O.

s

340 CoHgr^atimat Tkm>hgieal Semimarus, 1877-78. [April,

s|

fr

Kami*.

1

!|

3

\_

o

1

WnUiD.Lelud.

BOIIOD, Uui.

i.O.

STU

^

lOd.

JndKHi ODokea L«i>U^

Prlncelon. QL

8T7

mn.

Jsu )r. Ijibi,

EukikM, lU.

>i. d

KM.

SU Kobtrt Loom!*,

••Wirt. Vl

- Ob.

Ben.

BwRi«1 Une Loomli,

ITo.

811

N. H.

rnn.

Anlilbal<IL.LDre,

A.

Vllltua DslAH Love, Jr.,

a'.te-'"*

amml 0^

)«.'

RomulutO. LovcDdgB,

T.O.

Jan.

Oiwbnlr BowiDiui Ludvlg,

Will, a

N. H.

Ben.

Du. M^on,

Obortln.O.

_

Ob

8.ai.

OluirlH A. Uiiln«.

milwBier.H.J.

Wy.S.

B.'

Hid.

vFhnk>il,'DI.
OWB City, I..

Jota^towl ifsrllng,

[.■- b' u.

s£

r

loo.

CiMriH Albert llknh,

^beril^.'o.
NoTwloii.Ot.

I.e.

bt;

IT. H,

na.

SISSffii„,

yIoI

I|Tpt.P».

P^.O.

S. H.

ri^

AnTiwI'lfu..

j.C.1.

Omawa A. Hatthiwf ,

Slliwonh, He.

jin.'

BUudU.HcGowen.

a.

Ben.

Bu>.

DwS^ia'*

s.ai.

lluHn H. Mod,

A.O.

n.

Ben.

John Mf rHmi,
Wllber ClaodlB* UlUst,

^SU,\t.

D.O.

BIT

Jnn.

Jan.

Ch.rl« P. Ullli,

aoiintVe^oii.S.H.

aTo.

Frtuik E. Ullli,

Pepperell, UeH.

ton.

Harcui Wljltmin SloalBomerr,

Cl^eUBd O.

A.O.

*»

CalTlo B. Moody,
DudIfI Manhntr Moore,

Oruge. l^M.

U.Q.

A.C.

Seo:

Kdg.r L. Morw.

Sontb DmBvllle, Vt.

D. C.

A.

Mid.

OhrUtUn Mowtry,

WlllovIiUDd. W.V*.

Mv.a

IT. H.

Bco.

Bgben tl. Monroa,

lUrbl«b»d, lUB.

—

Job.

Lsntn»n Jumft NflllBlon,

Obtrtln, 0.

n.c.

8TS

Ob.

flm.

BnStalo, X. T.

1876

!T. H.

Jbo.

ao.loo.M«..

B.C.

ThoniM F. NonH,

B.'

Sn.

Fnuik liuo Nale,

lJTm™:

Jan.

Edwin Clnrenci! Onkley,

Delrell, lllih.

0. 1£.

\%%h

V H

Uld.

juKHOakior.

Kldgsfldd, lU.

T.C.

Q.

ILL.

Rollo Oftden,

LwiriDibnTKb, K. ?.

Gurney M>li«i Orvii,

o.'o.

•S. H

eeo.'

Thonm. M. Owea,

Andoier, IfUa.

4-

B.O.

uk. a

S H

HohuT KIngrturj FiO'nWr,

Oberlln, 0. "

0.0.

lOd'.

Wininin H. fMooe,

Ban Pnnclioa, OU.

Oli.

a. c.

Iiue W. Poncb,

[.Iverpool. K. B.

B.

Bolxn Peamxik, Jr.,

Lmouk, Oat.

Ben.'

AnlmrH.Pe«»oa,

Hinrhlll, Mw.

A.O.

Jdd.

Theodoru 0. Peaw,

H.O.

18T

Jon.

Lo^doD, Bng.

B.

Bilker K. Pgfl^,

AtUnU, 0«.

Jbb^

\:o'

a!

Jbu.

01i»rl«A. Porry.

B.C.

B.

Utd.

LanuD .tnffuitlne PstUbons,

Cblfliigo, ni.

K. H

Tbooi«. ■[■.Iwyn PhULlpi,

PoDoider. Widn,

bSlo;

Jno.

Pe.™ PtDch,

Wn«t Ro«nda1e, Wl«.

Kl.O.

a!

Bm.

T. AMhur Porter,

Cbtcngo, 111.

a

B ai.

Bl^u A. Poller,

Ko>un,UM.e.

E.G.

lOd,

DwlRhiM P™.t.

W. Cornwall. CI.

A.O.

Jttn.

Dwieht NolBon Pronllre,

5K;ir.°sr"-

Y.O.

im

K. a.

uid.

Fnocli U~noD Piloe,

a.ai.

JuiHBlVlilH,

Antlpii, W. I.

—

-

s.

Uid.

1878.] Congrigational Tfuological SeminarUs, lijj-yi. 341

».««.

EssnmcE.

1

I

i

1

WIlllBin Arthur Rcmtle.

Mldfllcbnry, Vi.

M. C.

18T6

N. H. Mid.

Jmb» Buddva RenihBv,

KIctiniond, Uaaa.

Mid.

Oeorge Wlllliun KuTnuldi,

a!o.'

187;

N.H.

lUQ.

Xnrm B. Riclwril..

Mocoo, U.

O.O.

Arvft Rlehirdn.

fl ndovcr. Mua.
UUbfleld, Ct.

D.O.

muiim K. Rlehardi,

Y. C.

trid^

JohD P. KlrbarilKn,

Dracul, Uu..

A.C,

aid.

CbATlM Henry KlcketU,

WalM, Uaaa.

A.O.

Bomce U. AobblDi,

Revi^rD, Uui.

a!

i. li.

B>n«> P«r Robert.,
Beofy B. [loboru

O.'p.'

87;

nJh,

Ban.

H.C.

Ben.

Angna Arrhlbald RobertWD,

n! s.

Jnn.

aeSryH.Rood,

H«rtfurd,Ct.'

H.

JttO.

Frederitik 8Uiley Bool.

N™ H.Ten, CI.

Y.O.

*. H.

Hid.

durlM JsckMn Rjrder,

Ob,rlln, 0.

O.O.

Iliirrlaon. Ua.

Ben.

rr«„d.W.B.obom, '

a'.o'.

A.'

;.n.

Amok Bud«,

DecoMh. la.

L.O.

». H

CtariBB. Swidsra.

Amhanl, lUm.

VUHm H. Suden,
OUnoM SpHUllOBlusBBt,

W. 0.

H.

Jtin^

H«rialown. III.

D.O.

187fl|N. H.

Hid.

Ss-.'.'sr.i,,,..

CbleogD, 111.
ChvlcalowD, IT. H.

,iS;

OhirletK Boioa.

0.f.»™. N. r.

Hib.b.

ISTTH.

IM.

Chicago, 111.

01.0.

ISTSlo.

Uld.

John'Hcoll,

Bninawlck. 0.

ILL.

B«rb«n ». Scniton.

A.

B.C.

ARhoT I^utrJt Stvud,

OdLLford.Ot.

N. H.

Ud.

Fkif d Smenon Shermu,

Douglaa, Uaaa.
BeddldgUn.lft.
OlnalaSd, 6.

N. IL

Bro.

MunlD rnnkfia Shiurt,

-

B.
Ob.

Uld.

y.o.i.

JaDwB.Bkllaa,

Q.a

A.

Jnn.

miHuF.etocuni,

SoalonVMua.

A.

B«i.

AnhnrBmlOi,

Un^ll«,^taaa.

a' a

N. H.

DuMKIIjiiliBinitli,

H. 0.

tT. H.

Jm.'

BtnniWa«»remltli,

Hallowsll, !!■.

B.

Inn.

ICoDwn H. ami lb,

HaLlfu IT. a.

B.

eimDn F. Smlili,

0olumbi^8.0.

p.o.

c.

Wlfium n. Smith,

lalUanri*. 8.

B.

Iidl

WlnchMIer. ». H.

II.

Woodfcrd Demarei' flmoo*.

Fairfield, la.

'Saw Haven, Ot.

v\o'.

^' r.

S"&' '

BerllT., Cim.

U-T.

en'.

Danvara, Man.

Y.O.

K.

San.

Bimieti TWdon euabrd,

Ware, MiiM,
Clerelind. O.

hTo.

liis

Ob.

John C Bi«pl».

AndDTer, Uaaa.

r

B«>OHDlllSt.JohD,

tlcerllle, ta.

Janu* Bnlnnrd Sloddng,

ya.

. c', 1.

OIlTerHmieiiSlruDsk,

Baylr2.*D, Pt

F ftM.C.

Arg^,M.T.

tr. loe.

oil.

WlllUm H. Sf 1>nIld^

A.C.

Uld.

Jmh F. TnUnUr,

Bl. 0.

ISTS

Sen.

H«i.T.ro Taor.,

p*=.tr.

lid.

BmutThtmi,
Fiui HailHia Taylor,

Uarkel Larloruin. 8nB.

mt

S. H

Bm.'

e«orB.E.T.yl«,

Broad Brook, OU

a', a

H.

RdwudS T«..d,

|]o>ton._Waaa.

Sen.'

LbhhM B. TmnBy,

Ban.

3ranTHIc,"o.

u'.v.

Ob.

Mid.

Lain* J. Tboiiiu,

WUkmbarre, Pa,

Wy.S.

Son,

•Arthur fsmqalThompaon,

Naahua. N. H.

D.C.

Ban PraDclaco, Cal.

BriKhtad, la.

M^.O.

c.

Joacpb Bralnerd Thrall,
WIJlLm Uorhort Tbroll,

Gal M burg. III.

A. 0.

1873

s. n.

Qaltiburg, 111.

A. a

Cbarle. F. Thwing,

H.O,

JohoTliillnir.

—

-

B.'

Mid.

343 Gmgr^athnal Tktolegiatl StmiiiarUs, 1877-78. [April,

»^

Bbiddok.

1

■s

f

1

A C

1WT

h

Jnn

¥ar-

SS-aKe.

HMTir Fv Tjl«.

—

B.ai.

Chwlea Edwud DpMn,

H*« Hnen, CL

N. H

CL.

_

B

Alfr^ 0. Wnlknp,

_

tj.

3 0 1,

BsaS.-i

sr^^isw,

&";...

5;C"i."=-

Grmd Giftld*. Midi.

IfalMH. Wrtglih

Oreenwleh, CI.

—

A.

fniUim HeniT Toonj,

W»hlnglon,D.O.

-

:..H

980.

Henry J. Zpccher,

E™«.^m..o.

—

-

H.

Hid.

, Tfaa fizDrei apiwDdA
ilrd yur of the dpecU

U tb* •tudaic la In 11

a whlob folic

SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR 1877-78.

1

1
1

3

i

'i

19

1

I
1

U

«"™"-

1

—- "

i

1

4
St

1

w

1

\

II

i

i

i

so

103

'■,;';™''

Andonr

Bviigr ......

Oiikluid .'.'.'.'.
ObwUn

16.0U0

Thunday; Moy H.'
BslnnUy, Juae 8.

ToUl

1878.] Congregationai Theological Seminaries, \&y7-7^' 343

COLLEGE GRADUATION OF THE THEOLOGICAL STUDENTS.

0^^.

i

1

1

i

1

1
1

1

j

1

^gadta UoUcec, Non ScotU ....
llaDU DnIrenHt, Onurili ....

ls;rBrx«£s.-,.-uii : :

C^lon College, falnneuu

OoUegegratTotNiwYork ....

ColnmblsColWHmifYork. . . .

SaUoa DntTcnliy, Ohio

TnnUln k Uuiiull OollegD, Fenn. .

i

i

ai

i

i

I

1

1

JO

i

13

I

11

a

I

KnoiCoUaga.Illlnofa

Atber Ooulg;. low.

•rletuCollege.Uhlo

Br7vlll«CDllegi.T«iiiHi» ....

•uubuaiu AKiiiDXanl Ooll«gv .
lllddltbDrrCollancTamioiil. . . .

: riSSd^N"™iii8'KDi,o"o .".';

WUTCtCollegi., Mlohlgui

K^&iiiego.\^C^°. : : : : :

Tatwr Oullese, iDwt

XrnlTanllyofL.'blMni, lILlooli . . .

TofTenilyofMlohlmii ! 1 ^ I ! 1 !

«ffis:!!;2!?."S". ::::::

'WBrtetn RcKrve Collpja. Ohio . . ,
WHtaDburgOuTlege.Uhlo

!

Total STLCtHi

88

«

"

ID

1«

32T

;344 Cof9gr^;aHonal Theological Semnaries^ 1877-78. [Apri

ADMISSION.

Denominations. — Andover is *< open for the admission of Protei
tants of all denominations " ; expected to produce evidence of " regula
membership in a church of Christ," but ^' exception is made in some cases.
Bangor is **open to Protestants of every denomination"; "expected t
produce testimony of church membership." Chicago is '< open to student
of all denominations," *^ of good, moral character." Hartford expect
candidates for admission to *^ produce evidence that they are members (
some Christian church." New Haven requires ^ membership in son
evangelical church, or other satisfactory evidence of Christian character"
and receives ^'students of every Christian denomination." Oakland, -
"credible evidence of piety," and "membership in some evangelic
church." Oberlin, — ** expected to furnish satisfactory evidence of mors
character."

Previous Education. — The seminaries require a previous collegial
education, or evidence of sufficient attainments to enable the student sw
cessfully to pursue all the duties of the Theological course. Several (
the seminaries, however, have a '^ special course," shorter or less compld
than the regular Three Years' Course, and requiring a less extended pn
vious education.

TERMS AND VACATIONS.

Andover. — The first term of the present seminary year ended 0
Thursday, March 7, 1878, followed by a vacation of three weeks. Th
second term commenced on Thursday, March 28, 1878, and will continv
until the Anniversary, June 27, 1878, to be followed by a vacation of nin
weeks. The first term of the next Seminary year will begin on Thursda;
Aug. 29, 1878.

Bangor. — One vacation, commencing at the Anniversary (Wednej
day, June 5, 1878), and continuing until the commencement of the nes
terra (Thursday, Sept. 19, 1878). A recess of ten days, including th
first two Sabbaths in February.

Chicago. — Two terms, the " Lecture Term " and the " Reading Term,
the Lecture Term commencing the Wednesday succeeding the secon
Tuesday in September, and continuing until the Wednesday or Thursda
succeeding the second Tuesday in May ; the Reading Term extendin
from the second Wednesday in June to the commencement of the Lectui
Term. There are two vacations each year. The first extends two weeli
from the 21st of December ; the second, from the end of the Lecture Ten
to the beginning of the Reading Term. The Lecture Term is to be devote
to attendance on the regular exercises of the seminary. The Readii
Term is intended to be passed by the student under the supervision <
some pastor, under whose care he may pursue the course of study pri
scribed by the Faculty, while at the same time acquainting himself ¥nt
the details and practical duties of pastoral life. Anniversary, last day
the Lecture Term.

1878.] Congregational Theological Seminaries f iSjj-ji. 345

The " Alumni Institute " opens on the Tuesday evening nearest the
30th of October, and continues four days.

Hartford. — One term of study in the year, which begins on the
second Thursday of September, and closes on the second Thursday of
May.

New Haven. — There is but one term of study. The session of 1877-8
commenced on Thursday, Sept. 13, 1877, and will continue till the third
Thursday of May (May 16), 1878, when the public Anniversary is held.
The next annual term will begin on Thursday, Sept. 12, 1878. (College
library, over 80,000 volumes ; Library of College Literary Societies, over
20,000; Seminary I^eference Library, nearly 2,000.)

Oakland. — The year consists of but one term, beginning with the
third Thursday in August and ending with the third Thursday in May.
Thei'e is a recess of two weeks at the holidays.

Oberlin. — Terms and vacations are the same as those of the college.
Fall Term commenced Tuesday, Sept. 11, 1877; vacation commenced
Tuesday, Nov. 27, 1877. Winter Term commenced Tuesday, Dec. 4,
1877 ; Spring Recess commences Saturday, March 2, 1878. Spring Term
commences Tuesday, March 12, 1878 ; vacation, Thursday, June 13, 1878.
Anniversary of the Theological Society, Thursday, Feb 28, 1878. Ad-
dress to the Theological Alumni, Friday, June 7, 1878. Commencement
Saturday, June 8, 1878. The next Fall Term commences Tuesday, Sept^
3,1878. (College Library, 15,000 volumes.)

SUMMARIES FOR THE YEARS OF THIS PUBLICATION.

•

a,

1

St udentb.

B

a
02

•

e

I

*

e

Resident
LIcenUates.

Tbabs.

Senior.

•

i

•

u
0

1

Special
Course.

1

1868-0 . . .

6

24

10

16

1 67

76

99

9

260

186»-«0 . .

6

24

10

24

68

90

94

9

261

18«)-1 . .

6

24

7

14

93

100

94

11

298

1801-2 . .

6

25

9

18

96

95

81

3

276

1842-3 . .

6

23

11

16

i 90

103

68

1

262

1863-4 . .

6

24

9

10

1 ^

63

68

2

193

1864-6 . .

6

24

9

19

66

63

43

—

162

186&-6 . ,

6

22

10

19

63

68

84

10

206

1866-7 . .

6

26

10

16

61

98

85

8

242

1867-8 . .

6

26

11

9

97

92

66

4

268

1868-0 . ,

6

31

11

16

' 87

68

66

18

238

1860-70 .

7

31

0

7

, 74

72

81

13

240

1870-1 . ,

7

32

11

18

' 72

73

98

29

272

1871-2 .

7

34

12

16

74

89

92

23

278

1872-3 . .

7

36

11

13

1 93

88

116

32

329

1873-4 .

7

36

16

12

S3

106

103

36

327

1874-6 .

7

37

22

13

102

86

93

35

316

1876-8 .

7

36

22

9

70

98

99

36

303

1876-7 .

<

36

22

8

' 87

93

103

29

312

1877-8 .

7

36

10

13

83

99

109

36

327

34^ Qmgregational Necrology. [April,

CONGREGATIONAL NECROLOGY.

[Note. — In the July number the vital statistics of all deceased ministen are
given in detail, hence in this necrological department, in the case of ministers,
some statistics are designedly omitted.]

Jonathan Brace, d. d., editor of the Religious Herald^ was bom
in Hartford, Conn., June 12, 1810, and died there Oct. i, 1877.
His father, Thomas Kimberly Brace, and his grandfather, whose
name he bore, were honored and eminent citizens of the town,
holding various stations of trust and influence. ^

Mr. Brace entered Yale College in 1827, but on account of his
health, transferred his connection tp Amherst in 1828, and was grad-
uated there in 183 1, his Alma Mater giving him the honorary D. D.
in 1858. In the study of theology, he took an eclectic course^
spending one year at Andover, the next at New Haven, and the
third at Princeton, and carried through life an independence of the
" schools,'' for which this training fitted him. His first pastorate was
over the church in Litchfield, Conn., where he succeeded the Rev.
Dr. Hickock, and was ordained June 12, 1838 ; Dr. Lyman Beecher
had been dismissed twelve years before. Mr. Brace remained here
six years, received one hundred and fifty to the membership of the
church, and achieved for his own name an honorable place in the
eminent roll of Litchfield ministers.

Reasons of health induced his resignation in 1844, and he sup-
plied the Central Presbyterian Church in New York while its pastor.
Dr. Adams, was in Europe. He then returned to pastoral work in
Milford, Conn., where he was installed Sept 24, 1845, succeeding
Rev. Dr. Coe, since secretary of the American Home Missionary
Society. This church was at the time the largest, save one, in the
State, numbering nearly six hundred members. His ministry here,
of eighteen years, was eminently happy and useful. Three revivals
attended it.

While at Milford he became an editor, in 1858, of the Religious
Herald; and when, in 1863, his wife's health led to the resignation
of his pastorate, he returned to his native town, and devoted the
remainder of his life to this editorial work. What he wrote for the
Herald fills fifteen duodecimo volumes of scrap-book ; and he was
also a contributor to the Biblical Repository ^ Home Monthly^ and
Farlor Magazine, He also published a volume of three hundred
and forty-one pages, entitled Scripture Portraits; and a Tract which
he wrote has had a wide circulation.

18/8.] Congregational Necrology, 347

Since the death of Dr. Hawes, Dr. Brace has been the permanent
moderator of the famous ministers' meeting in Hartford, and the
following minute gives the estimate of him formed by his associates
in the ministry : —

" In the removal from us by death of the Rev. Dr. Brace, we desire
to record our appreciation of his urbanity, dignity, and intelligence
as a presiding officer, as well as the fidelity of his attendance and
the enjphasis which that fidelity expressed of the worth and signifi-
cance of our weekly gathering. As almost the last survivor of the
older race of ministers among us, he has always been the object of
our respect ; while his generous toleration of new thoughts, and his
unfailing sympathy with his younger brethren, have won at once our
esteem and our gratitude. As our presiding officer, we have had
ample opportunities of admiring bis symmetry of character and the
value of his solid gifts. He has been to us a happy moderator of
the pastoral office, and as much in his indirect example as in his
uttered words, he has commended to us the virtues which make a
minister of the Lord Jesus at once beloved and respected. His
serene and kindly presence will long remain with us as a gracious
and helpful memory."

Dr. Brace had a well-balanced mind ; while all his faculties were
vigorous, no one dominated over the others. He was very familiar
with Scripture, and could quote from every part of the Bible with
remarkable facility and accuracy. His love of literature was intense,
and his tenacious memory held the results of his wide reading at
ready command. Hence, his conversation was full of anecdote, and
his sermons rich in illustration. In theology he was well read, and
his preaching was evangelical, orderly, and earnest. If he was not
profound, he was never superficial, and he was always instructive.

As a pastor he was universally beloved. The young people of his
congregation followed him into the retirement of his later years for
sympathy, counsel, and help, such as he always delighted to give.
The churches, also, often sought his advice, and in ordinations and
other public occasions he had often a leading part.

He was a benevolent man. His rule through life was to give the
tenth of his income to the Lord, and in later years all the earnings
of his pen were devoted to charity. His habits were economical,
and when first settled he declined the salary offered him ($1,000)
as being greater than his wants required. In business affairs, his
judgment was excellent, and others often sought and prized his
advice. The Herald which he so long edited says, '* He was
methodical, punctual, and just. His promptness and accuracy in all

348 Congregational Necrology. [AprU,

financial matters were especially marked. We do not remember of
his failing to present his quarterly bill for editorial services on the
day it was due. His forethought and punctuality in the editorial
department were equally praiseworthy, enabling us always to issue
our paper on the day of publication without delay."

Dr. Brace was a good citizen, believing that every man owed a
duty to the government under which he lived. He never omitted to
vote at elections, and during the late war was a strenuous supporter
of the government. After the first call of President Lincoln, he
offered a bounty of ten dollars per man to every recruit from his
town, and subsequently a thousand dollars toward the expense of
raising a regiment in the county. As man, minister, neighbor,
friend, and citizen, Dr. Brace will be greatly missed, and ev^n those
who knew him only as a genial, hale, and impressive old gentleman
as he walked the street, will regret his demise. But he has filled the
measure of his threescore and seven years with a life full of useful-
ness, leaving behind the record of one for whose living his fellow-
men are better.

His memory as husband and father is a precious legacy to his
children's children. He married April 3, 1837, Sarah E. Finch, of
Washington, N. Y., who died July 30, 1866, aged 48 years. He lost
one son, and two daughters survive him, Mrs. R. H. Chittenden,
of Brooklyn, and Mrs. A. A. Patton, of Hartford.

Andrew Wood Porter, widely known as Deacon Porter, died at
Monson, Mass., March 4, 1877. He was the son of William and
Minerva (Wood) Porter, and was born at Middleborough, Mass.,
March 2, 1795. The first seventeen years of his life were spent on
a farm, which his father carried on together with the business of an
iron furnace. In addition to the advantages of the common school,
he enjoyed several terms of study at Pierce Academy; and also
taught one term. Leaving home, he became clerk in a country
store, and continued in that capacity seven years. Then he formed
a connection with Mr. Samuel Slater, as a manufacturer, and re-
moved to Oxford. Six years later he bought an interest in and
assumed the care of the mills of the Monson and Brimfield Man*
ufacturing Company, and located at North Monson. Thenceforth
Monson was his home, except six years, from 1851 to 1857, during
which he was in charge of the Granite Mills at Stafford Springs,
Conn., and lived in that place. Until he moved to Stafford, from
1825 to 185 1, his house was near his factory, almost two miles
from the village. On his return from Stafford, he built a house

1878.] Congregational Necrology. 349

Id the centre of the village His business life was a successful
one.

Jan. 17, 1822, he married Hannah Kingsbury, of Oxford, who
died Dec. 15, 1869. ^ sermon commemorative of Mrs. Porter
i¥as preached by her pastor, and published. They had four chil-
dren, three of whom died in infancy, and the fourth, Elizabeth
Butler, died of heart disease at the age of thirteen. A second
marriage was contracted with Mrs. Mary Sigoumey (Butler) Staf-
ford, of Oxford, Jan. 17, 1872.

Deacon Porter had a strong constitution, great power of endur-
ance, and a vast amount of energy. Obstacles which appall most
men, were by him little regarded. Through life, an enlargement of
his heart was a source of great annoyance, and often prevented his
taking rest in a recumbent posture. On account of this affection,
during his last sickness, which was paralysis, he was obliged to
remain continuously in an upright position until released by death.
In the summer of 1863, while on the road from South Hadley, by a
fall from the stage he was lamed for life. This injury, in connec-
tion with a rheumatic tendency, occasioned him almost continuous
suffering, which was aggravated by walking. These causes, with
other increasing infirmities, slowly diminished his former ceaseless
activity.

His parents attended, but were not members of the Congrega-
tional church. His grandmother, on the father's side, was a devoted
follower of Jesus, and his mother's family were active in the Chris-
tian life : the children felt that she was herself a Christian. With
two exceptions, the children united with evangelical churches, em-
bracing five denominations. Deacon Porter used to cite this as an
illustration of the promise fulfilled to " the children of the third and
fourth generation."

The boy Andrew was thoughtful and curious on theological as

vrell as other subjects. He was brought into contact with Christian

Ciharacters, some of them of a rare type of consecration. He held

vrarm discussions with his grandmother Porter, and was wont to

listen intently to the animated conversations of the gifted and devout

men of the church, on the village green, in the intervals of public

worship. He was not wholly free from a sceptical tendency.

Thomas Paine's Age of Reason was carefully studied, much to

his regret in subsequent life. After leaving home, he attended, a

portion of the time, the Universalist church. An incident of his

mature years, before he became a Christian, shows that at heart

he never forsook his ancestral faith. One of his brothers writing to

350 Congregational Necrology. [April,

him of his conversion, he conceived the idea of helping to educate
him for the ministry, and went from Monson to his early home to
make the proposition. While riding together past a Congregational
churchy his brother exclaimed, ^^ What horrible doctrines are taught
there 1 " At once he determined not to aid in promulgating such
narrow and uncharitable opinions, and went away without speaking
of the real object of his visit.

His wife's influence over him was great, her example godly, her
prayers and the prayers of others enlisted by her on his behalf
importunate, and at the age of thirty-four he gave his heart to the
Saviour, and united with the Congregational church at Monson.
The change was great, not in outward lifei — that was almost perfect
before, — but in the man. The proud, stem man of principle became
humble, gentle, docile as a child. His conversion was radical.
Henceforth his whole body, mind, and spirit were devoted to the
Master. Anywhere, everywhere he would recognize, honor, and
serve Him. Talents, time, income, property, all were at the Lord's
disposal. From the first he was active in private and in public.
Personal religion was a natural theme of conversation with the stage-
driver and the brakeman, the stranger and the familiar friend. The
same sul>ject was also adapted to the fraternal letter and the
business letter. His fidelity, in this respect, to his friends never
ceased.

His own factory village, where his wife was a hearty and efficient
supporter, was a prominent field of his labors. Revival after revival
was fostered among his employees, sometimes bringing almost every
family, and every member of each family, into the kingdom of our
Lord, and extending its beneficent influence through the church and
community. Time and money were applied without grudging to
this work, but nothing was permitted to interfere with the Sunday
school, the prayer-meeting, and the other activities of the church, in
all of which he was an earnest and fruitful worker. Five years after
his conversion, he was unanimously chosen deacon, from which
office the church was never willing to release him. These new
responsibilities were nobly met, and his leadership in every good
word and work proved. While naturally conservative, he was
keenly alive to every movement which promised advancement.
The great temperance reformation, which swept over so large a part
of New England shortly after his confession of Christ, found him a
foremost and effective advocate. On the Board of Trust of Monson
Academy, with such men as Dr. Ely, Chief Justice Chapman, Dr.
Vaille, and others, his counsels and labors were highly prized. In

«

18/8.] Congregational Necrology. 351

raising money for the academy, and for church and parish purposes,
lie was first to act, and one of the first in his gifts.

He loved to aid every good object, and made benevolence a study.
To ask him to give was a pleasure. If the object inspired confi-
dence, and he could do so consistently, he always responded cheer-
fully. If he could not give, he declined regretfully. His donations
ivent out through many different channels. Families were from time
to time, some regularly, the recipients of his bounty. Students
'were aided by him in obtaining an education. Helpful books were
distributed among theological students and missionaries. Such
^valuable religious reading as the Congregational Quarterly, the
Missionary Heraldy the Home Missionary^ and the Congregationalist
^as furnished to many who could not well afford to pay for it. Of
late years, at least, he kept his pastor well supplied with the needful
periodical publications. He was a liberal donor to the Congrega-
tional House, and nearly all our denominational societies were his
constant almoners. For nearly thirty years he also served the
American Board actively as a corporate member. Many Eastern
and Western churches and institutions of learning received his con-
tributions. To Amherst College, in its darkest days, he extended
the helping hand. In charge of its Charity Fund, and on Building
Committee, he gave his valuable time and counsel in addition to his
timely pecuniary offerings. But more than on any other object he be-
stowed time, counsel, care, and money on South Hadley Female
Seminary. One of the original trustees, and many years treasurer,
lie was necessarily connected with its entire financial history. From
the date of its incorporation to the end of his life, from the first
entrance of the spade to the last stroke of the hammer, he bore the
l>urden, and largely superintended every part of the building, the
altering, the repairing, and the furnishing of that great and impor-
tant institution.

The multiplicity of his cares and labors did not exhaust the foun-
tain of beneficence. He gave free scope to the amenities of social
life, and his home was a place of cheer, and of untiring hospitality.
The stranger of every clime, more especially the Lord's stewards, were
3ure to find their way to Deacon Porter's. The seminary at South
Hadley and his house at Monson were like the homes of father and
c:hildren ; indeed, he called the seminary home, and the teachers and
pupils daughters. Visits on the one side or the other were almost
continuous, and all the more gladly welcomed at Monson if thereby
a, recruiting -place could be provided for the weary and sick.

Deacon Porter was a rare man. His loss is felt by a wide circle

352 Qmgregational Necrology, [April,

of personal fnends^ by the institutions which have enjoyed the quidc-
ening impulse of his presence and his gifts, and by many mission-
aries, pastors, and churches, that have rejoiced in his benevolent
offerings, all over the world. Thou^ dead he yet speaketh ; by his
example, by the sdll unfailing stream of his benevolence, and by
the abundant and precious fruits of his personal ministries and of
his multiplied offerings to the Lord. c. & s.

Rev. Hvman Augustine Wilder was bom in Cornwall, Addi-
son. County, Vt., Feb. 17, 1822. He was the son of Ora and Sally
(Wheeler) Wilder. His early years were like those of the ordinary
New England boy, spent mainly in the rural home of his parents in
the usual work upon the farm and in the shop, and in such schooling
as the country towns afforded fifty years ago. But out of that simple
life, as well as by inheritance, came a robust physical and mental
constitution, which prepared him for the hard work he was to per-
form in after years.

He became a disciple of Christ in his youth, and at once felt the
call to fit himself for the gospel ministry. Having gained the con-
sent of his parents, who were able to give him little more than their
blessing, he pursued his preparatory studies mostly at the Gaines
and Millville Academies, Orleans County, N. Y. ; but in order to
defray expenses, he was obliged to teach school winters through
both his academic and collegiate course. Many of his pupils are
still living, and remember him with the highest respect and
affection.

He entered Williams College in 1841, and was graduated with
honor in 1845. From the college he came to the Theological Insti-
tute at East Windsor, from which he was graduated in the summer
of 1848. He was a hard and faithful student, and known for his
strong, independent, and manly thinking.

He was married, Feb. 21, 1849, to Miss Abby T. Linsley, of his
native town, Millville, Orleans County, who survives him with two
children, a daughter and a son, the former a graduate from, and at
this writing a teacher in the Abbott Female Seminary, Andover;
the latter a graduate of Williams College, and now a member of the
Hartford Theological Institute.

The week following his marriage, Mr. Wilder was ordained fay
council in the Congregational church at South Adams. The inter-
vening time was spent in leave-taking of friends, and in preparing for
his work abroad. He sailed from Boston for South Africa, April 9,
1849. His first year was spent near the port in charge of the print-

1878.] CongngoHonal Necrohgy. 353

ing-fn^ss. The year following; he went to Umtevalumi, a new
station, and entered upon regular mbsionary woik. Here he re-
mained for the next eighteen years, excepting a few months in
wfaidi he had charge of a class of young men at Aminzuntote. The
result was a small church and a community of several Christian
buoailies, who are as a city on a hill amid the surrounding darkness.

In 186S he visited America, where he remained two jrears, labor-
fa^ among the churches with a consuming zeal until his return, in
K870, to his old station in Umtevalumi. Many who heard him in
the pulpit and on the platform in those years will never forget the
fervor and power with which he spoke. It should be said, also,
that while die work of one station rested especially upon him, he
had in charge, after his return, the general affairs of two others at
the same time«

This continued until Jan. 15, 1875, when he returned to Amin-
nmtote to fill the place of Mr. Ireland in the training school, while
die latter was absent in this country. But never at rest while he
could stand upon his feet, he undertook, during his vacation in
August of that year, an exploring tour £uther back into the country,
with reference to selecting a cite for a new station. It was while
stopping in one of the native kraals^ zwbj firom family and mission,
ary fiiends, that he had a severe attack of dysentery ; and although
the attack yielded to the remedies at hand so far that he was able
to go on with his work in a few weeks, jret it left him so debilitated
that he found it necessary, the following February, to try the effect
of a few months' residence at the Cape. Here he was so much
improved that he was encouraged to return to Natal and enter
again upon his work. But a sudden relapse admonished him and
his friends that the only thing likely to work permanent benefit, if
not, indeed, necessary to save his life, was a voyage to America.

Accordingly in November, 1876, he sailed for his native land,
which he reached Jan. 30, 1877. The voyage was one of extreme
suffering, and he was so weak at landing that it was necessary to
carry him from the vessel to his hotel. Here for weeks and even
months, wasted to a skeleton, he hung between life and death ; but
at length, and almost imperceptibly, he began to amend. His
strength increased very slowly, and it was not till the summer
opened that he was able to be moved into the country. Here it was
hoped the good air, the fresh and nourishing food, with the unwearied
ministries of wife, children, and friends, would bring back at least a
measure of the old-time health. For a time the change worked
fovorably, and he apparently made headway against his disease. He

354 CangregatUmal Necrology. [April,

was able, with crutch or cane, to walk aboat the house, and to scune
extent out of doors, and to see and enjoy his friends ^ but the prog-
ress was slow, and there came pauses and set backs, so that at die
end of weeks the gain was slight. Still his courage never fiilteiedy
and he planned to spend the winter in Hartford, whither he removed
about the first of September, both to be with his son, and to furnish
him a home while pursuing his course in the seminary. He endured
the journey better than was anticipated, and both himself and famfly
were hopefiil of the best results ; but Sept. 7th he had a sudden
relapse, and after a brief struggle fell asleep in Jesus.

Such is a brief summary of Mr. Wilder's life and work. The
timber of his mental and physical constitution was of that tough and
well-seasoned grain which has characterized the best type of New
England life. He had abounding health, and with ordinary work
and exposure should have lasted his fourscore years. But this very
exuberance of life became his tempter and destroyer. A boy on the
farm, a youth in the academy, a young man in the coll^;e and the
seminary, there was nothing in the range of physical endurance
which he was afraid to undertake ; and so as an ambassador for
Christ on the African field, where climate prostrates and enfeebles
most, he was prodigal of his energy, and perhaps all the more so as
he saw the sluggish life around him.

His practical sense took in the situation at once. He saw that
here rude natives could neither achieve nor maintain a Christian civ-
ilization without the industries of civilized life. In order to save
Christianity, after it was left to native hands, he felt that provision
must be made for it in schools, and churches, and Christian homes.
But as these could not survive without the practical knowledge of
those arts by which wealth is created, he felt that he was in the line
of Christian duty when he taught a Zulu how to raise a field of
sugar-cane, or how to construct a door or a sash for his house. He
was tasked on every side, and was, literally, all things to the people.

He had, also, a mental stir and drive that more than matched his
physical strength and activity. Endowed by nature with a high order
of intellect, with a poet's imagination, with clear conceptions, and a
strong understanding, he loved to grapple with the subtlest problems
in metaphysics, theology, and philosophy. He took little on author-
ity. What he believed he had thought through, and he could give
a reason for his faith. He was a natural-born leader, and had the
great qualities of success in whatever calling he might have chosen.
He saw almost intuitively the thing to be done, and had the daring
to do it. He had, in an eminent degree, both mental and mora

1878*] Congregational Necrology. 355

courage, and never hesitated to take responsibility when he deemed
it right and necessary.

His moral perceptions were clear and quick, and his moral con-
TOtions thorough and controlling. There was no sham in his
make-up, — from crown to foot he was genuine and manly. He
could not cringe nor flattef , nor could he '* be afraid of such a thing
as himself." He was never chased with the shadow of his own
reputation, nor was he careful to know the popular side before he
took his stand. These qualities, if they sometimes made him un-
popular, always made him respected and trusted, for they were
proof that he was honest and brave. He had committed himself to
Gody and was not anxious for results. Had he toiled all those
years without seeing an African converted, he would have labored
on all the same, and still have believed that the gospel is the power
of God unto salvation. He walked by fidth, not by sight.

His life-work, to one less deep and settled in his moral and
religious convictions, would have been full of discouragements.
The slow growth of African character, the shifting condition of the
people, their lack of permanent homes or work, their want of the
arts of life which bring wealth, culture, and stability to a people,
never disheartened him. He was sure all these would come in time,
and, like the coral insect, he was willing to work on in the dark,
adding his little to the foundation on which should be built the
bright future of a rising people.

He gave to his life the best evidence of success in his loyalty to
that which was deepest and best within him. No man can do more
than give his life for his cause, and that Mr. Wilder did. He heard
the call of the poorest of the poor, the last command of his dying
Lord, the voice of his risen Saviour pronouncing the decisions of
the judgment seat, and he went forth in obedience to them all, to
give his life for the perishing. If others have made a more dazzling
record ; if others have amassed larger fortunes and left to their heirs
larger estates ; if others have attracted to themselves more of the
world's thought and gaze, yet who of them has made a truer life,
built up a character with less of stubble, sham, and cant, and
achieved a higher place among the elect men who were loyal to
conviction, to authority, and to the person of the Son of God ? In
this Supreme realm he won, and will hold his place forever.

Both of his children hope to return to Africa, at no distant day,
and carry forward the work to which their father gave his life.

c. L. w.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 2. 7

356 Literary Review. [April,

LITERARY REVIEW.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS. r

It mast have been with a feeling of well-earned satis£u:tion that Dr.
Cowles wrote in the pre£eu:e to his latest commentary/ '^ With this small
volume on Job the author's work on the Old Testament is completed."
Few scholars in our country have given to the Scriptures longer and pro-
founder study than the author of this commentary, and fewer yet have
done so much to elucidate them. In all he has written he is clear, vigor-
ous, sensible, and practical. He makes less show of scholarly acquisition,
fewer references to and quotations from other woiks than most commenta-
tors, but in place of them we have what is quite as valuable, — well-con-
sidered and independent views of his own.

It matters little to Dr. Cowles that the authorship of this book has been
learnedly^ and exhaustively discussed without leading to a decisive result.
He approaches the question as if it were new, and gives it a fresh and
original handling. His conclusion is that Moses is the author, for which
weighty if not entirely satisfactory reasons an, given.

Dr. Cowles believes the book to have an historic basis. He treats the
first two chapters as literally true. In his comments on the statement that
Job's three friends sat down with him " seven days and seven nights," he
says, " Think of seven days' silence, sitting there by their old friend, now
so desolate, so smitten of God ! " The speeches which follow he does
not regard as literal reports. ** It is not in human nature for men to speak
off-hand in such style as appears through these discourses." Was it "in
human nature " for them to sit down on the ground seven days and seven
nights and speak not a word ? Is it not quite as reasonable to assume
that there may be some degree of fictitious embellishment in the opening
prose narrative as well as in the poetic chapters that follow it ?

Concerning the inspiration of the book, Dr. Cowles makes this discrimi-
nating remark (p. 230) : —

" All that falls from the lips of Jehovah lacks no element of suprelne
authority. What fell from human lips cannot be accepted as inspired
merely on the ground that they said it. These disputants were not proph-
ets, inspired of God ; they were not speaking as men sent of God and
indorsed by God either by miracle or prophecy, or by a prophetic charac-
ter established in any reliable way. Consequently their words must be
brought to some other standard than their own personal authority for a
worthy judgment as to their being the truth of God. But this amounts to
saying that these words, considered in themselves, are inspired in no other
or higher sense than the words of uninspired men in every age, /. /., are
not in any just sense inspired 2X all."

In saying this, Dr. Cowles does not, as we understand him, mean to
intimate or imply that the author of the book was not di\nnely guided in
its comp>osition.

Not the least valuable part of this commentary is the discussion in the

^ See D. Appleton & Co., p. 67. Price ^1.50.

1878.] Literary Revuw. 357

conclusion on the Inspired Authority of the book, the Under- World, the
Progress of Doctrine, and the problem, Why God permits Suffering? A
new and admirable translation is appended. We heartily commend this
work to all Bible students.

There is already in the market a surfeit of lectures to theological stu-
dents and young ministers. "Every conceivable phase of ministedal work
has been thoroughly discussed, and no minister need fail in his work
through want of good advice ; but lay-workers have not been instructed
overmuch. Rev. H. C. Hadyn, O.D., pastor of the First Presbyterian
Church of Cleveland, O. (formerly the very successful pastor of the Con-
gregational Church in Painesville, O.), has, from his wide observatibn and
experience in guiding lay-effort, brought out a little hand-book,^ which is
admirably adapted to present wants. There is an increasing number of
laymen engaged in active Christian work, — in which fact there is much
encouragement, — but many of these laborers need training anft instruc-
tipn. Dr. Haydn's book, with its plain, sensible, terse discussions of the
" Relations of the Ministry and the Laity," " Lay Work as Church Work,"
iU « Range," " Specific End," " Qualifications," " Mistakes," " Self-Cul-
ture," etc., will be very helpful to all such. Pastors who wish to increase
the efiiciency and wisdom of the young working members of their church
would do well to commend this book to their notice.

Mr. Cook's Orthodoxy^ is published in the same general style as the
two preceding volumes on Biology and Transcendentalism, He who
undertakes to review these books may find occasions for criticism, if he
so desires. One needs, however, to be sure that these lectures do not
obey higher laws than they transgress, before he condemns them. Mr.
Cook is certainly original in his ways of speaking and writing. He is not
copying anybody's methods. Herein is his power. But herein also is a
chance for unjust judgments on the part of those who review him. It is
always to be remembered that what these books contain has first of all
been given in the shape of lectures before great audiences, without
manuscript. When one listens to them it is a matter for wonder how any
man, discoursing upon such themes, can follow out. so perfectly the lines
of argument which he has proposed to himself. Until we acquire con-
fidence by experience we wait anxiously lest the speaker should become
confused, lose his thread, and make some awkward trip. On the other
hand, when we hold the published volume in our hands and separate our-
selves entirely from the lecture-room, many sentences may seem somewhat
unfinished. The transitions may appear abrupt. What was really a
merit in the lecture, when the mind of the speaker was warm and glowing
and his audiences alive with interest, may be pointed out as a defect in
the published book.

We are not of the number of those who desire to criticise these volumes.
We are grateful to Mr. Cook for the work he has done and is doing. It

1 See A. D. F. Randolph & Co., p. 67. ^ See James R. Osgood & Ca, p. 68.

1878.] LiUrofy Riview. 359

•

The March number comes to hand, containing four hundred pages and
fourteen articles.

We have read ^ Evil in Things Goody** to one point of which we are
glad to call attention. Christian denominations are usefol, but have their
evilSf in illustration of which foct the author, Dr. John Hall, dweUs upon
the too easy and complacent reception of ministers, passing from one
denomination to another. Good men sometimes make such a change for
good Reasons, and men less good for reasons less satisfoctory; and evils,
not slight, result Dr. Hall ^' would have the denominations consult one
anodier in the spirit of mutual good-will and respect in every case ot
tills Idnd. Why, merchants and insurance companies, with all their trade
rivalries, consult and exchange information for mutual protection ; and it
is a salutary lesson to a knave to find that he is known to the entire fiater-
nitj, a member of which he has managed to cheat with impunity. It sug-
gests to him, impressively, that honesty is the best policy. Why should
not the children of light be as wise ? ... To allege that on this
plan the character of men would not be safe, is idle. It is indeed to allege
lack of veracity and unfitness for their place on the part of churchmen of
every class, a wholesale calumny.'.' The gains mentioned are mutual
good feeling, promoted by the exercise of such courtesy, and '^ The rest-
less rolling stones that gather no moss, and inflict bruises and hurts as
they roll, would be checked in some degree in their movements, while the
really evil-living and unfit would be able only once to wound Christ -in
the house of His friends." '^ Opportunity is to most men one of the
strongest forms of temptation." This we heartily commend to the consid-
eration of all concerned ; and we may add that State lines, as well as
those of denominations, may need similar consideration.

This number of the Review will not diminish the wonder at its new
departure. At this rate its six numbers in the year will contain nineteen
hundred pages, — one hundred more than Scribner's, — all which it pro-
poses to furnish subscribers for $2.00. Some Frenchman said of the
Balaklava Charge that it was magnificent, but was not war. Such re-
view publishing may be very useful, but it is in a business point of view
anomalous. We learn that these numbers have been distributed freely
among our own ministers as an advertisement.

Ai Eventide * is the title of a volume of sermons from the pen of Dr.
Nehemiah Adams. As an author he is worthy of the special study ot
young ministers. There is a classic elegance in his writings which they
do well to emulate. This book contains fifteen short sermons, all preached
near the close of an active ministry of nearly fifty years. The very title of
the volume shows the genius of the author. Some of the sermons have
a simplicity and a pathos which cannot but charm the reader. The little
volume has prefixed to it a photograph of the author, who, in advanced
life and in feeble health, still remains with us to illustrate the declaration
of the Psalmist, "They shall still bring forth fruit in old age."

^ See D. Lothrop & Co., p. 69.

iS/S.] Literary Review. 361

** ' How many wantest thoa ? Are not seven enough ? Thoo art poor.'

" ' I love my children better than my life,' replied the distressed father.

** ' The boy is better off where he is,' retorted the Pasha. < Selim Effendi will
take good care of him, 'and make a rich man of him.'

** * He b my son,* said his fiither. * I want him. I cannot leave him there. His
modier cries day and night The other children play no more. They think of
their lost brother. My heart is broken with grie£'

" ' Look at me, my friend. Thy son is a Mussulman. They brought him here
the other day. In my presence he said the creed. He acknowledged himself a
son of Islam. They gave him a name. He became a Mussulman. It is finished.
To thee he is nothing.'

*^ The fiither fell on his knees where he stood. Again the arrow pierced his
heart His stem self-control gave way. He stretched forth his clasped hands to
the minister, and cried aloud, while the tears coursed down his cheek, in his
agony,—

" ' My son I My son I Mercy I Mercy I He is my child. He is no Mussul-
man. He is a Christian. They have deceived him. He knew not what he did.
Bring him to me. Let him say before me that he is a Mussulman, and I will leave
him.'

*"What matters it?' said the relentless Pasha. 'He has made confession.
The business is ended. Rise.' "

The Greek population, before aroused, were now on fire. A band of
twelve brave fellows determined to secure the boy by stealth. They forced
their way at night over the walls of the Efiendi's garden, searched the
preoiises to the great alarm of the inmates, but without success. The
boy is now hustled off to the house of a Pasha, one of the chief ofiicers of
the court He '* enters upon a new phase of life." He is amused, caressed,
treated as a son. The Pasha has an only daughter, Mirameh. He deter-
mines on a marriage of his protigi with her, and educates him accordingly.
He is to be a courtier and statesman. Eventually he is introduced into
the society of officials at the Porte. In process of time he is made a Mo'-
hammedan in full by the rite of circumcision. It was a great occasion.
The boy's imagination is bewildered by the fascinations which surround
him. He abjures the religion of his father without thought ; visions of
present delight and future honors are made to pass before him, charming
his reason to sleep. He is introduced to the Sultan, who promises politi-
cal preferment. The age of fifteen is reached. His nuptials with the
daughter of the Pasha, now Grand Vizier, are celebrated with great pomp
and ceremony. The parties had seen each other on occasions " few and
for between," and are deeply in love. Three years of happy married life
pass, and the once captive boy enjoys high official distinction under his
father-in-law, the Grand Vizier. The vanities and luxuries of life are fully
tried. Mirameh is a gentle, loving nature. Her husband becomes her
world. She learns his history ; is not displeased, but rather rejoiced, that
he is a Greek, for she has the same blood in her veins, her grandmother
being also a Greek. She proposes that he visit his parents, which he
secretly does. He is welcomed with weeping joy by his sweet-tempered
and loving mother. He learns by unmistakable indications that Mirameh's

362 Literary Review. [April,

grandmother was the own aunt of his mother, one who had even tenderiy
cared for her in her infancy and childhood. Mirameh visits her mother-
in-law, and is delighted with her. The once stolen and deluded boy, now
a Turkish Bey, is ready to renounce the flatteries and honors of his sta-
tion, and escape from the bondage of official power and splendor. His
loving wife is willing to forsake father and mother and share his fortunes.
Through the agency of an English gentleman, who had been for years his
friend and adviser, he steals by night from his magnificent home, goes
aboard a ship ready waiting on the Bosphorus, and secretes himself and
clinging wife on a Greek isle, under the sunny and genial canopy of free
Greece. In five years we find him a popular preacher in the city; and
Mirameh, the wife of the honored* Bey, now a gentle, unassuming Chris-
tian woman, fit wife of the rising priest

This is the bare outline. The filling up with stirring incidents, fine
thoughts, and vivid descriptions, both of persons and scenery, of two wed-
ding ceremonials, one Greek, the other Mohammedan, and with lively
sketches of domestic customs, both of the Harem and Selamleuk, indeed
of all interior arrangements of Turkish life, from the pastimes and en-
chantments of the garden to the fervid glow of culinary preparation, is
skilfully constructed and charmingly told. The catastrophe is well wrought
out As illustrative of the author's power of delicate word-painting, take
the portraiture of Mirameh the first time that Athanasius saw her : —

^' He had been struck with her beauty, her lightness and airiness of step and
gesture, and her fawn-like shyness. Had they lived in a more southern clime, he
would have found an exact similitude to her in the gazelle of the desert, — the same
graceful form and carriage, so delicate, yet so agile ; the same open, yet timid,
bearing ; the same soft innocence, yet liquid brightness, of the eye ; the same
gentlei yet elastic and airy, movement, which hardly seems to touch the ground.
In the garden she had looked to him as if she might have been exhaled from the
dewy flowers in the night, and the morning sun might dissolve her into invisible
perfumes again."

The most interesting instruction to us, free Americans, is the civil con-
dition of the Rayahs, or non- Mohammedan subjects of that once powerful
but now tottering empire, once and still the deadly foe of Christians, and
now upheld by the Christian powers of Europe, and the fact that all
diplomatic stipulations made by these powers with the Porte, respecting
the rights and protection of his rayah subjects, are of little value. This
is stated in different forms and in different relations. Read the following
as a specimen. **They" (the Rayahs) "are tolerated, not recognized.
By the fundamental law of the empire, the Koran and its Commentaries,
they have and can have no rights as citizens. All the legal protection
vouchsafed to them is the care extended to subjugated enemies on parole."

" The fact proves the utter worthlessness of all those edicts in favor of the
Rayahs extorted by Western diplomacy, and for which the Sultan has, from time
to time, received the laudations of the Western powers. Not one of them is worth
the paper on which it is written. They have been, and will be observed so far as
those who have exacted them compel their observance, no further ; and this will

l87&] Literary Review. 363

be in the few individual cases which are brought to the notice of foreign ambas*
sidofB, and in which they think it politic to interfere. But every Rayah know%
that^ by the law of Islam, his life is forfeited, and that the tribute which he pays ia
a commutation for the penalty which would terminate his existence.

^ The Christians of the East have, therefore, never been deluded by these Taw-
simata, Khatti Sherife, and Royal Acts of Grace. They read well to Western
ears ; but the Rayah knows enough of the authority under which he lives to
understand that Uiey are illegal, unconstitutional, and can never be generally
eafbrced In every instance they have gradually sunk out of sight ; and the con*
ditioii of the Rayah throughout the empire is at this moment as miserable as it
was fifty years aga

* The Sultan cannot, if he would, subvert the institutions under which he holds
his throne. The law of religion is independent of him. To gratify or propitiate
a Western power, on whose good-will he depends, he may, as he often has done,
grant a paper which awards equal rights to his Christian subjects, and for a time
there may be the appearance of enforcing it But as it has uniformly been in the
past^ so it must, of necessity, be in the future ; the fundamental law of the empire,
which is the law of religion, must regain its sway, and prevail over these irregular
and abnormal exceptions. 7%at abides : these are accidents, which have only the
force of a transient spasm. There is no hope, absolutely no hope, for our Chris-
tian brothers in the East but in the overthrow of the dominion which hcdds them
b bondage."

MISCELLANEOUS.

Among the elegant volumes which have been issued recently from the
press of Messrs. Harper & Brothers, we cannot forbear to call attention
to the following : —

Cyprus'^ is a narrative of researches and excavations during ten jrears'
residence on that island. The indefatigable and enthusiastic author is
Gen. L. P. Di Cesnola, who had served in the armies of the United States
during the war of the Rebellion, and was appointed consul at Cyprus in
1865. '^his island was the Chittim of the Old Testament Its geograph-
ical position, the fertility of its soil, and its great mineral wealth gave it
early renown. This book furnishes a brief sketch of the history of the
island, affording a glance at its important relations to the Egyptians, the
Phoenicians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Italians, the Moslems, and the
English Crusaders.

The vast number of the ruins of ancient cities and of tombs on this
island furnished an inviting field of research to a man of antiquarian tastes.
The treasures in pottery, ancient coins, gems, Babylonian cylinders, and
sculptures of various kinds which rewarded the research of our military
consul are here given to the public in an elegant and attractive form. In-
deed, the book in its manufacture is superb. Between four and five hun-
dred illustrations elucidate the theme and render the volume an ornament
for a parlor table. A learned appendix and a thorough index of the work
add to its value to the scholar, while the mingling of history, narrative,
personal experience, and vivid description give to the volume a special
interest for the general reader.

1 See Harper & Brothers, p. 66.

364 Literary Review. [April,

Pottery and Porcelain * is the title of a work which excites our wonder
hardly less at the patience and indefatigable zeal of the author, Dr. Wil-
liam C. Prime, than at the variety and interest of the treasures which it
brings to view. The author commences his preface with the statement
that ten years ago there were probably not ten collectors of pottery and
porcelain in the United States, and adds, '' To-day there are perhaps ten
thousand/' These are, at least, bold assertions with which to start. Sure
we are that if there are ten thousand collectors of pottery and porcelain in
the United States, this attractive book of Dr. Prime's will tend to increase
them to ten times ten thousand. The preface is followed by a list of
" Authorities Consulted," giving some fifty volumes, which constitute the
literature of the theme. Persons who have given no attention to this sub-
ject will be amazed as they peruse this catalogue of learned authorities.
None surely can fail to be delighted with Dr. Prime's contribution to this
subject. His work is not devoted to the detailed processes of the manu-
facture of pottery and porcelain, but it is descriptive of the wares them-
selves, and meets the wants of the lovers of art. It embraces under its
technology ** everything made by baking in fire or furnace, into the compo-
sition of which clay enters."

The extent of the* ground which the work covers is seen in the table of
contenjts, — Ancient Pottery, Modem Pottery, and Porcelain. The author
draws illustrations from Egypt, Assyria, and Babylonia, Phoenicia, Holy
Land, Greece, Etruria, Rome, ** Saracen," Italy, Spain, Portugal, France,
Germany, S\vitzeriand, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Denmark, Russia,
German Gr^s Ceramique, China, Corea, Japan, India, Austria, Hungary,
and Poland. He devotes two sections to pottery and porcelain of Eng-
land and of America, and one section to marks on pottery and porcelain.
The engravings, which are only one less than three hundred, are elegant,
and render the work '*a thing of beauty." It is creditable to the public
that the author and the publishers find encouragement for so much labor
and such a large investment in this department of art.

Contemporary Art in Europe*^ is a work by S. G. W. Benjamin, made
up of several articles published originally in Harper^s Monthly Magazine^
with the addition of considerable fresh material. These essays embrace
Art in England, France, and Germany, and the author discusses different
schools and a great variety of themes, including the underlying historic
and ethnic principles of art.

The illustrations, which are nearly eighty in nUmber, serve to show the
creditable attainments of our best engravers. The tendency of such a
work as this is to create in our own land a school of art which, as it comes
into existence, will have characteristics and merits peculiarly its own.
The tasteful qualities of the book itself show that book-making has al-
ready become an art, in which, as a nation, we have made praiseworthy
proficiency.

1 See Harper & Brothers, p. 66. " See Harper & Brothers, p. 66.

1878.] Litermy Review. 365

BOOKS RICKIVKD.

Seribner, Armiir<mg 6* Co,, New York*

All Saints' Day and other Sennons. By the Rev. Charles Kingsley, M. A. Edited
by the Rev. W. Harrison, u. a. 1878. i2mo. pp. 410. 11.5a

Robert Carter 6* Brothers, New York.

The Kingdom of Judah. By the aathor of "* The Wide, Wide World." 1878.

i6mo. pp. 385. ^1.50.
Take Care of Number One, and other Narratives. By the Rev. P. B. Power. 1878.

i6mo. pp. 263. |i.oa
The Widow directed to the Widow's God. By John Angell James. With an

Introduction. 1878. 32ma pp. 305. 50 cents.
Lectnres on the Lord's Prayer. By William R. Williams. i2mo. pp. 241. I1.25.
Life of John Kitto, d. d., f. s. d., author of '* Kitto's Bible Illustrations." By

John Eadie, D. D., ll. b. 1878. i6ma pp. 435. I1.25.
The Kiqg in his Beauty. By Rev. Richard Newton, D. D. 1878. i6mo. pp.

347- |i.25-
Beauty for Ashes. By Alexander Dixon, author of *' All About Jesus." 1878.

i2mo. pp. 436. I2.00.

Houghton f Osgood &* Co., Boston. *

K^ramos and Other Poems. By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. 1878.^ i6mo.

pp. 148. I1.25.
Poems of Places. Edited by Henry W. Longfellow. Russia. One volume.

1878. 32ma pp. 245. $ijoo, Greece and Turkey in Europe. One volume.

1878. 32mo. pp. 271. Ii.oo.
Memoir of William Francis Bartlett By Francis Winthrop Palfrey. 1878. i6mo.

PP309. 11.50-

Z>. Lothrop &* Co., Boston.

Concessions of '' Liberalists " to Orthodoxy. By Daniel Dorchester, D. D. i6mo.

pp. 343- ^«.2S.
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1878.] LiUraty Review. 367

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The Atonement, not a Dramatic Representation, but the Central Truth of the
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1877. 8vo. pp. 14.
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wood, Springfield, Mo., July 20, 1877. 8vo. pp. 20.
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8vo. pp. 68.
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July 30 to Aug. 3, 1846, with an introductory Note by one of the secretaries,

and an Appendix. 1878. 8vo. pp. 51.
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D. D. 1877. 8vo. pp. 8.
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8vo. pp. 147.

1878.] Editors Table. 369

EDITOR'S TABLE.

Gmera! or Public yustici. — It was just a century ago that (he appearance of
Universalism as the logical sequence of Old School Calvinism led theologians to
feme the current statements cf the doctrine of the Atonemenl. It had been cus-
tomary to ssserl that the Atonement involved a literal catisfAction of retributive
juBlice. Pres. Edwards, even, had said, in his earlier writings, that " Christ haa
ixtiified justice fnllyi so that it is but a thing that maybe challenged (as the
believer's tight) that God should now release the debtor when be h^ fully paid
the debt" Since the debt Was paid antecedent to and independent of any act of
faith on the part of the sinner, it was logically inferred that all for whom Christ
bad died were freed from exposure to penalty. Christ died for all, He had borne
the punishment due to all ; therefore, all will ht saved, whether penitent or not.

This was the riduilio ad ahtardum which led lo a thorough reinvestigation
of the doctrine of the Atonement by such men as Drs. Jonathan Edwards,
Smalley, Dwight, Emmons, and others. In order to greater clearness, Ihey made
a distinction between what they called general or public justice and distributive
jtistice In the exercise of general justice, God will alwajrs do that which is, on
the whole, wisest and best. This is the fundamental and gnvernin^ principle that
underlies the administration of His universal kingdom. Distributive justice, on
the other hand, delermines what is due to particular individuals. It is the meas-
ure of individual deserts. This will be exercised only so far as it is consistent
with public justice or the general good. To say that God does not in this world
treat men as they deserve is equivalent to saying that He does not eierdie dis-
trfbulive justice ; but, aa a righteous God, He must always do that which is for the
general good, and therefore may act righteously, as well as benevolently, while
Hia distributive justice is held in suspense.

This dislinclioil, which U obvious and clear, has been wrought into a large
■hare of the profoundeit theological thought of the last century. Of late, how-
ever, it is becoming fashionable to ignore or depreciate it. Dr. Bushnell, in his
Fargh-mai and Lain (p. 146), ridicules il as a "moat sorry theologic invention,"
and adds that it is " most distinctly, most provincialt; new." This latter objec-
tion, t^ the way, cannot be regarded as veiy serious, aa it comes in connection
with Dr. Bushnell's theory of propitiation, which is "most distinctly and individ-
oally, rather than provincially, new." Il Is hardly best to give up this distinction
because it looked "sorry" to Dr. Bushnell, especially since he himself held to it
without knowing it ; for only two pages before he speaks of this " new theologic
invention," he says that God " will, of course, be upright before all things else ;
hot the dealing hack on transgressors what their crimes deserve is a very diSerent

We think that just now there is special need of insisting upon this well-
established and familiar distinction between general and distributive justice, i. t.,
irtkat in demanded in the interest of all and what is due to each, for upon this
rests the doctrine of the Atonement in its clearest and most tenable form. On
what ground is it conceivably permissible that a righteous God should remit the
peoalty for broken law? He must forgive sin righteously or not at all. The
(acred authority of His government must be maintained, either by the infliction
of the penalty due to sin or by something else of equivalent value. The ulti-
mate object of the penally is the maintenance of righteousness or general justice.
The Atonemenl, therefore, must look to the same end. It must be such as to
show that God is "just" while He "justifies" the believer. Thus, according to
the Scriptural doctrioe of expiation, God's righieoumess ia so declared and tin is

370 Editof^s Table. [April,

so condemned by the sufferings and death of Christ as to make it safe and right
to forgive all who repent and believe. Overlook or deny this distinction between
general and distributive justice, and one of two conclusions must follow, — either
Christ endured the exact and literal penalty for the sins of the whole world, or
else his atoning work stands in no relation to justice, and is in no sense a sacrifice
for past sin, /. e,, it is not an atonement at all in the received and established
use of that term. Weak views of the Atonement will always accompany low
views of the majesty and authority of God^s moral government

7^€ North American ReTnew &n Eternal Punishment. — In the number of the
above Review for March-April, there is a conglomerate article on " The Doctrine of
Eternal Punishment" The first and the last part were written by Dr. Noah
Porter, and between these portions there are five sections written by the represent-
atives of five parties or denominations, — the Infidel, the Roman Catholic, the
Unitarian, the Baptist, and the Universalist

The opening section, by Dr. Porter, seems to have been submitted to the other
writers, so that what they have contributed toward the article is in response to his
first section. The design of this novel composite seems to be to reach, if possible,
am ethical statement of the grounds on which our views on eternal punishment most
rest, which shall be accepted by all the parties. With this understanding of the
design, Dr. Bellows, the representative of Unitarianism, characterizes Dr. Porter*l8

* opening of this discussion " as •* irenic " (p. 335). With this design in View, it is
natural that Dr. Porter should go as far as possible, consistently with the truth,
in avoiding what would not be accepted by the other parties.

The question which concerns every Congregationalist is whether Dr. Porter, as
a representative of our denomination, in the intensity of his purpose in this ireni-
con, has not sacrificed the truth itself. It is remarkable that his statement is
accepted by Dr. Bellows, who says, " I must frankly and gratefully confess that I .
could not ask a better summary of my own views than is presented in the last
paragraph but one of his paper." (p. 335.) It is significant that Dr. Bellows
expresses doubt whether " orthodoxy accepts the general positions laid down in
Dr. Porter's statement of the case." (p. 335.) It does not appear that the sum-
ming up of the case, or last section of the article in the Review^ was submitted by
the leading writer to the representatives of the other parties or denominations.
In commenting upon what was written by the representative of our own denomi-
nation, we must of course take the first and the last sections together. While we
agree with much that is here presented, and admire the clearness and philosophic
accuracy of a large part of the paper, we deeply regret that we feel forced to
express the conviction that some of the positions taken are not such as the cir-
cumstances in which the writer was placed seem to demand.

Our objections to his paper are these : —

First, On the doctrine of the atonement it is evasive, and liable to be vari-
ously interpreted. The doctrine of the atonement we regard as involving the idea
of expiation. Anything short of that, we agree with the Unitarians in denomi-
nating an " at-one-ment" What is known as the moral theory of the atonement
is, in our view, no atonement Yet Dr. Porter's paper may be interpreted by some
as in favor of this moral theory. He says that Christianity *' provides and offers
a remedy " (p. 327), but does not in that connection indicate its nature. He
speaks of " redemptive discipline " (p. 328), which is certainly a vivid designation
of the moral theory of the atonement He further says, "I agree with him [Dr.
Bellows] that this life is ' a state of education and of discipline,' if I may^ add,

* for a race which needs to be recovered or redeemed,' and provided I may empha-

l878.] Editor's Table. 371

•be the trnth that Christ in His life and death is the central force, who disciplines
sbftl men to a perfected character in a perfect life." (p. 353.) This is a descrip-
tion of Christ's redemptlTe work to which no old-feshloned Unitarian would
object It has no element in it, so £ar as the language requires, of expiadon.
After quoting the views ofMr. W. R. Ottgin)^ Enigmas 0/ Lift, he adds, ''He
overlooks one element only which Christianity and Christ can supply, — tlyit of
help and hope from a loving person, who awakens gratitude and love to Himself,
and thus secures victory over sin, and consequently over every form of death."
(p> 357*) There is another " element " which Christianity and Christ do supply,
and that is the element of expiation. In saying that " He overlooks one ele*
nent only," and in describing that one element as he does. Dr. Porter may be
interpreted as excluding the idea of expiation.

In the paragraph which Dr. Bellows gratefully adopts as a summary of his own
views (p. 335), Dr. Porter seems to positively deny the need of an expiatory
redemption in the declaration, " He [God] cannot possibly be displeased with or
effectively punish any being who loves. Him in the present^ or who repents of not
having loved and obeyed Him in the past." (p. 328.)

Bat Dr. Porter has, at least, one sentence in his paper apparently inconsistent
with the above. Thus he says, " So soon as we repent and renounce both [the
wicked purpose amd the wicked act], even thou^ God should continue to feel and
express His displeasure for what we had been, we should find some taste of heaven
in our present renunciation of our wicked past" (p. 32^)

If it is conceivable that God should in fact and in jusdce " condnue to feel and
express His displeasure for what we had been," then it is not true that — no atone-
ment being provided — " He cannot possibly be displeased with or effectively pun-
ish any being who loves Him in the present, or repents of not having loved and
obeyed Him in the past" Hence^ Dr. Porter may be interpreted by some as
having covertly assumed the reality of a vicarious atonement, and as having based
on that assumption the declaration that "God cannot possibly be displeased with
or effectively punish any being who loves Him in the present, or who repents of
not having loved and obeyed Him in the past." Thus the paper is evasive.

We cannot but suspect that the keen eye of Dr. Bellows saw this and put his
own interpretation on the language when he wrote, " If this statement be ac-
cepted as the general summing up of learned and candid, as well as profoundly
Christian, men in the modern orthodox party, it will advance the question far
above the cavils and protests of liberals, who mean to be Christians, and soon
take the debate out of all circles where it can be followed by sober or enlight-
ened argument" (p. 34a)

If it be said that Pres. Porter was discussing simply ethical principles, indepen-
dentiy of Scripture, this is not a satisfactory explanation of the evasiveness of
his paper, for there is ethical ground for the atonement back of Revelation.

We will add, if the writer believes, as we presume he does, in the necessity of
expiation, in writing on this subject, at such a time as this, fidelity to the truth
requires that he should have made it evident ; yea, more, as it seems to us, ptrsontU
ioyalty to Christ requires that he should have made it emphatic.

Second. He is philosophically inaccurate in his explanation of the existence of
evil. He asks, respecting the Divine Ruler, " Why does He suffer sin to be ?
The only answer that can be given is found in the freedom which is essential to
personality. God cannot exercise personal influences except with persons, and
personality involves the possibility of perversion." (p. 352.)

This is dear and satisfactory so far as the possibility of sin is concerned, but
the question, " Why does He suffer sin to be ?" does not concern the mere possi-

8KOOND SSftlES. — VOL. X. NO. 2. 8

372 Ediiar^s Table. [April

bilitrof SID, botdieactiialitTofit. The possibilitj of sin is foond m the freedom
which IS essential to personalitj ; bat the actoalitj of sin is not found in that free-
dom simply. The angels^ which have kept their first estate, have the freedom of
persooality without sin. The omnipotence of God famishes a piesnmptkm diat
He coold create a race of men endowed with personalitj, and jet, by personal
inflacnces, prevent their sinning. What is there in ethical science to rebot tins
presumption ? Dr. Porter replies, " The freedom which is essential to person-
ality." Not at alL That explains the possibility of sin ; hot a thing may be pot.
sible without being certain. When God created man, he so made him and
conditioned him that He knew not only that his sinning was possible, hot that it
was certain, — not necessary, bat certain. Why did He create him with this cer-
tainty ? That is the bottom question, and " die freedom whidi b essential to per-
sonality" does not answer it.

The students of Dr. Nathaniel W. Taylor, in his pafany days, know very well
that when he first wrote his theological lectures, he gave essentially the same
answer to this question which is here given by Dr. Porter, but that he subsequently
renounced that position as untenable. He originally took the ground that the
existence of sin is ** incidental to a moral system." Dr. Porter expresses the same
idea in another form when he says the reason why God permits sin is ** found in
the freedom which is essential to personality." Dr. Taylor, as he advanced in his
theological studies, changed his lectures and took the position that the existmce
of sin is incidental, " not to a moral system, but to the best moral system." This
is the ethical position which has been taught at Andover for the last Uiirty years.

The presumption from God*s omnipotence that He could create a race of men
endowed with personality, and yet by personal influences prevent their sinning,
which is urged against the Divine benevolence in having created and conditioned
men as He has, is answered only by the position that tk£ hest moral system may
incidentally involve sin, and that if it is so, the prevention of sin in that system
by the Supreme Ruler is not an object of power. God adopts the system because
he sees that it is best Man abuses the system by a perversion of his powers.
God is responsible for the system, and man is responsible for the sin. It is not
best for God to do any more than He now does to prevent man from sinning, for
|hat would alter the best system of government ; but it is best for man, under
existing Divine influences, to refrain from sinning, or having sinned, to repent.

We indicate what we regard as the inaccuracy of Dr. Porter's position that it
may not be accepted without question as representing the deepest and the most
advanced thought of our denomination in ethical science on this theological
theme.

Third. He advances the idea that there may be, in some sense and to a limited
degree, a "second probation" to man in another life (p. 355). It b true that this
Second probation, as he describes it, may not amount to much, if anything, more
than what every orthodox man must hold, viz., that "the next life ... by its
first revelations," may " make everything clear which was dark, and bring out in
vivid lines that moral and spiritual truth which the soul shall accept with sympa-
thizing joy or reject with sinfiil perverseness ; and as it accepts or rejects, shall
know its own character and its just award " (p. 355); but we object to calling this
" another probation " as misleading.

Fourth. Pres. Porter depreciates the recognized evidences of piety and inspires
false hopes by declaring that " we can judge very imperfectly of the results that
actually come to many on whom the recovering influences of the present life may
seem to have been worse than lost." (p. 354.)

Fifth, He makes an unfavorable impression as to Biblical language, notwith-

iS/S.] Editor's Table. 373

•tandiiig he says that ''against the imagery which we find in the Scriptures, when
taken as imagery, no man who has a moderate share of the historic sense or of
historic candor can malce any show of objection ** (p. 356), by calling *< the sayings
in the revealed word *' " dark or enigmatical " (p. 327), speaking of their import
as ''shadowy*' (p. 327), and of Scriptural representations as ** high-wrought pic-
tures of God's anger " (p. 328) and ''terrific sensuous imagery** (p. 356).

Sixik, He gives prejudicial representations of his ministerial brethren by
descanting on "the narrow dogmatism ** " of many so-called Christian theolo-
Sians,'* and " the practical nncharities " of " ecclesiastical bigots " ; by concedfaag
that "many who have heard Him [Christ] so badly represented as to reject the
caricatore of His person in the spirit of the fidth in His real character are in heart
troe believers" (p. 354); by including Jeremy Taylor and Jonathan Edwards
mmong "examples of those whose genius and piety have not preserved them from
^roosly erring " (p. 356), and by declaring that " not a few ill-instructed and exciting
preachers content themselves with the use of sensational imagery to excite alarm
and overlook the fearful spiritual possibilities of sin and the certain horrors of
which even the present life furnishes such terrible foreshowings." (p. 359.) We
Gannot but suggest that the spirit of the present age and the prevalent style of
preaching in our day are not such as to make it important that one in President
Porter^ position should be engaged in furnishing such "sops fi)r Cerberus."
leave it to Mr. Frothingham to hold up to contempt " the ethics of the

" (P- 330-)

N«ytwithstanding this lowering the flag to half-mast by one who should be
liolding it firmly at the mast-head, we are amazed at the ignorance or presumption
of Dr. Bellows' declaration ; " The absolute and final condemnation of any to
Hopeless and everlasting misery, at the close of mortal life, from either never
Isaving heard, or from not having accepted the alleged conditions of mercy offered
\»j Jesus Christ, I think is not the fiuth of instructed theologians, acquainted with
paychological and ethical truths — which shine by their own light — in any branch
€»£ the church." (p. 339).

After the death of our great constitutional statesman, at a table where there
^vere many who appreciated his powers, Rufus Choate arose, and with impas-
sioned eloquence exclaimed, " Oh, for another hour with Daniel Webster I "
llie student who is familiar with lectures on " Moral Government " delivered at
>^ew Haven thirty years ago, can hardly read this apologetic paper without
exclaiming. Oh, for another hour with Nathaniel W. Taylor 1

Denominational Integrity, — Notwithstanding the delusion cherished by some
that the Congregationalists have no doctrinal standard, yet there is a general
consensus which cannot be discarded without bringing in question a person's
denominational loyalty. To the constitution of the American Missionary Associ-
ation is appended a note which states, " By evangelical sentiments, we under
stand, among others, a belief in the guilty and lost condition of all men without
a Saviour ; the Supreme Deity, Incarnation and Atoning Sacrifice of Jesus Christ,
the only Saviour of the world ; the necessity of regeneration by the Holy Spirit,
repentance, faith, and holy obedience in order to salvation ; the immortality of the
soul, and the retributions of the judgment in the eternal punishment of the
wicked, and salvation of the righteous."

Who can question but that these are " evangelical sentiments," or that our
denomination holds to them ? Indeed the denomination not only holds to these
sentiments, but holds to them in such a specific prominence in their relations to
each other as involves the idea of Divine sovereignty in distinction from simple
foreknowledge. Cases where this is not true are exceptional

374 Editor's TabU. ' [April,

We are aware that attempts are made, more or leas open, at the present time,
to break down oar doctrinal standard. In the Christian Umon an influence is
exerted to undermine Orthodoxy. The Jndeptndemt openly advocates the removal
of all denominational lines between us and the Universalists and the Unitarians,
except the extreme radical wing. Seeing this, the Quarterly has systematically
and persistently resisted this *' sapping and mining " process. The Athamce one
week censures the Quarterly for its course, and another week takes up manfully
the work as though it were at one with the Quarterly, But we should not be
unmindful of local embarrassments. It took Chicago, as a dty, some yean to
fix Us grade!

Whatever the position of individual newspapers, our denomination will learn
where it stands, and it will prove to the world that it is essentially a unit. Al*
ready the American College and Education Society has shown that it intends to
educate none but Orthodox students ; and the Prudential Committee of the Ameri-
can Board are careful to send out none but Orthodox men as missionaries. We
regret that any ministers lose their sympathy with us in our polity or faith.
We have none but kind words towards those who differ from us, while we flUttn-
tain that if they would evince '* a noble manhood " they should seek assodatioas
to which they legitimately belong, and we honor them for their act of witfadrawaL
The change has begun, and will go on. A peaceful and friendly separatioii wHE
take place. The following, from considerations of doctrine or of polity, havi^
\tSi us withm a few years, and joined, as we understand, the denominations indi-
cated. The towm* denote the residence of the persons when connected with ouk^
denomination.

Edward Abbott, Cambridge, Mass., Episcopalian.

C. C. Burnett, Fairfield, la., Episcopalian.

Hilary Bygrave, East Milton, Mass., Unitarian.

H. F. Campbell, Francestown, N. H., Independent

C. C. Carpenter, Brookline, Mass., Unitarian.

Charles F. Dole, Portland, Me., Unitarian.

J. L. Dudley, Milwaukee, Wis., RadicaL

Spencer O. Dyer, Upton, Mass., Unitarian.

James M. Hubbard, Cambridge, Mass., Episcopalian.

George Merriam, New York, Unitarian,
'i W. J. Parrot, Marshall, Mich., Unitarian.

Edward P. Powell, St. Louis, Mo., Unitarian.

Henry Powers, Brooklyn, N. Y., Unitarian.

A. J. Rich, Westminster, Mass., Unitarian.

Minot J. Savage, Hannibal, Mo., Unitarian.

<Wm. H. Savage, Jacksonville, 111., Unitarian.
.Heman R. Timlow, Southington, Ct, Episcopalian.

H. A. Wales, Leominster, Mass., Universalist.

C. Maurice Wines, Hartford, Conn., Episcopalian.

Rowland A. Wood, Roseville, 111., Unitarian.

When the Unitarian defection occurred, fifty years ago, the ministers
• their parishes, and in some cases their churches, with them. In the list which
have, given above, no minister, in leaving our denomination, has carried his chu
with him. Only one has carried his parish, and that case is still in litigation.

In the changes which are taking place we shall still endeavor to promote^
.Idndliness of spirit, our denominadonal integrity.

y A Presbyterian supplying a Congregational church.

Quarttrly Record.

QUARTERLY RECORD.

EDSOHTB FORSED.

19:7.
SAM BAT, WMhlnglon T«.

of tklii b>)' WM nritsnlied bf ■
con*enTd with the Flnl OhDiDh
uid, GkL, Sept. 10.

LWK (UnMlaJ, U., Hush H, !
'1L.LE, K>b., Jin. W, n men]
lllnn., Feb. U, 11 mtmbari.

D*BART, ANDREW J., oni Iba lit.

Ztoi. Ch. In neyeknd, O, Feb. 10.

Pemion hi BcT. Now? 11 M. Onlhoan, of

Claielknd. OMnlnlne ornyn by Rrr.

Ju.UnE. Twtlol.oll.ufOlrvel.nd.
FIELD, JAMKfl P..ovi;rtlieOb. InAmllT,

Ma,. Fob. tt. Suroion by R«i. Edwmrd

D. fioword, of LuPedp. Ordilnlnf

pr«v« by H«. K. HMffoTd.
FINSTKH, CLARICKCB. to ihn work of

lb* Mlnl.try )n Itnbln.on. Mich., M«eh

20. Eiermon by Itey. J. Uocgia fimlth,

of fIr'iDd a^pldi,
OOCHKKAUKR. 1>.\V1D, oier (beCfa.la

UIBB,, Id Ob., Feb. a, 17 mm-

RA, MIoh., M«sh M, Pllsrln. Ob.
EBK, W'li.,F<b.^,IBiii<'mb«n.
Mtnu.. Jun. 13. 1§ member*.
INCe, R. 1., Plymouib Cb.,ll*nh

SCBOOLHOUeE, Ku.,F*b. S,

lb™,

E.fTRE, Neb., Uucb 10, 31 nwm-

[9, lIo.FUVhCh.

lOD, MIrb. Fob.a, 7 meioben.

f CREEK, Kui. Mirob M, U

INIBTBB3 OKDJinSS.

197).
, W. H,, to the work of th* mlo-
n Unvood. K<iTi.,UiinshlB. Bw-
ly Rer. Albert U. Rlohkrdnn. of
mfie. OrdklriLng pnyer by Rn,
E. Woiidrock, ofTonivioIl*.
ORKIM Q., oier the Ob. In Jk-
, VI., Feb. IR, Bermon bv Rot.
B Porter, of Townthond. Oramn.
■Tsr by Re(. Dulai M. Ooodilob,

:TH, OLAREtfCE A., oyer tba
i.ln BTaoer, Ue..Ju.D. Sermon
If. OeorCD W. Field, o. D , of Bui.
Oidnliilni prayer by R«». Cyrn*
In. t>. D.. of Bangor BemlnuT.
. B.4UUEL W., (o Ibe work of
:iiiliu7. In Albany. Vt., Uveh U.
m by Rev. K. P. ChlUende- -*

Pflet Mi
Oolliige.

•^}?±

dmnl.ig prayer by K«».

ISHa'm," JOSEPH II. ! »v,T Iho Cb. in
CbHbire, CI., Jin. IS. Bermon by Rtr,
I^nird BKinn, n. D,. of y«le BemlBilT.
OrdslniDE pnyet by l^er. Jobn E.
Todd, of N'w niicn.

KBI.LOao, JOgEPn A., to Uie work of
Ihe Mlniiuj, 1" W«l Newfleld. Mb..
M.reh It. ftm^on by Uiii. Benjunlo P.
Snow, if Alfred. Ord.ilnlr,g pnyer by
Bev. Albfn Oi.l.'. of Oircieh.

LEEPER. KDWAKIl A.. 10 tb* work of
the Mlnimry , 111 ChmchvUle. N, Y.. FBb.

ofFalrpoTl. Orduliiiiiti prirer by B*t!
George Slruenhuriih, uf^Beorlatli.
UILLB. ^BNJAUIN F., 10 Ibe work al
-"-! UlnUby, Id Ciniion Fnlli, Ulnn..

_ _). 1». I

Leonard, of ITorihOvld

OeOOOD, GEORGE W.

Tnnbridge, Vr . Jin,

by

__ . « 8. Bmllh, of Mo7;tpe1li_.

Ordiliilng pfBvcr by Rev. Oyrui B.
Drake, n.D.. of H.iynlion,
RfflDISOSR, JACOB P., ovtr Itie Ch.
In Klrtland. (.)„ Meroh T. Sermon by
R-T. Judioa SmllU. of Obcrlla Bemt.

aOSB.'^JAMEB H., over (he lib Cb. In
Ncwbur\p"rt, Mam.. F.b. S3. Bermon
by Rot. William B. Wriahi, of Boalon.
Ilrdilnine Prnver by Key. Duliu B.
Boon, of Lyrmfiiild Ountro.

ROWE, SAMtfEL, 10 Ibe work of lb. Min-
lilry. In Will Buiford. Uu>.. Feb. 30.
B'-rcDon br Re>. Junaa McLaan. of
Weal Bojford. Ordnlnlng prayer by
Rev, Job-i D, KInit-bury.uf rfradford.

WICKED, TnOM,iB A., lo iho work of
Iho MlBl.lry, In llarnllion. Mo.. Harcb
IS, Sermon by ReT,RobenWMl,of8t.

KRIBTEES IFSTILLBD.

AimERnOK, Rev. EBRR 0-, orar (h« Ob.
In 0(bkoih,Wla,Jan. II. Sermon by
Bav. JimM T. Hyde, D. D., of Ohloago
Bamlnarv. IniulUng priyar by Bar.
Anbni Liula, of Cbloaao.

376

Quarterly Record.

[April,

B08'3, Rer. THOMAS M.. over the Ch. in
Springfield, Vi., March 0. Benson hy
Rev. Cuivin B. Holbert, d. p., of Mld-
dlebcrj College. Inetalhng prmver by
B*-y. Richmrd T. Bearle, of Windsor.

BRYANT. Bev. ALBERT, over the Ch. in
Weet Somenrille, Mars., Jan. IT. Ser-
mon by Uer. Alexander McKenzip, of
Ounbfid^e. Inataillng prayer by Rer.
William H. Plerson, of Monh Som«r-
Tille.

OOOPBR, Rer. JAMES W^ over the Somh
Ch. in New Britain, Ct., March 9i). Ber^
mon by Rev. Nathaniel J. Barton, d. d.,
of Hartford. Inatalling prayer by Rev.
Amoe S. Cheeebrough, of Dnrbaro.

COOPER, Rev. THOMAS, over the Ch. in
Frankford, Fbiladelphla, Pa., March 12.
Bennon by Rev. Nicbolae B. Smith,
D. D., of Plainlleld. N. J. Inatalling
prayer by Rev. George M. Boynton, of
fiewftrk, N. J.

DA VIES, Rev. JOHN L., over the Ch. in
pMldy*n Ran, O., Feb. 14. Sermon by
Rev. Charles H. Daniels, of Cincinnstf.
Installing sermon by Rev. WUIam H.
Warren, of Springfield.

DINOWELL. Rev. JAMES, over the Ch.
in Danlelsonville. Ct., Jan. 24. Sermon
by Uev. Henry M. Storrs, D. D., of New
York City.

FBRRIN, Rev. CLAKK B., over the Oh.
in Plalnfield, Vt., Feb. 18. Sermon by
Bev. William S. Hazen, of Korthfleld.
Installing prayer by Rev. Alan«on D.
Barber, of Clarendon.

FIBK, Rev. FERRIN B., over the Ch. in
Lake City, Minn., Feb. 7. Sermon by

Rev. Edward II. Williams, of Minneap.
oils. Ini^talling prayer by Uev. L.
Henry ^obb. of Minneapolis.

OARDNKR. Rev. AUriTIN, over the Ch.
in Baekin^baro (OlaPtonbary),Ct., Feb.
12. tfermon by Rev. Nathaniel J. Bar-
ton, D. D., of Hartford. lustalling
grayer by Rev. William W. Scadder, of
Glastonbury.

GOODELL, Rev. JOHN H., over the Ch.
in Wiudsor Locks, Ct., Jan. 3U. Ser-
mon by Rev. W. S. Smart, D. D., of
Albany, N. Y. Inatalling prayer by
Rev. William R. Eastman, of Saffleld.

McOlNLEY. Rev. WILLIAM A., over the
2d Ch. in Greenfield, Mass., Feb. 10.
Pennon by Rev. Llewelyn D. Bevan,
D. D., of New York City. Installing
prayer by Rev. Robert Crawford, d. d.,
of Deerfield.

MERRILL, Rev. J. LEWIS, over tho Ch.
in Arlington, Mva.. Jan. 3. Sermon by
Rev. Charles Wetherby, of Nashaa.
N. H. Installing prayer by Rev. Duniel
R, Cady, d. d., of Weatboro*.

MERRIMAN, Rev. DANIEL, over the
Central Ch. in Worcester, Maas., Feb.
18. Sermon by Rev. Richard S. Storrs,
D. D., of Brooklyn, N Y. Installing
prayer by Bev. Bamael E. Herrick, of
Boston.

NOURSB, Rev. ROBERT, over the Ch. in
Springfield, III., Feb. 10. Sermon by
Rev. Jsmes T. Hvde, D. d., of Chicago
Seminary. InatalliDg prayer by Rev.
Pliny F. Warner, of Mattoon.

FTTKIN. Rev. PAUL H., over the Ch. in
Marshfleld, VU, March 14. Sermon by
Bev. John H. Hi neks, of Montpeller.
Inatallinff prayer by Rev. Joan F.
Stone, of Montpelier.

POPE, Rev. CHARLES H.. over the Ch.
In Thomaston, Me , March 6. Scrmoo
by Rev. John O. Fiske, D. D., of Bath.
Installing prayer by Rev. Lewia Good-
rich gof Warren .

8HORBY, Rev. HARRISON A., over the
Pilgrim Ch. in Upham's Comer, Boston,
MaM., Jan. 15. Sermon by Rev. Jamea
H. Meana, d. d., of I><>rchester. Install-
ing prayer by Rev. Perley B. Davis, of
Hyd** Park.

THOMAS, Rev. CHAUNCEY B., over the
Ch. in West Glover, Vt., Jaa. 24. Ser-
moo by Bev. Joseph Boardman, of
North Craftsbary. Installing prayer by
Bev. Moaes Patten, of Greensboro*.

MIHIBTERS DI8ICI88ED.

1878.

BAYLEY, Bev. FRANK T., fitxn the Ch.

in Canandalgoa, N. Y., Jan. 4.
DANA, BevVMALCOLM McG.. D. D.,

fh>m the Park Ch. in Norwich, CU,FtBb.

20.
EWELL, Rev. JOHN L., fh>m the Ch. In

Waverley, Mass., March 0.
FOWLER, Rev. STACY, from the 9d Ch.

in Millbary, Mass., March 5.
HOLBBOOK. Rev. ZEFHANIAH 8., from

the Oakland Ch., Chicago, 111., Jan. 10.
HOLCOMBB. Rev. GILBERT T., from

the Ch. in Downer's Grove. HI.
JONES, Rev. GUSTAVUS W., flrom the

Ch. in Wlnterport. Me., March 14.
KEELER, Rev. SENECA M., from the

Ch. in We»t Newbury, Mass.. Feh. 28.
LANE, Rev. JOHN W.. from the Ch. in

Whately, Mass., Msrrh 12.
MASON. liev. J A VAN K., D.D., from the

Cb. in Thomaston, Me., March 0.
MOOEIE. Rev. WILLIAM K. B., from the

Ch. In Bolton, Ct., MHrch 26.
TOMLINSON, Kev. .lOvSEPH L., f^m

the Ch. in Simsbury, Ct., Feb. 24.

mhibtebs mabeied.

1878.

OHANEY — BLODGETT. In Bay City,
Mich., March 14. Rev. Laden W. Cbaney,
of Mankato, Minn., to Miss Sarah B.
Blodgett, of Bay Citv.

DB BEVOISE— CUTTlKR. In Brooklyn,
N. Y., March 20, Rev. Gabriel H. De
Bevolse. of North Brookfleld, Mas«.,to
Miss Margaret £. Cutter, of Brooklyn,
N. Y.

BVANS — HOUSTON. In Damarisootta,
Mei. Jan. 10, Rev. Lewis D. Evans, of
Bristol, to Miss Hester A. Hoaston, of
Damarisootta.

GRIDLKY—BAILEY. InBenzonia.Micb.,
Jan. 18, Rev. Albert L. Gridley to Mlaa
Clara Bailey, both of BenzonLa.

HILL— DUNHAM. In Bridgewater,lCa«a.,
March 28, Bev. James L. Hill, of Lynn,
to Miss Lacy B. Danham, of Brul|pe>
water.

STARR— SHAW. In Hartford. Ct., Jan.
11, Rev. Edward C. SUrr to Miss Bmma
A. Shaw, both of Hartford.

18/8.]

Quarterly Record.

BTOKE — mi.KS. In AnMln, Minn.. J
1 , Rat. Cjru" arone, nf Deiler, to \
Wellba a. NIIoi, or IKuuis, Mum.

ItmiSTESS DEOEABBS,

SITLIOK, Bty.FKTER J.,1

BISOIIAH, Rev. LtrrnBR O.. In Uldills-

I1IHIBTEE3' ¥IVEB DBOEA0ED.

in:.

FEET, Mn. MARTHA D , wlf- <it Uio Ini
Rui. etcpbm, Id Bslolt, Wl>,. la hi

EOOT.IiIri' MART F., wlft of Rbt. At
piiillBe, In W(»t Kllllngly, CL. Oct 1

WALKKK. Mrt. , wlfaorKov. WlLll.n

In Mlilon, Wl»., Out. SI, lo her Sli

WOOD,' Mm , wlfn of tho Utn Hip

Brniy, Id Pbtladelphli, Pi.. In herTlr

QRKEN, R«>. J. 8., In Uakiwao, 8. I.,

.I>i>. — , InhiiSSd T»r.
HUTCUINBON, Rlnr JOHS 0.. tn Rleh-

■nond. Mui.. Ffh. 13. In hJi> tSlh vair.
HARf<HAI.L. Rev. JAUB9, tn Trof.V.H.,

March 5.
iriOHlLL. Rct. NATHANIKr., Inarsnt-

Tllli>. Uui , Fair. 3, In hli 3Mi yenr.
HOODT, Rn. ELI. 1ti Minluui, UdM.,

I"eb.l4.1nb!.li0ihyeiir.
HnZZT, Rev. OLARBNDON F.. In Am-

herat UaM., Ji<n.4,lnhliT4tbfear.
PARKER, Rev. ROBWKLL, In U«DbtlUt],

Kan . UoRh lOjln hi* Mth n%t.
F.ARSUK8. B«T. frlLLIAU L., D. D., In

POOR. Krr. DANISL J.,

ni.J«n.M,tnhl«7Idji

BWBSTBSR, Riv». 8KTH, i>

g ler, Hut., Murob U, In 1

LEAVITT. M

"■ ^V"""

end

1

F»l.. B, lohtrTMhlMT.
PBRKCIB. Un. RQOOA K., wire of Ihe

hue Rvy. Janu, la Brniatre*, Uua.,

UuBh la. In bar anb Tear.
RIORAR[>B, Un. MARIA C. 0., wife or

THATKR, Mm. KUZABKTU 0., wlf» i
the lileRer.Loren.ln Wlndhun, N.S
Usmh 4, In twt Mih r««.

TOBRET, Mn. ADRLAIDE I.., wtra <

378

Manhattan Association.

[April,

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1878,] Additions and Corrections.

ADDITIONS ADD OOEBKCTIONS.

— At Biigbton, 111., iniert M mlnliter, Hanry D. Piatt, ordained ISGl,
1,1877.

Page 130. — At Manaon, Mbm., replMe aa putor, Charles B, Sumner, ordained
moA liutalled, 1868.

PoffelSS. — At Covert, Mich., (nbetilute M miaiBter, Bits J. Aldon.

Pagt 19s. — At RapnaDd, N. H.,ctuuige mlDlster's Dame Co Charles E. Simmer.

i><tfr< ISC. — At South Nevmiu'ket, N. H., Insert, M minister, Alexander 0.
ChOds.

P(i!7« 191. — In Hawaiian blandB, erwo name of Isaac W. Atherton, Kobala; a
realdent there, bnt not ponoeoled with the A. B, C. F. M.

Pagt 195. — Rev, Bimeon Gilbart, icit-en as sappljtng the church at 'Winnetka,
ni. <aee page ID)), sboald also be inserted on page 1<J9 as editor of Thf Ailvanct,
Chicago.

J'asreaOS. — Rev, George L. Walker, of Brattleboro', Vt. (ordained, 185S), ooght
not to be starred; correctly given In the General List.

Po(«21W. — Rev. Edmund K. '■Allen," ». n., Secretary of tlioA. B. 0. F. M..
Hhould, of course, read Alden.

Pagt 321. — The hour at meeting of the Vermont GBHsaAi. Cohvbntion was,
mx last year's session, changed to 2 o'clock p. h.

Add to the list of mluister;: —

George H. Gould, Worcester, Mass.

Laoson P. Norcroas, Deadwood, Black HIlli, 'Wyo, Ter.

Horace Parker, Sliirley Village. Mass.

The following shoiUd bo omitted from the list, as they are Prosbj^iiiuu: —

Saranel B. Bell, Munslield, O.
Andrew J. Hadley, Toledo, O.

Daniel 1. Jones, Norwood, O.

The loUowItig cliangee ihonld t« in initials or in spelling: —

Xdwln K. Borrows, Mt. Vernon, change to Edwin B.

John Cadwalader, Newark, O., change to Cadwaladt.

Ezra B. Chase, Courtland, O., change to Cortland, O.

Heman B. De Forrest, Westboro', Mesa., changeto Heman F.

Uiohael A. Dougherty, Boston, Mass., change to H. Angelo.

OtheUo V. Bice, Penfleld. O., change to Orthello.

Jacob P. Biudingei', Kirkland, O., change to Bledinger.

B. B. Sqnier, Colombas, O., cliange to E. K.

Additioiial ordinations: —

Newton H. Bell, Arcade, N. T., waa oidalnsd In 1868.

Eben M. Betts, Fond dn Lac, Wis., was ordldDed in 1SS9.

Hiram N. Gates, Superintendent Home Missionf, Omalia, was ordained In I8C0.

380 Changes in Post-Office Address of Ministers. [April/78.

CHANGES IN POST-OFFICE ADDRESS OF MINISTERS.

Alden, Brra J., Covert, Mich.
Allen, George B.| Norton, Maae.
Anthony, George N., Cambridge, Msm.

Baldwin, Joseph B., West Commtngton, Kt.
Betts, Bben M., Fond dn Lao, Wia.
Bradford, D. B., Pariahville, N. Y.
Bridgman, Lewla, Richland, Dak.

Campbell, Randolph, Blair, Neb.
Ghalmen, John R., Albert Lea, Minn.
Ohllde, Alexander C, Booth Newmarket,

N.H.
Clark, Snmner, Wolfboro', N. H.
Cooper, Thomas, Frankford, ^iladelphia,

Pa.
Cnihman, Chester L., Lndlow, Mass.
Catler, William A., Montioello, Minn.

Bastman, Samuel B., Newport, Ky.
BUiott, Asa 8 , Belknap, la.
Bsler, William P., Manton, Mich.
Bwell, John L., MlUbury, Mass.

Flnster, Clarence, Robinson, Mich.
Fisher, E. W., Rlchford, N. Y.
French, George H., Ludlow, Vt.

Gochenaner, David, Ellis, Kan.

EEalley, Eben, Blnghamton, N. Y.
Harlow, Edwin A., Knlghtsvllle, Me.
Harlow, Lincoln, Charlemont, Mass.
Harrington, Charles B., Concord, N. H.
Hayward, John, Bnflklo City, Kan.
Higley, Henry M., Salamanca, N. Y.

Irland, 8. Carl, Wythe, DL

Jerome, Theodore C, Patchogne, L. L
Jones, Gostavus W., Monson, Me.

Kedzie, Adam 8., St. Joseph, Mich.
Keeler, Seneca M., Newburyport, Mast.
Kelsey, Hiram L., Brockton, Mass.
Kidder, 8. T., Saogns, Mass.

LaBaeh, James M., Bnrllngton, Kan.
Lee, Frank T., Boston, Mass.
Liggett, James D., Detroit, Mich.

Maile, John L., Portland, Mich.
Karvin, Frederick R., Middletown, N. Y.
Martin, B. H., Reinbeck, la.
MeCnne, Wm. C, Eureka, Kan.
MeKay, James A., Gaylord, Mich.
Miller, Samuel, Pitcher, N. Y.
Morton, Wm. D., Hartford, Conn.

Csmun, Winiam T., Harrisvllle, N. Y.
Owens, Thomas G., Henry, 111.

Plaine, Bernard, West Barnstable, Mass.
Parker, Alexander, Parkersburg, la.
Phipps, George G., Newton Highlanda,

Mas#.
Pickett, Joseph W., Colorado Springs, Ool.
Pike, Josiah W. C, Basi-Douglos, Maaa.
Piatt, Henry D., Brighton, IlL
PoweU, Samuel W., Boston. Mass.
Preston, Josiah P., Bowling Green, O.

Reed, Frederick A., Concord, Mass.
Richardson, William T., Orwell, O.
Riedenger, Jacob P., Kirtland, O.
Russell, Frank, Mansfield, O.

Smith, Isaiah P., CentrevUle, Mass.
Smith, P. 8., Clearwater, Minn.
Sterling, George, Hlgganum, Ct.
Sumner, Charles B., Monson, Mass.
Sumner, Charles B., Lancaster, N. H.
Swinnerton, William T., MorrlsviUe, Vt.

Thompson, John C, Benton Harbor, Mich.
Todd, James D., Sumner, Minn.
Tomblln, Charles L., South Royalaton,

Votaw, Blihn H., Berea, O.

Waldo, LeviF., Cannonsbarg, Mich.
Walker, Aldaoe. Rutland, Vt.
Whitoomb, Cyrus B., Birmingham, Oona.
White, Charles A., Thorndike, Mass.
Winslow, Jacob, De Witt, Neb.

.». v->V?w

PUlLIC UBHAiiY

1 'L.. . * r:,v)N;:AT"';MS.

Ill

..1 iS kte!^..! •«

THE

Congregational Quarterly.

Whole No. LXXIX. JULY, 1878. Vol. XX, No. 3.

SILAS McKEEN.

The life of Rev. Dr. McKeen is a shining link between the
past and the present. His birth was nine years before the
close of the eighteenth century. In theology, he was the pupil
of Rev. Stephen Fuller of Vershire, Vermont, who had sat at
the feet of the eminent author of the Taste Scheme^ and
was said to understand Dr. Burton's system rather better than
the doctor himself did. Licensed to preach in 18 14, his min-
istry began soon after the American Board came into being.
During the revival era of 1830-35, he was in the full vigor of
manhood. His ministry continued almost sixty-four years, and
during two or three of its last decades, his paternal, if not
patriarchal blessing rested upon scores of the younger clergy-
men who had taken their places about him. His prayers at
their ordinations and installations were often wonderful both
in fitness and in fervor.

His life specially deserves commemoration as an encourage-
ment to young men of high thoughts and limited opportuni-
ties. " His long and noble career," another has well said,
" illustrates what energy and perseverance can accomplish when
one sets himself to the task of securing an education." It
shows that determination may bid defiance to almost any hin-
drance. Dr. McKeen, when a boy, enjoyed the fewest possible
advantages. His birthplace was in Corinth, Vt.,^ a hill-town,

1 The ancestors of Dr. McKeen belonged to the race of Scotch Covenanters
who were driven by the Claverhouse persecutions to take refuge in the North of
Ireland. But the change brought little relief, since they occupied lands from which

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 187S, by Christopher Gushing, in the

Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 3. I

382 Silas McKeen, [Ju'y»

remote from thoroughfares of travel, and at that early day sin-
gularly destitute of helps to culture. But the story of his
youth may best be told in his own words, gathered from his
History of Bradford: —

" My place in the order of my mother's children was the
tenth. The first school I ever attended was in my father s
bam, then new, but now old. After that I used to go, summer
and winter, to a school-house away over the hills. Such was
my desire to attend, I think it must have been the first winter
of my going, that I could not quietly wait for shoes, which at
that time could not easily be obtained, and so my mother fur-
nished me with cloth moccasins, greatly to my gratification.
Some of the schoolboys, looking down at my feet, laughed at
me; but I was not to be thus disheartened, conscious that I
could make those of my own age feel that in the main thing
I was not their inferior. ... At about fifteen years of age
it became necessary, that except in the time of winter, I should
stay at home and work, both on the farm and in my father's
mills. He had both a grist-mill and a saw-mill in the same
large building. My main employment for one or two summer
seasons was tending the grist-mill, and as that business in a
sparse population was not. regularly urgent, I found some
opportunity for reading and mental improvement. It was in
that old mill that I commenced the study of Latin and became
interested in it. By some good fortune, I also obtained an old
tattered book of navigation, which, among other things, con-
tained a diagram of a quadrant with rules for its use, by the
aid of which I made one of wood which enabled me to deter-

their Irish Roman Catholic neighbors had been forcibly, though justly, expelled.
Events culminated in the struggle by which the Papists resisted the English Rev-
olution.

The McKeens shared in the heroic sacrifices by which the siege of Derry was
endured and finally lifted ; but when it was over, while the bitterness of the war
was still fresh, they resolved to leave the land from whose people they were so
separated by nationality, language, education, and religion.

James McKeen was a leading member of the little colony which embarked, in
five ships, for the New World, and landed in Boston August 4, 1718. After
exploring the region about Casco Bay, they settled in Nutfield, N. H., which, in
memory of old associations, they named Londonderry. James McKeen, known
in his later years as "Old Justice McKeen," died at the age of eighty-nine, hon-
ored and lamented as the patriarch of the colony.

Dr. Silas McKeen was the fourth in direct descent from this good Scotchman,
and was bom March 16, 1791.

1878.] Si/as McKem. 383

mine pretty accurately the latitude of my old grist-mill at forty-
four degrees and ten minutes north. Another kind of quad-
rant I also made, by the aid of which and some knowledge of
trigonometry I could ascertain the height of the tallest trees
standing around me.

" Finding me so much inclined to study, my father concluded
to let me go and do for myself the best I could. Situated as
he was, he could help me but little. He, however, made
arrangements for me to study Surveying with a distinguished
master of the art In the seventeenth year of my age, I com-
menced school-teaching. This business I followed during six
succeeding winters, and by so doing obtained some means for
the purchase of books and for prosecuting my studies. . .
At the age of seventeen I went to study Latin and subsequently
Greek, under the instruction of our minister, the Rev. Wm.
Pickles, originally from England. He was a remarkably large
man, of venerable appearance, but very social, and in my esti-
mation very learned. . . . The introduction which he gave
me to Greek was in the use of a grammar, the text of which
was in Latin ; I never saw another like it, and my lexicon .was
of the same sort Mr. Pickles was not only an able teacher,
but an eloquent preacher. On one occasion, when the unfin-
ished meeting-house was well filled and I was sitting away in
the back part of the assembly, I was startled to hear him call
out, 'Silas, I must ask you to come up here and read my
hymns for me ! * I dreaded to do it, but dared not refuse ;
and that was my first introduction to a pulpit, which was, in
fact, but a joiner's bench."

Dr. McKeen used to relate that when twelve years old, he
was going on horseback with his father through Bradford to
Newbury, and as they passed the meeting-house, his father
told him he might ride up to the window and look in. That
was his first view of the inside of a church. Eleven years
from that time he was ordained in that very pulpit

After the death of " the honored friend and teacher of his
youth "in 181 1, he studied at Haverhill (N. H.) Academy till
the preceptor told him he was fitted to enter college two years
in advance. At that point he was taken sick. Typhus fever
brought him to the very gates of the grave. His doctor's bill

384 Silas McKeen. [July,

more than consumed all the little store he had accumulated.
He therefore felt obliged to give up his college course ; but he
did not give up studying.

His sickness served to define his religious feelings. In all
his youth he had been " sedate, studious, and exemplary be-
yond most others of his age." " From childhood," he says of
himself, " I was habitually impressed with such reverence for
God, that I was accustomed, in my humble way, to implore His
guidance, forgiveness, and blessing. This early habit, I am
satisfied, was of inestimable benefit to me. Still I was in doubt
whether I had really passed from death to life and found ac-
ceptance with God or not. During that sickness the way of
salvation revealed in the gospel appeared beautifully plain
to me, exactly adapted to my wants, and the blessed Saviour
so inexpressibly precious, that I could not but most heartily
devote myself to Him, whether for life or death." A few
months afterwards he entered upon theological studies. He
united with the church of his theological teacher in Vershire,
there being no Congregational church in his native town.
After a little more than a year's study with Mr. Fuller, he
entered upon his life-work in Bradford, Vt., preaching there for
the first time July 25, 1814, the second Sabbath after he was
licensed, and continuing, with the exception of the years 1832-
1842, until 1866. Oct. 18, 181 5, he was installed pastor.

From the beginning of his ministry his congregations were
large and his usefulness assured ; yet he deeply felt the scant-
iness of his preparatory studies. Yearning to read the Old
Testament as well as the New in the original, in the midst of
all the work of a first pastorate, he undertook the study of
Hebrew, and in spite of all his disadvantages, became at length
the acknowledged prince of Hebrew scholars in his ministerial
association. Well might he say, ** No one knows what he can
do in the way of study till he faithfully tries." Several of the
neighboring ministers,^ animated by his example, united with

1 This circle of studious clergymen included Rev. Baxter Perry, of Lyme, N. H.,
Rev. J. D. Farns worth, of Orford, N. H., Rev. Clark Perry, of Newbury, Rev.
Charles White, of Thetford, afterwards D. D., and president of Wabash College,
Rev. Joseph Tracy, D. D., of Post Mills, afterwards editor of the Vermont Chron-
icUt and writer of the History of the American Boardy History of the Great
Awakening, etc^

1878.] Silas McKeen. 385

him in what they called a Biblical Association, for the express
purpose of aiding each other in the study of the original Scrip-
tures. For years they met regularly at set times, with lessons
thoroughly prepared, both in translation and exegesis. This was
in addition to quarterly meetings of the Orange Association,
at every one of which Dr. McKeen was sure to be present,
punctual to the moment and prepared in full. No one was
more anxious than he, even in his latest years, that the Orange
Association meetings should have a large element of linguistic
and exegetical studies.

His manifold Greek and Hebrew studies, in the early years
of his ministry, it is the belief of some who heard him then,
detracted for the time from the freshness, force, and variety of
his preaching. It could not have been otherwise. Yet, be-
yond doubt, in the long run, they were eminently beneficial.
They did much to develop those powers by which he became
the ''marked man and distinguished minister," who was not
only "instrumental in gathering large numbers into the
churches," but '' by his teaching and example restrained men
from habits of immorality, and guided them into paths ot
virtue and holiness."

In 1 86 1 Dartmouth College honored his ripe scholarship
with a degree of Doctor of Divinity, a distinction which he
neither sought nor affected to despise, but rationally said he
was " content to receive in silence as expressive of the respect
of the worthy men who had bestowed it." He was often called
to preach upon important occasions, and his published sermons
and papers upon topics of engrossing public interest are in
the aggregate quite voluminous, and eminently worthy of pres-
ervation. Yet his chief life-work was specifically that of the
pastorate. From 1815 to 1866, when he resigned his charge
at Bradford, he was tireless in pastoral fidelity ; and scarcely
less so for the six years following, when he was preaching alter-
nate Sabbaths in Fairlee, some half a dozen miles from his
home, and there bearing precious fruit in the fulness of his old
age. Some thirty members were added to that little church
during the time of this service, — to say the least, doubling its
working power.

His preaching was always of a character eminently marked.

386 Silas McKeen, [July,

It may be said that his first sermon struck the key-note of
all that followed. Its topic was " £\'angelical repentance,
its nature, reasonableness, and necessity, in order to the divine
forgiveness." Year in and year out, he sought above all to
exalt God and humble men in His presence, and thus to bring
all who heard him to bow in penitence at the foot of the cross.

In the meridian of his life he spent about nine years in
Belfast, Me. He went there in 1833, in response to a most
urgent and reiterated solicitation. He was then in the fulness
of his strength. In a popular volume from the pen of one of
his surviving daughters, we find what was no doubt designed
to sketch her father as he was at that period of his life. We
see " his broad forehead under masses of iron-gray hair, marked
eyebrows, piercing black eyes, the decided line of the mouth
and curve of the chin with the firmly knit frame, showing him
what he is, — resolute, fearless, self-reliant, grave, clear in judg-
ment, prompt in action." " He was an orator of few gestures
and few metaphors ; but the genuine and lofty feeling which
burned in a powerful eye, filled the tones of a manly voice, and
gave a self-forgetting dignity to the attitude of a stalwart form,
could make itself felt without the help of embellishments." *

We are specially happy to cite here the testimony of the
venerable Dr. Stephen Thurston, of Searsport, Dr. McKeen's
most intimate friend in the Pine-Tree State. After delineat-
ing the Unitarian opposition which the new pastor was called
to confront in Belfast, he says : —

" He was oblivious of the contempt and opposition of un-
sanctified men, and went forward in preaching the unsearchable
riches of Christ ; and such was his earnestness, sincerity, and
ability, that he soon commanded the respect of the entire com-
munity. Since his labors in that city, the ministry and church
of Christ have not been regarded as unworthy of the respect
of all honorable men.

" As a preacher he took rank among the ablest men in the
State. His voice was clear and strong, his enunciation distinct
and impressive. The basis of his preaching was divine truth.
He had not learned that it was evidence of 'advanced thought'
to claim to be wiser than the Bible, and to set aside such of its

^Theodora, pp. 6, 213.

1878.] Silas McKeen. 3S7

teachings as did not harmonize with human wisdom. He re-
ceived the Bible as an infallible standard of truth and duty. In
his ministrations he clearly expounded the great doctrines of
the* gospel, relying on their efficacy, when attended by the
Holy Spirit, to convert and save the soul.

'' His style of address was fitted to convince and impress,
rather than to fascinate and please. He seemed to have an
intuitive knowledge of the operations of the mind and great
power to detect and expose the various excuses and subterfuges
of unbelievers. On a certain occasion, replying to excuses for
impenitence founded on the doctrine of election, he said to his
hearers, * If you do not believe the doctrine, you have no right
to the excuse,' thus probably, by a single sentence, stripping
from half his hearers this hiding-place. Then by masterly
reasoning he showed the fallacy of the objection, ^e would
follow the sinner in his various subterfuges, and leave him
utterly without a hiding-place, all exposed to the lashes of a
guQty conscience and the displeasure of God. Having brought
him to feel his guilt and ruin, he would affectionately commend
the lost soul to Christ as a merciful and almighty Saviour.
Gathering up the persuasive motives of the gospel, he would
concentrate them upon the sinner's heart with subduing power.

" As a pastor, he watched over the flock of God with affec-
tionate solicitude for the purity of the church, the soundness
of its doctrine, its thorough discipline, and its Christian vir-
tues. He had the pleasure of adding one hundred and forty-
nine to the membership of this church.

" In the great reforms of the age he bore a distinguished part.
He was a ready helper in the cause of temperance, and early
espoused the interests of the oppressed. It then cost some-
thing to plead for the down-trodden slave. That minister who
ventured to call slaveholding a sin, which should be put away
immediately, was regarded both in the church and state as
fanatical and wild. Cold treatment was received from his
Christian brethren even. *Few clergymen had the courage
to take the part of the slave, when to speak was to brave a
defiant and persecuting public opinion.' But Mr. McKeen
was made of sterner stuff than to quail before such a storm.
The General Conference of Congregational Churches entered

388 SUas McKeen, [July,

into a friendly correspondence with a Southern Presb)'tery on
the sin of slaveholding. The Presbytery gave its argument
in favor of slavery. Mr. McKeen was designated to furnish
a reply.* His learning and abilit)' here found full scope. He
performed the task assigned him to the satisfaction of the Con-
ference, and with great labor and learning produced an argu-
ment against slavery, which, it is believed, remains unanswered
to this day."

Whatever he accomplished in Belfast, his chief pastoral
work was done in Bradford. In 1842 he returned with joy to
the church of his first love. There his heart's best affections
always centred. There he ever felt was the " dearest spot of
earth " to him. There he was forty years pastor. " For the
last two generations," as it has been well said, " his life and
work, more than any other one influence, have been the mould-
ing power in that community." To that church he received
three hundred and forty-two members. In that town and vicin-
ity he touched the springs of lofty aspiration in many a youth
who has swayed in turn the destinies of uncounted multitudes.
Not a few would freely indorse testimonies like the following :
" The young people of Bradford regarded their minister with a
respect and veneration seldom accorded to a clergyman in
these degenerate days. . . . He is the man to whom I
owe all that I am, and all that I have accomplished in life." *
" He did more than any other man to give shape and direction
to my life. He encouraged me to get an education, and his
example taught me how to use it"^ His successor^ in the
pastorate at Bradford writes, " I shall always regard my
acquaintance with Dr. McKeen as one of the richest blessings
of my life. No one influence has done so much in giving
character to my work as a minister."

In his manifold labors of love, he entered into the blessed-

^ It should be said that several of the leading divines of Maine were on the com-
mittee to which this correspondence was intrusted ; but all the labor of preparing
the reply was devolved upon Dr. McKeen, and ever}* word of the able document
issued was from his pen.

* ProL Milo P. Jewett, now of Milwaukee, Wis,, the originator of Vassar Col-
lege.

* Rev. Henry Brickett, of Hillsborough Bridge, N. H.

* Rev. J. K. Williams, now of West Rutland, Vt.

1878.] Silas McKem. 389

ness of them who '' sow beside all waters." Men, now pillars
in the churches of New Hampshire and Vermont, as well as
Maine, speak of the solemnity and fervor of sermons he used
to preach in the old days of protracted meetings, and many of
them feel that they owe their salvation to those sermons.

During the first year of his pastoral work, he labored two
or three weeks in Campton, N. H., and as a result of the
revival the little church of only six male members was rein*
forced by the addition of one hundred persons. Out of one
&mQy, blessed in that work, there came five ministers of the
gospel

Numbers brought sweetest solace to his later years by
their testimony to the benefit they had received firom his
preaching. In the very last summer of his life, he was touched
ivith humble gratitude and great surprise, when Mr. Thaddeus
Fairbanks, of St Johnsbury, told him that he dated his con-
version to Christ from a sermon which he heard him preach in
bis early manhood. Never before had the aged minister dreamed
that his words had in any measure determined the course that
eminent Christian man's energy and wealth should take.

To a remarkable degree Dr. McKeen was faithful to every
trust Alike in the pulpit and out of it, he was ''always
abounding in the work of the Lord." Rarely did he allow an
opportunity " to speak a word in season " to pass unimproved.
Rev. George W. Adams, of HoUiston, Mass., writes, " Seldom
did he leave my father's house without saying some personal
word to me on the subject of religion. From that time for-
>vard, I have had a profound respect for him." Multitudes
could bear substantially the same testimony. One of his near-
est ministerial neighbors said at his funeral, " He was faithful
in rebuke. He saw truth, and then dealt accordingly, no mat-
ter who was reproved. He could be terribly severe, wherever
truth and sound doctrine were assailed. He took off masks.
Deception found no favor in his sight." ^ Rev. Dr. Lord, late
President of Dartmouth College, once wrote him, " I know you
well enough to be assured that you would sooner put your
right hand into the fire than subscribe to anything inconsis-
tent, in your judgment, with the word of God. You are emi-

1 Rev. A. L. Marden, of Piermont, N. II.

390 Silas McKeen. LJ^'y>

nently tenacious of your opinions, as every man is who is good
for anything, when he comes in conflict with a fellow-man ; but
no man would sooner bow himself before a known behest of
God. That quality I have always admired, even when I most
differed from you and thought you most in error/' These
two divines often met in the Orange Association very much as
"diamond cuts diamond," but always with warm mutual
Christian love and the most genuine respect, each for the
other. President Lord's Letter of Enquiry upon the subject
of slavery, the Bradford pastor ably and scathingly reviewed
in the New Englander,

For nothing was Dr. McKeen more distinguished than/n?-
foundest belief in God and His Word. No one who knew him
could ever doubt that God, to his mind, was intensely real.
Well has it been said, " The faith delivered to him by fathers
who fought for it on Pentland Hills or starved for it in
beleaguered Derry, was not his by inheritence alone. By the
reasonings, the wrestlings, the penitence, and consecration of
early manhood it was wrought into his soul to be a living power
forever." Another,* who knew him thoroughly and intelli-
gently, writes, " He saw the teachings of God's Word very dis-
tinctly and in their symmetry. His mental vision did not dis-
tort the truth. He had no tincture of fanaticism or enthusiasm
which gave a false coloring to truths and principles." He
knew the meaning of repose in God and His word of promise.
When his eldest daughter was consecrated to God in baptism,
he wrote in his diary the simple but comprehensive words,
" He will receive and bless her." Again, upon the baptism of
his second daughter, he wrote, " With entire confidence that
He will receive her into His family, and make her an heir of
the Great Salvation." Nor was his confidence disappointed.
His def)endence upon God was both conscious and constant.
One who knew him many years as a beloved brother in the
ministry tells us that^ "the developments of his piety were
practical rather than emotional. The temporary ebullitions of

^ Rev. H. N. Burton, D. D., Kalamazoo, Mich., formerly pastor of the church in
Newbury, Vt.

2 Rev. Erdex Tenny, Westborough, Mass., for many years pastor in Lyme,
N. H., and originally a townsman of Dr. McKeen, though some years his junior.

1878.] Silas McKeem. 391

religions feeling, apparent often in others, were not seen in his
experience. He preferred no claims to the ' Higher Life.'
There was no affectation of devotion, no sentimentalism, no
&naticism, no extravagance, no indications that he was better
than his brethren. His piety was indicated in a humble,
earnest, prayerful frame of mind, in filial fear of God, and
every-day attachment to Christ and His cause."

In all his great work, he simply expected to " find grace to
help," in directest response to his appeal to Jehovah. Prayer
was habitually just as practical a reality to him as it was to
William Bums at Kilsyth, or anywhere else that he minis-
tered. ''He simply and implicity believed God" would hear
and answer his supplication.

Mr. Moody preaches with not a particle more unswerving and
manifest repose upon divine truth. '' Uncompromising loyalty
to truth " was fitly the central theme of Rev. Mr. Williams'
remarks at his funeral. '' Love of naked truth " glowed in his
every paragraph.

Both by nature and as a natural consequence of his faith in
God and truth, he was a man of remarkable fearlessness. In
fact, he seemed to many not to '' know what the emotion of
fear is." He certainly was " never afraid to follow an argument
to its legitimate results." " He prized truth and principle far
above all passing popularity. He would never sacrifice one
iota of principle for all the applause the world could give. His
mettle was such as martyrs are made of." Pleading for jus-
tice, " he had an edifying indifference as to who should be hit
by his arguments. If any one was standing on the track of
the truth, so much the worse for him. The truth must have
free course and be glorified."

He often acted with amazing independence of popular opin-
ion. The first Sabbath after his ordination, he exchanged ;
and then every alternate Sabbath for several weeks, — twice
within two months, and three times within four, with the same
man. The first year of his pastorate, he was twenty Sabbaths
away from his own pulpit. In his early ministry, like Mr.
Spurgeon at present, he positively refused to solemnize any
marriage between a professing Christian and one who was not.
He resolutely adhered to this fixed principle, even though it

392 Silas McKeen, [July,

obliged him to offend some of his best friends and ablest sup-
porters. Later in life, he modified his view upon this point,
and admitted that it was not his calling to decide such ques-
tions for his people. Yet first and last he simply and fearlessly
acted upon his vital convictions. " He could not pitch his tent
where two ways met, and dwell there because uncertain which
to take. Definite opinions, decided beliefs, were a necessity of
his being ; nor was it less a necessity, those opinions and
beliefs having been formed, to defend them," and act upon
them.

In his fearlessness, as Dr. Thurston tells us, he espoused the
cause of the down -trodden African, when it cost something to
be an outspoken anti-slavery man. Still more of fearlessness
did it require to urge unpopular measures or condemn favorite
forms of evil in his own parish. But his ministry was long
enough to see the calm after every storm. It was no uncom-
mon thing for him to find among his warm friends those who
had been as warmly opposed to him.

" He always wins who sides with God.

*>

Perhaps as an outcome of his native fearlessness, he was
sometimes unduly blunt in speaking unwelcome truths, even,
in certain instances, to the serious injury of his best influence.
One of his ardent admirers says : " With a heart glowing with
warm affections, there was somewhat of reserve about him,
almost a severity of manner, that deterred from familiarity."
Students in Bradford Academy, during the early years of his
ministry, remember their " feeling " that he was " unsocial,
unapproachable, cold, and unreasonably severe in denunciation
of youthful amusements." Dr. Thurston says, " Strangers
often thought him cold and distant." Nothing, however, could
be further from his feeling and intention. Nothing could be
further from his ideal of a minister. In his farewell sermon,
upon leaving Bradford for Belfast, in 1833, he said " A minis-
ter of the right stamp will not be austere, morose, or melan-
choly, so as to drive people from him."

His austerity was doubtless an overflow of inherent intensity
of character, an overflow of which he was himself utterly un-
conscious. Scarcely less unconscious of it were all those who

1878.] Silas McKem. 393

came to know him intimately. To them, his exterior severity
strangely evanesced. They felt only his abounding tenderness
and his indescribable worth as a friend. One who had much
experience of sorrow in his own household writes, "When
we fell under sickness and mouming:s, how his heart used to
seem to run over with sympathy, and his voice to be almost
choked, while he spake to us some strong word of support from
the Lord ! " Another near neighbor in the ministry testifies,
" He was an impartial friend to all men. Gospel good-will was
his great characteristic. He was settled and uniform in his
convictions. You were sure to find him to-day where he was
yesterday. He was a good man to lean upon/' The intense
tenderness and warmth of his heart breathes itself forth in the
final words in his History of Bradford^ the latest considerable
work of his life : " O Bradford, Bradford I field of my early
and late ministerial labors ; resting-place of my nearest and
dearest kindred, and venerated parishioners ; abode of many
tried and faithful friends, endeared to me by ten thousand
fond and tender recollections ! So long as the beautiful Con-
necticut shall flow by thy side, and the lofty mountains which
skirt thy horizon shall stand as monuments of the Great Crea-
tor's power and inmiutability, and thy charming scenery con-
tinue to delight the eyes and the heart of every lover of the
beautiful, may heaven's blessing rest upon thy sons and daugh.
ters ; vice and crime find no place among them, but intelligence
and virtue, good order, and above all, true religion, with all its
attending and consequent benefits, be their inheritance and
pre-eminent glory ! " Nor less in the words : " May the divine
blessing rest richly and forever on you all ! " which his own
hand traced beneath his portrait hanging in the parlor of the
new church on the site of that in which he ministered so many
years.

Of him it was pre-eminently true that " they loved him most
who knew him best." Whoever knew him with any degree of
intimacy was assured of his genuineness of character. No
person who had his acquaintance could hesitate to say of him,

" That friend of mine who lives in God."

But they who have been privileged to dwell in his family, or

394 Silas McKeen, [July,

to be often entertained beneath his hospitable roof, write of
him as " the best of fathers, the sincerest of Christians, and
the worthiest of men." " I could trust him as I never trusted
any other man." ^

Above all was he dear to the members of his own house-
hold. Dr. Thurston, than whom almost no one was more in-
timate in the family, writes of the apprehension of strangers
"that his children rather feared than loved him, and must
be under uncomfortable restraint in his presence," but adds :
** Nothing could be farther from the truth. The most familiar
and confidential intercourse was maintained between him and
his children, from early childhood to advancing years. His
first object was to lead them to a saving acquaintance with

* It was not uncommon in the early years of Mr. McKeen's ministry to have
in the family some boy attending the village academy. One of these, now Rev.
Harry Brickett, of Hillsboro*, N. H., writes : " I have a vivid picture of him
when he was under forty, when his step was firm and elastic, his locks raven, and
his eyes sharp and piercing. ... It was at his suggestion that I commenced
my preparation for college. Under his eye, and I felt sure he could sec through
me, I was stimulated to diligence in study, and I received an impetus which I
never wholly lost. . . . He was a man to be feared and loved. . . . His
emotions were strong, but they were modified by grace. He was my ideal of a
faithful minister of the gospel."

The recollections of Prof. Jewett show also the impression his character made
upon a boy who observed his daily life. In some interregnum of principals the
village pastor, it seems, filled that office in addition to his own. Prof. Jewett says :
" I recall him as the strict disciplinarian, the earnest, critical, persistent teacher, an
inspiration to all who loved study, patient, kind, and helpful toward those less
highly endowed. His learning, his high personal character, his self-control, his
manly and dignified bearing commanded the respect even of the oldest students,
some of whom seemed * neither to fear God nor regard man.'

"He took a deep interest in the moral and spiritual welfare of the students, genUy
repressing tendencies in the wrong direction, kindly leading them in the right way,
the lustre of his own pure life ever shining on the path. He was the pastor of a
country church, many of whose members lived at a distance over the hills of firom
two to seven miles from the village. In addition to his labors in the school, he pre-
pared two sermons for Sunday, and conducted the third meeting on Sabbath even-
ings, and prayer and church mcetingfs during the week. Meantime he was visiting
the sick and the dying, and celebrating marriages for the whole town. About this
time he commenced the study of the Hebrew language, having no helps but a
Hebrew Bible and Buxtorf's huge folio lexicon. Crowning all, was the care of a
family of wife and four young children, being provided for out of a salary of $400
per annum, not over one half of which was ever received in cash. How he found
time and strength for all these labors and responsibilities, I cannot tell. His love
of study was insatiable, his power of endurance marvellous. He was a man for
whom I have ever cherished the most profoundly grateful and loving veneration."

1878.] Silas McKeen, 395

Christ, and he had the happiness to see them all the children
of God in early life. His next object was to fit them for use-
fulness, to act well their part on the stage of life." He realized
the necessity of adding careful training in '' wisdom and knowl-
edge/' to the most thorough consecration of his children to
Christ. Seldom has a parent intrenched himself more thor-
oughly in the hearts of his household. It is not too much to
say that every one of his children, whether here below or
sainted above, " thanks God upon every remembrance of him."
" There was so much sympathy," writes a daughter, " and so
much humor too in our parents' intercourse with us, such per-
fect confidence and friendship between them and us, that our
home was delightfiilly happy. But the depth of tenderness in
that father's heart, no words can describe. Especially after our
mother's death, we had a new revelation of the meaning of
the words, ' Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord
pitieth them that fear Him.' I am sure he felt any trouble
that came to us far more than we did ourselves."

I shall never forget how, at a meeting of the Association,
while reading to us his semi-centennial sermon, when he came
to speak of some thrilling domestic experiences, suddenly his
manly voice faltered, his eye became tear-veiled, and he handed
the manuscript to me, sitting in the next chair, to finish the
reading of it.

Dr. McKeen came to the end of his days realizing in himself
the fulfilment of the promise, " With long life will I satisfy him
and show him my salvation." Almost eighty-seven years of
earth-life were given him. He came to his grave pre-eminently
as " a shock of corn fully ripe in its season." He had been
ripening for years. Long before, in the midst of his active
life, the discipline of suffering had signally moulded his char-
acter into the likeness of the Master's. He was then no
stranger to the furnace of affliction. Early and often he
trod its burning floor. He knew how to comfort those who
were in any distress, because he could comfort them with the
comfort wherewith he had himself been comforted of God.
When he was not yet thirty years of age he was bereft of the
wife ^ of his youth, over whose memory he was known to shed

^ She was Miss Phebe Fuller, the daughter of his theological teacher, to whom
he was married June 4, 1816. She died of lingering consumption, Nov. 30, 182a

396 Silas McKeen, [July*

tears of tenderness after he was threescore years and ten.
" She left him three little girls, * wee bit toddlin' things/ After
a time, one of them said, he * went to heaven and brought their
mamma back * ; and the coming of the second mother ^ was to
them very much as if he had done so."

By the time he had reached the meridian of life, he had about
him seven healthy, happy children, with a wife, who was " a
crown to her husband." She was wise and tender, able to be
both counsellor and comforter. With her whole soul she
shared her husband's sacred life-work. Their home was full of
love and hope.

Then God called the father to lead his family, one after one,
through the swellings of Jordan, till only two of them all were
left with him on the hither shore.

First (1841) his daughter Julia, who had been left a baby in
his arms when her young mother died, was taken, just as she
was entering on a lovely womanhood.

Four years later, Marianne, his first-born, who had always
been his peculiar pride and delight, came home to die.^

Three years after this great grief (1848), the household was
suddenly stricken by the loss of the mother, herself. Mr.
McKeen and his wife were riding home, after a visit in the
neighboring town of Vershire, when the holdback broke, and the
horse ran, — she sprang for life and met her death. For three
days and nights she lay in a little farm-house by the wayside,
unconscious of the anguish about her bed, and only woke to
find herself forever at home.

Two years more, and the only son,^ twenty-three years old,

1 Dr. McKeen's second wife was Miss Hannah Johnston, of Haverhill, N. H.

3 She was at the lime teaching in the K. U. Academy at Meriden, N. H., as
associate principal with Prof. C. S. Richards, now of Howard University. In a
recent letter he remarks of her, " Hers was, I may say, a brilliant, certainly a most
lovely person and spirit. I well remember how reluctantly and sadly she yielded
her place with us, so dear to her, as she remarked to me, to go home to die. It
was hard at first for her young and active spirit to stop short so soon in her career
of anticipated work, and say, *Thy will be done.' But it was only for a little that
she hesitated or called in question the dear Master's will." She died March 24,
1845, ^ged twenty-seven.

* George Whitefield McKeen was graduated at Dartmouth in 1846. The class-
mates who knew him best were Prof. J. J. Blaisdell, of Beloit, Wis., Prof. Charles
Aiken, of Princeton, N. J., Edward Parker, M. D., of New York Medical College,
and Rev. Drs. Quint and Wellman.

1878.] Silas McKeen. 397

full of promise, was taken to be a king and a priest unto God
in the land that is very far off

There was a respite from the death messenger until 1858,
when he came again for Catharine, the fifth daughter, one
whose strong nature had already made its lasting imprint on
hundreds of characters. She had expended the vitality of a
lifetime before midday; its last and richest outlay was at
Mount Holyoke Seminary.

Four years later, 1862, the second daughter, Serena, wife of
Rev. Charles Duren, of West Charlestown, Vt, ended the earthly
part of a life beautiful with faith and sweetest patience.^

In the father's pocket-book were found, after his death, those
tender lines of Whittier : —

*' How strange it seems, with so much gone
Of life and love, to still live on ! "

Bereavements so multiplied and so sore could not fail of
moulding character either for good or for evil. In the case of

President Lord wrote concerning him at the time of his death : " He was a
highly gifted and cultivated Christian student He professed faith in Christ at the
age of ten years. Having been put upon a course of study, with a view to pro-
ftMional life, he thenceforward became a scholar after the Christian method. He
studied whatever it concerned him to know, with profound earnestness. But every
book was read and every subject was investigated in reference to God and His
government of the world by Jesus Christ He penetrated to the centre of all
true knowledge, the Cross ; and from that only safe point of observation he saw
what none but a Christian can see, and more than most Christian men so young
have seen. Everything was real to him because everything stood before his mind
in its relation to a moral system. The consequence was unusual breadth, com-
prehension, justness, harmony, and liveliness of views, with a corresponding
propriety and finish of performance. His culture, in all the departments of his
course, was well proportioned, and so great as to exceed ordinary appreciation.
He was truly known only by his teachers. He studied and knew too much for so
young a man.*'

To these spiritual and intellectual gifls were added wit and geniality, as well
as a fine, expressive face. He was completing his preparations for the medical
profession at the New York University when the ill-health which he had been
struggling against ever since his Junior year in college took its fatal hold upon him.
He died June 9, 1850.

' Mrs. t>uren*s only son, Charles McKcen Duren, who is a bank cashier at Eldora,
Iowa, sa>'s in a letter to his mother's sisters : " I rejoice that I am descended
from such a man as Silas McKeen. He has always been my ideal of a true man.
You know how he used to send me every notice of defaulting cashiers, and charge
me, * Hold fast your integrity ! ' It makes us believe in God more fully when we
remember the firm confidence and trust such a vigorous, strong man as he kept all
his life."

SECOND SERIES.-^ VOL. X. NO. 3. 2

398 Silas McKeen. [July,

one so thoroughly Christian as Dr. McKeen they were mor-
ally certain to " yield the peaceable fruits of righteousness " ;
to make him more and more richly a " partaker of His holi-
ness " who afflicted not willingly ; to lift him

•* Higher yet and higher,
Out of clouds and night ;
Nearer yet and nearer
Rising to the light."

During the last few years of his life, the ripening of his
character was beautiful as that of autumn foliage, and precious
as that of choicest autumn fruits. Month by month there was
the gradual mellowing of old age, without the slightest trace of
decay. " He grew more and more full of tenderest pity for
the perplexities and sorrows of our poor humanity, he be-
came less and less positive and severe in his judgment of
human action ; still he was just as inflexible and fearless in his
loyalty to the right to his last day, as he was in the fire of his
youth." The felicitous mellowing of his character was sig-
nally illustrated in the way he grew into the heart's affections
of little children in the neighborhood of his home. The last
morning of his life, a little child came running in from the next
house to tell him how many chapters he had read in a Testa-
ment he had given him three days before. The eager boy was
just in time to see his aged friend gently breathing out his
life. He went slowly back again, and was found some time
after, all alone in the house, hugging his little Testament, and
crying as if his heart would break. That night a little girl
three years old, in another part of the village, could n't say her
" Now I lay me," because she was playing " gone home to
heaven with Dr. McKeen."

In his last days, those who knew him intimately saw most
clearly the mellow ripening of his character, but none who knew
him at all could fail of noting how the gentleness of his nature
was sweetly displacing every trace of undue sternness. Mani-
festly he was coming more and more into that Christ-like
symmetry of character which had been the lifelong aspiration
of his heart. In his casual outbreathings of fond desire for the
best good of brethren and friends, there was often an unctioni
pathos, and tender love " which had less of earth in them than

1878.] Si/as McKem. 399 *

«

heaven." More and and more bis path was that of the shining
light, aglow with the celestial radiance of serene sunset

He instinctively shrank from being a useless old man, and he
never was one. For the last six years he preached only occa-
sionally, but his pen was still active, especially upon his Hts-
tory of Bradford^ which he happily lived to see carried through
the press. These latest years he dwelt very quietly, with the
cherished companion^ of his old age, in the self-same cottage
where, a full half-century before, he had first entered upon his
domestic life. Of this, a life-lease had been given him when he
retired from pastorate and parsonage. He rejoiced in the fre-
quent visits of kind friends, and above all in those of his two
surviving daughters, who often came to him in periods of relief
from their useful activities, in charge of Abbott Academy at
Andover, Mass. Meanwhile, the " power of his honest life,"
and of his earnest words, was daily felt throughout the entire
community. Only seven weeks before he entered into rest
his voice was heard preaching once more the gospel of his
adored Redeemer. His utterances at the communion service of
the annual Vermont Convention of Churches in Bradford, June,
1877, will abide forever in the memory of many. Only a few
days was he cut off from his accustomed walks and ways of
life. The Thursday before his departure, he walked down town.
Saturday, he wrote to his daughters, " My blessed children, let
us still trust our God and rejoice in His lifelong goodness to us.
His precious promises are sure to us and to you, and to all who
love and trust Him." Monday, the loth of December, 1877, the
translation came, suddenly. " He was not, for God took him."

The commemorative sermon of Rev. L. H. Elliott, the pas-
tor of the church in Bradford, to which we are much indebted
for materials of this memorial, was postponed till the following
Sabbath. The funeral service was held in the church on
Thursday, the 14th. Some of his younger brethren in
the ministry bore the body from the house. "Wonderfully
appropriate passages of Scripture " were read. Hymns were
sung, of which the dear departed was fond, and which he had

^ His third wife, who survives him» was Miss Sarah Parmelee, of Guilford,
Conn., to whom he was married April 30, 185 1.

4CX) Silas McKeen, [July,

repeated the last evening of his life, as he often did in the clos-
ing hours of the Sabbath. Among them was his favorite : —

" Rise, my soul, pursue the path
By ancient worthies trod ;
Aspiring, view those holy men
Who lived and walked with God."

Several clergymen, including in their number his two suc-
cessors, spoke briefly from full hearts of' " what he had been
to them." The day had opened gloomily, threatening snow,
like many a day in a Northern Vermont winter ; but suddenly,
near the close of the service in the church, the golden sun
found a rift in the leaden clouds, and streaming through the
colored glass window nearest the pulpit, flooded the vine-
wreathed casket as with a glow of celestial light. Nothing
could have seemed a more beautiful emblem of that glory to
which the sainted dead had already been introduced,

Wm. S. Palmer.

Norwich^ Conn.

1878.] Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. 401

MR, FINNEY ON MINISTERIAL CULTURK

One chapter of the Memoirs of Rev. Charles G. Fintuy^
written by himself is devoted to the subject of ministerial
education. Mr. Finney writes as an old man, and as one who
is entitled to speak freely to his younger brethren respecting
bis views of the culture needed by the Christian ministry.
His large experience, and his great usefulness as a preacher,
awaken unusual interest in his opinions. His words will be
taken as those of a pulpit expert. While it is our main pur-
pose to point out what we deem to be serious errors in the
views which he utters, we are not insensible to the many
excellent suggestions which the chapter contains.

The great stress, for example, which he lays on the need of
simplicity and clearness of style is not excessive. The preacher
must reach the p)eople by the plain language of the people.
Obscure and indefinite thought, dressed out in the hazy mag-
nificence of a high-flowing diction, will never penetrate and
move the hearts of men.

Repetition^ too, on which Mr. Finney much insists, is very
necessary to effective preaching. Mr. Finney gives the sub-
stance of a criticism on the ministry once made to him by a
judge of the Supreme Court, who says among other things,
" Ministers do not exercise good sense in addressing the p)eo-
ple. They are afraid of repetition. . . . When I was at
the bar, ... I used to take it for granted, when I had
before me a jury of respectable men, that I should have to
repeat over my main positions about as many times as there
were persons in the jury-box. I learned that unless I did so,
illustrated and repeated, and. turned over the main points of law
and of evidence, I should lose my cause." (p. 85.) The preacher,
as well as the lawyer, needs to reiterate the truth he would en-
force. Too much prominence can hardly be given to the leading
thoughts of a sermon. To this end it is of prime importance
that they be so methodically arranged that their mutual rela-
tion and interdependence be obvious, A simple, well-ordered,
progressive plan,' and frequent repetitions and summaries, are
of immense value in their effect on a hearer. Many a sermon,

402 Mr. Finney an Ministerial Culture. [July,

good in other respects, loses half its power because the course
of the thought, the main propositions and their connection,
are not made sufficiently evident and emphatic, and are there-
fore not imprinted on the attention and memory of the congre-
gation.

That directness^ also, which Mr. Finney inculcates, is essen-
tial to usefulness in the pulpit Ministers, he complains,
" often preach about sinners instead of preaching to them. , . .
Now I have thought it my duty to pursue a different course.
I have often said, ' Do not think I am talking about anybody
else ; but I mean you, and you, and you.' " (p. 92.) Doubtless
this was one great element of his success. Directness has been
a marked quality in the sermons of those ministers' who have
been distinguished for power in their appeals to men.

And closely connected with this quality is another, of which
Mr, Finney urges the importance, and which may be desig-
nated as definiteness of immediate practical aim, A specific
object to accomplish, here and now, should give impulse to
every sermon. Great power comes from convincing hearers
that " the appeal is made directly for action," and from press-
ing them to an immediate verdict. Such singleness of prac-
tical aim not only penetrates the hearer, but reacts on the
preacher, giving keenness and vigor and incisive power to his
views and his utterances of truth.

Above all is it important to exercise and cultivate that spirit
oi prayerful depcfidence on (7t?^/ which Mr. Finney at once en-
joined and exemplified, and which is the real hiding of a
preacher's power. After a man has done all he can to fit him-
self rightly to declare the Word of Truth, and just in propor-
tion as he has done his own part faithfully, he will be ready to
cry out with Paul, "Who is sufficient for these things } " " Not
that we are sufficient of ourselves to think anything as of our-
selves, but our sufficiency is of God."

But in some other resp)ects Mr. Finney's observations
respecting ministerial culture are open to serious criticism.
I. His general tone of remark about the notions and practices
prevalent among ministers is too depreciatory. His animad-
versions on the ministry, though not unkindly meant, are fre-
quent, sweeping, and to a large extent unmerited. He attributes

1878.] Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. 403

to them, as a class, errors which characterize a very small, and
that the least influential, portion of them. In speaking of
his own " views and methods/' he constantly sets himself over
against them, as though he had made some great discovery in the
matter of preaching which the men of his profession had been
ignorant of till his day. To give a single example, in remark-
ing on the importance of plainness and directness, he says,
" When I came to preach the gospel, my mind was so anxious
to be thoroughly understood that I studied in the most earnest
manner, on the one hand to avoid what was vulgar, and on the
other to express my thoughts with the greatest simplicity of
language. This was extremely contrary to the notions which
at that time prevailed among ministers, and even yet prevail
to a very great extent." (p. 81.) "Ministers generally avoid
preaching what the people before them will understand as
addressed particularly to them. They will preach to them
about other people, and the sins of other people, instead of
addressing them and saying, ' You are guilty of these sins,'
and * The Lord requires this of you.' " " They studiously avoid
being personal, in the sense of making the impression on any
one present that he is the man." (p. 92.) Now, however true
these and a great many similar charges of Mr. Finney may
have been concerning certain ministers whom he met with, they
have not applied to the preaching of the majority of American
ministers during the last hundred years ; still less have they
applied to the standard at which they have aimed. Many of
Mr. Finney's early contemporaries, Payson, Nettleton, Griffin,
Taylor, and others too numerous to mention, owed their use-
fulness, in as large measure as he, to the directness, plainness,
and cogency of their application of truth to the souls of men.
2. Of a similar character are his strictures upon theological
schools, " I am still solemnly impressed with the conviction,"
he says (p. 85), " that the schools are to a great extent spoiling
the ministers," " In certain respects they are greatly mis-
taken in their modes of training their students." (p. 89.) And
he goes on to specify various particulars, in which, as he
thinks, their methods are injurious, some of which will be
presently noticed. It might at first seem strange that one
>vho was a leading professor in a theologfical institution for

404 Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. [July,

wellnigh forty years should speak thus, and that he should
not be able to make favorable exception even of the seniinary
with which He was himself identified. But Mr. Finney's early
experience undoubtedly had a good deal to do in determining
his later views of both the schools and the ministry.

His history in part accounts for his prejudices ; it should be
constantly borne in mind in estimating the value of his opinions
on ministerial education. He had, it will be remembered,
almost no religious instruction in his youth. When about
twenty-five years of age he went to Adams, in Jefferson Coun-
ty, New York, to study law. " Up to this time," he says, " I
had never enjoyed what might be called religious privileges."
(p 6.) " I was almost as ignorant of religion as a heathen. . . .
I had been brought up mostly in the woods. ... At Adams,
for the first time, I sat statedly, for a length of time, under an
educated ministry." (p. 7.) He now became an habitual at-
tendant at the meetings of the Presbyterian Church, of which
Rev. George W. Gale, a " hyper-Calvin istic " preacher, recently
from Princeton Seminary, was then pastor. Finding, in the
course of his legal studies, frequent reference to the Scriptures,
he purchased " the first " Bible he '* had ever owned," and
whenever he found a reference to it in a law book, he says, " I
turned to the passage and consulted it in its connection. This
soon led to' my taking a new interest in the Bible, and I read
and meditated on it much more than I had ever done before
in my life." (p. 8.) This earnest study of the Word of God,
more than the ministrations of his pastor, which " rather per-
plexed than edified " him, was the means of his conversion,
after he had been at Adams about three years.

Mr. Gale and the few ministers in that vicinity with whom
Mr. Finney had become acquainted at the beginning of his
religious life, held certain theological views which his faithful
and independent study of the Scriptures constrained him to
regard as unbiblical. From this circumstance he seems to
have made short work of forming a general conclusion respect-
ing theological education. When, therefore, a few months
after his conversion, he put himself " under the care of the
Presbytery as a candidate for the gospel ministry," and was
advised to go to Princeton to study theology, we find him say-

1878.] Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. 405

ing, " I refused to go ; and when urged to give them my rea-
sons, I plainly told them that I would not put myself under
such an influence as they had been under ; that I was confi-
dent they had been wrongly educated, and they were not min-
isters that met my ideal of what a minister of Christ should
be." (p. 45.) Accordingly, his pastor was appointed to be his
instructor, an arrangement by which Mr. Finney certainly
gained nothing as regards soundness of theological training,
and by which he must have lost much in some other respects.

What effect the influences of a seminary course might have
had in enlarging his ideas of culture, in tempering his preju-
dices, and in giving symmetry and refinement to his character,
is of course only conjectural. It is an interesting fact that,
had he gone to Princeton at this time, he would have had
among his fellow-students James W. Alexander, Edward N.
Kirk, Albert Barnes, Theodore D. Woolsey, and George W.
Bethune. One would think he might have found some theo-
logical, as well as Christian, sympathy among these men ; and
how much soever he might have dissented from the theology
of Princeton, one cannot but believe that the abundant self-
reliance, the tinge of fanaticism, and the deficiency of reverence
which sometimes marred his usefulness, might, in some measure
at least, have been modified by contact and comparison with
such minds as these.

Of his experiences as a pupil of Mr. Gale he gives a full,
interesting, and characteristic account in his Memoirs. *' I
could not receive his views," he says, " on the subject of atone-
ment, regeneration, faith, repentance, the slavery of the will,
or any of the kindred doctrines." (p. 46.) " He was sadly
defective in his education, theologically, philosophically, and
practically * (p. 56) ; and he " afterward concluded that he had
not been converted " at this time. But the summing up of
the experience is found in the remark, " My studies, so far as
lie was concerned as ray teacher, were little else than contro-
versy." (p. 46.) Mr. Finney was not the raan who needed to
liave his independence and self-assertion stimulated in this
ivay. His impressions of the ministry and of the schools were
such as he had thus derived, when, at the end of two years, he
entered upon the work of an evangelist. It is hardly to be

4o6 Mr, Finney on Ministerial Culture. [July,

wondered at that he was not always careful, in carrying on
that work, to observe due deference to the pastoral relation, or
that, elated with the immediate apparent success of his efforts,
he was sometimes not wisely heedful of the suggestions and
criticisms of those who had had better training and larger
experience than himsell

He seems to have retained these early prejudices through
life. They crop out repeatedly in his Memoirs in such re-
marks as the following : " I was, from the very first, aware
that . . . there was this wide gulf in our views, and would be
in practice, between myself and other ministers. I seldom
felt that I was one of them, or that they regarded me as really
belonging to their fraternity." (p. 89.) •' The fact is, their edu-
cation had been so entirely different from mine, that they dis-
approved of my manner of preaching very much." (p. 81.)
These ideas color all his views of ministerial training. His
counsels to his professional brethren consist largely of general-
izations too hastily and extensively drawn from his own peculiar
temperament and experience,

3. One illustration of this hasty generalization is found in
the manner of his advocating extempore preaching. It has been
humorously said by a reader of this chapter that the substance
of Mr. Finney's views is that the qualifications of a minister
are want of learning, want of forethought, want of notes ; that
he shall preach without schooling, without thinking, without
writing. This, of course, is only a playful exaggeration ; but
there is too much ground for it. Of written sermons Mr.
Finney is intolerant. Except extempore preaching, there is,
to his mind, none worthy of the name ; it is not only the best,
but the only good method. Probably it was the best way for
Mr. Finney, and it may even have been the only efiective way
for him. But men differ ; and it is as great folly to insist on
any one method of preaching for all, as on any one method of
studying or of walking for all. Each must be allowed to work
in his own harness. Mr. Finney's harness could not be worn
by the majority of men. Of his own habits, he tells us that
for the first twelve years of his ministry he " wrote not a word " ;
even the " skeletons " of his sermons at that period he made
after, and not before, he preached, merely in order to preserve

i

1878.] Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. 407

the outline of the thought which " the Spirit of God had given "
him. He contrasts his own way of taking a subject, praying
much over it on Sabbath morning, getting his mind full of it,
and going and pouring it out to the people, with that of a min-
ister who uses — or, as we should say, abuses — his written
sermon : " A man, after he has written it, needs to think but
little of the subject. He needs to pray but little. ... He does
not feel the necessity of being powerfiiUy anointed. . . . He is
quite at ease. He has only to use his eyes and his voice, and
he can preach, in his way." (p. 94.) If this was Mr. Finney's
ideal of preaching from a manuscript, it is not strange that he
believed that " the people do not remember " written sermons,
and that they are not " interested " and " instructed " by them.

The difficulty with such preaching as Mr. Finney describes
is not in the manuscript, but in the man. The man who uses
only his eyes and his voice is very little less unfit to be in the
pulpit than one who uses his voice alone, and thinks preach-
ing is like the lion's part in the play, " You may dd it extem-
pore, for it is nothing but roaring." Such a man can no more
safely be turned into the pulpit without "notes" than with
them. On the contrary, he will be more dangerous there, if he
has merely the fatal facility of speech, than if he has been
forced, in his study, to bring the whole faculties of his mind to
grapple with his subject, at least once, sufficiently to write upon
it. What he needs, as an indispensable prerequisite to enter-
ing the pulpit at all, is an adequate sense of the transcendent
importance and awfulness of the preacher's work. Let him
have this, and his utterances to men will be " weighty and
powerful," whether written, like Paul's epistles, or spoken, like
his address on Mars Hill.

Mr. Finney complains of the schools because in some of
them " the students are required to write what they call ser-
mons, and present them for criticism ; to preach, that is, read
them to the class and the professor. Thus they play preach-
ing. No man can preach in this manner." (p. 90.) And in no
school is this regarded as preaching. The hearers for whom
these first sermons are written, and to whom they are to be
preached, are not the class and the professor to whom they
are read for criticism. The critics do not pass judgment

408 Mr, Finney on Ministerial Culture. [July,

upon the sermon according to its especial fitness for themselves.
Both writer and critics have a very different standard. The
student does not " play preaching " any more than a soldier,
when cleaning and testing his weapon before the battle, plays
fighting. He is simply asking competent judges whether his
sermon is fit to preach. Mr. Finney goes on, " These so-called
sermons will of course, under the criticism they receive, degen-
erate into literary essays." " Essays " they undoubtedly are
in the sense of endeavors, experiments, — in the sense in
which all first sermons must be such, wherever delivered ; but
why they should be essays in any other sense, it is hard to
see. That student must have a gross misconception of his
work, whose purpose in writing his first '* so-called sermon " is
to produce a fine piece of composition. If any young man
looking forward to the gospel ministry were to write a sermon
for such a purpose, we venture to say that he would be nowhere
more solemnly and eflfectually rebuked than in a theological
school. Putting him into a pulpit would not cure him. He, of
all men, should not be suffered to go out into the world and
attempt "so-called" preaching to sinners without such criti-
cism and training as the schools will furnish him ; nay, more,
without giving evidence of a radical change in his views of the
object of sermons. Furthermore, Mr. Finney says, " The stu-
dents are taught to cultivate a fine, elevated style of writing.
As for real eloquence, that gushing, impressive, and persua-
sive oratory that naturally flows from an educated man whose
soul is on fire with his subject, and who is free to pour out his
heart to a waiting and earnest people, they have none of it."
If by " a fine, elevated style," Mr. Finney means one that
expresses thought on the loftiest of all subjects in clear, pure,
pointed language, it certainly might be also eloquent, impres-
sive, and persuasive. But if, as he repeatedly implies, Mr.
Finney intends a style such that the so-called sermon shall be
a " specimen of learning " (p. 90), a " splendid exhibition of
rhetoric" (p. 91), "a style that shall soar above the heads of
the people" (p. 81), we greatly doubt whether there is a semi-
nary in the land where the student is taught to cultivate it,
but if there be, that seminary should certainly seek a new
professor of homiletics. Against reading written sermons, Mr.

i

1878.] Mr. Fittftey on Ministerial Culture. 409

Finney further urges that " men do not do so on any subject
where they are really in earnest The captain of a fire com-
pany, when a city is on fire» does not read to his company an
essay, or exhibit a fine specimen of rhetoric when he shouts
to them and directs their movements." (p. 90.) But the illus-
tration is no argument against written sermons, because the
fire-captain must meet a succession of emergencies not to be
calculated on beforehand. If fires were as uniform in their
direction and progress as sin, and building answered to build-
ing as the heart of man to man, the captain might determine
and write down, before leaving his home, just what he would
shout.

Mr. Finney appears to think that this dislike of written
sermons was something new and original with him. He fre-
quently speaks of it as if it were one of his views of preaching
the gospel. For mstance, he says, " If" ministers "must preach,
in the common acceptation of the term, they must write ;
hence, according to that view, I have never preached." (p. 91.)
But so far is this from being a theory of preaching new with
Mr. Finney, that Dr. Sprague writes of a period some ten
years before Mr. Finney was licensed, " The prejudice against
reading in New York was so great that it was at the peril at
least of one's reputation as a preacher, that he ventured to lay
his manuscript before him." (Annals of Am. PuL, Vol. Ill, p.
603.) And an incident is related of Dr. John M. Mason which
also illustrates the prevalence of this same prejudice. Towards
the close of his life, after his eminent mental powers had been
impaired by paralysis, and he could no longer rely on their
sustained vigorous action, he was once preaching in Philadel-
phia. He knew the dislike of the congregation to a written
sermon and heartily shared it. But he softened the prejudice
of his hearers and melted many of them to tears, by saying, as
he laid the hated manuscript on the Bible, " My friends, I must
ask your indulgence for adopting to-day a practice which
through life I have condemned. I must read my sermon.
The hand of God is upon me : I must bow to His will."

This question whether to preach with or without notes is, in it-
self considered, one about which " there is a great deal to be said
on both sides." Each method has its own advantages. Which

4IO Mr, Finney on Ministerial Culture. [JuJy»

method shall be adopted by any individual can only be wisely
determined by thorough and careful study of himself, by dili-
gent attention to the needs and peculiarities of his hearers, and
by patient and long-continued experiment. To be in the habit
of addressing men in both ways is the best safeguard against
the evils of an exclusive practice of either course. Whoever
adopts the custom of preaching extemporaneously should
remember that saying of Choate, " Careful, constant writing is
the parent of ripe speech. It has no other." (Brown's Life of
Choatey Vol. I, p. 65.) But this whole subject has been
handled with admirable breadth and candor, and with masterly
wisdom and skill, by one of our most eminent extemporaneous
preachers, in three lectures delivered before the students of
the Union Theological Seminary, New York, in January, 1875,
on the " Conditions of Success in preaching without Notes."
We cannot forbear quoting a few sentences from this little
volume as an offset to Mr. Finney's one-sided view of the mat-
ter. Dr. Storrs says, " Do no violence to your own nature,
and if you find, after sufficient conscientious trial, that you can
do more useful service with the pen than without it, then use
the pen without reluctance, without reserve, and be thankful
that you have it." Then, after speaking of certain men for
whom " it would be a wanton waste of time, if not indeed a sin
against nature, ... to give up their notes in the pulpit," he
continues, " The pen is a prodigious power in the world, an
invincible moral and social force, a real lever to lift the race
forward. It has blessed all times since man discovered the
use of the alphabet God Himself has put honor upon it, in
writing his law on tables of stone, and not merely speaking it
in articulate tones. He has honored it in the gospels, preserv-
ing by it the words of His Son. Any man should be glad and
proud to use it for Him from whom the power comes. I have
never believed it the best plan for all ministers to preach with-
out notes. I only think it better for some. . . . If I might
change one letter in a precept of St. Paul, I should say, ' One
man esteemeth one way above another, another man esteemeth
every way alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own
mind.' " (Storrs' Preaching without NoteSy pp. 66-69.)
4. Still more liable to the charge of one-sided extravagance

i

1878.] Mr, Finney on Ministerial Culture. 411

are Mr. Finney's opinions with regard to impromptu preaching.
In his view it is desirable that a sermon be not merely
unwritten, but in the most literal and extreme sense extempore,
— preached on the spur of the moment. He holds up his own
method and experience in this respect to the imitation of
others, seeming to attach little if any importance to personal
idiosyncrasies, and appearing to think that, in order to follow
his example, nothing is needed but faith equal to his own in
the inspiring power of the Holy Spirit. It is a man's own
fault, he implies, if he does not receive such a " baptism of the
Holy Ghost" as shall enable him, whatever be his physical
temperament and his habits of mind, to preach as spontane-
ously as Mr. Finney relates that he did. Of the earlier years
of his ministry he says, " Oftentimes I went into the pulpit
without knowing upon what text I should speak or a word that
I should say. I depended on the occasion and the Holy Spirit
to suggest the text and to open up the whole subject to my
mind, and certainly in no part of my ministry have I preached
with greater success and power. If I did not preach from
inspiration, I don't know how I did preach. ... It seemed
that I could see with intuitive clearness just what I ought to
say ; and whole platoons of thoughts, words, and illustrations
came to me as fast as I could deliver them." (pp. 95, 96.)
" Some of the most telling sermons," he says also, that he
" ever preached in Oberlin/* he " received after the bell had
rung for church. . . . They .were not mine,*but from the
Holy Spirit in me," he adds ; and then follows the practical
lesson, ** Let no man say that this is claiming a higher inspira-
tion than is promised to ministers or than ministers have a
right to expect. For I believe that all ministers called by Christ
to preach the gospel ought to be and may be in such a sense
inspired as to preach the gospel with the Holy Ghost sent down
from heaven." (pp. 96, 97.) Undoubtedly this last remark is
quite true, but the preceding inference from it is a patent nan
sequitur. Because it is the privilege of a minister to expect the
influences of the Holy Spirit to accompany and to bless his
efforts, it by no means follows that he may depend upon the
inspiration of the Spirit to supply the deficiency from want of
effort Such " inspiration " does not take the place of prepara-

412 Mr, Finney on Ministerial Culture. [July,

tion, but rather is the attendant and the result of it. The true
apostolic idea is, that a man should do his own work, with fear
and trembling, in consequence of the fact that it is God who
worketh in him. As most men are constituted, the work pre-
paratory to preaching must, on each occasion, consist of a good
deal besides earnest and faithful prayer, necessary and impor-
tant as that is. The experience of the majority of ministers
would differ from Mr. Finney's greatly, were they to follow his
example and to "preach without any preparation whatever,
except what" they " got in prayer." (p 95.) If they were to
go before their congregations, not having " taken a thought
with regard to what" they "should preach," as Mr. Finney
says " was common " with him early in his ministry (p. 65),
instead of seeing with intuitive clearness just what they ought
to say, it is to be feared they would see only " darkness visi-
ble " ; instead of " whole platoons of thoughts, words, and illus-
trations," there would come only platitudes; and instead of
" trembling " with the vividness of their impression of truth,
they would be more likely to tremble with the vividness of
their sense of shame.

On this subject, as on the matter of written sermons, Mr.
Finney apparently forgets that men differ, and that what is
natural to one may be impossible to most. He laments that
" in our school at Oberlin our students . . . have been told again
and again " — (and as most would say, with great wisdom), —
" * You must hot think to imitate Mr. Finney. You cannot be
Finney s.* " (p. 91.) He does not see that what he mistakes in
his own case for the result of " inspiration" in answer to " the
prayer of faith," is largely the effect of uncommon self-reliance,
unusual natural endowments, and peculiar temperament and
training ; and that it is neither inferior faith nor want of de-
pendence on God which makes his brethren differ from him-
self. Faithful preachers of the gospel undoubtedly receive the
gift of the Holy Spirit, but of that gift it may be said, as has
been finely remarked of " Christ's mercy," that it, " like water in
a vase, takes the shape of the vessel that holds it." (Mac-
laren's Sermons, 2d series, p. 304.)

5. Mr. Finney's views respecting impromptu efforts being
such as have been indicated, it can hardly awaken surprise

1878.] Mr. ^JPinfygic im\ Ministmak G^Hure, 4 1 3

that he is t(^anid^'ilt%d^^^ofei&tili|p iVhdt^
would x^^6:4& f^^emmut^pirmching. \ Th« seboolsi kt^* fi^in
greatly in -e^eoi^/'he^ thinks, IWctttise -they- dot'nbfWidb^t^
theologieil stafleilff^ to preach. -'«' Men Gannet learn to ptfeach
by study ^WilhbuV'pfactifcie/^ 4ie attys:' ^"Thii stikfcnt^ should
be ericOtii'a^ea^^toi^iet^nse'' tod ptWt a^d ittiprbVe- th^ gifts
and caHittg <of God.'- (^. 89;)' Thef -'shduM'^ acdu^tWn them-
selvtsif-to 'ekt^tnpdi-adebuii'adAtess^ tfo'^th^ peb^lef in the sur-
rounding country while pursuing their studies." (p.' 89.)
This sbiinds^plaufeffiHe A^ colif^iiis 'a- deft^in- tfutlh. • If, by
iueh'rettfeirks/ Mr.' Fitorief ineafls only fhat-sttideiits fktiilg for
themJiiistry' shobld, Uke-'Oth^'ftiyracfW^imprbve ^theif 'oppor-
Wflities? of Ghri«t9iri' ufeefulhesj^,-' arid -th^''th*y;'as -laymen,
shVtlld be studious 'df the mean's 1^ ivhich Ybey may, fh their

■

subseqtittif ttinWteifial-laborii btftbmti^wise 'to wiri soulsi there
S-no^ ol^ecticm- td what 'Ke says'. • But this iS a very ^different
flilhg ffokh encoi^ragiAg students ^o uil^dertak«'thiei pulpit work
of ' tW6 inihistVys To -that-^drk ttiotoug;h |>?e{Jarati6h is^ fessen-
tii4l.'' Thfe toportance of a irlght ^frainfng %vA% dan featdly be
Aver-^stim"^^ X^t, 6n the Joflief'httn*,-fhfe-eVite-t'^<ilting from
entering upbn it^'rasWy'knd uh^rdpai^^dly:; —M^canhot learn
td^'preach ivell by practice ^hbiit- ^ttidy, and a! gofdd deal else
ittu8t'*bcf*leA¥ned'biefordahefy begfei'td leaYn 'to pfeach. 'The
iirifdispefldabte preparafoty study i0' enough, ahd '-m^re than
fetieughri t<y ab^iVb a tti!ah's whole time aHiden^rgiefe during the
few yfears'6f-a^'S"(fc?nifinaty'caiii%eV htf baS lio 'SdpcltfluOtis- forces
tto spflS-e foFpfdachingi even if he^weJfe' already fit for it;'' And
the work of- the pruljiil, btt the other hand, When at length he
is'rerfdy fot^'itj'shotiki tt6 all-abSOrbing. Most good ministers
find'tfte tftnd^from We^k to week ortly to6 Shbrt fer the study
needed in^ drder td prepare for 'eftcb rapidly Buccefeding Sab-
balth'.- The attemp^t to caity'dn the'two •'works abreast, — to
pursue a cout^'otf-'pi^6paratoiy»studyj^nd'to supply pulpits at
tH^%iaftietin^,-^ it- might be- cohclu^cfed beforehand, would end
in lamefttable) failure ; and' s6 the'^5tpdrimewt> when tried, gen-
erally pr6ves.' Whehj'^s S6metirrtes happens, a young man,
f^itlptdd by thfe pecuniary help he hbpfes to obtain, or by mis-
tl^ken nbtiorfs of doing good^or by the fascination of temporary
l^opularity'ad ^ public speaker, Undertakes to discharge the

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 3. 3

414 Mr, Finney on Ministerial Culture. [Julyt

duties of a student on week-days and also those of a pastor on
Sundays, his history is pretty certain, in the end, to manifest
the unwisdom of such an attempt. To be sure, it is not ordi-
narily the men of most ability, modesty, and judgment who
err in this way ; but occasionally it happens that a man of good
endowments and of good sense is led, through poverty or other
unfortunate circumstances, to yield to this temptation, and
thus dwarfs or cripples himself for his whole subsequent
career.

Either there is, or there is not, need that the ministry be
educated. If there is need of an educated ministry, men must
take time to obtain their education. If it is worth while to
have theological seminaries at all, it is worth while that the
time nominally spent in them should be devoted to their work.
That work is not preaching, but preparation for preaching.

But Mr. Finney says, " A man can never learn to preach
except by preaching." (p. 88.) Very true ; a child can never
learn to walk except by walking ; but no one, for that reason,
tries to make a new-born infant walk. The child is nourished
and strengthened and developed in various ways, before it can
be wisely encouraged to take its first step. And all this pre-
paratory process is rightly regarded as a part of the operation
of "fitting it" to walk, although it may yet be months before
it is said to have begun to learn to walk. When the appro-
priate time to "learn to preach," in this restricted sense of the
phrase, arrives, the man in his first efforts must be, in any
case, merely a learner, whether those efforts are made before
or after he has completed a preparatory course of study. The
only question, therefore, between Mr. Finney and the schools is.
Shall he learn how to preach before, or after, he has learned
what to preach ? Mr. Finney's " captain of a fire company,"
even, does not assume the management of a fire till, by consid-
erable training and experience, he has learned what to shout to
his men. A common citizen would not be presumptuous
enough to go out, when a city is on fire, and put himself at the
head of an engine company and direct their movements. Much
less, inasmuch as the worth of the soul is greater than the worth
of material things, should a man go forth as one having author-
ity, and cry aloud to sinners in danger of death, concerning

1878.] Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. 415

matters of eternal importance, till he has given faithful and pro-
tracted study to the Word of God, to the principles according
to which it must be interpreted, to the mutual relation and
proper proportion of the doctrines it teaches, to the history of
the Christian church, and to the methods of wisely applying
Christian truth to the souls of men.

With reference to this matter, Dr, Nettleton has well
remarked, " On other subjects mankind, and even ministers,
exercise far more wisdom and common-sense than on the sub-
ject of religion. Nobody ever thought of making a skilful
physician, politician, or warrior at once, but most of our young
men, warm-hearted Christians, and even old ministers them-
selves, do take it for granted that a skilful minister can be made
out of a novice at once" (Tyler's Life of Nettleton^ p. 271.)
Yet the saying applies with equal truth and force to any other
profession or occupation in life, that a man can never learn to
do its work except by doing it. Of the professions of law and
of medicine, for example, the duties of which are distinctively
termed " practice," one would think it might, perhaps, be said
with especial emphasis that a man can never learn to practise
except by practising. But men have found that it is not safe
to trust their bodies and estates to mere practitioners, who
have not had previous training. A physician or a lawyer
must have had a course of preparatory study, and, in most
cases also, a drill of preparatory practice under the superin-
tendence of some older member of the profession, before he is
thought to be competent to manage cases, and to be entitled
to the confidence of men. The effects of any looser discipline
than this have been found in these professions to be disastrous.

The recent history of the legal profession in the State of
New York is instructive on this point. Some years ago, the
requirements for admission to the bar were lowered in that
State, by making ability to pass an examination the substitute
for a required term of study. The easier terms of admission
to the courts tended, however, to form an ignorant and un-
trained and undisciplined bar, and led to a multitude of conse-
quent evils, so that it became necessary, at length, to insist on
higher qualifications for office. Accordingly, during the past
year, new rules have been adopted, requiring four years of

4i6 Mr. Finney on Ministerial Culture. fjutyt

strictly professional study in the case of a college graduate,
and five years for a non-graduate, before he can become a
counsellor. The demand for high qualifications in the pulpit
is certainly no less than at the bar. Never was it more neces-
sary than at the present time that to godliness the ministry
add sound learning, profoundly matured thought, and varied
culture.

No argument against this necessity can be drawn even from
the example of men whose experience may, at first glance,
appear to indicate the contrary. Mr. Finney himself, for
instance, although he had a peculiar and, in some respects,
defective education, is by no means an illustration of a man
who hurried, without preparation, into the field of labor. On
the contrary, he entered upon the work of the ministry, not
only later in life than is usual, but also after having had a
course of training, irregular, to be sure, but extensive and
varied. His discipline in teaching for several years, and still
more in the study and practice of law, was an important part
of his furnishing for the pulpit His study of law, it will be
remembered, he pursued in close connection with diligent
study of the Bible, to which the fact of its being to him a new
book must have given peculiar zest For five years before he
began to preach, he applied the whole powers of his keen,
vigorous intellect with unbroken assiduity to this new and
wonderful volume, comparing human ethics with divine, and
the principles of man's government with God*s, and in this way
deducing for himself a system of theology even before he began
his strictly ministerial education. In his preparation of argu-
ments and appeals to juries, also, he had acquired skill in con-
vincing and persuading men ; so that, however imperfect his
ministerial education may have been, he came to it with a
mind already disciplined by a course of kindred professional
study, and with the other advantages derived from his previous
legal training. The work for which he was thus fitted was as
unusual as the course by which he was led to it

Neither can the case of such a man as Mr. Moody be ad-
duced as evidence against the need of thorough preparation
for the preacher s work. Mr. Moody is a striking exception to
the rules for men in general. Moreover, he succeeds, not on

1878] Mr. Finney an Ministerial Culture. 417

•

account of his deficiencies, but in spite of them, and on account
of special powers. Furthermore, he has had a peculiar train-
ing for a peculiar work. He would not be adapted to the
duties of a regular minister, and probably could not be induced
to undertake them. But it would be well if all students for
the ministry would give as thorough and devout study to the
Bible as Mr. Moody gave before he began to address men in
public, and continues to give, notwithstanding the pressure of
his abundant labors. And if all students for the ministry were
as slow as this humble evangelist to enter upon fields of labor
for which they are unfitted, there would be little fear that any
of them might be led, by Mr. Finney's suggestions, to assume
prematurely a responsibility for which they have neither time
nor any suitable qualification.

C. T. M.

Andffvtr^ Mast.

41 8 The Puritans. [July*

THE PURITANS.

Perhaps the same number of uninspired men never lived
with greater or better influence upon their present and future,
or, after a full century of honor, having greater or more lasting
calumnies attached to their memories. From old England, of
her most noble, most learned clergy ; in close sympathy and
fellowship witji the best men of their time ; with an acknowl-
edged religious character and object ; of the noblest Christian
manhood, with the most devoted and untiring religious zeal ;
learned, noble, and refined, the very flower of the kingdom,
and yet their memories traduced and lampooned by men not
worthy to unloose the latchet of their shoes, — such were the
Puritans.

In 15 17, Martin Luther, a German monk, nailed upon the
church at Wittemburg a declaration that shone out over all
Western Europe. It lit up Switzerland, France, Holland,
Scotland, and England. Eight years before Luther sounded
the tocsin of war upon all the unblushing assumptions of the
papacy, there had come to the throne of England a young
man of eighteen, self-willed, imperious, unscrupulous, capricious,
and tyrannical. For personal reasons, he unhesitatingly abol-
ished the authority of the Papal Church in England, plundered
and suppressed the monasteries, and enriched himself and his
sordid nobles with the spoils. This was Henry VIII. From
the ruins of the Papal Church he erected another, differing but
little from the former, and then proclaimed himself the head,
and his successors succeeding heads. Despising the senti-
ments and wishes of the body of his subjects, many of whom
were really Protestant, denying the right of private judgment,
he demanded uniformity of faith and worship according to his
popish ritual ; and the recusant were persecuted even to the
death. Through the reigns of Edward VI., Bloody Mary,
Elizabeth, and James I., the stake, fire, and axe were almost
constantly the lot of Non-conformists. None were too good
for such a fate ; not even Latimer and Ridley, nor the lovely
Jane Grey and her youthful husband. Lord Guilford Dudley, —

1878.] The Puritans. 419

than in the case of whom the executioner has seldom separated
sweeter bodies and spirits. Ah, that was the spirit of the age !
Let us throw over it the mantle of charity, learn pity for a false
education, and spare invective for more culpable subjects.

From 1317, for fifty years, the Reformation in England made
steady progress amid untold suffering and blood. In the
mean time the Puritans, as the Protestants were reproachfully
called, clung to the Church of England, only asking indulgence
in regard to a few objectional ceremonies. But even this, and
by " the good Queen Bess," was denied under severe penalties.
Persecutions stimulated inquiry, fixed objections, and instituted
rebellion. Expelled from the national church, they reluctantly
left it for "a church without a bishop." From this time a
separation began.

In 1586, Queen Elizabeth on the throne, Robert Brown, a
young Non-conformist clergyman, of good family, active and
intrepid, — a smaller Luther, — proclaimed an open rupture
with the established church, and travelled the country inveigh-
ing against bishops, ecclesiastical courts, and popish ceremo-
nies. The Queen and the bishops freely tried the common rem-
edy, persecution, and the Puritans were treated with extremest
cruelty. This had the usual effect of spreading wider and
striking deeper the roots of the persecuted doctrine. Brown,
after having been incarcerated in thirty-two prisons and dun-
geons, emigrated with a small part of his followers to Holland.
The mass remained in England, and were exposed to the
utmost rigor of the law. Great numbers suffered severe
imprisonment ; families were ruined by heavy fines ; some
were hanged for circulating the writings of the Brownists,
and others for attending their meetings.

When James I. came to the throne, being a Scotchman,
great hopes were entertained of a reconciliation. But these
all proved false. James, instead of befriending the Puritans,
in the second year of his reign banished, imprisoned, and fined
over three hundred of their ministers. And it was these per-
secutions that colonized New England.

We have thus briefly sketched the history of this people to
recall the facts concerning the school in which they were edu-
cated. " To exhibit their virtues, requires no more than a true

420 The Puritans. DwJy»

narrative of -their: deeds f; to excuse their errors, requires only
to know the deeds o£aheir enemies." One should not be
blamed for the ^absence of virtues not belonging to his age,
but he should be^honored if he possess them.

We pass aH subsequent history of the difficulties encountered
by thd Puritans in leaving England, crossing the ocean in mid-
winter, making .homes in a wilderness, forming a government,
taking care :of I their sick, and burying their dead. We leave
all these and come to another class.

Let us first call to mind the object of their coming to this
countryu* For.Jthree full generations they had lived in trials
and persecutions under both civil and ecclesiastical laws. To
live ithen andrithere a " Non-conformist, was to live with the
loathsome dungeon and gallows in view, and to leave it was at
the risk of precipitating the fate which they attempted to
avert" i. They had come here to be at peace ; to educate their
children away from unhallowed influences ; to enjoy, without
disturbance, imprisonment, or persecution, the rights of con-
science and the liberties of freemen. They intruded upon no
one ; they asked no help ; they sought no companions, except
those who, having passed through the same burning furnace of
affliction, could fully sympathize with them, sing their psalms
and offer their prayers.

We wish to call attention to some of the principal events in
the history of the Puritans, on account of which they are
reproached for their ignorance, superstition, intolerance, bigotry,
and persecutions ; and we hope not only to present a compe-
tent excuse for their wrong-doing, but also to show that they
acted in the spirit of the age, not worse but better.

The first event we would call to mind is that concerning
Roger Williams,

Mr. Williams was a Non-conformist, who arrived from Eng-
land Feb. 5, f63f. He was a man of talent, keen, resolute,
uncompromising ; eminently courageous, disinterested, kind
hearted, of earnest and devout piety and fervid zeal ; holding
new ideas, some wildly speculative, some boldly opposed to the
existing constitutions of civil society. He was a radical. He
maintained that it was wrong for an unre^enerate man to
pray, or for any one to pray with him, even though it be a wife

1878.] Thi Puritans. 421

or a child ; and he would neither pray in his family nor give
thanks at meals, even with his wife and children, so Hubbard
says, because some were unregenerate and others would
fellowship churches which he denounced. (See Mass. HisL
Col.^ Chap. 30.)

He forbade his church to commune with the other churches
of the colony, and set the example by refusing to commune with
his own people because they rejected his advice.

He denounced the church at Boston, and others, because
they would not make a public confession of their repentance
for communing with the churches of like faith, while they
lived there. (See J. G. Palfrey, Hist, of N. E., pp. 406, 412.)
He denied the right of the civil magistrate to administer an
oath to the unregenerate. He denied the right to hold land
under the King's grant He denied the civil magistrate's right
to punish any breach of the first table of the law. He refused
to take the oath of allegiance to the government, and taught
his people to do the same. He taught that the red cross in the
flag was an idolatrous symbol, and encouraged those who sedi-
tiously cut it from the Salem standard. (See Felt's Annals of
Salem, Vol. H, p. 571. Also the Mass. Hist. Col, Chap. 30.)

After much forbearance and expostulation, the General Court
banished him from the colony. His sentence was, that as Mr.
Williams " hath divulged divers new and dangerous opinions
against the authority of the magistrates and churches here
and that before any conviction, and yet maintaineth the same
without any retraction, he depart from their jurisdiction within
six weeks." (Felt's Annals of Salem, Vol. H, p. 572)

There was no dispute or charge on religious tenets, but only
on questions of authority, disorder, and annoyance in church
and state. There was no charge of heresy, but only that he
opposed and weakened the civil government and disturbed
society. He was expelled, not by the churches, but by the
magistrates, for turbulence and defamation. It was not be-
cause he was a Baptist, as has been alleged, but a troubler,
that he was banished. His views of baptism he might have
held, as President Dunster then did, in peace, but he made
and pushed an issue with the rulers, was defeated and ban-
ished. The Court gave him six weeks to prepare for his depart-

422 The Puritans. [JuJy»

ure, which was afterwards extended from Sept 3 to the next
spring. (See J. G. Palfrey, p. 412.)

The Puritans respected his talents, piety, and zeal, but not
his discordant opinions. They were a family. Unlike a great
nation, with them a small difference bred great disturbance.
His views were subversive of the family, rebellious to the civil
government, disorderly and heretical to the church, disturbing
and impairing the unity of each. If ever sentence against an
evil work is right, his was not wrong.

The Puritans came here for peace. He created disturbance,
and they justly said, " The land is wide ; go where you will and
establish such institutions as you will, but leave us to the peace
we sought this wilderness to enjoy."

We reiterate, Roger Williams was not banished for his
opinions merely, but for his acts. His opinions he might have
held to the end in quietness, but when they led to acts subver-
sive of family order, the peace of community, and disobedience
to the State, he was not to be tolerated ; and the safety of each,
the family, society, the church and the State, rightly, under the
circumstances, demanded his expulsion.

Williams was a notable instance of a man hating intolerance,
and yet himself most intolerant ; having great charity, and yet
not tolerating his own wife and children. The Puritans had
built a house in the wilderness, but he claimed they had no
right to hold it for their own family, nor to defend it against
the most disagreeable intruder. That was an age of inconsis-
tencies ; and of our own age, of us, let him that is without sin
in this cast the first stone.

Subsequently, like a Christian man as he was, he reviewed
his position and lived on the most friendly terms with the
leading men of the colonies. Had he preached the same
doctrines and adopted the same practice, heretical to the
church, subversive of civil government, and destructive to
family unity and sanctity, in Old England, his life would have
paid the forfeit of his temerity, nor would his safety have been
greater under the colonial laws in Virginia.

The second difficulty wis with Anne Hutchinson and her
followers,

Mrs. Hutchinson was the wife of one of the most respecta-

1878.] The Puritans. 423

ble inhabitants of the colony, a woman of masculine spirit,
subtle, ambitious, and enthusiastic. At this day she would
be called ** a woman's rights, a strong-minded " woman Though
she was the first to dare and do for woman's rights, she would
have satisfied the most ultra present reformer.

It was the custom then in Boston to assemble in week-day
meeting at the church to talk over the sermons of the previous
Sabbath ; to discuss their doctrinal teachings ; to revive the
impressions produced by the Sabbath exercises ; to exhort and
pray, and in short to extend the influence of the Sabbath
through the week. Mrs. Hutchinson was restive under the
restrictions which debarred her from taking part in the de-
bates, but she was equal to the occasion. When they quoted
Pkul, " Let your women keep silence in the churches, for it is
not permitted them to speak," she promptly acted on his
instruction to the aged women to teach the younger, and
established separate meetings for women, in which her zeal
and talents won many willing hearers. To these she taught :

1. The rankest antinomianism.

2. That the Spirit of God communicates with believers inde-
pendently of the written Word, and that these communications
were as authoritative as the Bible. So she herself announced
many revelations.

3. That the decalogue is not binding as a rule of Christian
practice.

4. That the Sabbath was no more than other days.

5. That the soul is mortal till united to Christ.

6. That at death the body of unbelievers is annihilated, and
consequently they have no resurrection of the body. {Mass.
Hist, Col,, Chap. 39.)

Her son, imbued with her spirit and heresy, denounced the
churches as unchristian, applying to them the vilest epithets.
(Barber's Hist. N. E)

But her doctrines were not the worst feature of her work.
A keen, pugnacious spirit, with bitter invective, made serious
disturbance, first in the family, and then in the community.
Their meetings became inquisitorial, and the characters of the
clergy and laity were scrutinized without mercy. This brought
altercations into their meetings, and that which began in

424 The Puritans. [July,

ambition ended in bitter rancor, so that the whole colony was
inflamed. She was warned and exhorted by the clergy and
the magistrates ; but this only added fire to zeal, and gall to
invective. By the General Court, in October, she was ban-
ished from the colony as a disturber of the peace and purity
of the church ; but as winter was coming on, she was permitted
to remain in her own house till spring.

At this day and in our wide country, with principles and
policy of church and State settled and tried by succeeding
generations, we do not understand the evils of such outbreaks
of false doctrine and worse practice. Nor do we, educated to
think lightly of the most heretical doctrine or persistent agita-
tion, understand the sacredness of their belief and what the peace
of the family was to them. They had come here to enjoy that
social and religious peace denied them in the mother country ;
and he who disturbed them in that, invaded their dearest rights.
And the Puritans were not the men to see their rights and peace
trampled upon by every ruthless agitator. They used a strong
hand to defend the right as well as to punish the wrong.
That they had the full right, nay, that it was their duty to pro-
tect themselves and especially their families from disturbance
and error, no one will doubt. And the Puritans were no- pol-
troons. They never refused the responsibilities of the present,
when their children must suffer for it in the future. No men
ever lived with nobler plans, hopes, and expectations than
they ; and none were ever more zealous to leave an uncor-
rupted inheritance for their children. They acted with their
responsibility to God and to the future constantly in mind ;
and if they were severe, they were excusable in such a cause,
and with such ends in view. Government to them was a
gift of God to his people, to use for the suppression of dis-
turbance, vice, wickedness, and irreligion ; and while their
hand was not slow to execute, according to their light, they
did it mercifully and in the fear of God.

The third difficulty for which the Puritans are condemned
is that with the Quakers.

We apprehend that much of the reproach cast upon the
Puritans comes from a wrong conception of the real character
of the offenders. To give a just judgment, we must know the
true character of the parties.

1878 ] The Puritans. 425

When the Puritans came to this country, religion formed the
warp and woof of society. Their doctrine was that whatever
they possessed was the result of the good influence of the gos-
pel ; and if religion produced property and made it secure, then
property should pay it tithes. This is the same principle which
yet lives in the established churches of Great Britain, and that
to-day controls the hopes of the Old Catholic movement in Ger-
many,— a church supported by the state. For this reason
they taxed all property to support the gospel.

But the Quakers would pay no tax to support a hireling
clergy or an unjust and war-making government The Indians
were making predatory excursions, but they would not lift a
finger to defend the colony against them. They would enjoy
the peace and good order of society, by reason of the churches
and magistrates, but they would pay no tax to support them.

We must not think the Qusdcer of 1670 the same as the
gentle, meek Quaker of 1870. We must not think their doc-
trines or their works the same. The doctrines they held were
hostile to all well-regulated forms of order and discipline, civil
and ecclesiastical. They railed at all that was held most dear
by the Puritan churches. Their extravagance, fanaticism, and
vehemence rendered them objects of general apprehension
and horror. They travelled miles profanely to interrupt the
Puritan worship, and committed acts of folly and indecency
scarcely to be credited In the History of New London
County y Connecticut, is a detailed account of such disturbances
in that neighborhood. Public services in Boston, Salem,
Hampton, Newbury, and we know not how many other places
in Massachusetts were thus profanely interrupted. In Boston,
Thomas Newhouse went into the church in time of service,
with a glass bottle in each hand, and breaking them together
before the congregation, cried, " Thus will the Lord break you
in pieces ! " A woman named Bre^vster went into a public
worship clothed in sackcloth, and with her face smeared black
as coal, to testify against them. Deborah Wilson, a young
ivoman, went into the streets of Salem in absolute nudity,
Lydia Wardell went into the church of Newbury naked. As
the people tried to remove them when they so disturbed public
worship, they fell on the floor religiously non-resistant and per-

426 The Puritans. [July>

secuted. No one will doubt this was an offence against decency
and the public peace, and they were condemned for that, and
not for their religious belief.

We may flippantly talk of intolerance and unnecessary
harshness ; but we must remember that intolerance becomes
simply self-defence, where tolerance brings public confusion,
anarchy, and indecorous, not to say debauched morals. And
we freely confess to a very hearty sympathy with a manly, a
stem defence of right, rather than a pusillanimous yielding to
impertinent wrong and effrontery, under the guise of liberty
and false charity. Bancroft says, "They cried from their
windows at the magistrates and ministers that passed by, and
mocked the civil and religious officers of the country. Women,
forgetting the decorum of their sex, and claiming a divine
origin for their absurd caprices, smeared their faces, and even
went naked through the streets. They riotously interrupted
public worship." (Bancroft's U, 5. Hist,^ Vol. I, p. 454) No
worshipping assembly was safe from their barbarous incursions.

The Quaker contest was one of fanaticism on the part of
the Quakers and doubtless sometimes of unnecessary adhesion
to law on the part of magistrates ; but in any view, the Quakers
were the aggressors, the Puritans acting on the defence. What
that people promised or threatened, they scrupulously fulfilled.
The Quakers* frenzy led them beyond fear. They courted mar-
tyrdom, they rejoiced in it, rejecting the offer of life, even
as they rejected the Saviour's peace-giving precept, ** When
they persecute you in one city, flee ye to another."

No wonder the Puritans were irritated by such indecencyi
insult, and outrage, and were driven to extreme measures
against their disturbers. No wonder the Quakers were ban-
ished from the colony. And we will add, no wonder, with th<
light of that day, with European precedents and laws, with allt -*
the exasperation they had endured, that some were hung.

Do we, then, justify the extreme treatment of the Quakers ^^-
No, not in our light. It is not to be defended. But there are^^^^
excuses ; there are great palliations. The Puritans were but
men ; they acted in the light of the seventeenth century, an(
not of the nineteenth ; and it is vain to say, " They knew bet-
ter," when the force of the world's example taught them onl;

1878] The Puritans. 427

persecution, and intense provocation urged them to such
leplorable measures. For four centuries Europe had main-
;ained that heresy should be punished by death. In Spain,
nore persons had been burned for their opinions than Massa-
rhusetts then contained inhabitants. Under Charles V., in the
Netherlands alone, the number of those who. were hanged,
i>eheaded, buried alive, or burned for their religious opinions,
nras 50,000 ; and the whole carnage amounted, says Grotius,
to not less than 100,000. America was guilty of the death of
four individuals, and they fell victims rather to a contest of
will than to the opinion that Quakerism was a capital crime.
(Bancroft, Vol. I, p. 455.) The testimony of the Puritans was,
"We desired their lives absent rather than their deaths pres-
ent.'* Bancroft again says, " Their conduct irritated the gov-
ernment to pass laws of which they were the victims. But
for them the country had been guiltless of blood."

We are so moulded in our faith and practice by our sur-
roundings that he is a rare man that can live better than his
contemporaries. And they, the Puritans, were a rare, a nobly
defiant people, to differ so widely, and all for the better, from
their age ; and may we not add from ours also ? To differ so
far, we say, for they could not be wholly unlike, it was not in
frail humanity ; and for them to err was only human. When
we demand of them exemption from the errors of their times,
we ask too much. We make a rule by which we ourselves
would not dare be judged.

And, then, a people's character is only seen by contrast.
The Puritans' strong, and as some esteem them, objectional
points of character and belief, are seen by contrast with our
own, and with those contemporary with them. The people
then were loose and licentious. The Puritans in contrast
were rigidly strict and religious. We are lax in Bible doc-
trine. The Puritans held fast a form of sound words and the
doctrine which is according to godliness, and we call them
rigid in contrast to our laxness. But we have yet to learn
that they adhered too closely to Scripture, as a rule of faith
and practice ; or that our looseness has produced a better faith^
a better piety, better morals, or better society, either in the
amenities, the charities of life, or in the security of property.
One might dwell in New England in its early days from year to

428 The Puritans. [July,

year, and not see a drunkard, hear an oath, or meet a beggar.
Property and life were so universally safe that locks, bolts, and
bars were superfluous. And as to the amenities of life, who
thinks them rude, condemns the best European society of that
day, purified and made sincere by heart religion.

Then, again^ much that is called persecution in the treat-
ment of the Quakers was in no sense such. " Prohibiting the
arrival of them was not persecution ; and banishment is a term
hardly to be used of one who has not acquired a home. When
a pauper is sent to his native town, he is not called an exile.
A ship from abroad, which should enter the harbor of Mar-
seilles against the order of the health officer, would be sunk by
the guns of the fort. The government of Massachusetts
rightly applied similar quarantine rules to the morals of the
colony." (Bancroft, Vol. I, p. 455.)

" The right of the governor and company of Massachusetts
Bay to exclude at their pleasure dangerous or disagreeable
persons from their domain, they never regarded as question-
able any more than a householder doubts his right to determine
who shall be inmates of his house. When two sets of people
cannot live with security in each other's presence, it is idle
casuistry which condemns the earlier comer and the stronger
possessor for insisting on the unshared occupation of his place
of residence. He may use unnecessary harshness in vindi-
cating his exclusive claim to his own. But it is preposterous
to maintain that, in the supposed circumstances, the right to
exclude is not his, or that its exercise is not his bounden duty.
And the right becomes of yet more value, and the duty more
imperative and inevitable, when the good in question is one of
such vast worth as religious freedom, to be protected by the
possessor, not only for himself, but for the myriads, living and
to be born, of whom he assumes to be pioneer and champion "
(See J. G. Palfrey, //iV/. N, E,, Vol. I, pp. 299, 300.) And in
what respect are their acts or feelings worse than others ?
When have not rulers out of the United States claimed the
right to decide who were worthy citizens, and who should be
expelled as dangerous to the peace of society or the safety of
the government } From the time Claudius commanded all Jews
to depart from Rome, to the present, rulers have claimed that
right, as Switzerland of to-day has made constitutional provis-

1878.] The Puritans. 429

ion for the exclusion or expulsion of any religious order, the
conduct of which may seem dangerous to the state, or likely
to disturb its peace.

The Puritans set the same estimate on the character of the
Quakers as others ; but as they were more aggressive in
Massachusetts than in other parts, they fared worse. On Long
Island the record is, " The abominable sect of the Quakers
treat with contempt all political and ecclesiastical authority,
and undermine the foundations of all government and religion.
They vilify both the magistrates and the ministers of God's
holy Word." (Thompson's Hist of Long Island^ pp. 498, 499.)

The Puritans were not the only ones opposed to the
Quakers. In England they were alike hated by the Episco-
palians and the Presbyterians, by the peers and the King.
Under the Dutch Presbyterian laws of New York, the Episco-
pal laws of Virginia, and Catholic laws of Maryland, they
were imprisoned, whipped, fined, and banished ; and so were
Presbyterians from Virginia, but we never hear of the atrocity
of Lord Combury's laws, or of his persecutions ; and why
should the Puritans be singled out as the chief of sinners,
nay, as if they were the only sinners ? Why should their
memories be hung upon a perpetual gibbet, infamous to
posterity.? We apprehend "Liberal Christianity," were it
disposed, could best answer that.

The Puritans resisted the Quakers from 1656 to 1660, four
years. Then, from whatever cause it came, the Quakers'
extravagance subsided, and with it the execution of laws,
which folly and fanaticism had caused to exist So termi-
nated the Quaker persecutions in New England.

Forty years later, in 1702, a Quaker from England was
arrested on Long Island, by an Episcopalian from Maryland.
Surely this blaming the Puritans, but not others for doing
the same thing a whole generation later, is a high compliment,
though not intended, to Puritan knowledge, progress, and
character. Death and malice love a shining mark; and so
do they who maliciously vilify the memories of sacred dust.

George Hood.

White Lake, N, Y.

[To be continued.]

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 3. 4

430 Presbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield. (July,

THE SO-CALLED PRESBYTERIANISM OF THE FIRST

CHURCH IN MANSFIELD, CONN.

There was a period when this church called itself Presby-
terian. That period has passed. The church has returned
fully into the fold of the Congregational denomination, from
which she once partially withdrew herself by assuming a por-
tion of the garb of Presbyterial order, — the tunic, so to speak,
of Presbyterian vesture ; but notwithstanding this return, ac-
complished years ago, it is not uncommon to hear the church
spoken of as Presbyterian, and intelligent persons express sur-
prise when assured that the church is thoroughly Congrega-
tional.

It may be premised that the Presbyterianism of this church
was not at all that which Dr. Strong meant when he called
himself the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in Hart-
ford, and which twenty churches of Connecticut alluded to in
their petition to the Colonial Assembly in 1753, and subse-
quently to the King's Most Excellent Majesty in council,
saying, " that they have separated and dissented from their
brethren of the almost Presbyterian or Consociation power^ which
is looked upon to be the provincial religion of your Majesty's
Colony." But it was a Presbyterianism sui generis, of which
probably no other example can be found in the whole history
of Presbyterianism. The occasion of it lay in the newly devel-
oped Unitarianism of the Rev. John Sherman, pastor of the
church, 1797-1805. Mr. Sherman was born in New Haven,
Conn., and was a grandson of Roger Sherman, one of the
Connecticut signers of the Declaration of Independence. He
was in sympathy with the Trinitarian Congregationalists at
the time of his settlement, as appears from the creed adopted
by the church, at his own prompting, in the second month of
his ministry. The first article of this creed declares "that
there is one only living and true God ; infinite, eternal,
unchangeable in His being, wisdom, power, holiness, justice,
goodness, and truth ; and that this God exists in three persons,
the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, the same in essence,
and the same in every perfection." The subsequent belief of
Mr. Sherman is incidentally entered upon the church records,

1878.] Presbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield, 431

under date of February, 1804, in a letter to the church from a
committee of the county association. In this letter the com-
mittee informs the church that they have it in charge " to call a
Consociation of the churches to sit in judgment upon the
pastor of the church for believing that God is one philosophical
person only, and that Jesus Christ is not the supreme and
independent God, but a being distinct from Him." And the
impression which Mr. Sherman's teaching conveyed to the
apprehension of a portion of the church is expressed in a let-
ter from one of them to the county association of ministers,
" setting forth his uneasiness with his pastor on account of his
denying the divinity of Christ and the doctrine of the Trinity."

How Mr. Sherman and his sympathizers reconciled this new
doctrinal attitude with the creed so recently adopted, is seen by
a vote of the church in November, 1801, which says, " Our
creed is mainly a manifestation of the general sentiment of the
church, and not a test of communion in church privileges, —
but we will hold Christian fellowship .with all, whatever be their
particular theological opinions, who afford, by a life and con-
versation according to the gospel, a comfortable evidence that
they are the friends of Christ."

This defection of the pastor from the acknowledged stand-
ards of doctrinal belief is held by tradition to have been the
occasion of transforming the church into what was called, for
many years, the Presbyterian Church of Mansfield. This
change is said to have been made to escape ecclesiastical disci-
pline at the hand of the Consociation. At any rate, there is no
other reason found in any record for the following action of the
church, in February, 1803 : —

" At a church-meeing took into consideration the subject of
ecclesiastical government, and voted {ftem, con) that it is our
opinion that government is office work, and that Christ has
vested it in the hand of teaching elders, and ruling elders who
do not teach, to whom in conjunction is committed the coun-
sel of peace.

*' Voted, therefore, that seven brethren be elected as candi-
dates for the office of ruling elder, who, in conjunction with
the teaching elder, shall be a board of judgment for the decis-
ion of all causes in this church."

432 Pfesbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield, [July,

Seven ruling elders were accordingly chosen, who in the fol-
lowing month were ordained, the Rev. Enoch Bond, of the
Congregational Church in Ashford, making the consecrating
prayer, the Rev. David Avery, recently of the Congregational
Church in Union, and subsequently of the Congregational
Church in Chaplin, delivering the charge, and the pastor
preaching from Deut xix, i6, 17. In this way was established
an imitation of Presbyterianism in the internal government of
the church, while the old fellowship in the sisterhood of the
Congregational churches was retained.

This constitutes the sum total of the Presbyterianism of the
First Church in Mansfield, — the election of seven elders, who,
with the pastor, were to be a board of judgment for the decis-
ion of all causes in the church. And this Presbyterianism
was resorted to as a refuge from what the Separatists called
the " Presbyterian or Consociation power."

Now, according to the principles which justify the existence
of the " Presbyterian or Consociation power," either there
should have come to pass a falling away of this church to
Unitarianism, or it should have been rescued from such a fall
by Consociation. This was just the emergency which required
for its safe deliverance the exercise of Consociational jurisdic-
tion. But neither the one nor the other of these things hap-
pened. The Unitarian pastor was dismissed from this Pres-
byt-i-gational Church by the strict Congregational procedure
of a council of churches selected by the church itself. If it
had been a true Presbyterian church, it would have called
together the presbytery from Long Island or from New Jer-
sey, and not a council of Congregational churches from Con-
necticut and Massachusetts. To become a Presbyterian church
it was necessary that it should be attached to some presbytery ;
but it never was connected with a presbytery. There is not
an instance in the whole period of its so-called Presbyterian-
ism in which it sought the aid and counsel of a Presbyterian
church. If it had any right to claim the shelter of the
Presbyterian fold, there was not wanting occasion to do so.
Between aggrieved Congregationalists within the church and
Congregationalists not indisposed to be vigilant in the ministe-
rial association, Mr. Sherman and the major part of the church

\

1878.] Presbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield. 433

•

were not left in undisturbed enjoyment of their Unitarian sen-
timents and Presbyterian eldership. Such an alliance encoun-
tered a positive current of public feeling forbidding the banns.
In October, 1803, one of the aggrieved members of the
church addressed a letter to the county association of minis-
ters, to whom he unburdened his uneasiness on account of his
pastor's denial of the divinity of Christ and the doctrine of
the Trinity. The association advised the aggrieved member
to designate two ministers who should act as a committee to
call the Consociation to sit in judgment upon the pastor for
his new belief respecting the Trinity. This committee wrote
to the church, which replied that no Consociation existed in
Windham County, and even if there was one, they had no
business for any such body. The association had another, its
third conference with Mr. Sherman, which was unsatisfactory,
like the two preceding ones. Mr. Sherman was then voted
to be no longer a member of the association. At the same
time the association sent a letter to the church saying that
the association could no longer regard the church as evangeli-
cal if it persisted in adhering to Mr. Sherman. This censure
increased the active protesting minority in the church, and
seven or eight men addressed a memorial to the association
asking advice. The association advised the calling of a
council to be composed of its own members.

About this time Mr. Sherman visited some relatives near
Trenton Falls, New York. The church with which they wor-
shipped were so well pleased with the preaching of Mr. Sherman
that he was invited to settle among them as pastor. Accord-
ingly he asked for a dismission from his settlement over the
First Church in Mansfield. A council was called to consist of
Dr. Joseph Lathrop, of West Springfield, Drs. John Eliot, John
Lathrop, and John T Kirkland, of Boston, Rev. Aaron Ban-
croft, of Worcester, Rev. Henry Channing, of New London,
Rev. Wm. Nash, of Boylston, Rev. Salmon Cone, of Colchester,
and Rev. Abiel Abbot, of South Coventry ; with a delegate
from each church. Of these Dr. Lathrop, of West Springfield,
was pastor of a Trinitarian Congregational church ; Drs. Eliot,
Lathrop, and Kirkland, of Boston, and Mr. Bancroft, of Worces-
ter, were pastors of Unitarian Congregational churches ; Mr.

434 Presbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield. [July,

Channing and Mr. Abbot were Unitarians, but pastors of Trini-
tarian Congregational churches ; Mr. Cone and Mr. Nash were
pastors of Trinitarian churches, and in the absence of proof to
the contrary, may themselves be reckoned as Trinitarians.
Thus it appears that there was in this invited council a con-
siderable majority of the cjergymen in sympathy with Mr.
Sherman. No minister of the Windham County Association
was invited. The sympathy and co-operation of this body
with the aggrieved minority in the church had irritated the
dominant party. Only five of these ministers were present in
the council, Messrs. Channing, Bancroft, Cone, Abbot, and
Kirkland, the last of whom, five years later, was elected presi-
dent of Harvard College. Four of these five clergymen were
Unitarians, but two of them were doubtless attended by
Trinitarian delegates. The dominant party were heard in
behalf of Mr. Sherman and his continuance as pastor of the
church. The aggrieved minority presented a paper in which
they stated that they had had no voice in the appointment of
the council and therefore it was not a mutual council, and they
had no business to bring before them ; they judged that they
had just ground of offence with the pastor ; they had entered
on a line of proceeding which they supposed would bring the
case to a decision according to gospel order and the usage of
the churches of this State; they had been disposed, and had
offered to join with the pastor in a council mutually chosen by
him and them ; they had been denied this privilege, and the
pastor and the majority of the church had appointed this
council wholly without their voice and concurrence. Contrary
to expectation, the council decided, because of the difficulties
and embarrassments attending the exercise of his ministry, that
it was expedient and proper that Mr. Sherman's ministerial
connection with the church should be dissolved. It was also
voted that the council find Mr. Sherman to have been in
regular standing as minister of this church, and that they
recommend him to the kind reception of such churches as may
see fit to employ him. However, the council declared that by
this recommendation they did not consider themselves as giv-
ing their approbation of his peculiar phraseology or circumstan-
tial difference of statement on the subject of the Trinity.

[878.] P resbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield. 435

Mr. Channing, the moderator of the council, was settled in
^ew London in 1787 as a Trinitarian. After two years he
>ecame a Unitarian, but concealed his sentiments, it is said,
rom his people for nearly seventeen years. In this council he
nanifested so much sympathy with Mr. Sherman that imme-
iiately the New London County Association passed resolutions
hat they would not exchange pulpits with a man who denied
:he doctrine of the Trinity, of the divinity of Christ, or of the
personality of the Holy Ghost, To test his own church and
society Mr. Channing proposed to them either to increase his
lalary or to call a council for his dismission. They unani-
nously complied with the latter alternative, and Mr. Channing
vas dismissed.

The breach in the Mansfield church was so far healed before
:he end of the following year that the church was ready to
nvite a man of orthodox belief to become pastor. The coun-
:il for the installation of Mr. S. P. Williams consisted of the
Revs. Josiah Whitney, of Brooklyn ; Nathan Williams, of Tol-
and ; John Marsh, of Wethersfield ; Andrew Lee, of Hano-
/er ; David Parsons, of Amherst, Mass., and Joseph Strong, of
.Norwich, all of them Trinitarian Congregationalists. A coun-
:il of Congregational churches was called at the dismission of
Mr, Williams in 1817, and also at the ordination and installa-
:ion of Mr. A. S. Atwood in 18 19. Mr. At wood's pastorate
:ontinued forty-two years and witnessed the dissolution of the
:hurch's ambiguous relationship with Presbyterianism.

That the fellowship of this church with other churches
vas Congregational may also be shown by other facts in this
period, when it called itself a Presbyterian church. Although
:he Consociation was not convened in 1804 to try Mr. Sher-
nan, because the church denied its jurisdiction, yet in the
lealing process of time, ecclesiastical relations were restored
3etween the Consociation and this Presbyterian Church. In
[816 we read of the Consociation inviting the church to send
i delegate to that body, and the church complying with this
request. And by the hand of their delegate the church
referred to the judgment of the Consociation a question con-
:erning the standing of one of the members of the church.
During this period the church also recognized the privilege

436 Presbyterianism of the First Church in Mansfield, [July,

and obligation of comity and fellowship with the neighboring
Congregational churches, by accepting invitations to sit in
council in the ordination and installation of pastors. Twice
in the year 1816 they sent delegates to such councils, one in
Windham, and one in Coventry, adjoining parishes. Thus, by
inviting Congregational churches, whenever occasion called
for a council at home, and by sending delegates to councils in
neighboring Congregational churches, and by representation
in the Consociation, and by no single act of fellowship in all
the time with any Presbyterian body, this church demonstrated
that in all that relates to the fellowship of sister churches, it
was not Presbyterian but Congregational.

But notwithstanding this lack of outward support in Presby-
terian fellowship, the system of internal government by elders
supplanted the Congregational method for a good many years.
There seems to have been some decline in the practice of this
Presbyterial government in the latter part of Mr. Williams'
ministry, or in the interregnum which followed ; for we read
that in 1821, not long after the settlement of Mr. Atwood, the
church met to consider the government and restore the order
and discipline of Christ's house, and it was voted to proceed
to the choice of four ruling elders.

And it was also voted that the Rev. M. C. Welch, of the
Second Church in Mansfield, the Rev. Philo Judson, of Ash-
ford, and the Rev. C. B. Everest, of Windham, be requested
to attend and assist in the exercises of the ordination. The
first of these ministers did not, it is probable, think it to be
consistent with his Congregational principles to assist in the
ordination of elders over a Congregational church. There is
no record of his attendance. Mr. Judson made the introduc-
tory prayer, Mr. Everest preached, and offered the consecrat-
ing prayer, the pastor gave the charge. If Mr. Judson started
for this service with the purpose to take an active part in the
body of the service, he seems to have drawn back into the safe
and non-committal utterance of a prefatory invocation. And so,
out of three pastors of neighboring Congregational churches,
Mr. Everest was left alone to officiate in this ordination of
Presbyterian elders over a Congregational church.

The last election of ruling elders was in 1833 to fill four

1878.] Presbyteriamsm of the First Church in Mansfield, 437

vacancies, but we read of meetings of the session down to
1850, when one church-member.was admonished and suspended,
and another was excommunicated by vote of the session. This
is the last record of the separate and unassisted action of the
session in the government of the church. In 1853 the church
showed that they tired of government by elders alone, and
were disposed to resume their prerogatives as a Congregational
church,, for they then appointed three members to act and
counsel with the board of elders in any matter that might
come before them, which amounted to a courteous dismission
of eldership from the First Congregational Church in Mans-
field.

Moses C. Welch.

Hartford^ Conn.

438 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. [July,

VITAL STATISTICS OF THE CONGREGATIONAL

MINISTERS

Who died in the Year 1877.

Abbott, John Stevens Cabot, d. d., son of Jacob and Betsey (Abbot)
Abbott, was born in Branswick, Me., 1805, Sept 18. Pre[)aratory study,
Hallowell and Portland Academies. Graduated, Bowdoin College, 1825.
Taught in Amherst, Mass., 1826. Graduated, Andover Theological Sem-
inary, 1829. Ordained over Calvinist Church, Worcester, Mass., 1830,
Jan. 28. Dismissed, 1835, July 15. Installed, Eliot Church, Roxbury,
1835, Nov. 25 ; dismissed, 1841, Jan. 13. Installed, Nantucket, 1841,
Sept. 29 ; dismissed, 1844, May 21, about six months aft6r his labors
closed. New York City, without charge, 1843-51. Resided in Brunswick,
Me., 1851-61. Acting pastor, Durham, Me., 1856-7 ; Freeport, Me., 1857-
9, Farmington, 1858-60, Cheshire, Ct., i860. Installed, Howe St. Ch., New
Haven, Conn., 1861, June 4; dismissed, 1866, Feb. 12. Without charge
there until 1870. Acting pastor. Fair Haven, 2d Church, 1870-4.
Without charge there till death. Bowdoin College gave the honorary
degree of d. d., 1875. He published (i) ** Henry and Maria," 1826.
(2) "The Mother at Home," 1833. (3) "The Path of Peace," 1833.
(4) ** The Child at Home,*' 1834. (5) ** Fireside Piety," 1834. (6) " New
England and her Institutions," 1835. (7) "Scientific Tracts" (six),
I Vol., 1835 to 1838. (8) **The School Boy," 1839. (9) "The School
Girl," 1840. (10) "A Visit to the Mountains," 1844. (11) "Memoir of
Miss Read," 1847. (12) Abbott's Histories, 9 Vols.; " Marie Antoinette";
** Josephine"; "Madame Roland"; Joseph Bonaparte"; "Queen Hor-
tense "; " Louis Philippe "; " Hernando Cortez "; *• Louis XIV "; " Henry
IV,'' 1850 to 1870. (13) " King Philip "; (14) " Kings and Queens," 1854.
(15) "Napoleon Bonaparte," 2 Vols., 1855. (16) "Napoleon at St.
Helena," 1855. ('7) "Confidential Correspondence of Napoleon Bona-
parte," 1856. (18) " French Revolution," 1859. (19) " Monarchies of
Continental Europe," 3 Vols., 1858-60. (20) " South and North," i860
(21) "Practical Christianity," 1862. (22) "History of Civil War in
America," 2 Vols., 1867. (23) " Romance of Spanish History," 1869.
(24) " History of Napoleon III," 1869. (25) " Life of Gen. U. S. Grant,"
1868. (26) " Lives of Presidents of United States," 1869. (27) " Prussia
and the Franco- Prussian War," 1871. (28) " History of Frederick the
Great," 1871. (29) "History of Christianity," 1872. (30) "American
Pioneers and Patriots," 1873-5 ; Daniel Boone ; Miles Standish ; Peter
Stuyvesant ; Kit Carson ; Ferdinand De Soto ; David Crocket ; Capt
Kidd ; Paul Jones ; La Salle ; Columbus ; George Washington ; Benja-
min Franklin. 12 Vols. (31) ** History of Maine," and (32) " History of

J

1878.] Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers, 439

Ohio," 1875. In all, 55 Vols. Married, 1830, Aug. 17, Jane Williams,
daughter of Abner and Abigail (Williams) Bourne, of Boston. One son
and five daughters of their ten children survive. Died of physical exhaus-
tion, 1877, June 17. aged 71 years and 9 months.

Ashley, George Herod, son of Rev. Jacob Mills and Hannah
(Herod) Ashley, was bom in Ashboum, Derbyshire, England, 1844,
Sept. 19. Graduated, Olivet College, 1872. Tutor there, 1872-3, and
Professor of English Literature, Rhetoric, and Greek in Drury College,
Missouri, from 1873 to 1877; the first professor of Drury College.
Ordained evangelist at Carthage, Mo., 1874, Dec. 28. Married, 1876,
July 24, Kate Clark, daughter of Simeon and Isabel Mitchell. Died of
peritonitis, at Springfield, Mo., 1877, July 20, aged 32 years, 10 months,
and I day.

Bates, Alvan Jones, son of Isaac and Ursula (Jones) Bates, was
born in the part of Brewer now Holden, Me., 1820, April 12. Gorham
Academy and Bangor Classical School, and graduated Bangor Theological
Seminary, 1847. Ordained evangelist, Lincoln, Me., 1849, Sept. 27;
acting pastor there, 1847-65. Acting pastor, Harwich Port, Mass.,
1865, Feb., to 1868, March ; Saundersville, in Grafton, Mass., from 1868,
June, until installed there 1869, June 22, and died in office. Chaplain,
1862, Sept. to 1865, January, of the 2d and 14th Maine Regiments.
Married, 1847, Nov. 4, Martha Maria, daughter of Kendall and Martha
(Blood) Cheney, of Brewer, Me. One adopted daughter. Died of valvu-
lar disease of the heart, in Lincoln, Me., 1877, July 29, aged 57 years,
3 months, and 17 days.

Beck WITH, John Hubbard, son of Shailar and Esther (Simonds)
Beckwith, was born in Ac worth, N. H., 181 1, Jan. 16, Ordained, Mid-
dlesex, Vt, 1843. Dismissed, 1845. Acting pastor, Johnson, 1845, Oct.
to 1848. Installed Middletown, 1849, J^"^ \ dismissed, 1855, Oct. 16.
Acting pastor, Irasburg, 1855, Dec, to 1858, Dec. Barton, 1859; Bristol,
i860, Dec, to 1 86 1, Dec. Raymond ville and Norfolk, N. Y., 1862-4.
Chaplin, Second U. S. Colored Infantry, 1864, April to December.
Evans Mills, N. Y., 1865-7. Washington, D. C, 1868-71. Acting pas-
tor, Parishville, N. Y., 1872. Massena, 1873-6. Munnsville, 1876, Aug.,
to 1877. Oct. The University of Vermont gave him the honorary a. m. in
1858. Published, *' Immersion not Baptism," 1858, a small i6mo, repub-
lished in 1876. Married, 1833, Dec. 10, Sarah Ann, daughter of Gideon
and Betsey (Reynolds) Dyer, of Leicester, Vt. Of four children, two sons
survive. Died of disease of the heart, at Chateaugay, N. Y., 1877, Nov.
9, aged 66 years, 9 months, and 24 days.

BiGELOW, AsAHEL, SOU of Andrew, and Sarah (Fassett) Bigelow, was
born in Boylston, Mass., 1797, May 14. Phillips Academy, Andover.
Graduated Harvard College, 1823, and Andover Theological Seminary,
1826. Ordained, Walpole, Mass., 1828, March 12; dismissed, 1849, J^°'
I. Installed, Hancock, N. H., 1850, May 15, and died in office, though
he had been released for two years from active pastoral service. He repre-
sented Walpole in the Legislature, 1849 and 1850. Published (i) " Sermon

440 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. [July,

before the Norfolk County Education Society." Weymouth, 1833, June.
(2) ** Sermon at the Ordination of Rev. Andrew Bigelow, at South Dart-
mouth, 1841, Aug. 25." (3) " Sermon, Hancock, N. H., 1875, ^^X 9^ ^t
the Close of a Pastorate of twenty-five Years, and a Ministry of forty-nine
Years." Married, 1830, Sept. 15, Dorcas Freeman, daughter of Henry and
Dorcas (Freeman) Homes, of Boston. Six children. Died of dysentery,
1877, Aug. 16, aged 80 years, 3 months, and 2 days.

Brace, Jonathan, d. d., son of Thomas Kimberly and Lucy Mather
(Lee) Brace, was born in Hartford, Conn., 18 10, June 12. Preparatory
studies in Hartford Grammar School. Entered Yale College, 1827; went
to Amherst College, 1828, and graduated, 1831. Member of Andover
Theological Seminary, 1832-3; Yale, 1833-4; Princeton, 1834-5. Or-
dained, Litchfield, Conn., 1838, June 12 ; dismissed, 1844, Feb. 27. Act-
ing pastor, for some months, Central Presbyterian Chuch, New York
City. Installed, Milford, Conn., 1845, Sept. 24 ; dismissed, 1863, Dec. 15.
Residence after in Hartford, but supplied the pulpit of Dr. Cleaveland,
New Haven, 1864-5, ^"^ ^^^ some months that of Dr. Goodell, in New
Britain. He was editor of the Religious Herald for twenty years, until
his death. Amherst College gave the honorary degree of D. D. in 1858.
He published "Scripture Portraits," 341 p. i2mo, 1854, and a tract. Mar-
ried, 1839, April 3 [1837, on page 348, is an error], Sarah Elizabeth,
daughter of Eben Finch, of Washington, N. Y., who died 1866, July 30,
aged 48 years. Three children. Died of organic disease of the liver,
1877, Oct. I, aged 67 years, 3 months, and 20 days.

Carpenter, Erasmus Irvin, son of Jonah and Hannah (Rice) Car-
penter, was born in Waterford, Vt., 1808, April 29. Peacham Academy.
Graduated University of Vermont, 1837, and was one year at Andover; a
member of the class of 1841. Ordained, Littleton, N. H., 1842, Dec. 13 ;
dismissed, 1857, Jan. 6. Installed, Barre, Vt., 1857, Dec. 25 ; dismissed,
1867, March 6. Acting pastor, Berlin, Vt., 1867-9. Agent Vermont
Bible Society, 1869-74 ; residing at White River Junction. Acting pastor,
Swanzey, N. H., 1874, March, till death. Married, 1846, Sept. 29, Har-
riet, daughter of Col. Zenas and Grace W. Stebbins, of Belchertown,
Mass., who died, 1876, Oct. 26. Three children. Died from accidental
injury, being thrown from a sleigh, 1877, Feb. 10, aged 68 years, 9 months,
and II days.

Child, Willard, d. d., son of Willard and Sylvia (Child) Child, was
born in Woodstock, Conn., ^796, Nov. 14. Woodstock and Monson
Academies. Graduated, Yale College, 18 17, and Andover Theological
Seminary, 1820. Teacher, Blue Hill (Me.) Academy, 1822-5. Acting
pastor, Benson, Vt., 1825, Nov., to 1826, Nov. Ordained, Pittsford, Vt,
1827, April 25 ; dismissed, 1841, Sept. 8. Acting pastor, North Wood-
stock, Conn., 1 841 -2. Installed, Broadway Church, Norwich, Conn.,
1842, Aug. 31; dismissed, 1845, Aug. ; installed, ist Church, Lowell,
Mass., 1845, Oct. I ; dismi.ssed, 1855, Jan. 3; installed, Castleton, Vt.,
1855, Feb. 14; dismissed, 1864, March 2. Supplied Old South Church,
Worcester, in pastor's absence, 7 months, 1865. Acting pastor. Crown

1878.] Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. 441

Point, N. Y., 1866-73. Without charge after, but preaching roost of the
time in Pittsford, Vt, Mooers, Plattsburg, and Champlain, N. Y. Ver-
mont University gave him the honorary degree of D. D. in 1848. Corpo-
rate Member, American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions from
1840. Moderator, General Convention of Vermont, 1837 and 1857 ; and
Treacher, 1829. Married, 1827, Sept. 13, Katharine Griswold, daughter
>f Rev. Dan. and Betsey (Griswold) Kent, of Benson, who died in
Lowell, 185 1, Feb. 26. Of six children, two are living. Dr. Willard A.
CThild, of Mooers, N. Y., and Mrs. Edward A. Walker, of New Haven,
ITonn. Died of old age and chronic gastritis, at Mooers, N. Y., 1877,
Nov. 13, aged one day less than 81 years.

Claggett, Erastus Baldwin, son of Wentworth and Jane (McQues-
:en) Claggett, was born in Newport, N. H., 1815, May 9. Kimball Union
Academy ; student also in Dartmouth College. Graduated, Andover Theo-
ogical Seminary, 1844. Ordained, Lyndeborough, N. H., 1846, Sept 30 ;
lismissed, 1870, Sept. 20. Acting pastor, New Fairfield, Conn., 1870,
Dct, till death. Published in the Congregational Quarterly, 1864,
I " History of the Union Association." Married, 1845, Feb. 18, Mary
4. P., daughter of Nathaniel A. and Elizabeth C. (Paine) Prentiss, of
Andover, Mass. Five children. Died, " of over-worlc, dyspepsia, and a
:hronic disease of long standing," 1877, May 16, aged 62 years and 7
days.

Clayes, Dana, son of Peter and Mary (Nixon) Clayes, was born in
Framingham, Mass., 1792, Oct. 3. Graduated, Middlebury College, 18 15,
md Andover Theological Seminary, 1820. Ordained, Meriden, N. H., 1821
fuly4; dismissed, 1837, Oct 17. Acting pastor, Bethel Church, Port-
land, Me., 1839-42. Home Missionary, 1843-4, in North Augusta, Vassal-
>oro*, Bremen, Washington, and Sebasticook ; 1844-6, Sidney, Windsor,
Union, Jefferson, and Norrldgewock ; 1847-8, Industry and Mercer; 1848,
5tark ; 1849-50, Richmond, Swanviile, and Mt. Desert. Without charge,
Wakefield, Mass., 185 1, till death, except that he supplied the church at
W^st Danvers, 1859-65. Married, 1821, June, Rebecca, daughter of John
ind Elizabeth Sweetser, of South Reading (now Wakefield), who died
[872, July I. Died of diabetes, 1877, Oct. 23, aged 85 years and 20 days.

CoBURN, David Nichols, son of Rufus and Phoebe (Nichols) Coburn,
flras born in Thompson, Conn., 1808, Sept. 11. Monson Academy. Grad-
lated, Amherst College, 1838, and Hartford Theological Seminary, 1841.
Drdained, Ware, Mass., 1842, Sept. 21 ; dismissed, 1854, April 17. With-
)ut charge, Monson, Mass., 1855, until death. Published ** An Historical
Discourse, at Ware, Mass., commemorative of the Formation of the ist
Church, May 9, 1751.*' Married, 1841, Nov. 30, Elizabeth Haley, daugh-
:er of William Green and Mary (Gay) Lamed. Two daughters survive,
md two sons died in infancy. Died of paralysis, 1877, Dec. 7, aged 69
years, 2 months, and 26 days.

Cole, Samuel, son of Samuel and Waita (Everts) Cole, was born in
Mexico, N. Y., 1807, Jan. 18. Oneida Institute and Oberlin. Graduated
Oberlin Theological Seminary, 1838. Ordained evangelist, Obtrlin, 1839,

442 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. [July,

Oct. II. Labored for some jrears as evangelist. Acting pastor. West
Tisbury, Mass., 1851-5 ; Weymouth, Ohio, 1855-61 ; West Gloucester,
Mass., 1861-7 ; Saybrook, Ohio, 1867-71 ; Randolph, Ohio, 1872-6.
Without charge, Kingsville, Ohio, till death. Married, 1844, Sept. 15,
Ann Finney, daughter of Rev. Shadrach and Mary Davis, of New York
Gty, who died 1877, Jan. 11. One daughter. Mr. Cole survived his wife
but two months. He died of bronchial consumption, 1877, March 15,
aged 70 years, i month, and 27 days.

CoLTRix, Nathaniel Potter, son of John and Ruth (Potter) Coltrin,
was born in Steuben ville, Ohio, 1820, Feb. 17. Graduated Wabash Col-
lege, 1845. Member of Lane Theological Seminary, one year, class of
1849. Ordained [by Illinois, now the Quincy Association] at Mendon,
111., 1850, Oct. 13. Acting pastor, Jacksonville, 111., till 185 1, April.
Chandlerville, Round Prairie, now Plymouth, 185 1-7; Griggsville, 1857-
61. Chaplain a short time in the army ; then preached a year, having no
church, at Litchfield. Acting pastor, Wythe, 1862, Dec. to 1864, May.
Chaplain 33d (Normal) Regiment till 1865, Dec. Without charge, 1866.
Acting pastor, 1867, till death, Sandoval and Clement Married, 1851,
April 3, in Jacksonville, Electa M., daughter of William and Electa
(Hopkins) Holland, of Belchertown, Mass., who, with four of their eight
children, survives. Died in Centralia, of typhoid pneumonia, 1877, Dec.
26, aged 57 years, 10 months, and 9 days.

CooLEY, Henry Edwards, son of Charles J. and Lucy B. (Ely) Coo-
ley, was bom in Norwich, Conn., 1838, April 5. Phillips Academy, Ando-
ver. Graduated Yale College, 1863, and Yale Theoloijical Seminary,
1866. Ordained, ist Church, Plymouth, Conn., 1866, Aug. 7; dismissed
1869, March 31. Acting pastor, ist Church, Winsted, 1869-70, and South
Weymouth, Mass., 1870-1. Installed Littleton, Mass., 1872, May 9;
dismissed, 1874, Oct. 29. Installed, North Leominster, Mass., 1874,
Nov. 10, and died in office. Married, 1866, Oct. 10, Kate A., daughter of
Charles H. Sedgwick, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Two children. Died of
diphtheria, 1877, Feb. 17, aged 38 years, 10 months, and 12 days.

Crane, James Lyon, son of Elihu L. and Accius (Cheney) Crane,
was born in Leesville, Ohio, 1822, Feb. 25. Cleveland Heights Academy.
Farmer and manufacturer in Berea and Oberlin, Ohio, until 1864. Or-
dained fevangelist, Morenci, Mich., 1865, Nov. 22. Acting pastor there
until 1867; Adams, North, Mich., 1867-72; Bedford, Mich., 1873-6;
Michigan Centre and Napoleon, from 1876, Nov., to death. Married,
1843, Nov. 9, Arabella, daughter of Isaac and Sophia Meacham,of Parma,
Ohio. Four of their eight children are living. One is Rev. Kendrick H.
Crane, of Ransom. Died of Bright's disease, 1877, Aug. 15, aged 55
years, 5 months, and 20 days.

Crane, Jonathan, son of Jonathan and Orpah (Barrows) Crane,
was born in Schenectady, N. Y., 1814, March 27. Graduated, Union
College, 1832; Auburn Theological Seminary, » 1835. Ordained, Attle-
boro*, Mass., 1836, Oct 20 ; dismissed, 1854, June 12. Installed, 20th St
Congregational Church, New York, 1854 ; dismissed, .... Actin;

1878.] Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers, 443

pastor, Atdeboro', 1858-9, and some months in Waltham, Mass., and
Patchogue, L. I. Installed, Middletown, N. Y., i860, Oct. 18 ; resigned
in 1868, but was never dismissed. Acting pastor, St Joseph, Mo.,
1868-9. Removed to Kalamazoo, Mich., and supplied neighboring
churches till 1875 ; Marshall, Mattawan, 1870-3 ; Plainville Presby-
terian Church, 1874. Returned, in 1875, to his pastorate at Middletown,
and remained till death. Published ^^ Memorial of Mrs. Hannah San-
ford," and '* Memorial of Jonathan Crane," his father. Married, 1837,
June II, Anna H., daughter of Nathaniel Whiting and Hannah (Crane)
Sanford, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Four of six children are living. Died of
apoplexy, 1877, Dec. 25, aged 63 years, 8 months, and 28 days.

Curtis, William, was born in Haxcy, Lincolnshire, England, 1798,
May 15. United with the Primitive Methodist Church, and entered its
ministry. Came to Illinois in 1830 ; joined first the Methodist Episcopal
Church, but withdrew in 1832 ; organized a church at Albion, 111., and
was ordained its pastor, so remaining till death. Remote from Congrega-
tional churches, this church and its pastor were never formally associated,
but they were practically Congregational, and chose a Congregationalist
for colleague and successor of Mr. Curtis. He also organized five other
churches, acting as their pastor. Married, ist, 1822, Nov. 20, Elizabeth
Cook. She died, 1829, Oct. 30, and he married, 2d, 1830, July 12, Mary
Scawthon. Died 1877, June 15, aged 79 years and i month.

CuSHMAN, RuFUS S PAULDING, D. D., son of Rev. Rufus and Theo-
dosia (Stone) Cushman, was born in Fairhaven, Vt, 181 5, Aug. 31.
Castleton Seminary. Graduated, Middlebury College, 1837. Teacher in
Pickens County, Alabama, 1838-9, and in Lowndes County, Mississippi,
1840. Member of Lane Theological Seminary, 1841, and graduated.
Auburn Theological Seminary, 1843. Ordained, Orwell, Vt., 1843, I^eCf
21 ; dismissed, 1862, May 7. Installed, Manchester, Vt., 1862, May 28,
and died in office. Received the honorary degree of D. D. from his Alma
Mater in 1872, and was a Fellow of the Corporation from 1863. Trustee of
Burr and Burton Seminary, Manchester, Vt. Married, 1845, Aug. 10.
Sarah Fox, daughter of Nathan and Roxanna (Joslin) Gibson, of Sandy
Hill, N, Y., who died June 13, less than four weeks after her husband.
Three children. Died of prostatic hypertrophy, 1877, May 18, aged 61
years, 8 months, and 18 days.

Delano, Samuel, son of Barnabas and Ruth (Ladd) Delano, was born
in Langdon, N. H., 1794, May 20. Graduated, Dartmouth College, 1823;
studied theology with Rev. Dr. Bennet Tyler. Ordained, Hartland, Vt.,
1828, March 19; dismissed, 1839, Jan. 13. Installed, Haverhill, N. H.,
1842, Feb. 16; dismissed, 1847, Jan. 13. Acting pastor, Haverhill,
North, 1847, May— 1852 ; Hartland, Vt., 1852-6 ; Strafford, Vt , 1857-64,
and 1867-9. Without charge, Amherst, Mass.; Strafford and Williams-
town, Vt., 1869, till death. He was a trustee of Dartmouth College,
1834-66; and secretary of the Vermont Domestic Missionary Society,
1839-42. Married, 1827, Jan. 7, Nancy Augusta, daughter of Col. Con-
stant and Lucy (Riley) Murdock, of Norwich, Vt., who died 1876, Dec.

444 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. [July,

■

26, aged 73. Five children. Died in Williamstown, Vt, of paralysis,
1877, May 24, aged 83 years and 4 days.

Demond, Elijah, son of Israel Howe and Hannah (Henry) Demond,
was bom in Rutland, Mass., 1790, Nov. i. Early home, Barre, Mass.
Graduated, Dartmouth College, 18 16, and Andover Theological Seminary,
1820. Taught New Ipswich (N. H.) Academy, 1817. Ordained, West
Newbur)', Mass., 1821, March 7; dismissed, 1826, Sept. 3. Installed,
Lincoln, Mass., 1827, Nov. 7 ; dismissed, 1832, Oct. 28. Installed, Hollis-
ton, Mass., 1832, Oct 31 ; dismissed, 1836, April 12. Installed, Prince-
ton, Mass., 1836, Oct. 26; dismissed, 1839, Nov. 8. Resided, Grafton,
1842 to 1854, and after that, in Westboro*. At the same time, acting pastor,
Northbridge, three years, Shrewsbury one year, Douglass, eight months,
agent Doctrinal Book and Tract Society, one year or more. Acting
pastor, Mendon, 1856-9; Waquoit, 1859-62; and at Chilmark, 1869-72.
Married, 1821, May 29, Lucy, daughter of Aaron and Elizabeth (Stoel)
Brown, of Groton, Mass., who died 1863, July 19. Six children. Died
of old age and paralysis, 1877, July 20, aged 86 years, 8 months, and 19
days.

Fuller, Robert Ware, son of Robert and Rhoda (French) Fuller,
was bom in Milford, N. H., 1807, Jan. 20. Three years in Teachers*
Seminary, Andover, Mass., and five years in Gilmanton, N. H., where
he graduated from Theological Seminary, 1838. Ordained, Westmore-
land, N. H., 1341, June 16; dismissed, 1843, J^n* H- Acting pastor,
Acworth, 1843, April, to 1845, June. Installed, Warner, 1846, June 10;
dismissed, 1830, Oct. 24. Without charge, Woburn, Mass., 1850, Nov. to
1853, Dec. Acting pastor, 2d Church, Westmoreland, N. H., 1853, Dec.
to 1856, Feb. Mason Village (now Greenville), N. H., from March to
Sept. 1856, and Lempster, 1856, Sept. to i860, Oct. Without charge,
Stowe, Mass., i860, till death. Married, 1842, Feb. 18, Persis, daughter
of Ephraim and Sally (Gerry) Keyes, of Princeton. Died, ** worn out
with a life-long suffering of a curved spine caused by a fall when four
years old,'' 1877, March 13, aged 70 years, i month, and 23 days.

GuLiCK, Peter Johnson, son of John and Lydia (Combs) Gulick, was
born in Freehold, N. J., 1797, March 12. Preparatory study at Lawrence-
ville, N. J. Graduated, College of New Jersey, 1825, and was two years
a member of Princeton Theological Seminary. Ordained, Freehold, 1827,
Oct. 3, and embarked, at Boston, Nov. 3, with the second reinforcement
for the Hawaiian Mission, of the American Board Commissioners for
Foreign Missions. Labored at Waimea on Kauai, 1828-35 ; at Koloa,
until 1843 ; on Molokai, until 1847; and at Waialua, on Oahu, until 1857.
Resided after at Honolulu, until removal in 1874, June, to his son's home
in Japan. Married, 1827, Sept. 5, Fanny Hinckley, daughter of John and
Betsey Thomas, of Westfield, Mass. Seven of his eight children are
living ; five are missionaries of the Board in Spain, Japan, and China,
and another is agent of the Bible Society in Japan, having also been a
missionary. Died in Kobe, Japan, of old age, 1877, Dec. 8, aged 80 years,
8 months, 26 days.

1878.] Vital Statistics of Qmgregatumal Ministers. 445

Hall, Samuel Read, ll. d., son of Samuel R. and Elizabeth (Hall)
Hall, was born in Croydon, N. H., 1795, Oct 27. Kimball Union Acad-
emy. Some years a teacher, then studied theology with Rev. Walter
Chapin, of Woodstock, Vt, and Rev. William Eaton, of Fitcbbutg, Mass.
Ordained, Concord, Vt, 1823, March 5 ; dismissed, 1830, June. While in
Concord, established and taught the first Normal School in the country.
Principal of the Teachers' Seminary, Andover, Mass., 1830, Sept. to 1836^
and of Plymouth (N. H.) Academy, 1836-^ Installed, Craftsbury, Vt,
1840, July 8 ; dismissed, 1854, Jan 4. Installed, Brownington, Vt, 1855,
March 7, after supplying the church in 1854 ; dismissed, 1867, Feb. 5.
Without charge there, except 1872-4, when he was acting pastor in Gran-
by, until death. Dartmouth College conferred the honorary degree of A. M.
in 1839, and the University of Vermont, that of ll. d., in 1865. Mod-
erator, General Convention of Vermont, 1859. He published (i) **The
Child's Assistant to a Knowledge of the Geography and History of Ver-
mont," 1827. This passed through several editions, the last, enlarged and
revised in 1868, being in use in the common schools of the State by
authority. (2) " Lectures on School-keeping," 1829. (3) ** Lectures to
Female School Teachers," 1832. (4) '*The Child's Instructor," 1832,
(5) ^The Arithmetical Manual," 1832. (6) <" Practical Lectures on Pa-
rental Responsibility and the Religious Education of Children," 1833.
(7) "The Grammatical Assistant," 1833. (8) «*A School History of the
United States," 1833. (9) **The Alphabet of Geology," 1868. He also
assisted Pres. Hitchcock, of Amherst College, in the Geological Survey of
Vermont, and a part of Sect VII, in the published Report, on Northern
Vermont, was prepared by him. Married, ist, 1823. June 17, Mary,
daughter of Joseph and Mary (Small) Dascomb, of Wilton, N. H., by
whom he had seven children. She died 1836, Nov. 25. He married, 2d
1837, June 6, Mary, daughter of Dea. Solomon and Mary (Cummings)
Holt, of Andover, Mass. Three children. Two x:hildren only, one by
each marriage, survive. Died of general debility and hip fracture, 1877,
June 24, aged 81 years, 7 months, and 27 days.

HiLLYER, Samuel Lee, son of Abraham R. and Charlotte (Matthews)
Hillyer, was born in Cochocton, Ohio, 1847, March 9. Graduated, Ober-
lin College, 1872, and Yale Theological Seminary, 1875. Course at
Oberlin interrupted, and he was principal Liber College, Indiana, 1869-
70. Ordained evangelist, at Winchester, Ind., 1869, Oct 30. Installed,
Woodbridge, New Jersey, 1875, 1**°® 3> ^^^ ^*^^ ^^ office. Married, 1875,
Sept 29, Ella £., daughter of Rev. Joseph S. and Jennie E. Edwards, of
Qeveland. Died of quick consumption, on the cars near Buffalo, N. Y.,
1877, Nov. 28, aged 30 years, 8 months, and 19 days.

Hodges, James, son of James and Anna (Cable) Hodges, was born ia
Ferrisburg, Vt., 1800, April. Ordained, 1838, (perhaps at) Taberg, Oneida
County, New York, where he ministered five years. Acting pastor, Win-
nebago, 111., 1 844. to 1855, where he organized the church. Harrison and,
Shirland, 1856 to 1867 ; Durand, 1867 to 1871, and again at Shirland, 1873,
till death. Married, 1826, Oct 5, Hannah Perry, who survives him.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 3. 5

446 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers, [July,

Seven children. Died of typhoid fever, 1877, Oct. 9, aged 77 years, 6
months.

Huntington, Elijah Baldwin, son of Dea. Nehemiah and Nancy
(Leffingwell) Huntington, was born in Bozrah, Conn., 18 16, Aug. 14. Was
a member of Yale College, in class of 1840, but did not receive his degree
until 1 85 1. Theological study with Dr. Bond, of Norwich, Conn. Ordained,
Putnam, Conn., J848, Nov. 8; dismissed, 1851, Feb. 25, on account of
bronchial trouble. Has since been principal of high schools, in Water-
bury, and in Stamford, Conn., and agent Connecticut Soldiers' Orphans'
Home. Acting pastor, South Coventry, Conn., 1875 to 1877. Published
(i) "Huntington Genealogy," 1863. (2) "History of Stamford," 1868.
(3) " Stamford Soldiers' Memorial," 1869. (4) " Registration of Stamford
Families." Was one of the editors of the Connecticut Common School
Journal . Married, 1843, March 16, Julia Maria, daughter of Dea.
Thomas and Laura (Lathrop) Welch, of Windham, Conn. Five chil-
dren. Died of paralysis, in South Coventry, 1877, Dec. 27, aged 61
years, 4 months, and 13 days

Leavitt, Jonathan, d. d., son of Dr. Roswell and Dorothy (Ashley)
Leavitt, was born in Cornish, N. H., 1800, Oct. 21. Kimball Union Acad-
emy. Graduated, Amherst College, 1825, and was a member two years of
Andover Theological Seminary, in class of 1828. Ordained evangelist,
Pomfret, Vt., 1828, Sept. 24 Home Missionary, 1829, in Pendleton and
Willington, S. C, two Sabbaths, alternately, in each ; 1 830-1, in Lincoln-
ton and Macon, Ga., temporary supply in Westbrook, Me., Acworth,
N. H., and Waltham, Mass. Acting pastor, Bedford, Mass., 1835, April,
until installed, 1837, Jan. 11 ; dismissed, 1840, Oct. 12. Installed, Rich-
mond St. Church, Providence, R. L, 1840, Nov. 18 ; dismissed, 1863, Jan.
I. Without charge there till death. Trustee of Amherst College, 1855-
63, and received the honorary d. d. also from Amherst, 1853. Married,
1837, Oct. 10, Charlotte Esther, daughter of Rev. Samuel and Abigail
(French) Stearns, of Bedford. She died, 1850, Feb. 27, leaving two
children, and he married, 2d, 1859. Sept. 13, Mrs. Abby G. B., widow of
Rev. Noah F. Packard, and daughter of John and Abby G. Johnson, of
Providence. Died of congestion of the brain and general debility, 1877,
Oct. 7, aged 76 years, 11 months, and 15 days.

Lord, William Hayes, d. d., son of Pres. Nathan and Elizabeth
King (Leland) Lord, was born in Amherst, N. H., 1824, March 11.
Graduated, Dartmouth College, 1843, and Andover Theological Seminary,
1846. Ordained, Montpelier, Vt., 1847, Sept. 20, and died in office. His
Alma Mater conferred the honorary d. d. in 1867. Trustee Washington
County Grammar School from 1853, and president from 1865. Director
Vermont Bible Society, 1847-75, and Domestic Missionary Society,
1853-77. Member Vermont Historical Society and president from 1870.
Fish Commissioner of Vermont, 1876. Moderator General Convention of
Vermont, 1861 ; preacher before General Convention of Vermont, 1858
and 1874. Corporate member American Board Commissioners for For-
eign Missions, from 1873. Editor Vermont Chronicle from 1875, Jan. i.

18/8.] Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. 447

Pablished (i) "Sermon on the Death of Hon. John McLean," Cabot,
Vt, 1855. (2) ^' Sermon on the Death of Mrs. Lucretia, wife of Hon.
Samuel Prentiss," 1855. (3) *' Sermon on the Death of Hon. Samuel
Prentiss," 1857. (4) '» Sermon on the Death of Hon. E. P. Walton,"
'855. (5) ** Sermon on the Death of Hon. F. F. Merrill," 1859.
(6) " Sermon on the Death of Rev. James Hobart," 1862. (7) " Sermon
on the Death of Mrs. James T. Thurston," 1865. (8) *' Sermon on the
Death of Dea. C. W. Storrs," 1872. (8) " Sermon on the Death of Mrs.
James R. Langdon," 1873. (10) ** Fiftieth Anniversary Sermon, Congre-
gational Church, Montpelier," 25 July, 1858. (11) "A Tract for the
Times — National Hospitality" (Anti-Know- Nothing), 1855. (12) "A
Sermon, — Our National Troubles," 1861. (13) '* Dedication of Bethany
Church," 15 Oct., 1868. Also, articles in Princeton Review. Married,
1848, June I, Harriet Adams, daughter of Hon. John and Harriet Russell
(Adams) Aiken, of Andover, Mass. Seven children, of whom fiw^ are
living. Died, 1877, March 18, aged 53 years and 7 da3rs.*

Marsh, Abram, son of Abram and Sarah (Dutton) Marsh, was born
in Hartford, Vt., 1802, June 15. Thetford Academy. Graduated, Dart-
mouth College, 1825. Two years in Andover Theological Seminary with
the class of 1828. Principal Thetford (Vt.) Academy, 1827-8. Ordained
evangelist, Reading, Vt, 1829, June 23. Acting pastor there, 1829-30.
Installed, Tolland, Conn., 1831, Nov. 30; dismissed, 1869, June 3.'
Agent, Connecticut Bible Society, 1869-74. Acting pastor, West Wood-
stock, Conn., 1874-6. President Connecticut Bible Society. Trustee
Monson (M21SS.) Academy, 29 years, and some time President of Corpo-
ration. Published (i) '* Importance of the Sanctuary ; A Dedication Ser-
mon " : (2) *' Reasons for Law : with some Special Reference to the Traffic
in Intoxicating Liquors " ; (3) ^ Funeral Discourse on the Death of Mrs.
Deacon Benton " ; (4) " Funeral Discourse on the Death of Deacon Wil-
liam Sumner, of the Baptist Church." Married, ist, 1829, June 25, Rhoda,
daughter of Rev. Siloam and Roxana (Parmelee) Short, of Meriden, N. H.
She died, 1840, Aug. 17, leaving two sons. He married, 2d, 1842, April
6, Mary Hall, daughter of Ebenezer and Louisa W. (Fellows) Cooley.
Died in Tolland, of liver disease and dysentery, 1877, Sept 2, aged 75
years, 2 months, and 17 days.

McKeen, Silas, d. d., son of David and Margaret (McPherson)
Mc Keen, was born in Corinth, Vt., 1791, March 16. Haverhill (N. H.)
Academy. Theological study with Rev. Stephen Fuller, Vershire, Vt.
Ordained, Bradford, Vt., 181 5, Oct. 18 ; dismissed, 1827, Oct. 29. Re-in-
stalled, 1828, Jan. 17; dismissed, 1832, Dec. 31. Installed, Belfast, Me.,
1833, Feb. 28; dismissed, 1841, Nov. 15. Re-installed, Bradford, 1842,
May 25 ; dismissed, 1866, Nov. 21. Acting pastor, Fairlee, Vt., 1866-72.
Without charge, Bradford, 1872, till death. Dartmouth College con-
ferred the honorary degree of A. M. in 1822, and of D. d. in 1861; the
University of Vermont the honorary A. M., 1828. He was Secretary
of the Vermont Education .Society, and of the Temperance Society.
Vice-President American Missionary Association, from 1864. Member

450 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. (July,

College, 1829. Studied theology with Rev. F. Freeman, of Plymouth,
Mass. Ordained evangelist, Charlemont, Mass., 1831, Nov. 8. Preached
in Montague, Mass., and Rutland and Bethany, N. Y. Installed, Nor-
wich, Mass., 1835, Jan. i ; dismissed, 1836, July 20. Installed. Tyring-
ham, 1837, April 25 ; dismissed, 1843, Jan. 25. Installed, Alstead, East,
N. H., 1844, Oct. 22 ; dismissed, 1847, May 19. Installed, Pelham,
Mass., 1848, Jan. 19 ; dismissed, 1850, May 9. Installed, Holland, Mass.,
185 1, Dec. 3 ; dismissed, 1854, April 12. Acting pastor. West Stafford,
Conn., 1854, Jan. to 1856; Udina, 111., 1858-9. Without charge,
Elgin, 111., till death. Married, ist, 1833, Jan. 8, Mary Ann, daughter of
Jonathan Blake, Jr., of Warwick, Mass. She died, 1833, Nov. 20 ; and he
married, 2d, 1835, June 16, Esther P., daughter of Abraham and Mary A.
Williams, of Ashfield, Mass. She died, 1843, Nov. 3, leaving two children ;
and he married, 3d, 1844, Nov. 5, Mary, daughter of Eleazar Everett, of
Francestown, N. H. She died, 1856, Aug. 26 ; and he married, 4th, 1857,
Oct. 8, Hannah Wade, daughter of Col. William and Phebe T. Brown, of
Lyons Farms, N. J. Died instantly from fracture of skull, 1877, Sept i,
aged 71 years. 5 months, and 14 days.

Paine, Sewall, son of William and Relief (Ward) Paine, was bom
in Leicester, Mass., 1806, Nov. i. Preparatory studies in Bloom field and
Farmington, Me. Graduated, Bowdoin College, 1835, and Bangor .Theo-
logical Seminary, 1838. Acting pastor, Rumford, Me.; Monson, Me.;
Granville, N. Y., and Quechee, in Hartford, Vt., 1838-42. Ordained,
Montgomery, Vt., 1843, Feb. 22, after having preached there one year;
dismissed, 1872, March 12. He had been disabled by ill health for six
years previous, and continued there till death. Married, 1844, Oct. 14,
Anna Palmer, daughter of Daniel and Susannah (Danforth) Burr, of Mer-
cer, Me. Died of accidental injury, 1877, March 4, aged 70 years, 4
months, and 3 days.

Parker, Benjamin Wyman, son of Aaron and Jerusha (Damon)
Parker, was born in Reading, Mass., 1803, Oct. 13. Preparatory studies
in Atkinson (N. H.) Academy. Graduated, Amherst College, 1829, and
Andover Theological Seminary, 1832. Ordained evangelist, at Reading,
1832, Sept. 13, and sailed, Nov. i, for the Hawaiian Island Mission, of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. First employed
in an unsuccessful attempt to establish a mission on the Marquesas
Islands. Stationed, 1834, Dec, at Kaneohe Oahu. In 1869, removed to
Honolulu, and in 1872 took charge of the Hawaiian Theological School,
and there remained till death. Visited the United States, 1876, June to
December. Married, 1832, Sept. 24, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of Jona-
than and Bethia Barker, of Guilford, a native of Branford, Conn., who,
with four children, survives. Died from the removal of a tumor, 1877,
March 23, aged 73 years, 5 months, and 10 days.

Pease, Aaron Gaylord, son of Salmon and Matilda (Huntington)
Pease, was born in Canaan, Conn., 181 1, Feb. 22. Hinesburg (Vt.) Acad-
emy. Graduated, University of Vermont, 1837, and Andover Theologi-
cal Seminary, 1841. Ordained, Pittsford, Vt., 1842, June 21 ; dismissed,

1878.] Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. 45 1>

1845, Oct. 7. Acting pastor, Poultney, 1846-7 ; Royalton, 1847, Feb. ;
Waterbury, 1847, till installed there 1849, Sept. 5 ; dismissed 1853, Jan.
6. Acting pastor, Norwich, 1853, till installed there 1855, Jan. 3 ; dts-
missed 1857, April 15. Without charge, and disabled by partial paralysis.
Norwich, 1857-66. Teaching a hmWy school, 1858-60. Member of the
legislature, 1864-5. First Superintendent Vermont Reform School 1866-9.
Without charge, Rutland, till death. He published " Philosophy of Trini-
tarian Doctrine," i2mo, Putnams, 1875. Married, 1842, Oct. 15, Anne,
daughter of William and Cynthia Amanda Page, of Rutland, Vt. Eight
children. Died of catarrhal consumption, 1877, Aug. 7, aged 66 years, 5
months, and 13 days.

PoGUE, John Fawcett, son of William and Ruth Pogue, was born in
Wilmington, Del., 1814, Dec. 29. Graduated, Marietta College, 1840, and
Lane Theological Seminary, 1843. Ordained, 1843, ^ov, 6, and reached
Honolulu, Hawaii, 1844, July 15, as a missionary of the American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. Stationed at Koloa till 1847, July,
when he was transferred to Kealakekua. Removed to Lahainaluna, 185 1.
Principal of Seminary there, 1852-66. At Waiohina, from 1866-69, and
after at Honolulu as secretary of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association.
Married, 1848. May 29, Maria K., daughter of Rev. Samuel and Mercy
(Partridge) Whitney, of Honolulu. Died in Laramie, Wyoming Territory,
suddenly, while returning to his home, of Bright's disease, 1877, Dec. 4,
aged 62 years, 1 1 months, and 6 days.

Powell, John Nettleton, son of John and Sylvia (Foote) Powell,
was born in Clinton, N. Y.,.i8i8, Oct. 21. Graduated, Hamilton College,
1840. In Yale Theological Seminary, 1842-44. Graduated Auburn
Theological Seminary, 1845. Ordained evangelist, Chelsea, 111., 1846,
Feb. 18. Acting pastor there, and in surrounding towns, 1846-50. Wins-
low and vicinity, 1850-59. Peterboro', N. Y., i860. May, to 1862. Prin-
cipal Yates Polytechnic Institute, Chittenango, N. Y., 1862-3. Installed,
Rosendale, Wis., 1863, June 2 ; dismissed, 1870. Installed, Plymouth,
Wis., 1 87 1, Oct. 17. Resigned, 1875, M^y '» ^^^ never dismissed by
council. Acting pastor, Medford, Minn., 1875, August, until death.
Married, 1845, Aug. 24, Mary E., daughter of John I. and Keturah P.
Walrath, of Chittenango, N. Y. Five children. Died, 1877, June 27, of
typhoid pneumonia, aged 58 years, 8 months, and 6 days.

Rawson, Thomas Reid, son of Gardiner and Susan (Wilkinson) Raw-
son, was born in Townsend, Vt., 1803, July 10. Preparatory studies at
Chester, Vt., and Amherst, Mass. Graduated, Amherst College, 1830,
and Auburn Theological Seminary, 1833. Ordained, Peru, Mass., 1834,
July 10; dismissed, 1836, March 22. Removed to Albany, and there re-
mained till death, except the year 1841-2, at Malta, N. Y., in various
missionary services. First Superintendent of Albany Tract and Mission-
ary Society ; chaplain at the old Albany Bethel, at the Penitentiary, and
at the United States Hospital during the war. He published " Dominie
and Patrick ; or. The Bible vs. the Papacy." Married, first. 1834, Aug. 17,
Louisa Warner, daughter of Mitchel and Mercy (Burgess) Dawes, of Cum-

452 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers, [July,

mington (a sister of Hon. Henry L. Dawes). She died 1849, Sept. 3 ; and
he married, second, 1856, Oct. 20, Sarah Ann, daughter of Samuel and
Caroline Thomas, of Vernon, N. Y. Died of cancer of the stomach, 1877,
May 20, aged 73 years, 10 months, and 10 days.

Safford, William Edward, son of Neman and Augusta N. (Plymp-
ton) Safford, was born in Oberlin, O., 1850, April 11. Graduated, Oberlin
College, 1870, and Yale Theological Seminary, 1873. Acting pastor, Ash-
land, Wis., 1873-5. Ordained, Hudson, Wis., 1875, Dec. 18. Resigned
1877, but not dismissed. Died of typhoid fever, St Paul, Minn., 1877,
Nov. 6, aged 27 years, 6 months, and 25 days.

Schneider, Benjamin, d. d., son of Henry and Polly (Neyce) Schnei-
der, was born in New Hanover, Pa., 1807, Jan. 18. Preparatory study at
Norristown and Reading Academies. Entered Hamilton College and
remained one year. Graduated, Amherst College, 1830, and Andover
Theological Seminary, 1833. Ordained by New Castle Presbytery, at
West Nottingham, Md., 1833, Oct. 2. Sailed as a missionary of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, from Boston,
1833, Dec. 12, and reached Smyrna, 1834, Jan. 19. Stationed at Broosa,
1834-49; Aintab, 1849-68, when he returned to Broosa. Visited United
States, 1856-8 and 1872-73. Returned to labor in Theological Seminary,
Marsovan, 1874, Jan., and came again to United States in 1875, stopping
in Switzerland. He received the honorary degree of d. d. from Marshall
College, Lancaster, Pa. Published, 1848, '*The Origin of Fasts and
Feasts in the Eastern Church," which was translated and widely circu-
lated. He also translated several works, including " Catechism tested by
the Bible," '* Jones' Catechism." " The Last Days of Dr. Payson," and
'*The Narrative of A. E. Williams." Married, 1833, Sept. 15, Eliza
Cheney, daughter of Josiah and Ruth (Abbott) Abbott, of Framingham,
Mass. Five children. She died, 1856. Sept 14; and he married, 2d,
1858, May 25, Susan M. Abbott, her sister. Died in Boston, from
nervous prostration caused by over-work, 1877, Sept. 14, aged 70 years,
7 months, and 26 days.

Sherrill, Edwin Jenner, son of Dr. Nathaniel and Sarah (Andrews)
Sherrill, was born in Shoreham, Vt, 1806, Oct. 23. Preparatory studies
in Middlebury, Vt. Graduated, Hamilton College, 1832. Two years,
1834-6, in Andover Theological Seminary, and one year in Yale Theo-
logical Seminary. Ordained, Eaton, Quebec, 1838. June 13. He resigned
his office, 1873, Nov., but was never formally dismissed, and continued to
render some pastoral service until his removal to Lee, Mass., 1875, Oct-
Married, 1838, Oct i, Sarah, daughter of Alvin and Sarah (Percival^
Foote, of Lee, Mass. Five children, of whom Rev. A. F. Sherrill is one^
Died in New York City, of urinary calculus, 1877, Ju^^c ^3? aged 70 years,
7 months, and 20 days.

Smith, Asa Dodge, d. d., ll. d., son of Dr. Roger and Sally (Dodge>
Smith, was born in Amherst, N. H., 1804, Sept. 21. Kimball Union
Academy, 1824-6. Graduated, Dartmouth College, 1830, and Andovef
Theological Seminary, 1834. Principal of Limerick (Me.) Academy ^

1878.] Vital Statistics of Congrsgatianal Ministers. 453

1 830-1. Ordained pastor of the Brainerd (now 14th Street) Pre8b3rterian
Church, New York, 1834, Nov. 2 ; dismissed, 1863, Nov. 15. Inaugu-
rated president of Dartmouth College, 1863. Nov. 18; resigned, 1877,
March i. Williams College conferred the honorary degreee of o. o. in

1849, and the University of New York gave that of LL. D. in 1864.
President Rutgers Female College, New York ; Trustee Hamilton Col-
lege, 1858-64 ; Director Union Theological Seminary, 1841-^ ; visitor
Andover Theological Seminary, 1865 ; corporate member American Board
of Commissioners fbr Foreign Missions, from 1853, and member of its
Prudential Committee, 1856-63 ; Director American Home Missionary
Society, 1842-53 ; member of its Executive Committee, 1851-62, and Vice-
President, from 1864; President New Hampshire Missionary Society,
from 1864; member New Hampshire Historical Society, and Vice-
President New England Historic Genealogical Society. He published

(I) »' Letters to a Young Student," 1832. (2) "Memoir of Mrs. Louisa
Adams Leavitt," 1843. (3) *' Importance of a Scriptural Ministry," a
sermon, 1848. (4) " Obedience to Human Law," Thanksgiving sermon,

1850. (5) " The Guileless Israelite," sermon on the death of Mr. Joseph
Brewster, 1851. (6) ^* Personal Piety as related to the Missionary
Work," a sermon, 1852. (7) " God's Word Magnified and Illustrated,"
sermon on the death of David L. Dodge, 1852. (8) " Address at the
Reunion of the Sons of Weston, Vt," 1853. (9) " A Discourse of the
Life and Character of Rev. Charles Hall, D. D.," 1854. (10; " The Puritan
Character," address before the New England Society of Montreal, 1857.

(II) •* Home Missions and Slavery," reprint of articles, 1857. (12) ** Po-
sition of the Southern Church in Relation to Slavery, as illustrated
in a Letter of Dr. F. A. Ross to Rev. Albert Barnes," with an Introduc-
tion by a Constitutional Presbyterian, 1857. (13) *^ Death Abolished,"
a sermon on the death of Henry C. Parkhurst, 1859. (^4) " Address —
Anniversary of American Tract Society, Boston," i860. (15) '* Christian
Stewardship," farewell sermon, 1863. (16) ^' Inaugural Address as
President of Dartmouth College," 1863. (17) Thirteen Baccalaureate
Sermons : ^' Supremacy of Righteousnsss," 1864 ; ^^ Beneficence, Our
Life Work," 1865; ''Abuses of the Imagination," 1866; "Christian
Magnanimity," 1867 ; " Gradualism of God's Working," 1868 ; *' Success
in Life," 1869; ** The Chief Foundation," 1870; "Liberty as related to
Law," 1871 ; " The Grace of Patience," 1872 ; " Prayer as a Power,"
1873 ; " The Creed as related to the Life," 1874 ; " Completeness of
Christianity," 1875 5 ** Sources of Infidelity," 1876. He preached thirty-
two ordination or installation sermons ; preached twice before the General
Association of New Hampshire, at Dover in 1865, and at Exeter in 1874;
gave the address at the reunion of alumni of Kimball Union Academy in
1857, and on many other public occasions was the chosen speaker.
Married, 1836, Nov. 9, Sarah Ann, daughter of John and Dorcas (Faulk-
ner) Adams, of North Andover, Mass. Five of their seven children are
living. Died of general debility, 1877, Aug. 16, aged 72 years, 10 months,
and 25 days.

454 Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers, [July,

Smith, Carlos, d. d., son of Rev. Ethan and Bathsheba (Sanford,
daughter of Rev. David, of Medway, Mass.) Smith, was born in Hopkin-
ton, N. H., 1801, July 17. Graduated, Union College, 1822. Teacher in
Petersburgh, Va., and Thetford, Vt, and six years in Catskill, N. Y.
Ordained, by the Oneida Presbytery, in Utica, N. Y., 1832, Feb. 7, Act-
ing pastor, Presbyterian Church, Manlius, N. Y., 1832-6. Painesville,
Ohio, 1836-44; Massillon, 1844-7; Tallmadge, 1848, July,- 1862, Jan.;
Akron, 1862-73. Without charge there till death. Buchtel College, in
Akron, gave the honorary degree of D. D. in 1876. He published
(i) "Progress and Patience," a Missionary Sermon, 1847. (2) A Thanks-
giving Sermon, " God's Voice Misunderstood," 1847. (3) " The Pulpit
Theme," an Ordination Sermon, 3 Jan., 1854. (4) " Eyes and no Eyes,"
a sermon on Isa. xlii, 20, 1854. (5) "Spiritualism ; or. The Bible a Suffi-
cient Witness," 1854. (6) " God's Call to the Nation," 1861. (7) *' The
Memory of Our Noble Dead," 1864. (8) " Christ in the Bible." a dis-
sertation, 1870. (9) "The Selling of Intoxicating Drinks Immoral."
(10) "Roman and Grecian Civilization," a lecture, 1872. (11) "To
Young Men," address on the death of Horace Greeley," 1872. (12)
"Farewell Sermon," Akron, 30 March, 1873. (i 3) " The Value of a
Good Man," funeral address, 1873. (H) *' Historical Discourse,"
Semi-Centennial, Tallmadge, 8 Sept., 1875. (15) "An Adventure at
Sea." (16) An Address, Canton, Ohio, and various minor articles. Mar-
ried, 1827, Feb. 20, Sarah, daughter of Daniel and Sarah (Weston) Sax-
ton, of Hanover, N. H., who, with seven of their twelve children, survives
him. Died of dyspepsia, 1877, April 22, aged 75 years, 9 months, and 5
days.

Smith, Hervey, son of Jared and Irene (Montague) Smith, was born in
Granby, Mass., 1793, Sept. 19. Preparatory study with Rev. Enoch
Hale, of Westhampton. Graduated, Williams College, 18 19, and studied
theology with Mr. Hale, and with Rev. Moses Hallock, of Plainfield.
Ordained, First Church, Stafford, Conn., 1822, Oct. 9; dismissed, 1830,
May. Installed, Feeding Hills, West Springfield, Mass., 1830, Aug. 10;
dismissed, 1833, June, and installed Ireland Parish, now Holyoke, 1833,
Dec. 10; dismissed, 1841, Feb. 24. Without charge, Granby and East-
hampton, Mass., 1840-50, and West Hampton, 1850, till death. Secretary
of Hampden County Home Missionary Society, several years. Pub-
lished two sermons, one preached on the Sabbath after the death of his
wife, on i Thess. iv, 13, 14, and one after the death of his only daughter,
in 1837, from Psalm xcvii, i. Married, ist, 1822, Jan. 22, Anna, daughter
of Dea. Pliny Sykes, of Westhampton. Of five children, one son is living.
She died, 1836, Sept. 11, and he married, 2d, 1837, Nov. 23, Elenora L.,
daughter of Caleb Tuttle, of West Springfield One son. Died of dropsy
and softening of the brain, 1877, June 4, aged 83 years, 8 months, and 15
days.

Spring, Samuel, d. D.,son of Rev. Dr. Samuel and Hannah (Hopkins)
Spring, was born in Newburyport, Mass., 1792, March 9. Exeter Acad-
emy. Graduated, Yale College, 181 1. In trade and shipping business.

18/8.] Vital Statistics of Congregational Ministers. 455

Newburyport and Boston^ till 1819. Graduated, Andover Theological Sem-
inary, 1 82 1. Ordained, Abington, Mass., 1822, Jan. 2 ; dismissed, 1826^
Dec. 6. Installed, North Church, Hartford, Conn., 1827, March 21 ; dis-
missed, 1833, Jan. 8. Installed, East Hartford, Conn., 1833. Feb. 14; dis-
missed, 1 861, Jan. 9. Chaplain, Insane Asylum, Hartford, 1863-70. With-
out charge, East Hartford, till death. Columbia College gave him the
honorary degree of D. D., 1858. Director of Connecticut Bible Society, 1827
to 1855, and Vice-President from that date. Trustee Theological Insti-
tute of Connecticut, 1834 to 1854. Married, 18 16. Nov. 27, Lydia Maria,
daughter of Winthrop Bumham and Dorothy (MacGowel) Norton, of
South Berwick. Me. Of nine children, two sons and two daughters are
living. Died from the effects of a broken hip-bone, 1877, Dec. 13, aged 85
years, 9 months, and 4 days.

St. Clair, Alanson, son of James and (Royal) St. Gair, was bom in
Greene, Maine, 1804. Was for 25 years active in the anti-slavery cause,
and established and edited two newspapers devoted to it. Ordained,

1844, June. Acting pastor, . Muskegon, Mich., 1853 (?)-63 ; Newaygo,
1864-8; Whitehall, 1868-70; Shelby, 1870-3; without charge there till
death. Married, 1830, Jan., Eliza S., daughter of William and Sarah
Morse, of Portland. She died in Hart, Mich., 1870, Sept. 10 ; and he
married, 2d, 1871, Oct 10, Mrs. Lorania Moore, daughter of Deacon
Isaiah and Ruth G. Porter, of Dixmont, Me. Died of congestive chills,
1877, Sept 21, aged 73 years.

Stevens, Jedediah Dwight, son of Jonathan and Lucy (Barry)
Stevens, was bom in Hamilton, N. Y., 1798, March 25. Early life on the
fiurm. Studied theology with Rev. Samuel J. Mills. Missionary of the
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to the Stock-
bridge Indians, 1829-35, and to the Dakatos, 1835-9. Ordained evangelisb
at Cortlandville, N. Y., 1837, Oct. 5. Acting pastor, Prairie Du Chien,
Wis., 1 841-4. Installed, Platteville, Wis., 1844, June i ; dismissed, 1846.
Evangelist in Grant County, 1846-7 ; Lafayette County, 1847-50 ; Green
County, 1850-4. Acting pastor, Elkhorn, 1854-5 ; Lafayette, 1855-9 ;
Waterford, 1859-62 ; Caldwell's Prairie, and Mukwonago, 1862-4 ; Owen,
111., 1864-6, and Wausau, Wis., 1867. Without charge, Beloit, till death.
Married, 1st, 1827, May 3, Julia, daughter of Ebenezer and Anna Eggles-
ton, of Batavia, N. Y. She died 1845, March 7 ; and he married, 2d,

1845, Nov. 22, Esther, daughter of Jonathan and Rachel (Doud) Humph-
rey, of East Bloomfield, N. Y. Seven of his twelve children are living.
Died of heart disease, 1877, March 29, aged 79 years and 4 days.

Stowe, John Murdock, son of Ephraim and Sarah M. (Goodspeed)
Stowe, was bora in Hubbardston, Mass., 1824, Sept 7. Graduated, Ban-
gor Theological Seminary, 1854. Ordained, Wal pole, N. H., 1855, Jan. 31 ;
resigned, 1862 ; dismissed, 1865, Feb. 14. Acting pastor, Sullivan, N. H.,
1863 to 1870. Installed, Hubbardston, 1870, Sept. 14, and died in office.
He published (i) " Commemorative Address at the Centennial Celebra-
tion of the Incorporation of Hubbardstpn," 1867, June 13. (2) " Address
at the Dedication of a Soldiers* Monument, Sullivan,'* 1867, July 4.

45^ VUal SiatisHcs ^ Confregaiiomml MimsUrt. (Jiiljr,

(3) He had also writteo, and left oearljr readjr for pabficaticm a * History
of HubbanUton.*' Married, ist, 1854, SepC 7, Looia, daogfater of Abqah
and Betsey (Heald) Clark, of Hobbardstoo, who died, 1866^ Ai^ 16^
leaving one son, who died, 1876, Oct. 24. He married, 2d, 1868, AprO 7«
Sarah D., daughter of William D. and Marind (Adams) Locke, of Nev
Ipswich, N. H. Died of accidental injnrj, 1877, May 9^ aged 52 jear^ S
months, and 2 days.

Teeat, Selah Blhir, d. d^ son of Selah and Anna (Williams) Treat,
was bom in Hartland, Conn., 1804, Feb. 19. His £unily removed to Cole-
brook, Conn., 1807. Preparatory study in Lenox Academy and Hopkins
Grammar School, Hartford, Conn. Graduated, Yale Ccdlege, 1824.
Studied law with Judge John T. Peters, in Litchfield Law ScbooL, and with
Gov. W. W. Ellsworth, and practised law at East Windsor, 1826-31, and
Penn Yan, N. Y., 183 1-3. Graduated, Andover Theological Seminary,
1835. Ordained, Presb3rterian Church, Newark, N. J., 1836, March 23;
dismissed, 1840. Associate Editor, Biblical Repository and Awurican
EcUtic^ 1 841-2. Editor Missionary Herald^ Boston, 1843-56; Youtk^s
Day spring. 1843-49 ; Journal of Missi4ms and Day springs 1849-56 Re-
cording Secretary American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,
1843-7. Corresponding Secretary, 1847, till death, and again editor a
few months, 1876-7 of Missionary Herald, He received the honorary
degree of d. d. from Rutgers College, 1852. Was one of the visitors
of Andover Theological Seminary 1858-65. Married, 1827, Dec 25,
Abigail T., daughter of Judge John T. Peters, of Hartford, Conn, who
survives him, with three of their seven children. Dr. Alfred O.
Treat, missionary to China, and Rev. Charles R. Treat, are his sons.
Died of pneumonia, 1877, March 28, aged 73 years, i month, and 9 dajrs.

Vinton. John Adams, son of Deacon Josiah and Betsey Snow (Giles)
Vinton, was born in Boston, Mass., 1801, Feb. 5. Phillips Exeter Acad-
emy. Graduated, Dartmouth College, 1828, and Andover Theological
Seminary, 1831. Ordained, New Sharon, Me., 1832, May 16 ; dismissed,
1834, Nov. II. Acting pastor, Exeter, Me., 1835, July, to 1836, July;
Chatham, Mass., 1836 to 1838; Kingston, Mass., 1838 to 1839; Stone-
ham, Mass., 1839 ; West Randolph, Vt., 1839 to 1842 ; Williamstown, Vt.,
1842 to 1844. Preceptor, Moor's Chanty School, Hanover, N. H., 1844
to 1845. Agent American Society for Ameliorating Condition of the Jews,
1846 to 1847. Acting pastor, Bristol, Me., 1848, Jan. to 1849, Dec. With^
out charge, Stoneham, Mass., 1850 to 1852 ; South Boston, 1852 to 1870^
Winchester, Mass., 1870 till death. Was chaplain State Almshouse,
Monson, 1859-60. Published (i) '* The Vinton Memorial," 1858; (2>
** Giles Memorial," 1864; (3) ** Symmes Memorial," 1873; (4) " Up-
ton Memorial," 1874 ; (5) ** Richardson Memorial," 1876 ; (6) *' Sampsor
Family " ; (7) ** Bill Family " ; (8) ** Sketches of Vinton and other Fami
lies " ; (9) *' Female Review " ; (10) '* The Antinomian Controversy c
1637." He also prepared the indexes to as many as fifteen historic
works, including Bancroft's '* History," " Plutarch's Morals." and sever
volumes of Mr. Francis Parkman's Histories. He was a life member

1878.] VUal Statistics of Congregational Ministers. 457

the New England Historic Genealogical Society ; corresponding member
of the Maine Historical Society, of the Buffido Historical Society, and
of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. Married, ist, 1832. June 6,
Orinda, daughter of Thomas L. and Orinda (Capenter) Haskell, of Han*
over, N. H. She died in Chatham, Mass., 1838, Aug. 4. Of her three
children, one daughter is living. He married, 2d, 1840, Feb. 24, Laurinda,
daughter of Deacon Reuben and Sarah (Vinton) Richardson, of Stone-
ham, Mass. One son. Died of a disease of the brain, 1877, Nov. 13,
aged 76 years, 9 months, and 8 days.

Walker, Elkanah, son of Jeremiah and Jane (Marston) Walker, was
bom in Yarmouth, Me., 1805, Aug. 7. Kimball Union Academy, 1832-4.
Graduated, Bangor Theological Seminary, 1837. Ordained at Brewer, Me.,
1838, Feb. 14, and in March set out for the Oregon Mission of the Ameri-
can Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and was four months in
traversing the wilderness from Missouri. Stationed at Tshimakain until
1848, when the Indian massacre and troubles necessitated his removal to
Fort Colville. Residence at Forest Grove after 1849, Nov. Often act-
ing pastor there, at Hillsboro', and at other neighboring villages. Trustee,
Tualatin Academy and Pacific University, from 1867 ; president Oregon
Bible Society, 1870-5. Married, 1838, March 5, Mary, daughter of Dea-
con Joseph and Charlotte (Thompson) Richardson, of Baldwin, Me. Eight
children ; one, Joseph Elkanah, is a missionary in China. Died at Forest
Grove, of inflammation, 1877, Nov. 21, aged 72 years, 3 months, and 14
days.

Wells, Rufus Porter, son of Rev. Thomas and Mary (Wells)
Wells, was bom in Whately, Mass., 1818, Feb. 4. Preparatory studies
in Greenfield and Conway Academies, and with Rev. W. M. Richards,
South Deerfield. Graduated, Amherst College, 1842. One year member
of East Windsor Theolo^cal Seminary, and graduated. Union Theologi-
cal Seminary, 1845. Ordained evangelist, Jonesboro', Tenn., 1846, Sept.
26, and installed there over the Presbyterian Church, 1850, Aug. 17 ; dis-
missed, 1862, Oct. 19. Acting pastor, Prairie du Sac, Wis., 1863-4 ;
Thomtown and Bethel, Ind., 1864-5 J Knox ville, Tenn., 1865-6 ; Gilbert-
ville, Mass., 1866-9. Installed, Southampton, Mass., 1869, Jan. 5 ; dis-
missed, 1874, Jan. 27. Acting pastor, Mason, N. H., 1874, Feb. to 1877,
March. Principal Academy in Jonesboro' three years ; School Commit-
tee in Southampton and Mason ; and Town Clerk in Mason one year.
Published (i) **• History Presbyterian Church, Jonesboro' " ; (2) '* A Chap-
ter in the Memoir of Rev. Samuel A. Rhea, Missionary in Persia " ;

(3) ** Memorial of Mrs. Hattie (Lyman) Stocking, Missionary to Persia" ;

(4) ''A Poem for the Centennial of Whately, Mass." Married, 1845,
Sept 10, Chloe B., daughter of Aaron and Sarah (Hibbard) Belden, of
Amherst, Mass., who with three of eight children survives him. Died of
congestion of the lungs, in Norton Mass., 1877, May 25, aged 59 years, 3
months,and 21 days.

Whiting, Edward Payson, son of Russell and Theodosia (Mitchell)
Whiting, was born in Bethany, N. Y., 1830, Oct. 11. Preparatory study

45$ l^tal Statistics ef Congregational Ministirs. [Jiily»

at Canandaigna, N. Y. Entered Rodiester UfUTcrsitjf bat graduated
Oberlio College, 1859. and Theological Seminarr, 1862. Ordained at
Obeiitn as chaplain of the i66th R^ment (Ohio), 1864, Mar 22. Acting
pastor. Bellevne Iowa, 1867-70; Bowen, IlL, 1870-72; Dnrant, Iowa,
1872-75 : DeWitt, Iowa, 1875 to death. Married, 1863, May 28. Urania
Eliza, daughter of Hanrej H. and Jane £. Coe, of Bloomingdale, IlL
Two children. Died of typhoid pneumonia, 1877. Jan. 10, aged 46 years
and 3 months.

Wilder, Htmak Augustixe, son of Orra and Sally (Wheelock)
Wilder, was bom in Cornwall, Vt, 1822, Feb. 17. Preparatory study at
Gaines and Millville Academies in New York. Gnidaated, Williams
Collie, 1845, and East Windsor Theological Seminary, 1848. Ordained
evangelist. South Adams, Mass., 1849, ^^^ 2^- Sailed from Boston,
1849, April 7, for South Africa, as a missionary of the American Board of
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to the Zuhis. Visited United
States, 1868 ; returned, 1870, Sept. Arrived in Boston, again, 1877, Feb.
Published a pamphlet on Polygamy, in reply to Bishop Colenso. Married,
1849, Feb. 21, Abby Temperance, daughter of Horace and Betsey (Lam-
son) Linsley, of Millville, N. Y., also a native of Cornwall. Died in
Hartford, Conn., 1877, Sept. 7, aged 55 years, 6 months, and 18 dajs.

WooDBRiDGE, JONATHAN EDWARDS, SOU of Jonathan and Sally
(Meech) Woodbridge, was bom in Worthington, Mass., 1802, June 24,
His grandfather, Jahleel. married Lucy, daughter of President Edwards.
Preparatory studies with Rev. Moses Hallock, of Plainfield. Graduated,
Williams College. 1822. Teacher, Catskill, N. Y., one year ; tutor, Wil-
liams College, 1823-6. Studied law, 1826-8. Teacher, Frederick, Md.,
1828-32. Member Princeton Theological Seminary, 1832-4- Ordained
evangelist, by Presb\'tery of Winchester, at Gerardstown, Va., 1835, May
2S. Acting pastor, Tuscarora, Gerardstown, and Falling Waters, 1835-6.
Installed, Union Church, Worcester, Mass., 1836, Nov. 24; dismissed,
1838, Feb. 14. Installed, Ware, Mass., 1838, May 2; dismissed, 1840,
Dec. 28. Associate editor Boston Recorder and iVew England Puritan^
1840-53. Principal Family School, Aubumdale, Mass., 1853-68. With-
out charge, Williamstown, Mass., 1871, Duluth, Minn., and vicinity, 1871-6,
except one year East and South. Married, 1834, Nov. 18, Catherine,
daughter of William Starkweather, of Williamstown, Mass. She died,
1855, June 21, leaving three sons and one daughter. He married, 2d,
i860, Sept. 25, Mrs. Lydia F. Poole, daughter of Benjamin Judkins, of
Boston, who, with one son, survives. Died of consumption in Hartford,
Conn., 1877, Nov. 18, aged 75 years, 4 months, and 24 days.

Woodward, George Henry, son of Bezaleel and Lydia (Farrar)
Woodward, was born in Hanover, N. H., 1807, April 24. Graduated,
Dartmouth College, 1831. Member Princeton Theological Seminary,
1 83 1 -3. Teacher, Shrewsbury, N. J., 1833-6. Graduated, Hartford
Theological Seminary, 1837. Ordained by Presbytery, an evangelist at
Trenton, N. J., 1837, Oct. 4. Acting pastor, Stafford, East, Conn., from
1838, until installed there, 1840, Jan. 29 ; dismissed, 1850, April 4. Act-

[878.] Viial Statistics of Congregational Ministers. 459

ng pastor, Stafford Springs, 1850-1. Installed, Groton, Conn., 185 1,
Dct 7 ; dismissed, 1856, Jan. 10. Acting pastor, Toledo, Iowa, 1856,
fan. to 1867.. Without charge there till death. Published (1) " Histori-
:al Discourse " East Stafford. (2) <* Funeral Sermon of Mrs. Fanny
Urout," and (3) ** Of Deacon Samuel Lyon." (4) ** Address on Tobacco."
Married, 1836, April 19, Annette Lemon, daughter of Dr. George and
Sarah (Prentice) Farrar, of Derry, N. H. .Died of bronchial consump-
aon, 1877, Nov. 19, aged 70 years, 6 months, and 25 days.

SUMMARIES.

Disease or Cause op Death.

Accident, 5 ; Apoplexy, 2 ; Brain Disease, i ; Bright's Disease, 2 ;
Cancer, i ; Congestive Chills, i ; Congestion of Lungs, i ; Consump-
tion, 4; Consumption, Bronchial, 2, Catarrhal, i ; Debility, general, 3;
Diabetes, i ; Digestive Organs, Failure of, i ; Diphtheria, i ; Dropsy,
2 ; Dysentery, 2 ; Dyspepsia, Chronic, 2 ; Gastritis, Chronic, i ; Heart
Disease, 3; Liver, Disease of, i ; Nervous Prostration, i ; Old Age, i;
Paralysis, 5 ; Peritonitis, i ; Physical Exhaustion, i ; Prostatic Hyper-
trophy, I ; Tumor, i ; Typhoid Fever, 2 ; Typhoid Pneumonia, 4 ; Uri-
nary Calculus, I ; Unknown, 5.

Tabubar View, 1875-7.
I. Number, Age, and Service.

Temr.

Whole No.
of Deaths.

Average age.

Average length of service.

1875
1876

1877

63

68
60

62 years, 8 months, 1 1 days.

66 " s " 26

67 " I " 18

31 years, 7 months, 7 days.

35 " 8 " 14 "

36 " 5 " 8 "

191

65 years, 4 months, 19 days.

34 years, 7 months.

45o Vital Statistict of Conjregatianal Ministers. [July,

II. AoE, BY Decades.

Oww.

n-M.

n-».

n-fo.

.«o.

«*.

«-«.

UDdrrM.

i87S
1876
1877

1

5

It

13

'3
•S

9

S
5

9

S
7

6
4
5

*

Totil

■

27

e?

37

'9

17

>S

6

III. Education.
CelltgiaU.

i

i

1

A

j

to

t

J

1

1

1

1

A

i

J

5
S

1

1875

IB76
1877

4
9
9

3
4

4
3

7
B

■4

3

S
9

2

^

3

S
4

16

S

"4
13

Total

22

8

7

i

6

14

3'

17

39

IV. Education.
ThtalBgkal.

1

1

1

1

1

i

1

j

1

1

i

1

^

1

1

.875
,8,6
■877

16

7

4

4
4

*

—

6

4

'

■■,'

7
«

S

3

Tt

,

■

18
16

Tot»I

58

■3

,0

■

'

3

1

"

5

'

18

5

55

iS/S'] Vital Statistics of Congrggational Alinisters. 461
V. Place op Birtr akd Death.

a 1

Milne.

Mm.

N. H.

R.l.

vt

1

K.T.

bLmb.

in

^ii

1

a

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SECOND S

Henry A. Hazen.

462 Congregational Necrology. [July.

CONGREGATIONAL NECROLOGY.

Hiram Corliss, m. d., (Ued in Greenwich, Washington County, N. Y.,
Sept. 7, 1877, in his eighty-fourth year, which would have been com-
pleted had he lived till Oct. 21. He was bom in the adjoining
town of Easton, and was the son of John and Lydia Ha3mes Corliss,
of Haverhill, Mass. He had the advantages afforded by the schools
of the neighborhood, but was largely self-educated. At the age of
sixteen he began to teach, — and meanwhile pursuing his studies,
turned them at length toward the profession of medicine. He took
the usual course of reading and riding with a practising physician;
and also one with the physicians and surgeons of the New York
Hospital . From these he received a certificate which was equivalent to
the medical diploma of the present day. This was in Febraar}', 1816^
and he soon afterward began a successful practice in his native place.
Here he remained till 1824, when he removed to Greenwich, where
he continued to practise for the rest of his life, more than fifty-three
years. Overtures were repeatedly made for his removal to larger
places ; but he preferred to live and die among his own people.

In his chosen profession Dr. Corliss became very eminent. He
had a strong and active mind, large perceptive faculties, studious
habits, a keen ej'e, and any amount of nerve. Hence he excelled
both as physician and surgeon. Early in his practice he performed
a very critical operation with success, which had never before been
attempted in this country. The medical men of the vicinity, and
even of New York, advised him against it. But he entiered upon it
after having had instruments made for the purpose under his own
eye. The rare inventive and mechanical genius of the famil/i
apparent in his brothers, as well as sons, came to his aid at such
times.

He repeatedly represented the State Medical Society in the
National one ; and at his last appearance in the former, when about
eighty, his professional brethren rose at once, as he entered, to do
him honor.

But Dr. Corliss was a good deal more than even a great physician.
He revelled in strength and activity, which his extensive practice by
no means exhausted. He dealt in real estate, built houses, opened
streets, and in short, did more business than many business men.

He was also an earnest reformer and Christian. He was in the
convention of abolitionists which was mobbed out of Utica in 1835,
when Gerrit Smith was changed frotti a spectator to a convert. He

1878.] Congregational Necrology. 463

was in the councils of Mr. Smith and other leading anti-slavery men,
especially Messrs. Garrison and Phillips, to whose school he be-
longed. He once presided at a State temperance gathering, in
which cause he was very zealous and noted. He also early ceased
from the use of tobacco, and became one of its strongest opponents.
In 1824 he made a profession of religion in connection with the
Reformed Dutch Church, at Greenwich, in which he became an
officer, but because of its conservatism on slavery and intemper-
ance, he, with others of kindred spirit, withdrew, in 1837, and
formed a Congregational church. This was the centre of radical
li{^t and influence in the whole r^on, for many years. Dr. Corliss
was one of its deacons, and as faithful in attendance a& the sexton,
and in participation as the minister, when a layman's part was in
order. In time, most of the leading supporters left, felt that the
church had fulfilled its mission and was no longer needed ; but he
thought otherwise, and insisted on the church and its meetings
being kept up. When there was no longer a preacher, he saw to it
that there was .a reader, himself or another.

He was a large man in almost every respect, in body, mind, heart,
will, and voice even. His orders at a fire, in a still night, have
been heard two miles away. For in the early years of the villagCi
he was the natural and accepted fire-warden without formal election.
He was bom to be a leader among men; and if his field had been
broader, his influence would have been also extended and no less
potent He had the faults of a strong character, for he was
sometimes rough, imperious, or wilful, and *' even wrathful " on
rare occasions; but he had an unusual amount of patience, suav-
ity, good-nature, and humor. He excelled in the social qualities,
and was a very agreeable man in the various spheres of life. It was
one of the chief occasions of the year with the village, when, on his
birthday, he gathered his children around him, and in the evening
opened the doors of his spacious home to all.

His domestic relations were pre-eminently happy, for he was one
of the best of husbands, and he was favored with the best of wives.
His good fortune in this respect was remarkable, from the fact that
he was married three times. His first marriage was in April, 18 14,
to Miss Susan Sheldon, of Easton, by whom he had seven children.
Four of these survive him, viz., George H., head of the Corliss
Engine Company, in Providence, R. I. ; William, of the same com-
pany; Albert H., pastor of the Presbyterian Church, in Waterville,
N« Y. ; and Elizabeth, wife of Rev. Sabin McKinney, of Bingham-
ton, N. Y. The second wife was Mrs. Almy Howland Sampson, of

4^4 Congregational Necrology. [July,

New Bedford, Mass., to whom he was married in March, 1848 ; and
the third wife was Mrs. Maria Cowan, of Greenwich, to whom he
was married in May, 1861, an^ who survives him. It was her privi-
lege and happiness to walk with the grand old man during the
mellow autumn of his years, and then to see him safely through the
few wintry ones allotted to him, for he was remarkably hale and
active till about two years before his death, when a severe sickness
left him broken and feeble. Still he did not give up his medical
practice ; but he was not able to endure the journey for a sight of
his son's great centennial engine, which he could hardly forego.

Meanwhile, he was ripening for a better world, and at length
passed away full of years and honors, and better still, full of love
toward all men and of hope in Christ. The people of the region
came together in large numbers to the burial, in sincere respect for
the man who had lived among them so long and so well. His memory
is a notable one, and will not soon pass away. His influence for good
was great, and it will go on through all the ages to come. c. s. s.

Mrs. Prudence Demila (Wood) Gridley died at Benzonia,
Mich., March 21, 1877. She was bom in Carlisle, O., Dec. 29,
1843, and was the eldest daughter of Harrison B. and Gratia C.
(Pember) Wood, who were among the earliest settlers in the forests
in the vicinity of Oberlin. Her early years were spent in assisting
her parents in that new country in the care of her younger brothers
and sisters. Although of a most cheerful and happy disposition, yet
she never seemed to be a child, but rather a little woman.

After the usual training in a rural district-school, she entered the
institution at Oberlin, in i860, where, with more or less interruption
by home duties, she remained about five years. Her genial, happy
disposition won for her many friends and admirers, which fact inter-
fered somewhat with the successful pursuit of her studies, until her
attention was called to the claims which the Saviour had upon her.

Her conversion was, perhaps, somewat remarkable. In a com-
pany where the name of Jesus was lightly spoken of, she declared,
'* If that is the way He is to be treated, I shall be His friend." And
she was so from that time. The change was thorough and complete \
it affected her entire being ; and the whole energies of her earnest,
impassioned nature were directed to secure the conversion of her
family. Her sensitive spirit could not endure rebuffs, and the appar-
ent failure of her efforts affected her health, and at one time seri-
ously threatened to disturb the equilibrium of her mind. She
united with the First Congregational Church at Oberlin.

(878.] Cangf^ff^iomal Necrology. 4^

Her joy when a dear sister first indicated a desire to become a
3iristian was almost too much for her to bear.

She was married to Rev. Albert L. Gridiey, at the completion of
lis college course, Aug. 9, 1872. After remaining three years in
Dberlin, while her husband pursued his theological studies, she re-
Doved with him to his field of labor in a colony which had been
>lanted in the wilderness of Northern Michigan to rear a Christian
x>lkge ; but the period of her labor was short. Eighteen months
Kissed away and the Master said, '' It is enough, come up higher."

During her painful sickness, with heart disease, she was constantly
iieered by the presence of the Comforter. She could not refrain
ix>m speaking to every one who approached her bedside, whenever
ler poor, parched lips would permit her to articulate, of '' the sweet
ense of forgiveness" she enjoyed. The only thing that on her
leath-bed caused her sorrow was that the object for which she had
ived, the conversion of her friends, was not accomplished.

During her last night on earth, a night of terrible sufifering, in an
Qterval of quiet, she remarked to the friend attending her, ^' I am
^raying for all Benzonia," and richly has her prayer been answered.
I pervasive religious awakening in the community followed her
ecease. A few hours before her departure.she spoke of seeing her
* Dear Jesus," of His company and His crown. She left to her
lusband one child, an infant daughter nine weeks old. '^ Blessed
re the dead which die in the Lord. Yea, saith the Spirit, that they
aay rest ftom their labors, and their works do follow them."

A. L. G.

Mrs. Catharine Isham Johnson was born in Taunton, Mass.,
larch 10, 1825, and died at Sidney Plains, N. Y., Aug. 25, 1877.
>he was the daughter of Rev. Chester and Diana (Comstock) Isham,
nd their only child. Her father was graduated at Yale College in
820, a classmate of President Woolsey and Dr. Leonard Bacon ; and
icluding college and seminary life, six years a room-mate of the lat-
»r, Mr. Isham was the first pastor of the Trinitarian Congrega-
onal Church in Taunton. He was installed there Feb. 18, 1824,
nd entered on his ministry with characteristic ardor and devotion.
le died April 20, 1825, leaving his only daughter, an infant. Her
lother also died when she was seven years old. The orphan was
^mmitted to the care of her aunt, Miss Ruth Comstock, well known
s the principal of a young ladies' seminary in New Haven, Conn.
I ere Miss Isham received her education.

She was married Oct. 30, 1855, to Rev. Samuel Johnson, a grad-

466 Congregational Necrology. [July,

uate of Yale College (1850), and of Yale Theological Seminary.
His ministerial life, so far, has been spent at Chenango Forks, New-
ark Valley, and other places in Central New York.

Mrs. Johnson lived with him nearly twenty-two years, a devoted
wife and mother, faithfully aiding him as she could in the quiet duties
of such a life. She had a nervous temperament and a frail body ;
and in her youth many of her friends feared that she might not reach
womanhood. But she lived fifty-two years, and but for a sad acci-
dent, might have lived many years longer. She was the mother of
three children, Chester Lavalotte, Ann Eliza (who died at Chenango
Forks, aged five years), and Catharine Isham.

Her death was exceedingly sad and painful. On the evening of
the 15th of August, she had lighted a kerosene lamp, and somehow
let it fall on the floor, and her clothing caught fire. The family
happened to be out of the house at the moment, and before help
could come, she was terribly burned. She lingered ten days, endur-
ing great agony. In all her sufferings she was sustained in the
blessedness of the Christian's hope. "Just as I am," " Dear, blessed
home," " Rock of Ages," " Thy will be done," and other like expres-
sions of faith were often upon her lips.

The people of all denominations at Sidney Plains, where her hus*
band had just entered on a promising ministry in the Congregational
Church, thronged at her funeral, showing deep and tender sympa-
thy. Her bereaved husband and children are comforted by the
hearty sympathy of friends and the consolations of the gospel.

E. W. R.

Rev. John Murdock Stowe, the son of Ephraim and Sarah
(Goodspeed) Stowe, died at Hubbardston, Mass., May 9, 1877.
He was born in Hubbardston, Sept 7, 1824, His preparatory edu-
cation was obtained in the common schools of his native town.
He was a faithful and diligent student, and a successful teacher in
those schools. After reaching manhood he engaged in business.
He was chosen on the school committee of the town, and served
for several years, in this way advancing his own education and
winning the confidence of his townsmen, without regard to party or
denominational lines. With a deepening religious experience, Mr.
Stowe was led to consider the question of preparing for the Chris-
tian ministry. After a brief season of study, he entered Bangor
Seminary, where he spent two years, being graduated Aug. 30,
1854.

He was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church in Wal-

pole, N. H., Jan. 31, 1855, where he femained for about nine years,
till health failed, and it was deemed expedient to seek a new field
of labor. His formal dismissal from the church in Walpol^ was
deferred till the settlement of his successor, July 26, 1865.

Mr. Stowe, after leaving Walpole, served die church in Sullivan,
N. H., as stated supply, for some seven years. In 1870 he was
called to the pastorate of the Congregational Church in his native
town, and was installed Sept. 14. This relation continued till his
death.

He was thrown from his wagon May 9, 1877, the force of the
blow producing fatal internal injuries, from which he never rallied.

Mr. Stowe was married Sept. 7, 1854, to Louisa Clark, daughter
of Abijah and Betsy (Heald) Clark, of Hubbardston, who died in
Hubbardston, Aug. 16, i866. April 7, 1868, he was married to
Sarah D. Locke, daughter of Wm. D. and Marinda (Adams)
Iiocke, of New Ipswich, N. H. Mr. Stowe's only child, a son of
rare promise, died Oct 24, 1876, at the age of twenty-one.

The churches and the ministry in Worcester North Association
feel that they have sustained a great bereavement in the sudden
death of Mr. Stowe. He was a man of solid, substantial qualities..
He would not have been called a smart man by a congregation of
strangers to whom he should preach for the first time ; but those
who knew his deep sincerity, his unaffected piety, and sterling good
sense, would hear him with interest and profit. His sermons were
wrought out carefully. He put prayer and study and heart into
their composition. They were Biblical in their conception. Mr.
Stowe loved the Word of Ck)d, and he honored the Word in his
ministry. He was not wise above what is written, and he had no
theories, spun from his own consciousness, to contradict the writ-
ten Word.

In the association with his ministerial brethren,^Mr. Stowe was
loved and honored. They looked upon him as a man wholly unself-
ish, whose only desire was the peace, the purity, and the prosperity
of the churches. Of his deep piety and of his consecration to the
cause of Christ, they never had the slightest doubt A man of quiet
humor, he loved the freedom, the genial conversation, the unpre*
meditated flashes called out in those associations.

Mr. Stowe was a man of the people. He was a faithful pastor,—
one who could enter into the homes of his people, and with ready
sympathy draw them toward himself.

Those who have known him in his different fields of labor invaria-
bly speak of him in terms of warmest personal friendship.

468 Congregational Necrology. [July,

After some eighteen years of absence from his early home, Mr.
Stowe was recalled by the unanimous vote of the church and the par-
ish to the pastorate of the Congregational Church in his native town.

He had grown up amid the clashing of theological opinions. He
was a man of positive opinions himself. In his early boyhood the
church in Hubbardston had been rent asunder. In 1827, Mr. Gay,
the pastor, came out from the old parish with one hundred and
twenty-five church members, leaving but thirty behind, and began
anew on the old evangelical foundations. There was division and
strife in the community. Feelings then engendered have not wholly
subsided to-day. Yet such was. the wisdom and the catholicity of
Mr. Stowe that he was received with the most cordial kindness in
all the families on either side of this line of disruption.

At his funeral the entire town was represented ; all classes united
in paying a tribute to his great worth. All felt that a good man, a
useful citizen, and a faithful gospel minister had been taken away.

In these days, when so much is made of surface brilliancy, it is
refreshing to see how deeply sterling good sense and unaffected
goodness made themselves felt in the community that had known his
entire life. d. f.

Rev. Andrew Warwick, of Pebble Creek, Dodge County, Neb.,
was drowned Nov. 5, 1874, at the early age of thirty-one years. He
was bom in Sunderland, Cumberland County, England, May 7, 1843,
of Christian parents. His father's name was Walter Warwick, his
mother's maiden name Elizabeth Hogarth. His mother died when
he was about nine years of age. It was her prayer that her boy
might be a preacher, — a prayer destined to be doubly answered, as
his only sister, still living in England, is a minister's wife.

The subject of this sketch first attended the parish school in Isell,
then the grammar school in Plumland, then the academy in Gainford.
In his early school life he gained the general information and disci,
pline of mind that fitted him to be a successful teacher of men.

In May, 1866, he came to Shullsburgh, Wis. The next spring he
returned to England, and married, in July, 1867, Miss Sarah
Snowdon, with whom he came back to Mesgomania, Wis. June,
1869, he came to Dodge County, Neb., and took a homestead claim.
His generous Christian heart was soon very much exercised in view of
the spiritual destitution of his neighbors. There was no church within
twenty miles of him ; and when he read the Master's words, '' Pray
ye the Lord of the harvest that he will send forth laborers into his
harvest," he seemed to hear a whisper to his heart, " Go and answer

1878.] Congregational Necrology. 469

your own prayer." Up to this time his ecclesiastical connection had
been with the primitive Methodists. He had been in this country
long enough to learn that the spirit and methods of Congrega-
tionalism were more in harmony with his views, and better adapted
to permanent results than the spirit and methods of Western Metho-
dism. Dec. 28, 1871, after he had been preaching several months
he organized a Congregational church at Pebble Creek. The next
spring, at Glencoe, eight miles farther west, he organized another
church. He then presented himself before the Omaha Congrega-
tional Association of Churches for licensure. The brethren were
most favorably impressed by his examination. All felt that he was
deeply in earnest in seeking the glory of God and the good of souls,
that he had a rich Christian experience, that he was of a magnani-
mous, sympathetic nature, peculiarly fitting him for this Western
pioneer work, and that he had rich endowments of mind to secure
for him permanent power.

He soon left his homestead and devoted himself wholly to his
ministerial work. From the first he had a strong hold upon the
hearts of his people. He was of a cheerful, hopeful spirit, with a
rich vein of the keenest wit, that made him a favorite everywhere.
His rising in our associations was always the signal for a shortening
of our faces, preparatory to a good, hearty laugh. This wit told in
his preaching : it was never gross, never inappropriate. The sub-
stratum of his preaching was earnest piety, strong sense, tender love
for his hearers : the wit came in to give pungency and flavor. He
had, at Glencoe, one of the best congregations of young men to be
found in the county. At Pebble the community is largely German ;
but he was gaining rapidly with them. They were employing him
to of&ciate at their weddings and funerals, and were attending more
and more upon his ministry, and assisting in his support. The work
he was doing at both points was most important foundation-work.
He was doing it with rare fidelity and success.

His demise was sudden, without warning to himself or his friends.
Thursday afternoon, Nov. 5, he crossed in an old boat a creek
near his house, sixty feet wide and fourteen feet deep. A neighbor
saw him on the other side, and talked with him across the stream,
and then left. Two or three hours passed before the neighborhood
became alarmed. Then search was made, and the body of our
brother was found with knees bent and hands upraised, as in the
attitude of prayer. While the funeral services were in progress the
bereaved widow gave birth to their second child. Save her two little
boys, she has no relative in this country. r. f.

470 Literary Review. [July,

LITERARY REVIEW.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS.

The literature of the learned professions has become so abundant that
many valuable books, like bills in the legislature, must be read by their
titles. It would require the ordinary lifetime of a lawyer to read the legal
reports published in England and America. The same is true of the
works on medicine and theology. The science of exegesis and the critical
study of the evidences of Christianity are credited to the nineteenth cen-
tury. Men are now living who can remember that it was formerly deemed
the chief duty of the student of theology to confirm the doctrines of Cal-
vin, from the Bible, and to refute, in like manner, all objections brought
against them. The panoply of past generations will not protect the soldier
of the Cross to-day. He must meet the enemy in the open field, not only
with weapons of ethereal temper, wielded with invincible force, but with
weapons of earthly origin. Authority, tradition, and prescription avail
little with men of science. Almost every periodical we take up has an
article on the great controversy between science and religion. Profl
Tyndall has stated the ground of that dialectic warfare in a single para-
graph. He says, "The order and energy of the universe I hold to be
inherent and not imposed from without ; the expression of fixed law and
not of arbitrary will, exercised by what Carlyle would call an Almighty
Clockmaker." The true object of our worship, according to this philoso-
pher, is law, not the law-giv6r ; evolution, and not a personal God, — and
all the scientific world are going out to greet him. The student of the-
ology must meet such men, not by denunciation, but by argument. The
science of archaeology, also, claims the attention of the learner. It must
be studied, like natural history, from disinterred specimens, and illustrated
by fossils. Indeed, there is a striking analogy between the physical his-
tory of the globe and the moral history of its inhabitants. The age of

this •

" Huge rotundity we tread upon "

is determined by the remains of animals embedded in its rocky tablets.
So the duration of man upon its surface and the progress of civilization are
learned from works of art buried in the ruins of ancient cities. The cunei-
form characters of Nineveh and Babylon, the hieroglyphics of Egypt, the
tombs and temples of Thebes, Troy, Cyprus, M^ycaenae, Olympia, Ephesus,
and Jerusalem have yielded up their records and sculptures to the investi-
gations of the explorer. The chronology of the Bible respecting the age
of the earth and of man upon it are now brought to the test of these wit-
nesses recovered from the buried past It is a startling fact that the
larger part of the history of our race is written on the walls of tombs.

Books upon paleontology are daily coming to hand which directly assail
the Bible, and their arguments must be heard and answered. Theology is
regarded by many as a fixed science. Its doctrines are not subject to
change. They were established by Paul and republished by Calvin. But

1878.] Litermy Rmriem. 471

if the doctrines admit no change, the opinions of men concerning them are
modified by reading, study, and reflection. The first chapter of Genesis
calls forth as many new comments to-day as it did when the geologists
first began to question its chronology. Ingenious logicians profess to find
in it the germs of all true science, as the naturalist finds the giant oak en*
veloped in the acorn. But the concessions now made to scientists by
learned exegetes would, under papal sway, have subjected the authors to
penal fires, and under the rigid dogmatism among Protestants of an
early day would have deposed them firom the ministry. The time has
passed when the discoveries of science (not its theories) can be met by a
rebuke like that of the gentle Cowper, administered to the geologists, who

<* Drill and bore
The solid earth, and fiom the strata there
Extract a register, by which we learn
That He who made it and revealed its date
To Moses was mistaken in itsjige."

The difficulties which atheists, materialists, and evolutionists present
must be met either by appeals to admitted authorities, or by original inves-
tigations. The young student has time for neither of these processes.
He cannot reason without adequate knowledge ; for, " What can we reason
but fix)m what we know ? " Launched upon thi^ shoreless ocean of doubt
and controversy, he needs a competent pilot who has made careful obser-
vations of the heavens, and can give him. his true latitude and longitude.
Pro£ Fisher has consulted all known charts, and kindly offers his ser-
vices to the young adventurer. Tki Beginnings of Christianify ^ is an
exceedingly valuable work, because it contains the results of long years
of patient study; because it cites the best authorities on all disputed
points ; and finally, because the author has no fiiend to exalt but truth,
no enemy to destroy but error. By appealing to internal evidence alone,
we discover, i. That the work shows profound research. 2. It is written
with great candor. 3. It displays a noble. Christian liberality. 4. It
evinces a generous appreciation of all that is good and true in the domains
of science. He states the objections of opponents in their full force, and
meets them with sound arguments, and never with mere dogmatism. The
object of the author is thus stated in his Preface : '^ I have undertaken,
first, to describe the ancient Roman world, including both heathen and
Jewish society, into which Christianity entered, and in which it first estab-
lished itself; secondly, to examine the Kew Testament documents, from
which our knowledge of the beginnings of the Christian religion must be
derived ; and thirdly, to discuss some of the most important topics con-
nected with the life of Jesus in the apostolic age." In surveying this
wide field, he has made use of all the light which shines upon it, both in
the Oriental and Occidental world. English exegetes, not very numerous
nor profound, have been examined; German theologians, whose multi-
tudinous voices are like the sound of many waters, have been summoned
to testify in open court ; Oriental sages and Greek and Roman philoso-

* See Scribner, Armstrong & Co., p. 66.

47^ Literary Review. LJ^y>

phers have reaffirmed the law of God written on their own hearts ; and
sometimes choice flowers of sentiment have been gathered from the gar-
dens of old mythology. The author believes with Augustine that Chris-
tianity is as old as creation ; that God has never left himself without wit-
ness in any age or nation ; and that the sages of the Old World may have
received divine light from the omnipresent Spirit. If Abel could ofier
acceptable sacrifice, if Enoch could walk with God, and Noah become ^' a
preacher of righteousness " without a written revelation, what forbids us
to believe that Zoroaster, Buddha, or Socrates may have received light
from *'the inspiration of the Almighty'* ? It used to be thought that no
good thing could be foimd in any heathen religion, and that if Plato
uttered a noble sentiment, it must have been borrowed from Jeremiah or
some one of the prophets ; but such critics as Dean Stanley admit the
obligations of the Jews themselves to the nations by whom they were con-
quered. Prof. Fisher admits the deep interest he felt 'Mn tracing the
affinities between the noblest products of the poetry and philosophy of
antiquity and the Christian £cuth.'* In his view, also, the gradual develop-
ment of the divine revelation contains a solution of the moral difficulties
of the Old Testament It is difficult to understand how thoughtful stu-
dents of the Bible could have £uled to admit this fact Our Saviour
repealed forever the laws of direct, personal retaliation and some of the
ancient conditions of divorce, and gave as a reason for their former tolera-
tion, 'Uhe hardness of their hearts" ; and he said to his own disciples,
** I have many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now."
Prof. Fisher, in the study of the New Testament, arrives at the following
results : • —

1. " Iq Jesus, religion is actually realized in its perfection."

2. ** In Christ, the revelation of God to and through man reaches its
climax."

3. "In Christianity, the fundamental relations of God to the world arc
completely disclosed."

4. " Throu,«^h Christ, the kingdom of God actually attains its universal
character."

The value of every heathen cultus is summed up in the following prop-
ositions : —

1 . "It was religion. The subjective sentiments which enter into religion,
as fear, reverence, gratitude, dependence, adoration, the spirit of prayer
and supplication to the Deity, were there."

2. ** There was a seeking after God in the heathen devotions."

3. "The drift towards monotheism, which was due to the necessities of
moral and religious feeling, as well as to intellectual progress, is dis-
cerned from the Homeric days."

Prof. Fisher's generous appreciation of the labors of critics whose
views differ widely from his own is seen in the following remark : '* While
I reject the extreme positions of the Tubingen school, I should be the
last to deny that directly or indirectly by its agency, and especially by the
labors of the late Dr. Baur, a flood of light has been thrown upon the
New Testament period."

1878.] Literary Reviiw. 473

The topics treated of in this work cannot all be noticed in a brief
review. The author discusses with great ability and fulness the genuine-^
ness and authenticity of the Gospels, and leaves every stone of the great
and glorious temple of divine revelation in its place, contributing to the
strength and perpetuity of the entire structure. A single canon of inter-
pretation explains most of the difficulties of the Old Testament. It is
thus stated : '' The principle of the gradualness and partialness of divine
revelation helps to explain events in Hebrew history which otherwise are
perplexing." The apparent discrepancies of the New Testament are
ascribed to the difference of temperament, position, and object of the vari*
ous writers. Thus considered, they neither destroy nor even disturb the
harmony of the evangelists and apostles. The Beginnings of Christian-
ify is therefore commended to all who wish to give a reason of the &ith
that is in them. i. Because it shows the relation of secular to sacred
history. 2. It not only confirms the sajring of the apostle, ^* The law was
our schoolmaster to bring us to Christ," but proves conclusivel}^ that all
the governments and religions on earth have co-operated with the law in
the education of our race. 3. It exalts the Scriptures, giving new force
to the great truths that ^^ salvation is of the Jews," and that '' Christ is the
end of the law for righteousness to every one that believeth."

The abundant Sunday-school literature which for years has been in
weekly circulation among our young people ought to have corrected, nay,
prevented the formation of that craving for sensational reading which is
now so alarmingly claiming the attention of the pulpit and the press.
One is logically led to infer that the fault must be in the character of the
Sunday-school books themselves, and as rationally to conclude that at
least one cause for the production of this legion of weak books may have
been the nominal prices paid for this important class of literary work.

The favorable notices and rapid sale of such works as Links in
Rebeccas Life and Echoing and Re-echoing^ published by Messrs. D.
Lothrop & Co., afford proof of excellence in the volumes and of enter-
prise in the publishers. The writings of Mrs. Alden (" Pansy ") are vivid
records of the life of God in the soul of man, the dramatic interest invari-
ably turning upon the triumph or defeat of Christian faith arid principle ;
and we may add, the books, generally, which bear the imprint of this firm,
are calculated to exert a healthful influence.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Among the remarkable books recendy issued prominence should be
given to the Voyage of the Challenger ^

At the suggestion of the Royal Society, the English government fitted
out her Majesty's Steamship *^ Challenger," for a cruise around the globe.
The. object of the voyage was the physical and biological exploration of
the deep sea, briefly described as follows : —

To ascertain, (i.) The physical conditions of the deep sea throughout all
the great ocean-basins. (2.) The chemical constitution of the water at

^ See D. Lothrop & Co., p. 365. ^ See Harper and Brothers, p. 477.

474 Lit€rary Review. [July,

various depths from the sur^e to the bottom. (3.) The physical and
chemical characters of the deposits. (4.) The distribution of organic life
throughout the areas explored. For the accomplishment of these ends it
was proposed that the government furnish, —

(I.) A ship of sufficient size to afford accommodation and storage-room for
sea- voyages of considerable length, and for probable absence of four years.

(2.) A staff of scientific men qualified to take charge of the several
branches of investigation.

(3.) A supply of everything necessary for the collection of the objects of
research, for the prosecution of the ph3rsical and chemical investigations,
and for the study and preservation of the specimens of organic life.

The ship fitted out for the expedition was a spar-decked corvette, of
2,306 tons, with auxiliary steam, to 1234 horse-power. Beside the staff of
navy officers in command, there was a civilian scientific staff, consisting
of Prof. C. Wyville Thompson, as director, a secretary, three naturalists,
and a chemist

The voyage extended from December, 1872, to May, 1876. During this
period they traversed a distance of 68,890 nautical miles, and established
362 observing stations.

The year 1873 and the early part of 1876 were spent on the Atlantic
Ocean, and to this part of the cruise the two volumes of Prof. Thompson
are devoted ; hence, the secondary title of the volumes is The Atlantic. In
these volumes the distinguished explorer professes to give only a prelimi-
nary account of the general results of the voyage. A popular cast is given
to the record by combining with the scientific results of the expedition
brief historic accounts of the places visited, and a description of their
present condition.

An illustration of the scientific results reached is seen in the statement
that the mean depth of the Atlantic is a little over 2,000 fathoms. The
greatest depth known is a little to the north of the Virgin Islands, where it
reaches 3,875 fathoms. An elevated ridge, rising to an average height of
about 1,900 fathoms below the surface, traverses the bed of the North and
South Atlantic, and divides it into three basins, — an eastern, which ex-
tends from the West of Ireland nearly to the Cape of Good Hope, with an
average depth along the middle line of 2,500 fathoms ; a northwestern
basis occupying the great bight of the American continent ; and a gulf
running up the coast of South America, as far as Cape Orange, and open
to the southward ; the two latter having an average depth of 3,000 fathoms.

In going from Teneriffe to Sombrero, a distance of 2,700 miles, it was
found that the bed of the sea was covered as follows : 80 miles of vol-
canic mud and sand, 1,900 miles of red clay, and 720 miles of globigerina
ooze.

It is impossible, with our limits, to give any further illustration of the
scientific contents of these volumes. The work is enriched with 168
wood-cuts, vignettes, and 42 plates, and the whole style is elegant

The genius of a publishing firm is often displayed in the form in which
it issues its books. Messrs. Houghton, Osgood & Co. have added to

1878.] Literafy Reviiw. 475

their attractive series of small volumes, a set of Artisi Biographies^ eight
volumes being already issued.^

In the announcement of the series, the publishers state that ^ the growth
of a popular interest in art and its history has been very rapid during the
last decade of American h'fe, and is still in progress. This interest is
especially directed toward the lives of artists themselves ; and a general
demand exists for a uniform series of biographies of those most eminent,
which shall possess the qualities of reliability, compactness, and cheap-
ness."

This series is in style similar to that of ^< Little Gassics '^ and '' Poems
of Places," and one of these volumes is just what a summer traveller would
delight to carry in his pocket to render a leisure hour pleasant and
profitable.

The English Congregational Year Book for 1878 is a thick, small
octavo of four hundred and eighty pages, with about seventy-five pages of
advertisements also included between its stiff pasteboard covers. It is
the thirty-second volume, thirty of which have been edited by Rev. Rob-
ert Ash ton. Its contents are arranged in twelve parts, following a pre-
liminary of thirty pages, which includes an almanac and calendar, postal
regulations and constitution, officers, etc., of the Congregational Union.

Part I reports the proceedings of the annual and autumnal meetings
of the Union. The two addresses of the chairman, Henry Richards, Esq.,
M. P., are given in full ; one on '^ The Relations of the Temporal and
Spiritual Power in the Different Nations of Europe," and the other on
'* The Application of dristianity to Politics." Seven papers are also in-
cluded on the following topics : —

(i.) On the demand for systematic, aggressive work on the part of the
churches in view of their loyalty to drist, and of the spiritual condition
of the people, both in towns and rural districts; (2.) Evangelistic and
aggressive work, the importance of its being connected with and controlled
by the churches and at the autumnal meeting. (3.) Annual curacies sus-
tained by students in the first year after their leaving college; (4.) The
present duty of the churches in regard to the service of song; (5.) Desir-
able reforms in our college system; (6.) The use of county union machinery
for the organization of preaching tours; (7.) How to meet the unchristian
and antichristian teaching of the day (by Principal Fairbaim); the latter
followed by an address by Prof. Henry Griffiths on the same subject.

Part II is devoted to Congregational unions and associations, under
the heads of " England," '* Wales," " Scotland," " Ireland," ** Colonies,"
and '* Foreign," giving, (i.) The board of Congregational ministers resi-
dent in and about the cities of London and Westminster, who number
two hundred and thirty-nine; and (2.) London Congregational ministers,
not in the previous list, one hundred and thirty-seven in number. Then,
(3.) Congregational churches and chapels in London and its environs,
two hundred and forty-three in all; and (4.) County and District Associ-
ations. Here follow one hundred and twenty-six short lists of churches,

^ See Houghton, Osgood & Company, p. 477.

18/8.] Literofy Rgview, Atll

•

BOOKS RECnVBD.

Harper 6* Broikers^ New York.

The Voyage of the ** Challenger.*' The Atlantic. A Preliminary Account of the
General Results of the exploring Voyage of H. M. S. '* Challenger,** during the
Year 1873, ^^ ^^ ^^^Y ^^^ of the Year 1876. By Sir C. Wyville Thomson.
In two volumes. 1878. 8vo. pp., Vol. I, 391 ; Vol. II, 54a I12.00.

History of the English People. By John Richjurd Green, m. a. 1878. Ro3ral
8va Vol. L Early England, 449-1071. England under Foreign Kings, 107 1-
X214. The Charter, 1204-1291.* The Parliament, 1507-X461. With eig^t
Maps. pp. 576. Vol. II. The Monarchy, I46i-i54a The Reformation,
1 540-1 603. pp. 50a I2.50 a volume.

The Elements of Rhetoric. By James De Mille, M. A. 1878. 8vo. pp. 564.
11.4a

The Principles of Rhetoric and their Application. By Adams S. Hill. 1878.
8vo. pp. 296. I1.17.

Stories from Homer. By the Rev. Alfred J. Church, m a., with twenty-four
illustrations from Flaxman's designs. 1878. i6mo. pp. 275. |i.oo.

Z>. AppUtm &» C&mpanyt New York,

The Epistle to the Hebrews ; with Notes, Critical, Explanatory, and Practical.
Designed for both Pastors and People. By Rev. Henry Cowles, D. ix 1878.
8vo. pp. 244. 11.5a

Sherwood &* Co,, New York.

The Theological Tri-Lemma : The Threefold Question of Endless Misery, Uni-
versal Salvation, or Conditional Immortality {i. /., the Survival of the Fittest),
considered in the Light of Reason, Nature, and Revelation. By Rev. J. H.
Pettingell, m. a. 1878. i2mo. pp. 285. |i.oa

.£ JH, Pettengill &* Co., New York.

Pettengi11*s Newspaper Directory and Advertisers' Hand- Book for 1878. Com-
prising a complete List of the Newspapers and other Periodicals published in
the United States and British America; also, the prominent European and
Australasian Newspapers. 8va pp. 332. $x.oa

/^. Worthington, New York.

Poems and Ballads. By Algernon Charles Swinburne. Second Series. 1878.
X2mo. pp. 296i $1.55.

Houghton, Osf^ood &* Co,, Boston.

Hammersmith : His Harvard Days. Chronicled by Mark Sibley Severance.
1878. 8vo. pp. 524. $2.00.

Visions: A Study of False Sight (Pseudopia). By Edward H. Clarke, M. D.,
with an Introduction and Memorial Sketch by Oliver Wendell Holmes, M. D.,
1878. i2mo. pp. 315. $1.50.

Artist Biographies. 1878. 32mo. 50 cents a volume. Raphael, pp. 153.
Michael Angelo, pp. 157. Titian, pp. i6a Murillo, pp. 136. Claude Lor-
raine, pp. 154. Durer, pp. 158. Rembrandt, pp. 162. Sir Joshua Reynolds,
pp 176.

SECOND SERIES. ~ VOL. X. NO. 3. 7

478 Literary Review, [July*

L<e &* Shepard^ Bastofu

The Fall of Damascus : An Historical Novel. By Charles Wells Russell. 1878.

8vo. pp. 287. %\.yx
A Year Worth Living : A Story of a Place and of a People one cannot afford

not to know. By William M. Baker. 1878. 8vo. pp. 325. $1.50.
Agamenticus. By E. P. Tenney. 1878. 32mo, pp. 267. $1.25.
The Intermediate World. By L, T. Townsend, D, D. 1878. i6mo. pp. 250.

$1.50.

D. Lotkrop &* Co., Boston,

From Different Standpoints. By Pansy. Faye Huntington. i2mo. pp. 375.

Lottie Freeman's Work. By the Author of ** The Travelling Sixpence." 24mo.

PP* 125* 50 cents.
Harrie ; or, School-girl Life. 24ma pp. 128. 50 cents.

Riverside Press^ Cambridge,

The New West as related to the Christian College. By E. P. Tenney. Third
edition. Illustrated. 1878. 8vo. pp. 106. 50 cents.

Presbyterian Board of Publication, Philadelphia,

Outside the Gate. By the Author of " A Basket of Barley Loaves," " Sacra-
mental Sabbaths," etc, etc i6mo. pp. 336. $1.25.

Jennie Prindle*s Home. By the Author of "Paul Brewster and Son," "The
Broken Fuchsia," etc. 24mo. pp. 87. 40 cents.

Government Printing Office, Washington, D, C
Report of the Commissioner of Education, for the Year 1876. 8vo. pp. 942.

PAMPHLETS RECEIVED.

A Historical Discourse on Occasion of the Seventieth Anniversary of the Gather-
ing of the Second Church, Dorchester. Delivered Jan. 6, 1878, by James H.
Means, D. D. 1878. 8vo. pp. 28.

Resolutions "adopted by the General Association of Congregational Churches of
California, and Address of Rev. S. V. Blakeslee. Delivered before the General
Association, held in Sacramento, from the 9th to the 13th of October, 1877.
8vo. pp. 12.

The Duty of Literary Men : An Address before the Indianapolis Branch of the
Society of Alumni of the Indiana Asbury University. By Rev. T. A. Good*
win, A. M. 1878. 32mo. pp. 16.

United States Official Postal Guide, April, 1878. Boston : Houghton, Osgood &
Co. i2mo. pp.419. 50 cents. $1.50 per year.

Memorials of the History for Half a Century of the South Congregational Church
Boston. Collected for its Jubilee Celebration, February 3, 1878. 1878. Quarto^
pp. 119. 50 cents.

The Necessity and Advantages of Popular Education in Church Music. By Rev.
Charles Cuthbert Hall. i6mo. pp. 32. 15 cents.

Minutes of the Western Congregational Convention, held in Michigan City,
Indiana, July 30, August 3, 1846, with an Introductory Note by one of the Secre-
taries, and an Appendix. 1878. 8vo. pp. 51.

1878.] Literary Review. 479

The Last Centary of Congregationalism ; or, The Inflaence on Church and State
of the Faith and Polity of the Pilgrim Fathers. By Rev. William W. Patton,
IXD. Reprinted from the New Englander, for October, 1876. 1878. 8vo.

PP-3I-
Memorial of Cleveland J. Salter. Sermon by Rev. C. W. Clapp, Pastor of the

Congregational Church, Waverly, 111. Commemorative Sketch, by Rev.

Julien M. Sturtevant, D. D., President Illinois College, Jacksonville, 111. A

Letter, in memoriam, by Rev. T. M. Post, D D., St Louis, Mo. Filial Tribute,

by Rev. Charles C. Salter, Denver, Colorado. 1878. 8va pp. 34.

A Sermon Commemorative of the Life and Labors of Rev. Silas McKeen, d. d.,
preached in Bradford, Vt, December 16, 1877. By Rev. L. H. Elliot, Minister
of the Congregational Church of Bradford. Published by request 1878. 8va
pp.19.

Finance, Religion, and Politics. The eighth chapter of Vaticanism Unmasked ;
or, Romanism in the United States. By a Puritan of the Nineteenth Century.
Published by the Prindpia Club, Cambridgeport, Mass. 1878. 8va pp. 24.

Christian Union, Extras. No. 8. The Future State. 1878. 32mo. pp. 86. 15
cents. No. 1 1. How to Spend the Suxrtmer. Where to go ; How to go ; How
to save Money, pp. 105. 25 cents. No. 12. The Army of the Republic, its
Services and Destiny, pp. 23. 10 cents.

The Need of Limiting Legislation and Patronage. An Address before the
Literary Societies of Roanoke College, Va^ by Hon. Clarkson Nott Potter,
LL. D., June 12, 1878. 8vo. pp. 29.

The Propriety of Acknowledging the Lord in all our Ways. The Baccalaureate
Sermon preached before the College of New Jersey, June x6, 1878. By James
McCosh, D. D., LL. D. 8vo. pp. 26.

The Pastors of New Hampshire, Congregational and Presbyterian. A Chrono-
logical Table of the Beginning and Ending of their Pastorates. By Henry A.
Hazen. 1878. 8vo. pp. 34.

The Study of Modem Languages, Thorough Method v. Natural Method. A
Letter to Dr. Le Sauveur. By J. L^vy. Boston : A. Williams & Co. 1878.
i6mo. pp. 26.

The Year-Book of the Unitarian Congregational Churches, for 1878. With Cal-
endar adapted for Use throughout the Country. Boston : American Unitarian
Association, 7 Tremont Place. i2mo. pp. 64.

New and Decisive Evidence of the Mode of Baptism. By Rev. Isaac £. Heaton,
Fremont, Neb. 8vo. pp. 100. 30 cents.

The Confession of Faith, and Covenant of the First Congregational Church in
North Brookfield, Mass., with a Catalogue of the Members, from its Organiza-
tion, May 28, 1752, to Jan. i, 1878. i6nio. pp. 79.

Manual of the First Congregational Church, Ashburnhamy Mass., 1878.

Manual of the Second Congregational Church of Oberlin, O. 1878. 32mo.
PP-34.

Fifty-fifth Annual Report of the Mercantile Library Company, of Philadelphia.
January, 1878. 8vo. pp. 24.

Report of the Boston Young Men's Christian Union, for the year ending April i,
1878. i6mo. pp. 72.

Fourth Annual Report of the American College and Education Society, May 28,
1878. 8vo. pp. 61.

Catalogue of Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., 1878. 8vo. pp. 24,

Amherst College Triennial Catalogue, 1878. 8vo. pp. 138.

48o Editors Table. [July,

EDITOR'S TABLE.

The Peculiar Need of Caution in approbating and ordaining Congregational
Ministers, ^- In the remarks which we offer on this theme, we assmne. Firsts That
Congregational ists form an ecclesiastical denomination, and that the public inter-
ests require the existence of such a denomination. Secondly^ That the Congrega-
tionalists have been distinguished from time immemorial by their free and
intelligent adoption of a distinctive, harmonious evangelical faith. Thirdly,
That they have depended for the maintenance of this faith upon the instrumental-
ity of the Divine word, preached by men who have felt their dependence on the
Divine Spirit. Congregationalists have not depended on the authority of presby-
teries or bishops, but on the good sense and the pious feeling of the churches in
securing pastors able and willing to defend the evangelical system which has been
the glory of our denomination. Congregationalists have insisted on credible
evidence of piety as a condition of chuf ch membership; some other denominations
have admitted to their communion all baptized adults, whether they give evidence
of piety or not. These other denominations have flourished without any special
>care for the orthodoxy of their preachers; they have other aids on which to
depend. Their example is no rule for us. Fourthly^ That we may easily prevent
a man from entering our ministry, when we cannot without difficulty exclude him
after he has entered iL We may sometimes wisely suffer an evil to continue,
when we cannot wisely allow it to begin. Fifthly, That we must distinguish be-
tween a rule and an exception. In some peculiar church and with some peculiar
minister we may pursue a course which would ruin us if we made that course
general.

With these words of preface we remark : —

I. That as Congregationalists we should exercise a peculiar degree of caution
in admitting a man into our ministry is necessary for the influence of our denomi*
nation. We depend, more than other denominations, on the character of our
ministers. The Roman Catholic Church will retain its power while its clergy are
ignorant men. It derives an authority from its gorgeous ceremoniaL The Epis*
copal Church derives a vast influence from its liturgical forms. Its clergy may
favor Calvinism or Arminianism, the views of John Newton or of Dean Stanley;
still to all external appearance the church remains the same. The German pastors
using the Lutheran liturgy may be neologists, pantheists, atheists, and the multi-
tude of their hearers will not notice it Such has been the fact, and the Lutheran
Church has yet retained its power. The Congregational denomination cannot da
this. It depends in large degree upon its pulpit Let its ministers be ignorant
men, and its power is gone. So it is gone, if one class of its ministers preach
Unitarianism; another, Universalism; one class, the entire depravity of man by
nature; another class, the native holiness of some men. The denomination ought
to exert an influence through its press. Will men unite in sustaining a Publication.
Society when they are entirely uncertain whether the books of this society will
favor or oppose the doctrine of Biblical inspiration ? Will they unite in publish'
ing volumes *' on both sided " of the controversy, building up and tearing down
the same old edifice ? The report comes to us that some of the Congregational
clergy in England are substantially deists. We do not vouch for thb report I f

1878.] Editor's Table. 481

•

it be true, however, the inflaence o£ the dmominatioii in England mntt be
impaired. This influence has been derived from the sound, spiritual fiiith of its
Owens in former years, and its Hendersons in more recent times. A Congrega*
tional neologist may be a very respectable man, an eminent scholar, an eloquent
preacher; but he should unite himself with the party of neologists, or else he should
take the position of an independent; he should not impose himself upon a denom-
ination which does aim, and should aim, to preserve its historical character and its
recognized influence. By cleaving to this denomination he in a measure deprives
it of its rights by depriving it of its reputation. Its historical character gives it
an influence; when the one is lessened the other suffers. The influence has been
dearly bought, and ought not to be cheaply surrendered.

IL That as Congregationalists we should ezerdse a peculiar degree of caution
in admitting a man into our ministry is necessary for the very txiittnce of our
denomination. If a Methodist preacher advance doctrines antagonistic to the
Wesleyan faith, he can be quickly arrested by the bishops. The Methodists have
a 'strong attachment to their system of discipline. So are the hierarchical de-
nominations in love with their imposing schemes of government The Congre-
gationalists have no hierarchy which "can make quick work " with a disorganizer.
They are bound together by their intelligent regard for one system of fiuth. They
have been distinguished by this, and not by church authority. They can prnunt an
evil much more easily than they can cure it The objection to them as a denomi-
nation has been that they have no visible badge of uidon. The Baptists are Con-
gregationalists in their polity, but they have an external sign of their brotherhood*
They are held in strong union by this sign. The eye a£Eects the heart The cleri-
cal robes of the Roman Catholic and Episcopal churches form a bond of union,
the power of which we do not often recognize. Wherever the Romanist wanders
he sees in his church the same altar-form and lighted candles, hears the same
'* Gloria Patria " and " Dominus Vobiscum," and feels at homer aind therefore loves
his mother church. The Congregationalists have been united in one system of
pulpit instruction, in the substance of one scheme of doctrine, in an intelligent ad-
herence to one set of truths. Their love to their denomination has been derived
from the fact that the denomination has insisted, not upon the forms of worship,
but on the essentials of the faith; not upon shibboleths, but upon sound princi-
ples; that it has encouraged independent thought, while it has required an adhe-
sion to the main truths of the Bible; that it has not exalted theories above
doctrines, philosophical speculations above revealed verities, while it has
adhered to the verities themselves.

The attachment of Congregationalists to their denomination has not been de-
rived from its license as distinct from its liberty, — not from its readiness to accept
of^ kind of belief as distinct from the true belie! The denomination will be dis-
integrated when it admits into its ministry men who do not believe the Bible to
be inspired, and do not believe that all men must be radically changed in this life,
in order to be saved in the life to come. A New England father and mother
emigrate to a Western State; they desire to bring up their children in the nurture
and admonition of the Lord; they know what the Methodist minister of their new
dty will preach, what the Baptist will preach, what the Presbyterian will preach;
the substance of this is written down in the books which are given the emigrants
to read. But what the Congregational minister will preach they may be supposed
not to kfurfo. Their pastor in Vermont preached the doctrines found in such works
as those of Dr. D wight ; but the pastor in the new city may be supposed to
preach the doctrines found in the works of Hosea Ballou. How long, on this sup-

482 Editor's Table. [J^y»

position, will the New England emigrants subject their fiunilies to the influence of
a Congregational ministry ? They well prefer a certainty to an uncertainty; will
go to a Baptist church with immersion rather than a Congregational church with
Universalism. They will adopt the cry, ** Save himself who can,** rather than re-
main in a denomination whose ministers may preach " one thing or another as the
fit takes them."

Here, then, is the argument : We have no church officers who can summarily
silence a minister subverting our common £uth, the machinery which we have for
excluding heretics from our pulpits is cumbrous and slow ; therefore, we need a
peculiar d^^ee of caution in not admitting into our ministry men who discard the
truths which are essential to the integrity of our doctrinal system. We must re-
gard the evidence of substantial orthodoxy in the minister as we regard the evidence
of substantial piety in the church member.

Do we thus interfere with the freedom of these heterodox men ? They are free
to proclaim their views, but they cannot honorably make use of the nam€^ ** Con-
gregationsdist," in proclaiming views which Congregationalists have suffered much
and long in opposing; they cannot honorably make use of funds which were given
to oppose the system which they advocate.

Do we thus discourage men from seeking the truth ? Men have no special love
for the truth who are unwilling to seek it unless under the protecting wing of a
denomination which they are injuring. If they wish to avail themselves of asso-
ciation with a denomination which they respect, they should hold to those truths
which have given to the denomination its respectability. If we will not defend
what we deem the truth unless the denomination which we are opposing will pay
our salary, we love the truth less and the salary more.

Historic Liberalism. — We would call attention to the statement, on the 431st
page, of the position taken in iSoi by a church which wished to shield the hetero-
doxy of its pastor. The declaration, respecting the creed of the church and its
uses, suggests, in connection with recent events, that " history repeats itself."
The Unitarian Review^ giving notes on the "Orthodox Discussion of Future Retri-
bution," says, " There is, indeed, little that is novel to liberal Christians in this
discussion, except the new state of the parties." (May, 1878, p. 571.) It adds,
" The Scriptural line of argument in the recent publications of Canon Farrar and
Dr. Whiton is the one familiar to our readers in the works of Starr King, James
Freeman Clarke, and others." (p. 572.) In a notice of Dr. Whiton's book, " Is
Eternal Punishment Endless ? " the same Review recognizes the fact that " the
author of this book states in a hundred pages the view of this subject which has
been generally held by Unitarian scholars, and that his interpretation of the lan-
guage of the New Testament, concerning the nature and duration of future
punishment, is that which is held probably by nine tenths of the readers of this
Review:^ (July, 1878, p. no.)

The plea for license under the name of " libert)'," — the talk about " the Bible
our only creed," " growth " and " progress," — is only a revival, in new quarters,
of the watchwords of unevangelical men with whom our fathers contended a half-
century ago.

Ministers gone from us to other Denominations. — We have been accustomed
once a year to give a list of ministers received from other denominations. In our
last number we gave a list of those who had left us within a few years, indicating
the denominations which they had joined, thus rendering the statistical informa-
tion given by the Quarterly more complete. We beg the pardon of those whose

1878.] ' Editof^s Table. 483

names should have been included, but were inadvertently omitted. To make the
list perfect, so far as we are able at the present time, we add to it the following: —

Hiram Carlton, West Barnstable, Mass^ Episcopalian.
Joseph T. Cook, Maquoketa, la., Episcopalian.
Frederick A. Fisk, Raynham, Mass., Episcopalian.
Benjamin Judkins, Keokuk, la.. Episcopalian.
L. Delos Mslnsfield, Chicago, III, Episcopalian.
William H. H. Murray, Boston, Mass., Independent
Frederick Palmer, Revere, Mass., Episcopalian.
Edward N. Reed, Springfield, Mass., Reformed (Dutch).
Matson M. Smith, Bridgeport, Coiin., Episcopalian.
Charles C. Tiffany, New Haven, Conn., Episcopalian.

The residences of the thirty persons named, when connected with our denomi-
nation, seem to have been as follows : Connecticut, 4 ; Illinois, 3 ; Iowa, 3 ;
Maine, i ; Massachusetts, 12 ; Michigan, i ; Missouri, 2 ; New Hampshire, i ;
New York, 2 ; Wisconsin, i.

The denominations to which they have gone, and the number added to each are
as follows : Episcopalian, 13 ; Independent, 2 ; Radical, i ; Reformed (Dutch), i ;
Unitarian, 12 ; Universalist, i.

The National CouncU and tht Proposed Year^Book, — The National Council, at
4ti recent session in Detroit, adopted the following action : —

**Resolved^ That an annual compilation of the statistics of our churches through-
out the country, and especially an accurate and complete list of ministers in
fellowship, should be published under the sanction of this Council.

** To meet the requirements of this resolution and the treasurer's report, your
committee embody their recommendations in the following resolutions : —

" Resolved^ i. That the necessary expenses of the Council, publishing of min-
ntes, statistics, etc, should be met by its constituent bodies ; and that the Coun-
cil request the several State associations and conferences to solicit contributions
amounting to one cent ]>er member of their respective churches, and remit the
same to the treasurer of this Council.

^Resolved, 2. That the publishing committee, increased in number to five
members, shall have the charge and oversight of the publishing of the doings of
the Council, the compilation and publication of statistics, and the distribution of
the same.

" Resolved^ 3. That if the publishing committee find it desirable to issue the
annual statistics and lists of ministers for free distribution, one to each church in
our fellowship, then, in the succeeding two years, the treasurer may ask for a con-
tribution not exceeding one half cent from each member in each of those years,
for that purpose."

The publishing committee of the Council have recently announced that, " In
the exercise of the discretion confided to them, they have voted to request of the
churches an additional cent for 1879 and 1880, with the vote that one copy of the
contemplated year-book shall not only (as directed) be given to ' every church in
our fellowship/ but also one to every minister on our list."

The above action of the Council and of the Committee renders it impracticable
to continue the Quarterly in its present form, and necessitates its sale. The
result will be communicated in our October number. Meanwhile we request all
our subscribers who are in arrears to forward at their earliest convenience the
amount due on their subscription.

484

QuarUrfy Rtcord,

[J«iy,

QUARTERLY RECORD.

0HUB0EB8 FORKED.

ABBBRVILLV, Ia^ April 1, Unioa ClMp«l,

21 m^mben.
ADAM8VILLB, Wis., April 11, » meoi.

bCTB*

BUFFALO TOWNSHIP, Kan.. Iforeh 29.
CBOOKSTON, Minn., April 24, 2S mem-

bora.

DAVn>*8 CITY, Neb., May 24, 14 mam-

bert.
DBLMORB, Kan., 17 m«mbor«.
GRAND ICBADOW, Minn., April 11, 7

members.
JOTFIBLD, Mich., April 4.
LU VBRNB and CLINTON, liinn., Jnoa

12. 11 merobera.
MORRISTOWN, Minn., May 6, 11 mem-

ber«.
NBWLAND. Neb.« Jan« 7, 8 members.
NORTH JOHNSTOWN, Mieh., May U,

11 members.
ROCK RAPIDS, la., June 13, 7 members.
VALLBT SPRINGS, Dak. Ter., Jane U,

16 members.
WINSLOW, HL, April U.

^

lanSTBRS ORDAIIEO.

BARTLBTT, HAMILTON M., OTer the
Ch. in Pomfret, Cfc-, May 23. Sermon
by Rev. William W. Woodwortb. of
Eferlin. Ordaininff prayer by Rev. Hor-
ace Winglow, of Willimsntie.

CALHOUN. OHARLBd W., to tbe work
of the Ministry, In Willlamiitown, Mass.,
May 7. Sermon by Rev. Mark Hopkins,
D. D., of WilUametowo. Ordainintr
>r*iyer by Rev. Albert C. Sewall, of
~^itliamstown.

CASH. ELIJAH, to tbe work of tbe Min-
Utry, in Bast Johnstown, Mich., May
14. Sermon by Rev. August F. Bmske,
of Charlotte.

CHUHCn, JAMES C, to the work of the
Ministry, in Otil, Mass., Jane 13. 8er-
moB by Kev. P. M. McDonald. Ordain,
ingprayer bv Uev. Wellington Newell,
of Greenfield.

CLARK, DANIBL O., over the Ch. in
New Sharon, Me., Jane 11. Sermon by
Rev. Oyros Hamlin, d. d., of Bangor
Semlnnry.

CLARK, WILLIAM W., to the work of
the Miniatry, in Paineiivllle, O., April
19. Sermon by Rev. William Klncaid,
of Oberlln. Ordaining prayer by Rev.
John M. Bills, of Oberlln Seminary.

DRAHMS, A., to the work of the Ministry,
In Oakland. Cal., April 23. Sermon by
Rev. Joseph A. Benton, B. D., of Oak-
land. Oroalning praver by Rev. George
A. Mooar, D. D., of Oakland.

ELY, WILLIAM B., to the work of the
Ministry, in San Francisco, Cal., April
26. Sermon by Rev. John K. McLean,
D. D., of Oakland Seminary. Ordaining
prayer by Rev. Andrew L. Stone, o.d.,
of San Francisco.

EMMONS. ABRAM S., to the work of the
MinUtry, in Brooklyn, N. Y., April 16.

BsnnoQ br Bev. J. Ctemeot Tkvneli,
D. D., of BrooklTB Ordaialof prayer
by Rev. Hogh 8. Carpenter, d. d., of
Brooklyn.

HELD. RICHARD B., to the work of tbe
Ministry, in Brooklyn, N. T., Jane 12.
Sermon by Bev. William M. Tayk>r,
D. D., of New York City. Ordataing
prayer by Rev. David B. Cbe, D. Dn of
New York City.

FORBB8., JB8SB F., over the Cb. In War-
ren, Mass., May 1. Sermon by Rev.
JuUna H. Beelye, D. D., of Amberst CoU
l«*ge. Ordaining prayer by Rev. N. P.
Pierce, D. D., of Warren.

HOLM AN, WILLIAM H., over tbe Cb. In
Sooth port, Ct., Jnna 12. Sermon by
Rev. vniliam Adams. D. D., of Union
Seminary, N. Y. Ordaidinv 'praver by
Rev Homer N. Dttaning, of Sontn Nor.

IRLA^^D, S. CARL, to tbe work of the
Miniairy, in Beardwtown, HI., April 16.
Sermon bv Rev. B3i Oorwin, D. D., of
i^ringfield. Ordaining praver by Bev.
Robert Noorse, of Sprlngflela.

KELLOGG, G. N., to the work of the
Ministry, in Jewett City, Ct. Jane 19.
Sermon by Rev. William S. Palmar, of
Norwich. Ordaining prayer by Bev.
Tbomaa L. Shtpman, of Jewett City.

KIDDKR, SAMXJBL T., to tbe worlc of
the Ministry, in Saagna, Maea., April
17. Sermon by Rev. Edmnnd K. Al-
den, D. D., of Boston. Ordainlngprayer
by Rev. Frands V. Tenney, of Baagns
Centre.

KIKKLAND, ALEXANDER H., to tbe
work of the Ministry, in New Lots,
Brooklyn, N. Y., Jane 8. Sermon and
ordaining praver by Rev. Joseph Wild,
D. D., of BrooKlyn.

UBBY, ISAAC H., over the Ch. In Chat-
ham, N. H., and Stow, Me., in Chatham,
May 17. Sermon bv Rev. Javan K.
Maso'i, D. D., of Fryebnrg. Me.

LOB.\. JEAN F., to the work of the Min-
istry, in Kankakee, III., April 17. Ser*
roon by Rev. James T. Hvde, D. D., of
Chicago Seminary. Ordaining prayer
. _ _ . . I, 6f ~

by Rev. Benjamin F. Worrell,
tool.

MARVIN. FREDERICK B., over the Cb.
in Middleiown, N. Y., April IS. Ser-
mon by Rev. Warren Hathaway, of
Washinfftonvllle. Ordaining prayer by
Rev. Coles Wilkins, of Howell*s Depot.

McFARLAND, WILLIAM D.. to the work
of the Ministry, in Hartford, Ot., Jane
17. Sermon bv Rev. William S. Karr,
D. D., of GUrtford Seminary. Ordain-
ing praver by Rev. George A. Bowman,
of ctoath Wlndiior.

McLBAN, CALVIN B., to the work of the
Ministry, in New Boston, Maaa., Jane
5. Sermon by Rev. Allen McLean, of
Litchfield, Ct. Ordaining prayer by
Rev. E. Bradhnry.

PET I BE, JAMIlS H.. to the work of tbe
Mini-try, in Manchester, N. H.,May8.
Ordaining prayer by iiev. Cyras W.
Wallace, d. d., of Manoheatar.

1878.]

t

485

BIOHABDBON, O. JKBOICE, to tba work

of tho IClnlrtry, in Boekwoll, !»., Hay

S2. B«niMm by Ber. Perrln B. Fi»k,

ofLak«OUy»Mlno. Ordalntng prayer

by Bev. ' Bfttoi, of Sldonu
BIOmCOND, JAMBB, ovct tho Ch. In Lt

BayiTlll6(Pi»^ June i« Sermon by Bev.

ThoBuw K. B««oher, of BlmlrA, a. Y.

Ordidninf nrayer by Ber. Alezmnder D.

Btowell. ofNtobole, N. 7.
SULLIVAFy ANDBBW J., over tbe Ch.

In Hebron, Ok Sermon by Bey. F. B.

Braee. OrdainlngprayerbyBer.Vred.

«rlek D. Avery, ox Ctolambu.
THOICAB* LB?^8 J., over the Oh. in

Oeedne, Me., June 18. Sermon by Ber.

Oeorae W. Field, d. d., of Bangor.

Ordaming prayer by Ber. Sewell Ten-

ney, d. o., of SUaworth.

khibtebs dtbtallbd.

BIBBBB, Bev. MABVIN D, over the
Ohapel Oh. in Oambridgeport, Mate.*
Apiu 18. Sermon by Ker. Jamee S.
Hoyt, D. D., of Oambndseport. Install-
te prayer bv Bar. Aloert Bryant, of
Wait 6omer?iUe.

OABPBNTBB, Ber. HUOH S , D. D., over
the Bedford Ob. in Brooklyn, K. Y.^
April 11. Sermon by Bev. Henry M.
Smidder, D. D., of Brooklyn.

OABBUTBBB9, Bev. WILLI A IC, over the
Oh. in FMrhaven. lCaa#., June IL Ber-
moo by Bev. FhilUpe Brooka, d. d., of
Boeton.

DANA, Bev. ICALOOLM ICcO.. d. D.,ov«r
the Oh. in Si. PanI, ICinn., May 0. Ser-
mon by Bev. Oonatans L. €K>od«ll, d.d.,
of St. liOnia. Mo. Inatalling prayer by
Bev. John H. Morl«y» of Winona.

XASTMAN, Bev. SAMUEL B., over the
York St Oh. in Newport, Ky., April 17.
Sermon by Bev. Obarlee H. Daiiielt, of
OinelDnatl, O. Installing prityer by
Bev. John H. Young, of Ironton, O.

BWBLL, Bev. JOHN L., over the 2d Ch.
in MUlbury, Mass., April 16. Sermon
by Bev. Daniel Merrlman, of Woroeater.
Inatalling prayer by Rev. Daniel B.
Oady, D. D., of Westboro*.

GOKDON, Bev. OHABLES B., over the
Oh. in Bast Hardwiek, Vt , Jnne 19.
Sermon by Bev. Henry W. Jones, of St.
Johnsbnry.

HALLKY, Bev. BEEN, over the Oh. in
Bioghamton, N. Y.. May 7. Sermon by
Bev. Bbenexer Halley. d.d., of Albany.
Installing prayer by Bev. John O. Hoi-
brook. D. d., of tijnacoae.

HARRINGTON, Bev. CHARLES B., over
the South Ch., Concord. N. H.. April
18. Sermon by^Rev. William M. Bar-
boor, d. d., of Yale Seminary, Ot.

HOFFMAN, Rev. JOHN H., over the Ch.
in Henniker, N. H., Jnne 7. Sermon by
Bev. Olarendon A. Stone, of Hopklntou.
Installing prayer by Rev. Harry Brick,
ett, of Hlllaboro' Bridge.

HOLMAN, Rev. WILLIAM H., over the
Ch. in Sonthport ( Fairfield) ,Ct., June 12.

KBLSBY, Rev. HIRAM L., over the lat
Oh. In Broekton, Maas., April 3. Ser-
mon bv Rev. Reuen Thomaa, of Brook-
line. Inatalling prayer by Rev. George
F. Stanton, of iSonth Weymouth.

eago
MXBBD]

KBBR, Ber. BOBBBT. over the Oh. la
Mitchell, la^ May 84. Sermon by Bev.
TnupanO.Donnasa, of Osage, xnatal]*
Ing prayer by Bev. B. O. Monlton, of
Mason City.

LANB, Bev. JOHN W., over the Oh. in
North Hadley, Maaa., May 1. Sermon
by Bev. Gordon Hall, d. d., of North-
ampton. Installtng prayer t^ Bev. Bd*
ward S. Dwigbt,D. D..of Hadley.

LTTTLB, Bev. ABTHUB, over the New

. Bngland Oh. in Ohleago, Hi., Jane 18.

Semon by Bev. Tmmaa M. Poet, d. d.,

of St. Lonis, Mo. Installing pn^er by

Bev. Franklin W. Flak, o. d., of OhU

go Seminary.
i«M^DITH, Bev. BIOHABD, oter the
Ch. in Beat Hartford, Ot, April 17.
Sermon by Bev. Nathaniel J. Barton,
D. D., of iianford. Installing prayer by
Bev. Aaron 0. Adams, of Wetnerafleld.

MOBONG, Bev. THOMAS, wvt the Oh. in
Aahland, Maes., Jnne 18. Sermon by
Bev. Albert H. Plumb, of Boston High-
lands. Installing prayer by Bev. George
M. Adams, of Holllaton.

FHIPPS, Bev. GBOBGB G., over the Oh.
in Newton Highlands, April 4. Sermon
by Bev. John L. Withrow. d. d., of Boe-
ton. Installing prayer by Bev. Daniel
L. Forber, D. d., of Newton Centre.

PINEIERTON, Bev. ADAM, over the Oh.
in Arena, Wis., April 4. Sermon by
Bev. Henry A. Miner, of Madison. In-
stalling prayer by Bev. B. O. Stiekel, of
Masomanie.

BUSSBLL, Bev. FBANK, over the lat Oh.

in Mansfield. O.. May 16. Sermon by

Bev. Bobert G. Hotehina, d.d^ of Oo-

. Inmbna. Installing prayer by Bev. Bd-

^win B. Borrows, of Monnt vemon.

SULLIVAN, Bev. Z. T., over the Porter
Oh. in Brockton, Mass., May 8. Sermon
by Bev. Alonso H. Quint, D. d., of Do-
ver, N. H. Installing prayer by Rev.
Matthew 0. Jnlien, or New Bedford.

TAYLOR, Bev. JOHN P., over the 8d Oh.
in New London, Ct. Sermon by Bev.
Adolphns A. J. Behrends, of Provi-
dence, R. I. Inatalliog prayer by Rev.
William S. Palmer, of K^rwieh.

TIT8WORTH, Rev. A. JUD80N, over
the 1st Ch. In Chelsea, Mass., Jo je 20.
Sermon by Rev. Edward A. Reed, of
Springfield. Installing prayer by Kev.
Albert H. Plumb, of Boston Highland*.

YAGER, Rev. GRANVILLE, over the 8d
Oh. in Oohasset, Mass., June 20. Ser-
mon by Rev. Samuel E. Herrlck, of
Boston. Installing prayer by Rev.
Bbenexer Alden, Jr., of Marshfleld.

MIBI8TEB8 DISMISSED.

ATKI!7S, Rev. DOANE R., fh>m the Ch.

in Westbrook, Ot., March 27.
BUOWN, Rev. WILLIAM B.. d d , fW>m

the 1st Ch. in Newark. N. J., May 2.
CU8HMAN, Rev. CHESTER L., f^om the

Ch. in PhilUpston, Mass.. April 9.
DAVIS. Rev. R. HENRY, ttom the Oh. in

Granby, Mass., May 22. •
DILLBY. Rev. ALEXANDER B., from

the On. in Greene, N. Y., May 1.
FRA8EK. Rev. JOHN G., from the Ch. in

East Toledo, O., April SO.

486

Qiutrterfy Record.

[July.

It O. fa Clo«i»-u«S, O , Aprfl ».
HKKBICK. Kcr, ^OHX R^ D. Di^ frna tW

rfc In govfli H»nc7. ICsM^ Avrfl 14.
IVZ8. B^. ALFRED E^ ftoa tfee Ck. te

CiMCte«. Ve^ J«BC 1%.
MALTjOBT. B«v. R. DbWTTT, firm the

Cb iB WmiMMport, Pa., Amrfl 2S.
MORSE, R»T. CHAIiLEB F^ tai tto Ch.

ta Thttir/rd, Vl , Aprfl •.
PHIPPH. K«T. GEORGE G.. ftoMB th» Ch.

H Wrfiwrfey, ICsM., AprfJ 1.
REED, Rrr. ALBERT C, ftoa ibe Cb. in

Ehwliiii^ L» I-« AprIL
RU^PELL, R«T. FRA9K, from ttteUlCk.

te Kalamazoo, Xieh.. Aorfl S.
8T. JOH5, R«T. JOSEPH, from tfca Cha.

in Saaraport and Saady Point, Ma.,

War 24.
BTEVEXf*. Eer. MOODT A., from iba 2d

C%. fn Cotiaa'ft. Maaa Jirta 20.
TITgWOkTB, R#^. A. JUDBCiK. from

tba lat Cb. in Waadleld, Mam., Jatka IS.

BARGEirr — PATTSR0O!r. b
Be7^ Pii4at, 3r. T^ Mar IC. Ear.
j»ia F. gana-iC af Paxtoe, IIL, «o
Mka LOla A. Ptflcnm. cf

MnnSTEES MARRIED.

AIKEir ~ AITDRUS. Ib Pawlet, Vt., Maj

16, lier. John F. Aiken to Mim Addia

AD'Inia, Voth of Fawlet.
ALLEN -. MERRILL. Ib Gambrid<«>,

Maaa., Jai»a IV, Bar. Fnd. Lymao

Allen, ft Walpole, S. H., to Miaa C.

Adelaide M mill, of AaborDdala.
CH.\MBERLAIX — WHITWORTH. In

Hartford, Ct., April 2, Rt^r. Charlea

Chanaberlain to Miaa EMzabetb Wbit.

wortb, bo'b of Baat Graaby.
DTER — MAX!?. InFrankHo. MaM.,ReT.

X^than T. Dyer, f*f Middleboro*. to

If in* llattie MaiiD, of Franklin.
HALEY — PLCMMER. In MUion. N. H.,

May 1, R*-T. Frank Haley to Mim darab

flammer, of Milton.
HALLEY — BURT. In Cincinnati, C.

May 14, H^r. Eben Halhy. of Binc^.

hamton, N. Y., to Mim Henrietto C.

Rnrt, of Cineinnati.
HICKfl — B A RRETT. In Woodcock, Vt.,

June IS, Key. Lewia W. Hirlia lo Mim

Lizzie IL Barrett, both of Woodstock.
HIKCK8 — THtTRWTON. In Bay brook.

Ct., April 4, Rev. John H. Hinrka, of

Moiitpelier, V*** ^ ^^ Jennie K.

Thnraton, of Baybrook.
HOOD — GAEDXBR. In Hingham,

Ma*s., Jane 6, Rev. Biward C. Hood

to Mi«a Carrie C. Gardiner, botb of

Hingham.
McLEAN — COIT. In Litchfield, Ct.,

June 13. liev. Allen Mel^ean to Miaa

Fanny Coil, both of Litchfield.
PICKETT — RIDER. In Wilton, la.,

April 18. Rev. Joaepb W. Pickett, of

Colorado Bprinsa, Col., to Mra. 8. B.

Rider, of Wilton.
RICHMO.SI) — CHILDS. In Byfield.

Ma»ii., May 13, Rev. Jamea Richmond,

of Le Ravvllle, Pa., to Miaa Clara

Cbilda, of Byfield.

8Ei>8IOy3 — 8TORER. Ta
Ct.. Jane S, Rev. Joacf»b
of WcacmisKcr, to Ml
of Camte^*mrj.

BWI5^XERTOX — GRAT. In ^.m»^,
Ma*« . Mav tl, Rrv. WEUam T. 8«!a-
aenoa, of MonlavfDe, Vt., to Mka
Mmtt Gray, of Aadotvr.

WIL80X— CXIGHT. la Xorft Brook-
field. Maw., Jaac «, Rev. G. Haymid
WHaon, of Globe Vilbifr. to Mim Hat-
tie E. Kaifbt, of Xottb Brookfleid.

WIL80X — BEARS. In Amboy. IlL. Rev.
H^ary WOaoa, ml Wyaaat, to Mka
Clara Seara. of

M111BTER8 DECEAHBD.

BALDWIX. Rev. THOMAS, ia CUflt»>

barf, W. Va.^ May — . in Ma Od year.
BOCTOX, Rev. XATHAXIEL, D. d.. ia

Concord, X. H., Jaaa •, In hia TMh year.
CLARKE, Rev. WILLIAM L.. ia MIBbfd,

X. H..May2t.
DOrOHERTT, Rev. JAMES. D. D., la

Johnaon, Vu. Jana 10, fai faia 83d vear.
DRAKE, Rev. CTRU8 B., D. D., to Royal-
ton. Vt.. April 21. In bla «7tb y«ar.
GILBERT, Rev. LUMAX C, la Lona Traa,

Minn., Jone 4, in bla Tld year.
HIGLET, Rev. HERVET O., ia CaatlctoB,

Vt^ April 4, In bla 77tb year.
HOLRROOK, Rev. MARTIX K., in Loor

raont, N. H., June 23.
MORRILL, Rev. tTTEPHEX 8.. in Dan-

vi.l«>. Vt., May 2. in hia 40th year.
XOR\GER, Rev. JACOB A., in Xcw Or.

leaoii. La.
PALMER. Bev. GEORGE W., la Polk

City. Ia., May 26 in bii> OOtb yaar.
8HANXOX, Rev. 08CARJ., fai Emporia,

Kan., April 9.

Mnri8TER8* WIYBS DBOEASBD.

CLA RKE, Mra HAKXAH A., wife of Rev.

DoruM. D. D., in Boaton, Maaa., May 9,

in h«»r77th year.
ELDIUDGE, Mn. SARAH B.. wiA> of the

late Rev. Joaepb, D. D., in Korfolk« Cu,

Jane — .

HOPKIX8. Mra. MARY A., wife of tbeUta
Rev. B 8., in New Portland. Me.

MARTIN, Mrs. , wife of Rev. Moaaa

M, in Chica^, III., May 10.

ROBIE. Mra. SUSAN K.. wife of Rev. Ed-
ward, in Greenland, N. H., Jane 12, in
her 65tb year.

8TONE, Mra. LAURA J. N.. wife of Bev.
Edward P., in Centre Harbor, N. H.,
May 14, in her 36th year.

VANDERVEKR, Mra. HELEN G., wife of
Rev. David N., in Waahiogton, D. C,
May 11 lb, in her 82d year.

1878.] Changes in Post-Office Address of Ministers. 487

CHANGES IN POST-OFFICE ADDRESS OF MINISTERS.

Admmi, JoMpb, LeadvlUe, Ool.
Aiken, John F., Chloheiter, N. H.
Alkmmn, Joseph G., North Fairfield, O.
Arm»tronf , Jamec, Albion, Neb.
Atkins, Doana B., Charlefltown, MaM.

Bailey, (George H., Falrport, N. Y.
Baker, Ariel A., Danbury, Vt.
Baker, Bphralm H., Henry, HI.
Baldwin, Gnrtia 0.. PltUfleld, O.
Barber, Lather H., Bolton, Ot.
Bartleit, Hamilton M., Pomfret, Ot
Bartlett, LeaTltt, Ollfton, Kan.
Baaeom, FUtoI, Hlnadale, Ul.
Batcbelder, John B., Boaton, Maes.
Beach, Nathaniel, Mansfield, Ot.
Beardsley, Josiah, Bast Troy, Wis.
Blxby, Joseph P., Plymouth, N. H.
BIzby, Solomon, Holland, Mass.
Bonnell, Bpeneer R., Bo. Deerfield, Mass.
Bosworth, Qolncy M., Lebanon, Ct.
Bragdon, John, New Boston, N. B.
Brodhead, W. H., Spring Valley, N. T.
Bruce, Charles C, Rowley, Mass.
Bmake, August F., Saginaw City, Mich.

Oarruthers, William, FalrhsTen. Maas.
Carter, Homer W., Brandon, Wis.
Case, Horatio M., Oneida, 111.
Cash, El^ab, North Johnstown, Mich.
Christie, George W., Salmon Falls, N. H.
Clark, Daniel O., New Sharon, Me.
Cleaveland, Bdward, Lawrence, Mich.
Closson, Josiah T., Tbetford, Vt.
Crane, Eendrlck H., Michigan Centre, Mich.
Croswell, Mlcah 8., Amboy, 111.

Davles, David K, Flndlay, O.
Dayis, B. Henry, A. B. 0. F. M., Japan.
Davison, Joseph Corry, Pa.
Davison, Joseph B., Corry, Pa.
Dean, Benjamin A., Clarksville, Neb.
Dilley, Alexander B., Candor, N. 7.
Dodge, Austin, Putney, Vt.
Doolittle, John B.. Westbrook, Ct.

Edwards, William P., Shawnee, O.
Ely, William B., San Francisco, Cal.

Fassett, John, Genesee, Wis.
Fawkes, Francis, Durango, la.
Field, Richard E., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Fifleld, Charlaa W., Oartbage, N. T.
Forbes. Jasse F., Warren, Maas.
Fosfl, Georga A., Pawlat, Vt.
Frey, Isaac M., Sedgwick Olty, Kan.

Gay, Joshua 8., Hanson, Ifass.
Gordon, Charlaa B., Bast Hardwick, Vt
GrUBth, T. H., Chenango Forks, N. T.
Guild, Roftia B., Seneca, Kan.
Gumey, John H., Harvard, Maas.

Hanaford, Howard A., Boaton, Mass.
Hawkes,Wlnfield S., Bo. Hadley Fklla, Mass.
Headley, Phlneas C, Grantville, Maas.
Hill, Ebon L., Qulndaro, Kan.
Hllla, William 8., Grafton, Neb.
Holman, William EL, Bouthport, Ot.
Humphrey, Chatter C, Osceola, Neb.
Hyde, Harvey, Walnut HlUs, O.

Jackson. George A., Bwampscott, Maas.
Jaggar, Edwin L., Bristol, N. H. '
Jenkins, Richard W., Boothbay, Me.
Jenkins, Thomas, Delhi, O.
JoysUo, William R., Rochester, Maaa.

Kendall, S. C, Leominster, Masa.
Kerr, Robert, Mitchell, la.
Keyes, Russell M., Chardon, O.
Kirkland, Alexander H., New Lots (Brook<

lyn), N. Y.
Knight, Richard, Bouthwick, Mass.

Libby, Isaac H., Chatham, N. H.

Mallary, R. Dewitt, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mann, Asa, South Plymouth, Masa.
Marsh, William B., Tallmadge, O.
Marsten, Francis E., East Boston, Mass.
Matthews, S. Sherburne (Boston), Jamaica

Plain, Ma»a.
McFarland, W. D., Simsbury, Ot.
Meredith, R., East Hartford, Ct.
Moore, Edson J., South Braintree, Mass.
Moore, Mason, Plymouth, Vt.
Mowery, Christian, Coolvllle. O.
Munson, Myron A., Fair Haven, Vt.

Newman, Stephen M.. Ripon, Wis.
Northoott, Theodore C, Faribault, Minn.

Oleaon, William B., Hilo, S. L

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1878] American Ctmgregutumal Association. 489

THE AMERICAN CONGREGATIONAL ASSOCIATION.

BUSINESS MEETING.

The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the American Congregational
Association (agreeably to notice in the Congregationaiist) was held
in the Congregational House, May 28, 1878, at 12 m.

Hon. James White was called to the chair. Prayer was offered
by the Rev. Ezra H. Byington, of Brunswick) Me.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The reports of the directors, of the library committee, and of the
treasurer were read, accepted, and referred to the directors for pub-
lication at their discretion.

The following officers were then chosen by ballot for the ensuing
year: —

President,
S. D. WARREN, Esq., Boston.

Vice-Presidents,

Hon. William W. Thomas, Portland, Me.
Hon. Nelson Dingley, Jr., Lewiston^ Me.
Rev. Nathaniel Bouton, d.d., Concord, N. H.
Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, d.d., Hanover, N. H.
Rev. Harvey D. Kitchel, d.d., Weybridge, Vt
Rev. RuFus Anderson, d.d., Boston, Mass.
Rev. E. B. Webb, d.d., Boston, Mass.
Rev. Jacob Ide, d.d., Medway, Mass.
Hon. Horatio G. Knight, Easthampton, Mass.
Rev. Thomas Shepard, d.d., Bristol, R. I.
Hon. Amos C. Barstow, Providence, R. I.
Rev. Leonard Bacon, d.d., New Haven, Conn.
Hon. Lafayette S. Foster, Norwich, Conn.
Hon. Calvin Day, Hartford, Conn.
Rev. William M. Taylor, d.d.. New York City.
Rev. Ray Palmer, d.d.. New York City.
Rev. Wm. Ives Budington, d.d., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Rev. Israel W. Andrews, d.d., Marietta, O.
Rev. Samuel Wolcott, d.d., Cleveland, O.
Rev. Nathaniel A. Hyde, Indianapolis, Ind.

490 American Congregational Association. |July>

Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, d.d., Jacksonville, IlL
Hon. Charles G. Hammond, Chicago, 111.
A. Finch, Esq., Milwaukee, Wis.
Rev. William £. Merriman, d.d., Ripon, Wis.
Rev. Truman M. Post, d.d., St. Louis, Mo.
Rev. WiLLAM Salter, d.d., Burlington, Iowa.
Rev. George Mooar, d.d., Oakland, Cal.
Rev. Henry Wilres, d.d., Montreal, Canada.

Directors.

James P. Melledge, Esq., Cambridge.

Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, d.d., Dover, N. H.

Rev. Henry M. Dexter, d.d.. New Bedford.

J. Russell Bradford, Esq., Cambridge.

Henry D. Hyde, Esq., Boston.

Rev. John O. Means, d.d., Boston.

Hon. RuFus S. Frost, Chelsea.

Rev. N. G. Clark, d.d.. West Roxbury.

James White, Esq., Boston.

Wm. O. Grover, Esq., Boston.

Hon. Stephen N. Stockwell, Boston.

Thos. H. Russell, Boston.

A. W. Tufts, Boston Highlands.

Frank Wood, Dorchester.

Treiisurer.
SAMUEL T. SNOW, Esq., Boston.

Corresponding Secretary^ Librarian^ and Assistant Treasurer,
Rev. ISAAC P. LANGWORTHY, Chelsea.

Recording Secretary,
Rev. DANIEL P. NOYES, Wilmington.

Auditor,
JOSEPH N. BACON, Esq., Newton.

Upon motion of the corresponding secretary, the thanks of this
Association were unanimously voted to the Hon. Edward S. Tobey
for his long, faithful, and valuable services as its president and
member of its Board of Directors.

There being no further business, the meeting was adjourned.

DANIEL P. NOYES, Rec. Sec.

1S78.] American Cangregatumal Association. 491

THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

American Congregational Association.

Among its earliest records is the following statement: ''With
great unanimity, the Congregational Library Association was formed
in the Old South Chapel, on the twenty-fifth day of May, 1853, in
the midst of a large assembly of Congregational ministers and lay-
men, drawn together from all the New England States and from
other parts of the land."

A charter was granted by the legislature, April 12, 1854; and May
10, 1864, by the same authority, the name was changed to that it
now has. In 1851 an association had been organized for a similar
purpose, and a few gentlemen held regular meetings, the apparent
fruits of which were a library of fifty-six books and pamphlets, and
these were the capital with which this Association begaq its work.
The Pastoral Association merged itself into this on the same day of
its reorganization. The second article of its new constitution was as
follows : " The object of this Association shall be to found and
perpetuate a library of books, pamphlets, and manuscripts, and a
collection of portraits and whatever else shall serve to illustrate
Puritan history and promote the general interests of Congrega-
tionalism."

It must in truth be said that the men under whose guidance and
by whose faithful efforts these foundations were laid " builded better
than they knew." Neither of these men is now a member of this
Board, and but three are living to see the fruit of their planting
twenty-five years ago. From this small beginning, growth was slow
indeed ; for outside of this limited circle of good men, there was
very little appreciation of the proposed library, and the idea of
doing anything denominationally was esteemed all but a crime ;
certainly ill-advised, narrow, sectarian. But by the intelligent zeal

492^ American Congregational Association. U^Jt

and faithful and persistent labors of the corresponding secretary,
Rev. Joseph S. Clark, d. d., who was soon after financial agent and
librarian, books began to accumulate, funds to a limited amount
were secured and invested in a building, which, when sold at a great
advance, afforded, a capital of quite thirty thousand dollars. Near
the close of fifteen years of labor, with varied experiences, the
Association was in a hired room on Winter Street, with sixty thou-
sand dollars well invested, and a library of six thousand and sixty
books and over thirty thousand pamphlets.

At this time, the subject of a Congregational House for the
library and all our benevolent societies having offices in Boston was
not only generally entertained by those familiar with our denomina-
tional needs, but was felt to be a necessity. A committee was at
once put in charge of the matter of selecting a site not too far fix)m
the business centre, yet fairly retired, airy, light, easily and equally
accessible from the different depots and landing-places in the city
proper. For three years this committee canvassed carefully and
diligently every available place within the prescribed limits. They
were aided by three brokers, who were anxious to secure the reward
of success. All this time, there was hope of a falling market, but
all this time, prices were rising. At length this site was selected as
best fulfilling the conditions just named ; and it is further to be said
that this was the only available site at all where the buildings could
be profitably utilized ; but the purchase was not made without very
much thought, inquiry, and discussion, and the all but unanimous
advice of the friends of this enterprise. The price was, indeed,
staggering, but less than was anywhere else offered. A year after
the purchase, fifty per cent more than was paid for the larger part
of this estate was refused by the owner of a less desirable site
directly opposite. Contracts for raising, moving, changing, and
unifying the two buildings were considered very favorable, and
the final cost did not materially exceed the estimates. By the gen-
erous gift of twenty-five thousand dollars from Samuel A. Hitchcock,
Esq., of Brimfield, formerly of this city, the directors were able to
complete and furnish this fire-proof library room, the first of its kind
in this country.

The actual cost of this entire property up to that period was four
hundred and twenty-five thousand dollars. The site, from the first,
was subject to a mortgage of two hundred thousand dollars. The
terrible fire at Chicago — first for the sufferers generally, then for
two Congregational churches, whose houses of worship were burned
— swept our appeals twice out of the field ; and before another reap-

1878.] American Congregational Association. 493

ing time came, the Boston fire, then the panic, still unrelenting, were
here ; and any further general church collections have seemed utterly
out of the question. The necessity of a second mortgage of fifty
thousand dollars was imperious, superinduced by these untoward
circumstances, against which it was impossible to forefend, because
it was impossible to foresee them. For the first two years of occu-
pancy here, however, the rents were ample for interest and necessary
running expenses ; and had it not been for the great depreciation
in real estate, unquestionably the second mortgage would have been
greatly reduced, if not entirely liquidated.

We have then, as the result of twenty-five years' work, real estate
for which there has been paid nearly two hundred thousand dollars ;
and in only fair business times well worth three hundred and fifty
thousand dollars. We have a library, safely, conveniently, and pleas-
antly arranged, unique in some of its most important particulars ;
now consisting of over twenty thousand volumes, and over eighty
thousand pamphlets, besides thousands of duplicates. We have
portraits, engravings, manuscripts, and such like, not a few of
which are of rare value. When much less deserving than now, it was
pronounced the fourth MhxdLxy for reference \n this immediate vicinity,
by one who had no partialities for its chief characteristics. Only
a few weeks since the librarian of the public library of one of the
largest towns of this State, employed to prepare the history of the
first church of that place, wrote here, asking the place of birth, educa-
tion, previous and subsequent settlements, time and place of the de-
cease of four of the pastors of that church. More than he asked for
was given him concerning three of them, and the fourth was traced
to the place of his residence in 186 1, and data given whereby he
could easily find out what further he needed to know. It is probably
not too much to say that this is the only library in the country in
which all these questions could have been answered. Calls similar
to this are frequently made from different parts of the country.

Any one who will take the time to examine will find that this li-
brary is fast becoming strong in the history of cities, towns, churches,
and parishes, in the results of councils, in controversies, discussions,
sermons printed and in manuscript; in matters doctrinal, exeget-
ical, ecclesiastical, practical ; in the reports of the workings of all
organizations, religious, humane, philanthropic, educational ; in biog-
raphies, genealogies, and religious serials of all classes of religion-
ists. Certainly this is in wide contrast to the "fifty-six books and
pamphlets" of a quarter of a century ago. And the more will this
increase be a surprise when it is stated that there has never been

SECOND SERIES. — VOL, X. NO, 3. 8

494 American Congregational Association. [July*

one dollar appropriated from the building fund with which to buy a
single book.

It must now be apparent to all that the results of too much labor
has been made usefully available here ; that too much has been in-
vested of the consecrated savings of devoted Christian men and
women, rich and poor ; too widely known is this library and already
too highly esteemed ; too full of promise of extended and extending
influence for good in the future, and surely, too important is this
building in its accommodations to all the working forces of our
benevolent societies, not to make it a grand opportunity for gen-
erous givers to invest for Christ and posterity with cheerful liberal-
ity, even in these hard times.

It is a pleasure to this Board to state that our mortgagees have
made very fair and honorable proposals to tide the Association over
the present difficulties. If sixty thousand dollars can be secured
between now and the ist of July next, the way out of these severe
pecuniary embarrassments will be opened. At the present low
rentals, with two rooms vacant and one store but partially remuner-
ative, the regular income will more than pay ordinary expenses and
interest, and a course of gradual reduction of the entire liabilities
will be fairly entered upon. Some members of this Board are faith-
fully and earnestly canvassing the limited field open to them here in
the hope of speedily securing the larger part of the required amount*
and they are encouraged by the hearty co-operation of a few gentle-
men who are ready to respond in liberal sums. One has long since
made his gift, others will now make their gifts, to this Association
quite equal to ten thousand dollars^ thus entitling each one of them to
an alcove, which, with his consent, shall bear his name, as a perpetual
testimony to posterity of the high esteem in which he holds the
principles and polity of the fathers of our churches, who, with so
much self sacrifice, laid the foundations of Christian and civil liberty
in this country ; but the number of such liberal givers needs to be du-
plicated again and again to insure success. It must be that there are
scores in our Congregational churches in this city and vicinity who
can, without too great inconvenience, give one, two, three, four, five,
it may be ten thousand dollars to meet this pressing exigency. The
thought of failure is not to be entertained. It can be countervailed
only by coming promptly to the rescue. To this the providence of
God evidently and loudly calls.

The past has been a year of decided progress in the library. At
the suggestion of a member of this Board, a communication was
addressed to Mrs. Joshua Wilson, of Tunbridge Wells, £ng., asking

18/8.] American Congregational Association. 495

a gift of books and pamphlets from her lamented husband's pecul-
iarly valuable library, in response to which, three well-filled cases
were received, containing pour hundred and forty-three books
and NINE hundred and eighty-two pamphlets, all of them useful,
some of them peculiarly so here. Altogether, it was the choicest
gift of its kind this Association has ever received. An appreciative
acknowledgment was made by a special vote of the directors. The
Hon. R. P. Waters, of North Beverly, has presented to the library
" Richardson's English, Persian, and Arabic Dictionary," two vol-
umes, folio, published in 1780, a singularly valuable and scholarly
work. Many other useful additions have been made, as may be
seen in the subjoined list following the report of the library com-
mittee, to which report reference must be «made for further par-
ticulars.

All which is respectfully submitted.

ISAAC P. LANGWORTHY, Cor. Sec.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE LIBRARY.

In addition to the statements in the annual report of the directors
concerning the library, the committee need «ay but little. The great
value and the increasing usefulness of the library, as therein set
focith, deserve special consideration. Every year gives new proof of
th^ wisdom and foresight of the men who laid the foundations,
tw^ty-five years ago, of what has grown to be so unique a collection
of tiooks and pamphlets. One of the marvels is, that without the
withdrawal of a dollar in cash from funds contributed for the build-
ing iVnd endowment of the organization, there have been collected,
in /$o brief a period, twenty-five thousand volumes, and ninety
thcjsand pamphlets, many of extreme rarity and priceless value.
Tj speak in exact figures, the present number of volumes in the reg-
/vXzx series is 20,191; and of duplicates there are 5^624; total,
'^^ 25,815 ; a gain in the regular series of 1,383. We have more than
one hundred and twenty thousand pamphlets, including duplicates.

The most important addition this year, in some respects the most
valuable single gift to the library since its foundation, is the very lib-
eral donation by Mrs. Joshua Wilson, of Tunbridge Wells, England,
from her revered husband's rich collection of old books. Three
cases have been received from this collection, containing four hun-

496 Anurican Omgregaiianal Associaiunu IJnly*

dred and forty-three volumes^ and nine hnndred and eighty-two pam-
phlets. This rare gift has been suitably acknowledged.

The new card catalogue is progressing as rapidly as the work can
be done economically. Already some 5,000 cards have been pre-
pared. While much remains to be done to make the treasures c^
the library accessible, our funds will not justify the expenditure for
extra woric in this direction, and we must be content to wait till bet-
ter times for various needed improvements.

Respectfiilly submitted.

JOHN O. MEANS.

H. M. DEXTER.

A. H. QUINT.
Boston, May 20, 1878.

1878.] American Congregational Association, 497

DONATIONS OF BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.

VoU. Funph.

Aiken, Oharle* A., d. d., Princeton, N. J 18

Aiken, Rey. John F., Pawlet, Vt 1

American Bible Soeiety, New York *M

American Board of GommlMlonert for Foreign IflMlons, Boston 2 4S1

American OoUege and Bdneation Society, Boston 20

American Home ICiMionary Society, New York 1

American lilMlonary AMOciaUon, New York 1 1

American Peace Society, Boston 12

American Unitarian Association, Boston . 1 1

Amherst College, Amherst 2

Anderson, Rev. Joseph, Waterbnry, Ct. 1

Andoyer Theological Seminary 1

Andrews, Israel W., d. d.. Marietta, 0 1

Ayer, Rev. F.D., Concord, N.H 8

Babson, John J., Gloucester 1

Bacon, Oliver N., Natick 1

Barrows, William, d. d., Reading 84

Bartlett, S. C, d. d., Hanover, N. H * . . 1

Bassett, Samnel, Chelsea . 8

Batchelder, Rev. J. S., Hampton, N. H 1

Bates, Mrs. A. J., SaondersviUe 60

Bates, Phineas, South Boston 1

Battell, Bobbins, Norfolk, Ot. 1

Battle, Hon. Kemp P., Raleigh, N. 0 1

Beal, George, Chelsea 1

Beard. Rev. Bdwin S., Brooklyn, Ct 1

Beloit College, Wis 1

Blake, Rev. H. A., Athol 4

Blake, M., D. o., Taunton 1

Blakely, Rev. Quincy, Campton, N. H 1

Bliss, George N., Jamaica Plain 2

Boston, City of 2 20

Boston School Committee .....1 1

Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Me. 1

Bowker, Mrs. Albert, East Boston 1

Boynton, Rev. George M., Newark, N. J. 1

Brand, Rev. James, Oberlin, 0 2

Bross, Rev. H., Crete. Neb 4

Brown, John S., Baltimore, Md 1

Banker Hill Monument Association, Charlestown 1

Bamham, Rev. Charles. Fayetteville, Vt. . 1

Bush, C. P., D. D., New York 88

Butler, Rev. Daniel, Waverley 1

Butkr HosplUl, Providence, R. I 6

Butts, George W., New Bedford ' .... 14

Carleton College, Northfleld, Minn. . 1

Chaney, Rev. L. W., Mankato, Minn 4

Chapin, C. N., Melrose 22

Chapin, Rev. N. C, Rochester, Minn 1

Chapman, Miss Georgianna, Newburyport

Childs, George W., Philadelphia, Pa. 1

498 American Congregational Association. [July,

Vuls. Piunph.

Clapp, Rev. C. W., Wayerly, 111 3

Clnpp, J B., Boston, 3 pieturM 29 55

Clarke, John B., Manchester, N. H 1

Clarke, W. G., Middletown, Ct lO

Cobb, Mrs. L., Marlon iS

Colbnm, Jeremiah, Boston '

Conant, Rev. C. i^M I^ulnth, Minn 2

Congregational Publishing Societj, Boston 8 1

Cook, Rev. Joseph. Boston 8

Cook, WilUitm T., Ledyard, Ct. 5

O>oper, John, Croydon, N. H 1

Copp, Mrs. J. A., Chelsea S

Cowles, Henry, d. d., Oberlln, 0 1

Crane, Rev. H. C, Allegheny City, Pa. 2

Crosby, Judge Nathan, Lowell ... - I

Crowell, Mrs. E. P., Amhirst 77 8

Crowell, J., Haverhill 1

Crulcksbanks, Jamc-s, Chelsea 1

Cruiclcshanks, Eev. James, Kenosha, Wis. 1

Currier, Rev. A. H., Lynn 1 2

Curtis, H., Charlestown 1

Cnshkig, Dea. Andrew, Boston .1 2

Cushtng, Christopher, d. d., Cambridge 48

Cutler, Rev. KUJah, Boston 10

Dale, T. Nelson 1

Dana, M. M. G., I>. d., Norwich, Ct 7 9

Darrow, Erastus, Rochester, N. Y 1

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H 4

Davenport. A. B.« Brooklyn, N. Y 1

Davis. Gilbert A., Felchville, Vt. . 1

Davis, Rev. P. B., Hyde Park 1

Davition, Rev. Charles, Greenville. Me 1

Deane, Rev. James, WiStmorcland, N. Y S

Demond, Charles, Boeton 1 IS

Dennis, Miss Isabella, Grafton 15

De Witt, John, D D., Philadelphia, I^a. 4

Dexter, H. M., d. d.. New Bedford 81 105

Drury College, Springfield, Mo. 1

Dunham, Rev. Isaac, Bridge water 1

Doren, E. N , Bangor, Me. 4

Dutch, Miss Ann M., Chelsea 4

Dutton, Rev. J. M., Lebanon, N. H 1

Dwight. Rev. B. W., Clinton, N. Y 1

Eastman, Dr. E. T., Boston 58

Edes. R. 8., Kolton 1

Edmonds. Miss L^inra, Brooklyn, N. Y 57 15

Eggleston, Rev. N. H., Williamstown 1

Elliot, Rev. L. U., Bradford, Vt 4

Ellis, Mrs F. D , Medfleld 6 29

Ellis Rev. George E., Charlestown 1

Elton, Miss , Boston 18

Endicott, William, Beverly 1

Eustis, Rev. William T., Springfield 1

Fearing, A. C, Jr., Boston 2

Field, Rev. A. W., Blandford . * 1

Finch. A., Milwaukee, WU 28 80

Fisk, Prof. F W., Chicago, ni 5

Fitch, Rev. Charles N., Cornwall, Ct 1

Fowler, Prof. William C, Durham, Ct 1

Gaylord, Mrs. E. N., Goshen, Ct. 1

Gerould, Rev. B. N., Goifstown, N. H S

1878.] American Congregational Association^

Vols.

Oilman, B. W., d. d., New Tork

Oilman, Rev. N. P., Bolton

Ootpel Book and Tract Deponitory, B<jaton 4

Oreen, Dr Samnel A., Boston ......•..• 4

Oreen, Thoma^ Chelsea

Oreene, W. L. jfc Go., Boston M

Origgs, Leveretl, D. d., Bristol, Ot. • • •

Orosrenor, Prof, ^ason, d. d., Jacksonville, DL . . . . • •

Hammond, Rev. Oharles. Mon^^on, newspapers

Harding, Itev. W. tf ., Chelsea

Hardy, Hon. Alpheus, Boston

Havens, Rev. D. W., Holton, Kan

Haxen, Rev. Austin, Jericho, Vt. 1

Hasen, Rev. H. A., Blllerica

Hill, Hamilton A., Boston

Hohart, Rev. L. Smith, Kew York

Hodgman, Rev. E. R., Westford

Holbrook, J. C D. D., Syracuse, N. T. . . . . .

Horton. Mrs. L. B., Wellesley

Houghton, H. O., Cambridge

Howard, David, Brockton 18

Hoyt, J. 8., D. D., Ciimprldgeport 1

Hubbell, Kev. Willinm S., Som^ville

Hnnnewell, James P., Charlestown

Hutchins, Charles, Boston S

Hyde, N. A., d. d., Indianapolis, Ind . 8

Ives, Rev. Joel S., East Hampton, Ct. . .

Jaekson, Miss O. R., Andover 1

Jaggar, Rev. E. L., Auburndale

Johnson, Rev. J. O., Rutland, Vt. . *

Jones, C. W., Needham

Joslin, Henry B. A., Providence, R. I

JoysUn, Rev. Wm. Royal, Orient, L. L 1

Kimball, Rev. Henry 8., Boylston

Kingman, Abner, Boston «

Kingsbury, Rev. J. D., Bradford

Krekel, Hon. A., Jefferson City, Mo

Lane, Thomas W., Manchester, N. H 1

Langworthy, Daniel A., Bay City, Mich. 6

Langworthy, G. I., Jersey City, N. J

Laurie, Thomas, d. d.. Providence, R. 1 7

Lawrence. Abbott, Boston 1

Lawrence Academy, Groton

Lee, Thomas J., Brookline

Leonard, Dea. James M., Scotland

Lewis, Miss B. A., London, Eng 1

Lyman, Rev. P. W., Belchcrtown

Magoun, G. F., D. D., Grinnell, To

Maine Historical Society, Brunswick, Me 1

Massachusetts Bible Society, Boston ........

Massachusetts General Hospital, Trustees of, Boston 1

Massachusetts Ill^torical Society, Boston 2

Massachusetts Home Missionary Society, Boston ......

Massachusetts, State of 10

McDuffee, Rev. 8. V., Ludlow 1

McKeen, Misses, Andover 10

Means, J. H., D. D., Dorcheitter 18

Means, John O., o. D., Boston Highlands

Mears, Rev. D. O., Worcester 1

Merrill, Rev. James G., Davenport, lo

Mitchell, Rev. O. L., Sedalla, Mo

499

Pamph.

2»
1
6
U4
4
9M
9
9

72
1
1
1

8
9
1
1

11
1
1

48

1
1

10
1

19
1
1
8

1

76
1

8

18

6

108

1

700
21

1

4

8

18
18

849

90

1

1
8

500 American Congregational Association. U^y*

Vols. Fiympb.

IConUgne, Rey. B J.. Foirt AtkinBon, Win S

llooro, Bey. W. H., Ilart^ord. Cu S

Morriflon, N. J., d. d., Springfield, lio 1

Mount Anborn Corporation 18

ICnnton, Loveland, Manchester, Vt. 1

Hash, Gilbert, Boston 1

Nason, Uev. O- i'. H., Chelsea 1 1

Oleson, Rey. William B.. Gambler, O S

Oreutt, Rey. Samuel, Torrlngton, Ct. 1

Otbome, Rey. C. P., SoatblngtMi, QL S

Paine, Rey. Albert, Charleatown 1

Farmenter, J. S., Athol 1

Peekbam, Rey. J<iSoph, Kingston 1

Peloabet, Rey. F. N., NaUck 12 1

Pleroe, Hon. Henry L., Dorchester . 14

Pond, Rey. William C, Ban Frandseo, Oal 1

Porter, Dea. Bleazar, Iladley 1

Fotwin, Rey. Lemuel S., Hudson, 0 1

Fbwell, Rey. S. W., Dorchester 101 179

Pratt, 8. B., BDSton 3

Ponohard. Rey. Gkorge, Boston 10

Quint, A. H., D. D., Doyer, N. H S

Rloe, Rey. C. B., Danvers ....... .^ .. . 1

Bichardson, Rey. M., Lawrence, Kan 1

Bale, John. Chelsea 1

Banbom. Mrs. A. J., Winchester, 1 manoscripl.

Bargent, M. H., Boston 28

Bawtelle, I. B., Townsend 2

Baeloy, R.H., D. D., HayerhlU S

Bharp, Dea. James C., Dorchester .......... 1 S

Slilpman, Key. T. L., Jewett City. Ct 1

Blbley, J. L., Cambridge 2 106

Smith, Charles C, Boston * 1

Bdow, Key. B. G., Micronesia 2

Bpauldlng, Uey. W. A., Lynn 2

Spofford, Dr Jeremiah, <f roveland 1

Bprague, Mr^. S. S., Providence, R. 1 8

Btockbridge, Henry, Baltimore, Md 1

Btockwell, S. N., Boston 0 U2

Btorrs, Richard Snltr, Ix>ngmeadow, 1 mannscrlpt.

Strong, Rev. U. E., Waltham 1

Taft, Royal C, Providence, R. 1 11

Tapxian, Rev. Benjamin, Norridgowoek, Me 1

Tarbox, I. N., d. d., Wc«t Newton 22

Taylor, Dea. Edward, .^ndover 1

Teele, Rev. Albert K., Blue Hill 216 21

Tenney, Rev. B. P.. Mauchegter 3 1

Tenney, F. C, Chester, N. II 1

Tenney, Rey. F. V., Saugus 22 188

Thomas, Bdward I., Brookllne 3

Tison, Alexander, Olivet, Mich. T

Todd, Thomas, Concord 2 T

Tompkins, liev. James, Kewanee, HI 4

United States Treasury Department, Washington, D. 0 2

Vermont HlHtorical Society 1

Walte, Otis F. R., Claremont, N. H 1 l

Walker, Aldace, d. d., WaUmgfurd, Vt, 4 maniuerlpts.

Wallace, C. W., d. d., Manchester, N. H. S

Warren. Hon. George W., Charlestown 4 16

Washburn, John D., Boston 1

Waters, R. P., Beverly 2 2

I Congrfgathnal Asseciatien. 501

Vol*. Pampb.

WkMlwrtifat. HIh Smrah, NawbaiTPOrt . .
Wblta, Bs>. I. C. Henmirktt, H. B.
WhHc, a«T. WIllLunO, Keane. H.H. . .
Wblllnt,lIn.L.a.. Ballon Hlgfalud* .
Wbiiing, Ljmiui, d. ■>.. Iteudlng
WUton, Bav. J. U.. PH. D., EuUtimptoB
WUUIwr, Bar. H. K., J*cI»odtI11s. III.
Wlldar, nun. II. P., DarchHUr . .
Wild*, Hn. UirtlD, Cwxpella ....
WlUkra, Bar. 8. Q., Oalche-ter. Ok . . .
VlUliou, Un. Kev. Oeor^ i^.., DdarSald
WllUuu, J. netebar, Bt. Pinl, lUna.
W111I**M OolkK«, WILllanutowil . . .
W11»D, lira. JiMbiu, Tunbrld«e Walli, Kn*. .
Vlnthiop, Eon. B.C., Builon . . . .

Wood, Rar. r. P., Aclon

Wood, Hn. , Newborypoit . . . .

TalaOoll^a, Neiraann.Ct. . . . .
bbriOIa, S. S., D. »., WoliaaloQ . . .

502

American CoHgrq;aiional Assodaiiim. [July, '78.

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Congregational Quartcriv-

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Ul'ii'l: i'ltf:,'

THE

Congregational Quarterly,

Whole No. LXXX. OCTOBER, 1878. Vol. XX, No. 4.

SETH SWEETSER.

Death sometimes reveals the greatness of a life. On
the afternoon of March 28, 1878, a remarkable audience gath-
ered in the Central Church at Worcester. The rain was falling
heavily, the season the most inclement of the year, yet the
large church was full. Men were there from the halls of learn-
ing and science, from the Senate Chamber at Washington, from
bench and bar, pulpit and hospital, counting-room and the
bedsides of the sick, men of various faiths and callings, from
many villages and cities, all assembled to do honor to one
whose highest distinction, like that of his Master, had been to
be the servant of all.

There is a natural and reasonable desire on the part of those
impressed by such a spectacle, or by other expressions of pub-
lic esteem, to know somewhat more fully respecting the early
life and personal history of one thus honored at his decease.
It is also a task not only grateful but inspiring to study a char-
acter and career bearing the unmistakable stamp of genuine
goodness.

Seth Sweetser, the subject of this sketch, was bom in New-
buryport, Mass., March 15, 1807, and died at seven o'clock
Sunday morning, March 24, 1878, having thus a little more
than completed his seventy-first year. He was the fifth child
in a family of five sisters and four brothers. All but one grew
up to maturity. Five — two brothers, one an officer, and both

bntered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, by Christophui CushinGi in the

Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.

SSCOND SKRIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4. I

504 Sctb Sweetser. [Oct

active members in our churches, and three sisters — survive
him. His father and mother were from Charlestown, for sev-
eral generations the ancestral home. The mother was a
daughter of Benjamin Frothingham, a captain of artillery
before the war of Revolution, and a participant in that pro-
tracted conflict from its beginning to its close, rising in this
service to the rank of major. At the battle of Monmouth he
was struck by a ball, taken up for dead, thrown into the dead-
cart and carried ofif the field. The sword-belt which saved his
life hung in his chamber to his dying day. His wife was a
woman of i;emarkable courage, conscientiousness, and devo-
tion. Some British soldiers coming unexpectedly to her home,
she frightened them away by causing them to suppose that she
was about to pour boiling water on their heads. A fire in the
roof of her house she extinguished herself, mounting for the
purpose by a ladder. •* My only fear for my husband," she
remarked, alluding to the perils of battle and of the war, — " my
only fear is that he should fail of doing his duty." On the
morning of the battle of Bunker Hill, Capt Frothingham came
to his home in Charlestown, and said to his wife, " I must go
to the cannon, but I have engaged a man with a cart and
oxen to take you out of town." The brave woman — the cart
having been loaded with what it was thought best to carry —
started with her five children, the oldest only about nine years
of age, walking herself by the side of the cart, and carrying in
her hand some china wrapped in a cloth. As they crossed
Maiden River they were fired upon. They wandered on until
night, asking at every house, " Can you take us in } " and
receiving the invariable reply, ** No, we are full." At last,
about nightfall, a shelter was found in the entry of a house,
and a loaf of bread, which the mother's care had provided, was
drawn out from a long meal-bag, broken up, and distributed to
the children.

One of these wanderers, whose life was thus early imperilled,
lived to be the mother of a clergyman widely known in the
Congregational churches of New England. Another became
the mother of Dr. Sweetser. She inherited her mother's large
conscientiousness and transmitted it to her distinguished son.
She was also a woman of much decision of character, of tender

1878.] Seih Swiitser. 505

and constant affection and great piety. Her early religious
life developed under the ministry of Rev. Dr. Morse, in whose
study were signed those articles of union which were virtually
incorporated into the constitution of Andover Theological
Seminary, and largely determined its character, — that Seminary
which was afterwards to educate his parishioner's son, and in
turn to be served by him as president of its Board of Trustees.
The father of Dr. Sweetser belonged to a family which is said
to have been represented for more than two hundred years in
the First Church of Charlestown, a "Seth Switzer having
joined the church in 1638, six years after its foundation."
When, in 1802, his descendant, bearing the same name, moved
to Newburyport, his opinions appear to have agreed with those
afterwards known as Unitarian, though he was not a professor
of religion. His wife urged him to institute family prayers.
He said that he could not conduct them. ''Then say the
Lord's Prayer," was her answer. He yielded to her gentleness
and firmness, went on enlarging his petitions, and grew more
devout In 18 16, Leonard Withington, now in the sixty-second
year of his honored ministry, came to Oldtown. Mr. Sweetser
was pleased with the young preacher's ability, and to the joy
of his wife, offered to attend upon Mr. Withington's ministra-
tions, though the church was a mile away. Eventually, through
the divine blessing on this preaching, and the wife's and
mother's affectionate fidelity, not only her husband, but also
eight of her children sat together with her at the communion.
Dr. Sweetser always spoke of his father with great deference
and even reverence. He was a shrewd and wise merchant,
a man of fine personal appearance, of great dignity and self-
control^ and never spoke of himself as infirm, though he lived
to be eighty years of age. His pastor once said of him that
"he was about perfect in his family." Dr. Sweetser grew
up in an almost typical New England home, — a large family,
where the sports of Thanksgiving day and of winter evenings
were shared by young and old, where the children received a
goodly share of direct parental supervision and training, and
where the Catechism was faithfully inculcated every Sunday
night. On the same evening, also, as often as it recurred, it
was the mother's habit to gather her children together for

5o6 Seth Sweetser. [Oct

prayer. The father s words, " Your mother wants you," were
a sufficient signal. While the son was in college his mother
always took him to her room and prayed with him on his
return. As a boy he worked in his father's store, " shovelling
salt, selling rum with the rest, lighting fire on cold winter morn-
ings with the flint and tinder-box or by borrowing coals from
a neighboring store." When it was decided that he should go
to college he began his preparation at the Newburyport Acad-
emy, then at the height of its prosperity, under Mr. Alfred W.
Pike, and numbering many pupils who have smce been dis-
tinguished in various callings.^

** As a fellow-townsman," writes Rev. Horatio Wood, of Lowell, Mass.,
•* my knowledge of the late Rev. Dr. Sweetser goes back to early play-
days and pre-college times. I do not know that there was anything
remarkable to record in his boyhood and first youth. He always main-
tained a proper and grave demeanor, and yet was never without a ready
smile, and had a vein of humor. He was affable and companionable. He
was diligent and painstaking in preparation for college. When ascending
the last steps toward the entrance to the college gate, he enjoyed and
profited much by the pastoral and fatherly advice, the thorough teachings,
scholarly influence, and direct spurring, it may be, of the Rev. Dr. With-
ington, of Newburyport. As his chum in college through the four years,
I bear willing testimony to his kindly fellowship, uniformly correct deport-
ment, strict observance of study hours, and diligent improvement of them.
While his general scholarship was of a high order, he took especial delight
in mathematical calculations. He was distinguished in this branch.*
When the most formidable difficulty of figures faced him he would wrestle
vigorously, and never give up till he had the mastery. One night, sorely
perplexed and wellnigh beaten, the midnight lamp going out, he threw
himself despairingly into the arms of sleep, but when the morning broke,
he woke, and as soon shouted at the top of his voice, * Chum, I have got
it out all right, clear as day ! ' Of course his college rank was highest in
mathematics. On account of his scholarship, his elevated sentiments, his
social qualities, and moral character soXind to the core, he was respected
and beloved by the class. Among his intimate friends were Felton, after-

^I refer to Mr. Pike with peculiar pleasure, from gratitude as one of his
pupils, though at a much later period and in another town and State. Of those
who attended the academy with young Sweetser and his brothers may be men-
tioned Rev. Drs. Rufus W. Clark, Chandler Robbins, John Pike, and Thomas M.
Clark, bishop of Rhode Island ; Rev. Paul Couch, Rev. Horatio Wood, Josiah L.
Hale, Richard P. Buck, Georne Lunt, Jacob Stone, Edward S. Moseley, Samuel
W. Stickney, Allen W. Dodge, Dr. Henry C. Perkins, Judge Bouncy, of New
York, and Edward S. Rand, Esq., of Boston.
2 He afterwards assisted the eminent ProL Farrar in mathematics and astronomy.

1878.] Seth Sweetser. 507

wards president of the college ; Steams, afterward president of Amherst
College ; William M. Rogers, subsequently minister in Boston ; and £. S.
Dixwell, soon well known as principal of the Latin School in Boston.

" His religious life was well assured. It had been well grounded by
his pastor and his pious mother, who had endeavored to fortify him
against the vices of college youth. She followed up her teachings and
exhortations to him through the college course. If there were no neces-
sity for it, it could not be without wholesome effect on his heart, ready to
receive influence in the highest direction. It may seem superfluous to
mention it, but it might stand to the credit of few students and is as mer-
itorious as rare, that he strictly followed the habit of the daily reading of
the Scriptures and of prayer."

The reflective and forecasting bent of his mind appears in
the subject of his Commencement part, " Prospects of Young
Men in the different Learned Professions." Graduating in
1S27, he took charge for two years, in company with his class-
mates, Cornelius C. Felton and Henry R. Cleveland, of a
rising school in Livingston County, N. Y., now known as
Geneseo Academy. Two years followed at Harvard, as tutor.
Among the students was Charles Sumner. In 1831, Mr. Sweet-
ser entered Andover Seminary. His eyes had broken down
from overwork, particularly early morning study, and copying
late at night A brother came with him, to read to him, and
also to receive instruction. At the close of the year pupil
and teacher went to Cambridge. Two boys went up also from
Phillips Academy. One had stood first in Greek, the other in
Latin. A professor examined them in his own room, and
pacing up and down did his utmost to frighten them. At the
close of the day the younger Sweetser sought out his brother
in Mr. Felton s room. The older brother had received an
intimation that his pupil's application was not likely to succeed.
" Eben," he said, " if you do not get in, take the stage this
night, and don't be seen round here." It was natural for him
to be sensitive to the good opinion of those whom he respected,
and behind his calm exterior there was an honorable ambition
for excellence. He was spared in this case any mortification.
His pupil received clean papers, yet, curiously enough, the two
scholars from the Academy were conditioned each in the study
in which he excelled, which shows that examining professors
had not then become infallible.

5o8 Seth Sweetser. [Oct.

When Dr. Sweetser's religious life began I do not know,
nor, I presume, did he. His responsibility to God and his
indebtedness to a crucified Redeemer had been among his
earliest lessons. Life had opened for him under the solemn
shadow of eternity. His cradle had been shone upon by the
star of the Nativity. His childhood had been watched over by
that pure maternal love Jesus did not forget to honor even on
the Cross. In early manhood he openly recognized his supreme
obligation to devote himself to the service of God. His com-
ing to Andover Seminary was such a confession, yet it was
more than a year later before he joined, on profession of faith,
the church in Oldtown, of which he remained a member until
bis death. His seminary life was a marked period in his his-
tory, a period not only of progress in mental discipline, but of
great spiritual growth. He was not, one of his classmates
informs me, active as a Christian, in the sense sometimes
given to these words, but he laid broad and deep foundations
in the study of God's word, in the discipline of his moral and
spiritual powers, and in acquisition of useful learning. During
his Senior year he participated, with some of his classmates, in
missionary work, at Seabrook, N. H. There appears to have
been no church there, and the services were held in a school-
house.

I have been impressed by the tokens which have been pre-
served in various ways of the thoroughness with which at this
time he examined into his motives of conduct, his aims in
choosing the work of the ministry, and with the amount of
culture of this sort which occupied these earlier years and the
opening of his public career. It is on such hidden foundations
that every stable and permanent ministry of spiritual truth
must be reared. Caprice in life and career has marred many
a pastorate, and the secret of much restlessness and changea-
bleness and waste of power lies too often in the superficial
character of the work done at the beginning. Some interesting
reminiscences of Dr. Sweetser's connection with the Seminary
as a student have been communicated to me for publication,
by his classmate, Rev. H. A. Tracy : —

*♦ In the autumn of 1831 there appeared on Andover Hill a tall, spare,
grave man, who it was reported had come to join the Junior class in the

18/8.] Seth Sweetser. 509

Theological Seminary. Upon inquiry it was learned that he had come
from Harvard University, where he had officiated as tutor for two years.
He took lodgings upon the hill, and kept himself somewhat aloof from the
Seminary. I n a few days the class learned that he could not join in the study
of Hebrew. ... A disease of the eyes, or rather a weakness contracted
by overtaxing them while a tutor in the University, compelled a disuse of
his vision for years, and was a lifelong infirmity. He employed a reader
during his entire seminary course, and seldom used his eyes except for the
occasional private reading of the Scriptures. This severe deprivation was
a great hindrance to him in the Seminary. Perhaps, however, this disadvan-
tage was more than balanced by an increased power of meditation. ... In
the middle of the second year he came to roe with a request to occupy a
room in Bartiet Hall, made vacant by the appointment of my roommate to
a tutorship at Yale College. Then began an acquaintance and friendship
which never have been interrupted. Our intercourse has ceased for a time,
but not our love for each other. From his occupation of a room in the
Seminary with me his intercourse with his own class and with members of
the other classes became more intimate, and their personal regard for him
was greatly increased.

** I have ever esteemed it one of the greatest privileges of my life to
enjoy his friendship. As a man, his character was matured when he
entered the Seminary. If wisdom may be measured by years, then he was
an old man when he entered the Seminary. The lightness and frivolity of
3P0uth he never manifested. He possessed a genial disposition, and with
friends would give himself up often to free and lively conversation that
rendered a passing hour one of great delight Many such hours were en-
joyed with a chosen few during his last years in the Seminary, in No. 12
Bartiet Hall. He never obtruded his wisdom and his varied and rich
stores of learning upon any one. A part of his wisdom, for which he was
so eminent through all his subsequent life, consisted in not giving counsel
or advice unsought. When sought it was freely given, with no assumed
superiority, but modestly and clearly. He seemed to discern with won-
derful precision the exact thing to be done or to be avoided. His judgment,
founded upon his wisdom, was as nearly unerring as that of any man
whom it has been my privilege to know. It was like an inspiration, cor
was it confined in its range to a few kindred subjects, but was largely
infallible in relation to a multitude. His subsequent life has demonstrated
what his most intimate friends prognosticated of him in his seminary
course. He was well known to but few of his classmates, but these few
appreciated his great excellence in the respect mentioned, and always
prophesied for him the career that he ran with such eminent success."

His intercourse with classmates and fellow-students doubt-
less aided in developing the catholic spirit and wide-reaching
sympathies which characterized liim in his subsequent career.
His own class contained men who went as missionaries of the

510 Seth Sweetser. [Oct.

Cross to Southern and Western Hindostan, to Armenia and
Syria, to Southern Africa, to Greece, and to the then rapidly
extending borders of our Western civilization. It was com-
posed also of men who have since been active in the Presby-
terian, the Baptist, the Dutch Reformed, the Episcopal, as well
as the Congregational communions, and not a few who have
attained special distinction as scholars and instructors. It
included that distinguished Biblical scholar, the late Prof.
Hackett ; Prof. Talcott, the accomplished teacher of sacred
literature at Bangor ; Dr. Long, Professor of Theology at Au-
burn Seminary, N. Y., afterwards at Dartmouth College ; Rev.
Dr. Asa D. Smith, one of its honored presidents ; and that
eminent classical scholar. Prof. Alpheus Crosby. From the
same class, also, the universities of New York and New Haven
have drawn the well-known Professor of Natural Philosophy and
Astronomy, Dr. Loomis. Without mentioning others, enough
have been named to suggest what a range and wealth of
thought and beneficent action were germinant and developing
in that single class, and as the view extends until it embraces
others who were then at Andover, and also his earlier asso-
ciates at Harvard and Newburyport, the thought at once arises
that in such early companionships there was an obvious prov-
idential preparation of the man for the broad and varied activ-
ity of his later life.

Mr. Sweetser's pastoral life began at once as a home mis-
sionary, in Gardiner, Me. He labored there with great dili-
gence, efficiency, and success for four years. Then with a
sacrifice of feeling which one has described as almost killing
him, and after most careful deliberation, aided by advice which
he sought from wise counsellors, and in obedience to what he
deemed an imperative call of duty, he accepted the charge of
the Central or Calvinistic Church and Society at Worcester,
which he held until his death, a period of nearly forty years.
The thoroughness with which he made this decision is char-
acteristic of the man, and is suggestive as to how such matters
are most wisely conducted.

This Christian ministry of forty-four years cannot be
reviewed within the limits of this sketch. It went on without
noise or pretence, neither hammer nor axe was heard, but it

1878.] Seth Sweetser. 511

rose and grew and stood, symmetrical, complete ; not in the
least a sensational ministry, but how useful a one, and how
holy ! Of twenty-five years of his pastorate in Worcester, Dr.
Sweetser has himself sketched the history in a published dis-
course, and in it clearly exhibited the scope and aim of his
preaching. Since his death many tributes have been paid to
his ability and fidelity as preacher and pastor.^ From one
which was read at a meeting of the Central Church by Charles
E. Stevens, Esq., I make the following extract : —

^ I first saw Dr. Sweetser more than thirty years ago, • • • and well
recall his tall form and white forehead drawn in relief against the back-
ground of the crimson curtain as he stood in the old high pulpit of that
day. . . . From that time to this, more than a quarter of a century, my
knowledge of him in private and in public has been continuous. . . .
The great life-work of Dr. Sweetser was with the pen. In that small
study behind the parlor, with the portrait of John Calvin ever before him,
he sat and wove the fibre of his brain into the tissue of his manuscripts.
. • . The little book called The Ministry we Need^ is a marvel of conden-
sation. It is packed with thought, the very'pemmican of intellectual food.
• •• It is a book to be read slowly. . . . This parsimony of expression,
coupled with fulness of thought, seemed to be the law of his writing.
He avoided padding as if it were a dishonesty. In the case of the little
book which was published by the American Tract Society, he might have
felt under double bonds not to pour through that channel of benevolence a

^ Many obituary notices were published in the public journals. Specially wor*
thy of mention are a very full and appreciative editorial sketch of Dr. Sweetser's
life, which appeared in the Worcester Spy of March 25, 1878, and articles in the
National Baptist^ by Rev. H. L. Wayland, in the Christian Union (April 3), by
Rev. Lyman Abbott, and in the Congregationalist (April 3), by Rev. Dr. Tarboz.
Hon. B. F. Thomas, ll. d., alluded in appropriate terms to his death at the meet*
ing of the American Antiquarian Society, in Boston, April 24, as did his classmate
and early friend. Rev. Dr. Chandler Robbins. The latter's very just and beauti-
ful tribute is to appear, I believe, in the published report of the doings of the
society. Dr. Sweetser's death was also generally noticed in the city pulpits, par-
ticularly by his colleague and successor, Rev. Mr. Merriman, Rev. Mr. Lamson,
Rev. Mr. Hall, of the First Unitarian Church, Rev. Mr. Blanchard, Church of the
Unity, and Rev. Dr. Huntington, rector of All Saints* Church. Resolutions
expressive of high appreciation were published as adopted by the council of the
American Antiquarian Society, by the trustees of the Memorial Hospital, Worces-
ter, and of the Free Institute, and by the Central Church. At the funeral, addresses
were made by Dr. Alden, secretary of the American Board, Rev. Wm. A. Houghton,
of Berlin, Rev. Daniel R. Cady, D. D., of Westboro', Prof. C. O. Thompson, of
Worcester, and the writer of this article. A memorial service was also held by the
bereaved church, at which many touching expressions were given of personal
obligation, esteem, and love.

512 Setk Sweetser, [Oct

flux of any superfluous words. But the consummate flower of all his writing
is the Commemorative Discourse on the Death of Abraham Lincoin, • . .
It seems to me fairly entitled to the praise and rank of a classic. . . . As
it happened, some small part fell to me in carrying it through the press. . • .
It occurred to me to suggest whether he would not supply some appropri-
ate motto. He at once accepted the suggestion and speedily produced
from his ever-ready stores this most felicitous sentence from Lord Bacon :
' That magnanimity that neither feareth greatness of alteration, nor the
views of conspirators, nor the power of enemy, is more than heroical. '
When the discourse had been published the demand for it speedily
exhausted the whole edition, and too late we regretted that its pages had
not been stereotyped. Its fame went abroad, and from distant places came
letters asking for copies.

'* He was not an ecclesiastic in the peculiar sense of that word. I think he
bad BO fondness for the business of church government. That which is
so dear $o the heart of a true churchman, an elaborate and stately polity,
had no charms for him ; but neither was he indifferent to church order.
While he would have reduced all ecclesiastical machinery to its minimum,
he was for a strict adherence to the few rules which a sound reason dic-
tated. In the early days of his ministry he was called to sit in a council
with older brethren, in a neighboring town. After the council had been
constituted it was proposed that they should take in hand a matter not set
forth in the letter missive. The elders were disposed to entertain the
proposition, but Dr. Sweetser — doctor even then, though not by the grace
of any college — demurred. He recalled to the council the terms of the
letter missive whereby they were a council, showed that they had no
authority to act upon any matter not contained therein, and with modest
firmness announced that if the new proposition were entertained he should
feel compelled to withdraw. This settled the point, the council recovered
from its aberration and refrained from attempting to be wise above what
for them had been written. On another occasion, at a later period, he was
presiding in this lecture-room at a church meeting for the election of a
deacon. When the ballots had been given in and counted he perceived
that the number exceeded by one the whole number of male members
present, and thereupon he directed a new vote to be taken. The offend-
ing ballot had been innocently cast by one of the sisters. This he knew
was contrary to the usage which had prevailed in the church from the
beginning, and to that usage he felt it to be his duty to adhere. It was
not a great matter, but it illustrated his scrupulous regard for the rules of
the church.

" To say that he was far from anything that savored of ritualism is patent
to every observer. . . . Yet averse as he was to rites and ceremonies of
man's devising, no one ever cherished towards the true and divinely
appointed sacraments a more regardful and reverent spirit. I think all
must have felt that the celebration of the Holy Supper was to him always
a great high day. It was the one occasion that called forth the deepest
emotions of his nature. It made him, likewise, in the best sense, senti-

/

1878.] Seth Sweetser. 513

mental. The table that bore the bread and wine was for him a sacred
thing. The beautiful one at which he so long ministered was, I believe,
his own gift to the church ; the. conception of its design was his, and it
was he who caused it to be carved with the emblematic vine and clusters.
It will stand in its place an ever-present memorial of himself and his devo-
tion to the only worthy symbolism of the Christian church.

" In his preaching he exhibited nothing of dogmatism. He had no
heavy body of divinity to cast down upon his congregation Sunday after
Sunday, in successive instalments. In all the twenty-five years of my
listening I do not recall a strictly doctrinal discourse. I sometimes wished
that he would put forth his strength in that direction, but that was not his
way: his was rather the large, discursive method in which the doctrine
was everywhere implied, just as in the Bible the existence of God is every-
where implied. His sermons were not framed for the purpose of proving a
thing. He did not tyrannize with the syllogism. 1 1 was said of Dr. Emmons
that he would plant his batteries in the morning, and fire them off at the
heads of his hearers in the afternoon. It was said of him again, that on a
certain occasion, when his irresistible logic had driven his hearers into a
comer, he pushed up his spectacles and with the glee of conscious mas-
tery exclaimed, ' Now I have got you, now what will you do ? ' But such
joy of contest and conquest was not the motive of Dr. Sweetser's preach-
ing. It did not comport with his nature to crowd and overpower his
hearers, nor, again, was it in him to solicit and impohune. There was
a certain aloofness in his attitude. He stood and proffered good. * I
counsel you to buy of me,' he seemed to say. He recognized the man-
hood of men. It was for him to proffer, but it was for them to take.
Responsibility was theirs as well as his.

'' In society he was both genial and congenial. By this I mean that he
was not only cheerful in and for himself^ but that he had also an inter-
changeable, a give-and-take cheerfulness. His conversation was as edify-
ing as a good book. When he had himself spoken he paused for you to
speak, nor did he occupy himself with meditating his next remark while
seemingly listening to yours. He looked to take his cue from what you
might have to say. A pair of shears would fitly symbolize his idead of
conversation, which is indeed the true ideal. Two blades must needs
work together, the one closing upon the other. Performing his part keenly,
he stimulated you to so perform yours. Not only what he gave you, but
what he drew from you, inured to your double profit.

^It was sometimes remarked that he failed to attract the young. I
believe that he was himself aware of this, and that it gave him pain. The
very thought is pathetic, for he had a yearning towards children, and was
radiant if by chance one sought unto him. The fault was not in his nature,
but in his make-up, so to speak. 1 1 was inaptness, not hardness, that barred
the way. He knew not how to get at the children, but it was the easiest
thing for them to get at him. Any boy or girl could carry the citadel of
his heart by direct approaches. He surrendered at once, dissolving into
smiles of love. Nor was he always without success in his efforts to please

514 Seik Sweetser. [Oct

the jTonng. I recall an occasion when he gave a garden party in his own
grounds to all the children of the parish. The day was fine and he had
provided cakes and ices and strawberries in profusion. The children were
out in full force, and many parents were present besides. For the hour
unwonted gayety reigned around the parson2ige. No one seemed more
happy, I had almost said even to friskiness, than the pastor. As his tall
form moved actively about over the lawn and under the trees, ' on hospita-
ble thoughts intent,' here serving a cream and there pushing a swing and
anon chatting with a smiling mother, he looked for the time transfigured.
It was a field day of delight for pastor and children. **

It is rare that a man so scholarly in his culture and natural
tastes, so inclmed to patient research and exact thought, and
withal so charged with public duties, is so active and faithful a
pastor as was Dr. Sweetser. The restraint already noticed,
occasioned by the early injury to his eyes, may have conduced
to this result ; yet the chief cause was his strong conviction
of the greatness of the good offered to men individually in the
gospel, combined with a sincere and profound benevolence of
spirit He had, in a remarkable degree, the tender, loving
heart of a true shepherd of the flock. This was not always
understood, for he was naturally dignified, and even reserved,
in the expression of personal feeling, and his interest in
others was apt to show itself more in deeds than in words ;
yet few pastors, it is believed, have carried more constantly
the individual sorrows and trials of their people on their hearts,
few have been more instant in helpfulness, few more ready to
rejoice in the hour of prosperity and gladness. Very touching
was it to observe how eager he was, when withdrawn by long
illness from the intercourse with his people to which he had
been accustomed, to learn of their personal welfare, and how
strong the habit had become of caring for them. In his earlier
ministry he had been greatly aided in his pastoral labors by
his wife, — a woman, like his own mother, of great sensibility,
of rare delicacy of feeling, beautiful in countenance, thoughtful
for others, winning in her ways, and strongly devotional in her
habit of mind.^ Her influence and memory, his long watch-

^ Hannah Frances Vaughan was a daughter of Charles Vaughan, Esq., an
Englishman, and one of the earliest settlers of Hallowell, Me. She was married
to Mr. Sweetser, Dec 29, 1836, and died May 10, 1S55, after a sickness of nine
years, during which her husband watched over her with an untiring devotion.
Three children died in Worcester. Two, a son and a daughter, remain. A sister
of Mrs. Sweetser married Rev. Jacob Abbott

1878.] Seth Sweetser. $1$

ing by her side, her loss and other sore bereavements, devel-
oped a tenderness of feeling and power of intelligent sympathy,
which, combined with his clear discernment of those eternal
verities from which alone true and lasting consolation can flow,
made him a strong support to many households in seasons of
sickness and sorrow. His words were few, but how fitting,
and who can forget his prayers ? One day, in his last illness,
he said, "The hymns full of sentiment, beautiful in them-
selves, delicate and graceful, do not suit me now. I don't
want to be pleased, I want to be strengthened.'' The remark
conveys the secret of pastoral comfort.

Dr. Sweetser valued highly the social element in a congre-
gation, and did much to cultivate it. He had also a high sense
of honor as respects the obligation of a pastor to his people.
" He never preached for pay in vacation, feeling that he ought,
for the good of his people, to rest in the time given him for
it." He had, also, a due regard to the obligation of his people.
When he first went to Worcester, as was usual then, no pro-
vision was made for his vacation. " At first, when he found
it necessary to go away for rest, he provided for the pulpit. A
few individuals sent him more than once the money needed
for this. When he found it came from a few, and that the
parish was thus relieved from its duty, he refused the money,
and this led afterwards to their voting him a regular vacation."
He was noticeably faithful in educating his people to liberality,
and his method was as admirable in spirit as effective in result.
He seldom, if ever, endeavored to work up his people to give,
as from impulse or under pressure. He taught them to give
from principle. At the same time he fed them with knowl-
edge ; and he was not only himself remarkably intelligent as
respects the benevolent work of the churches, but thoroughly
in sympathy with it, so that there was an unconscious, but
perhaps all the more powerful appeal to his people from his
whole character and spirit. To a life-long friend he writes,
referring particularly to foreign missions : " I wish with all my
heart to use whatever influence I may have in the way which
will tell most upon the great work It does not lessen but
expands in my view. ... It would do them " (/. ^., the minis-
ters and churches) " good, if they could be made to feel that

5l6 Seth SweOser. [Oct.

the less selfishness there is in our religion, and die more
breadth our religious sympathies have, the stronger religion is
for all purposes." And the chapter entitled "The Broad
Vtew," in his work on The Ministry We Need^ contains these
words, which have been justly said to express the spirit in
which Dr. Sweetser conducted his own ministry : ** Japan and
China must not be excluded firom the problem of the age.
India with its myriads, hapless Africa, and the islands of the
ocean must be r^^arded. The problem comprehends the
necessity and the condition of the race. A ministry for this
age which comprehends its vocation, is a ministry fitted for
this broad enterprise, and ready for the Master^s work iriierever
the call is heard." Such a ministry will be likely to ensure,
wherever it exists, gifts of benevolence like those elicited by
Dr. Sweetser.

The same breadth of view characterized Dr. Sweetser's rela-
tions to the fellowship of ministers and churches. He endeav-
ored from the beginning of his pastorate in Worcester to
promote cooperation among pastors. For nearly twenty years
he met socially with the other Congregational ministers of the
city on Monday morning of each week. He favored united
meetings of churches. Some twelve years ago he brought his
brethren in the Congregational ministry and their families
together in a social way, and a monthly meeting of this sort
was kept up for some time. In the beginnings of New Eng-
land Congregationalism, John Cotton saw the importance of
church conferences, if the new system was to have permanence
and aggressive power ; yet, greatly to its injury, his wise coun-
sels remained long unheeded, until in the conflict with Unita-
rianism, the necessity of union and mutual watch and care
among churches was clearly manifested. Such, however, were
the complications arising from the previous history, that the
simple and natural system proposed by Cotton has not even
yet been carried out ; and it is a curious fact — often, however,
paralleled in history when extreme views on the one side or the
other have prevailed — that in Massachusetts, where there has
always been a vigilant jealousy for the rights of individual
churches and of the brotherhood, there was no organization
dealing with the common work of these churches, to which

18/8.] Setk SweeUer. 517

they sent representatives, or which admitted lay delegates,
down to the year 1 860. In that year the General Conference
of Massachusetts was organized at Springfield by delegates from
several local conferences. Dr. Sweetser was chairman of the
preliminary meeting, and was also the first moderator of the
Conference. It was a matter of deep regret to him that it became
necessary afterwards to modify the plan, and form a body so
peculiarly constituted as the present General Association, —
an organization which does not arise, in accordance with the
genius of Congregationalism, wholly from the churches, but
springs in part from purely clerical associations.

In the sermon which he preached in connection with the
twenty-fifth anniversary of his settlement in Worcester, Dr.
Sweetser notices '' the necessary and influential connection of
the ministry with all institutions, organizations, and schemes
which aim to promote the highest public welfare," and the
eminent devotion of the clergy of this Commonwealth " to the
interests of education in schools, academies, colleges, and
seminaries." He was himself a conspicuous example of such
devotion. For twelve years he was an active and efficient
member of the Board of Overseers of the schools in the centre
district of Worcester, and drew up in 1844 a report submit-
ting a plan of reorganization, which was adopted with great
advantage. His relation to the Free Institute, of Worcester,
has been publicly noticed by Hon. Stephen Salisbury, presi-
dent of its Board of Trustees, and himself a devoted friend and
liberal benefactor of the school. "Rev. Dr. Sweetser was
more than a friend of this Institute, he was more than the
leading member of the Board of Trustees, — he was the father of
this institution." Such testimony needs no confirmation nor
augmentation ; yet a few facts — and our space restricts us
to only a few — may be given as illustrative of Dr. Sweetser's
influence and sagacity. Some time before 1857 he was con-
sulted by several boys who wished to fit themselves as civil
engineers without taking the regular college course. About
the same time he had many and prolonged interviews with
the late Ichabod Washburn, who was interested in endowing
a school for mechanics' apprentices. This resulted in Dr.
Sweetser's drawing up a scheme which was substantially the

5i8 Setk SweeUer. [Oct

plan of the kter Institute. Then came a financial crash, and
the plan ** slumbered " until 1865. All this time Dr. Sweetser^s
thoughts were busy about it. At last Mr. David Whitcomb com-
municated to him in strictest confidence the desire of John
Boynton to give {ioo,ocx> to found ^ some sort of school *' for
the benefit of the " youth of the county." It would have been
easy for Dr. Sweetser, I am assured, to persuade his friend
that ^the youth of the county" required an additional classi-
cal academy or a new college, and it shows his breadth of
view and practical insight that, instead of such advice, he
sought the establishment of a school which appears to be so
remarkably adapted as the Institute to the peculiar educational
necessities of the large manufacturing community in which it
stands.

It is one thing, however, to conceive, and another to
execute. Apparently the most difficult part of the undertak-
ing remained. Mr. Washburn was a man of great indepen-
dence and force of will, and had it almost in his grasp to identify
his own honorable name exclusively with an institution which
would be identified with the prosperity of the city he loved,
and to whose welfare he had largely contributed. Could he be
induced to blend his purpose with that of Mr. Boynton } Could
the destructive blunder, so often committed, of dividing funds
which ought to be united, be avoided } Happily, and to the
great credit of all parties, a union was effected. Dr. Sweetser
drew up, at Mr. Boynton's request, the letter of gift, so that
in these three particulars it has been justly said Dr. Sweetser
was the original directing mind and energy : (i) The deter-
mination of the essential characteristics of the institution ; (2)
The harmonizing of conflicting views among strong and intel-
ligent men; (3) The incorporation of sound and broad ideas,
with just and proper limitations, into the charter and funda-
mental documents. It is but just to add that during the pro-
longed and laborious negotiations incident to the disposition of
so much property, the late Hon. Emory Washburn, Mr. Icha-
bod Washburn's legal adviser, rendered generous and impor-
tant aid.

With but one unimportant interval Dr. Sweetser was con-
nected with Harvard College, either as tutor, examiner, or over-

18/8.] Seik Sweetser. 519

seer, nearly half a century. For nearly twenty-eight years he
was a trustee of Phillips Academy, Andover, and of the Theo-
logical Seminary. It would be a pleasing task to dwell upon
his services to these institutions, the great amount of time he
gave to the promotion of their interests, his thoroughness,
impartiality, urbanity, and judgment. It would not be with-
out public interest, also, to give some account of an elaborate
and masterly report which he prepared, in association with the
late Chief Justice Chapman and President Stearns, upon the
course of studies in the Andover Seminary, — a report so wise
and convincing that the changes it recommended were unani-
mously adopted by the Board ; but these bare allusions to his
services must suffice. How highly he was esteemed by his
colleagues in the Board is evinced by his election in 1864
as its president, — a position that had been adorned by his
immediate predecessor, Hon. Wm. J. Hubbard, and by many
eminent men in Church and State. I should add, also, that
when Dr. Sweetser*s illness rendered him unable to come to
Andover, the Board met annually, and sometimes oftener, in
his parlor at Worcester, rather than lose the benefit of his
counsels, as did also, at leaistonce a year, the trustees of two
other important institutions. In addition to all these labors,
which he never performed perfunctorily, but as one has said,
with as much heart as though he were an officer in the insti-
tution he was serving, he was a trustee of Leicester Academy,
a member of the council of the American Antiquarian Society,
president of the American Education Society, and a corporate
member of the American Board and often consulted by its
secretaries ; and to all this should be added the almost num-
berless consultations in his study, frequented by men asso-
ciated with the multiplied agencies by which our churches seek
to fulfil the command to preach the gospel to every creature.
That quiet study, always so orderly, became a sort of council
chamber.

The leading characteristics of Dr. Sweetser can be readily
inferred from what has now been stated. A few remarks may
serve to make them yet more distinct.

He was unquestionably a man of superior natural endow-
ment. He had the inestimable advantages of a pure and high-

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4. 2

520 Seth Sweetser. . [Oct.

toned domestic training and of the best schools ; but all this had
been of no avail but for his own effort. He was, what every
strong man is, self-made by self-denial, by resolve, by vigorous
and untiring effort. He was a man of an admirable economy.
This is a broad word, and covers many things apt to be under-
estimated. It applies to time as well as money, and to every
power of thought, feeling, and achievement. •' Economy," says
Dean Swift, " is the parent of liberty and ease." That readi-
ness and competence of service which characterized Dr.
Sweetser's usefulness had its root in an economy of life which
embraced all his powers and all its moments. When a youth
he kept an exact account of his expenses. In later years his
time-book was as precise as his account-book. In the man-
agement of his household, in habits of study, in reading and
visiting, he was naturally and from principle systematic. He
required, so far as he could, punctuality of others. When a
home missionary, the people lagging, as people in the country
will, in coming to an evening service, so that once no one was
present on the hour but the sexton, he told the man to lock
up and go home. When, in surprise, the question was asked
this young and determined pastor, " Why were you not at the
meeting ? " The reply was, — and it sufficed, — " Because you
were not."

Such habits are naturally allied with great industry. He
preached much extempore ; his weekly lecture was always very
carefully prepared ; his public duties called him frequently from
home; he never was able to use his eyes as most men can : yet
he left some fifteen hundred sermons fully written, and in manu-
scripts of noticeable clearness and beauty. The mere statistics
of his pastoral service are impressive : three hundred and ten
marriages, about five hundred and forty-four funerals, and seven
hundred and forty-four admissions to the church. During the
last seven years of his life he was able, owing to lameness
and pain, to preach but once, yet he did not stop working. He
adhered to his regular hours of study, kept up his reading,
though obliged by suffering to change somewhat its character,
having, however, still an object, — some fact of science, some
movement or character in history, some special Biblical inquiry.
He prepared his treatise on The Ministry We Need^ a manu-

18/8.] Seth Sweetser. 521

script volume on Heaven and its Inhabitants^ an Address
delivered before the Free Institute, an Essay read before the
Congregational Club, of Worcester, and notes for addresses
made at communion services. During nearly five of these
years of suffering and decline he held a teachers* meeting one
evening of each week, continuing the exercise until he was so
feeble that " all noticed the change in his voice." He studied
as thoroughly for these Sabbath-school lessons, I am assured,
as he would have done formerly for a sermon or lecture. Such
industry implies great strength and tenacity of purpose, a
characteristic which became more striking in his years of pain,
but which was natural to him. He had a marked unwilling-
ness to yield to what he would call " trifles." The winter be-
fore he was laid aside from preaching, it is related of him, ^that
he had an attack of rheumatism so severe that when it first
came he could scarcely move. It was Saturday and the day
before Christmas. The next day he was little better ; but he
had prepared a Christmas sermon for morning, and one for the
close of the year for afternoon, and he insisted on preaching.
A carriage took him to church, " but he had to be helped in
and out, and once, when the driver failed to support him, he
fell forward into the carriage, so helpless was he. He preached
all day, but confessed afterwards that he doubted a little some-
times whether he could get up in the pulpit after he once sat
down." In early life, probably when a tutor at Cambridge,
he formed the habit of using tobacco, both smoking and chew-
ing. He tried first to break the habit by resolving to abandon
the use of the narcotic for a certain length of time, and kept
his resolution, but naturally went back to it as soon as the time
was out. Then, as he said, he found he was becoming a slave
to it, and he would not be a slave to anything ; so he stopped,
and in a characteristic way. He kept a piece of tobacco where
he saw it every day for some time. This was the end of the
habit.

He early disciplined himself to exactness and thoroughness
in the acquisition of knowledge. " I read to him," writes one
who lived in his family for a time in order to render this
assistance, " Motley's Dutch Republic^ Life oftlte Haldanes^ Life
and Times of yohn Milton (part of it), scientific tracts, and

Sak SweOur. [Oct.

many things I have forgotten. He nerer allowed a doabtfnl
word to pass without reference to one or both of the great
lexicographers to determine meaning and pronunciation : a
debatable place brought out the atlas, and a date the chrono-
logical chart** In college, as already noticed, he had a special
fondness for mathematics. In later life he cultivated the exact
sciences. Called upon unexpectedly to address the graduat-
ing class of a technical school, he made a striking and impres-
sive exiempare address upon one of the metals, and declared
with unusual fervor that, if he were not engaged in his sacred
calling, he would rejoice to devote all his powers to the prop-
erties of iron. He kept a meteorological record, in which he
noted the temperature three times daily. On one occasion the
family at dinner were startled by a very loud report They
immaliatdy rushed to the door to ascertain the cause. In the
confusion Dr. Sweetser was noticed '' hurriedly consulting his
watch, that he might know at what precise moment an occur-
rence took place, the nature of which he had not yet learned."
A boiler at the Washburn Wire Factory, it proved, had exploded.

Some minds are clear because they have no depth, some
are clear because of an extreme predominance of the faculties
which measure and define, and because of quiescence of feel-
ing and a certain drought and barrenness in regions of the soul
where else the dews of heaven might fall and angels fold their
w^ngs. There is no haze in such minds, but also no atmos-
phere, no glories of sunrise, no solemn stars, no infinitude.

Dr. Sweetser was an exact man without being superficial,
and because he was thorough, knew where knowledge ends and
mystery begins. He was not without imagination, yet the
predominant bent of his mind was doubtless, as one has said,
scientific rather than literary. His eminence in his profession
suggests the reflection that young men who have what is called
" a turn for science," need not at once conclude that they have
no call to the duties of the Christian ministry. In practical
matters, ranging from the details of ordinary parochial life to
affairs of State and the most comprehensive plans of Christian
benevolence, he was a man of unusual and most " undis-
turbed." judgment "One naturally," writes an intimate ac-
quaintance, " referred a knotty point to him. He was univer-

1878.] Setk Sweetser. 523

sal moderator for all ecclesiastical assemblies in the county.
His opinion was sought and valued by all the neighboring
churches. Friends used banteringly to tell me he was * my
pope/ and a mutual friend, writing since his decease, says,
* One relied upon him as on Providence/ "

This wisdom and trustworthiness had a main root in moral
qualities, — conscientiousness, faithfulness in self-examination,
humility, love of justice, benevolence.* His conscience, even
as a child, was instinct with the presence and authority of God.
Once he committed some trifling offence. At night when his
mother knelt by his bedside, and he came, in the prayer taught
us by our Lord, to the petition, " Forgive us our debts," he
burst into a paroxysm of tears. " I have done wrong," was his
agonized cry. " God cannot forgive me I " As his life developed,
everything was brought by him under the law of duty. He
acted habitually as the philosopher Immanuel Kant taught it
is the duty of every man to act, — from maxims, that is, rules of
conduct fit to be regarded as universal laws of nature.

The pastor of a neighboring church, in noting Dr. Sweet-
ser's symmetrical character, summed up the impression he
made on men in precepts such as these, — as though the
man's life, as known to his fellow-men, were a transcript and
expression of the noblest ethics : —

** Work and plan everywhere, not for the day, but for life."

" Do the things that are good to remember."

" Work hard, but do not advertise either your work or yourself."

"Purity is the best prudence."

** To be true is a greater joy than to be applauded."

" Do not handle sacred things roughly."

** Hide your own sorrows and troubles, but proclaim the truth that gives
you strength."

" Any work is narrow that does not consider the whole world, and any-
thing short of * to every creature ' is selfishness."

And this moral symmetry was due in part to a habit,
early formed, of most thorough self-examination. I may not
violate the sanctities of that personal scrutiny and judgment
in which, as in the presence of God, and for his own improve-

1 In his very beautiful delineation of the late Secretary Treat^s excellences as a
counsellor, Dr. Sweetser, it has been justly said, was unconsciously depicting his
own character. (See Missionary Herald^ May, 1877, P* ^SS-) .

524 Stth Sweetser. [Oct

ment, he wrote out his consciousness of defects of temper, of
purpose, of self-control, and his many experiences of baffled
and defeated resolution, and pleaded for forgiveness and help ;
yet it was by all this discipline and inward wrestling and self-
judgment that he won a moral superiority which inspired an
almost limitless confidence. A single illustration of this scru-
tiny, I may perhaps be pardoned for extracting. When he
went from Gardiner to Worcester, his salary was naturally
increased, though he received but a thousand dollars. The
month following his ordination he wrote these words : " I am
greatly alarmed with the increasing tendency in myself to
covetousness. When the support afforded us was small, I was
less anxious than now when it is large. I acknowledge the
need of strict care in regard to this sin, and will strive to root
' it out and will pray to be delivered from it." He never, for
the nearly forty following years, said anything to his people
about his salary, but simply took what they chose to give, and
out of this he not only obeyed the apostle's command, ** Owe no
man anything," but that other injunction, " A bishop must be
given to hospitality, a lover of hospitality, a lover of good
men," and he was an example to his flock in liberal giving, — a
virtue to which he trained his church quite beyond what is
common. In his last illness he could say that he had always
been true to his people, and had never courted any solicitations
from without.

The religion of Christ is now evil spoken of because mem-
bers and officers of our churches have proved to be defaulters.
The true lesson is, that there is no safety, I will not say in
mere profession, but rather, even in a genuine conversion, unless
followed by vigilance and prayer, by habitual self-examination,
and by resistance of the beginnings of evil, and a dependence
upon God which will keep the soul consciously under His eye
and co-operative with His cleansing spirit Dr. Sweetser's
religion, let me hasten to add, was not a mere conscientious-
ness, a law of duty and a striving to fulfil it. He accepted
with a full trust the pardon of sin offered through a crucified
Redeemer, the aid of the Holy Spirit, and the free service of
gratitude and love to which Christ invites. Early in his min-
istry he meekly wrote in his note-book, " I desire to remem-

1878.] Seth Sweetser. 525

ber a salutary hint from a Christian brother, — that there is
danger of not preaching Christ enough, and of not remember-
ing Christ enough in prayer. The remark was suggested by
attending service at our church." That Christ was the inspi-
ration and joy of his ministry, there are many to testify on
earth and beyond. The world-embracing benevolence of the
Redeemer informed, sweetened, ennobled his servant's preach-
ing, prayers, and life ; it quickened and intensified his sym-
pathy with his fellow-men, his purpose to live for their .good,
and all that fidelity in service which was so characteristic of
him.

In the sermon to which I have already referred he affirms,
" One thing I am well assured of, — that every year has enlarged -
my sense of the profound truth and value of the doctrines of
the gospel, — the pre-eminently evangelical doctrines,-:- espe-
cially of the strength and comprehensiveness of the central
doctrine, eternal life through the atoning blood of
THE Lamb of God, by repentance and faith in his name."
The September before he died he wrote thus : " I do not sup-
pose that our spiritual estate is measured precisely by our
personal consciousness. God is judge, and will not only do
justly but will show mercy. That is our true basis, — not our
consciousness concerning ourselves, but God's merciful judg-
ment of us. Under that, if anywhere, we are safe."

Of the long illness which marked the closing years of his
earthly life it is fitting that something should be said, and I
can best do this in the language of one who watched over him
with untiring assiduity and devotion, and to whom for many
years he had been "not only father but almost mother" : —

'*0n the 29th of March, 1871, he went to see one of our neighbors who
had just lost a child. As he rang the bell his hand slipped from the bell-
puller, and he lost his balance, but by a great effort he saved himself from
falling. He went down from one step to another, and came with a sort of
twist on to the grass at the side of the walk, straining his back. He went
to Wednesday-evening meeting, and was out all the next day as usual,
though not feeling quite well. In the evening he attended a sociable at
our chapel, and probably took cold. He was sick all night, but let no one
know it, got up as usual and made the furnace fire, but was obliged to go
back to bed at once. He objected to using some remedies as proposed,
because they would prevent his attending the funeral of the child I spoke
of, that day, and not till he was convinced that he could not go, would

526 Seth Sweeiser. [Oct.

he give ap and let as do what we wished. This was the beginning of his
seven years of lameness and pain. The injury to the spine was more than
was at first supposed , and probably roused and increased trouble in a spot
where he had suffered from a fall years before, though that had never
made him lame or given him serious trouble. A few weeks after this fidi
the sciatic nerve became affected, and he left home, the parish giving him
a vacation of three nnonths. He gained a little, I think, while away, and
after recovering from a severe carbuncle in September, he thought himself
on the way back to health and work. He preached through October, and I
never remember his being in better spirits when at work. He was encour-
aged, and the very feet that he had gone back to his 'loved employ'
seemed to give him a new inspiration. On the 2d of November he had a
sudden and very severe attack of sciatica, which rendered him entirely
helpless for the time. You know a little of the months of pain which fol-
lowed ; after this he never walked without crutches, except a little in the
house. He did not go up stairs from his study, where he was taken, for
ten months. In the spring came the conflict connected with giving up his
active ministry. I think no trial, since I can rentember, has equalled it to
him, except my mother's death. In June, 1872, the care of the pulpit was
wholly given up to the parish, and all claim for support relinquished,
though the parish gave him a 'gratuity' every year while he lived. As
you know, he was never dismissed, and he worked as he could for his
flock to the last, with love and prayers when he could not in any other
way. . . . His last service in the church was a prayer on the 6th of Octo-
ber, 1877. For twenty-five minutes he stood there, pouring out his soul as if
he knew it was the last time, for his people, for the ministry, for the spread
of the gospel through the world (it was the Sunday after the meeting of
the Board, at Providence), till the strain of supplication and thanksgiving
seemed almost inspired. It seemed to me wonderful, and I found I was
not alone in my feeling. I think he had no idea of the length of it, for he
never spoke of it afterwards. . . . One of his greatest trials in his years
of lameness was that his flock were so much without a shepherd, and after
it was decided that Mr. M. was to come he said, with emphasis, ^ It is
an unspeakable comfort to me that my people are to have a shepherd
once more.' He lived to see the reality. Our feeling about his dying on

Sunday morning was sweetly expressed by little Harry W ^ * It 's the

best day.' "

The words Dr. Sweetser wrote for the monument which
marks the grave of Pro£ Stuart were doubtless fulfilled for
himself : —

*• The Word which he loved m life
Was his light in death.
He now sees face to face."

And the closing sentence of one of his printed sermons is a
just epitome of his character : '* True goodness is a power, an

1878.] Seth Sweetser. 527

act, a life. It is a man in earnest for obedience, for righteous-
ness. It is a prolonged and glovring effort to live benevolently
and truly, and to gain at last the portion and blessedness of
the friends of God in heaven."

The following is a list of Dr. Sweetser's publications, so far
as known : —

Report of the Board of Overseers of the Schools in the Centre District
of Worcester, submitting a Plan of Reorganization, Jan. 6, 1844.

Living tcf do Good. A Sermon occasioned by the Death of the Hon.

Daniel Waldo. Preached on Sunday, July 13, 1845, by the Pastor of

the Centre Church, Worcester.
A Sermon preached on the day of the Annual Thanksgiving, Nov. 26, 1846.

The Harmony of Faith and Works. A Sermon preached in the Central
Church, Worcester, March 23, 185 1, the Sunday after the Decease of
Miss Sara^ Waldo. By S. Sweetser.

Rev. Mr. S^^etser's Discourse before the American Education Society,
May, 1858;

The Strength of the Battle. A Discourse delivered in the Central Church,
Worcester, on the occasion of the Na^onal Fast, Thursday, Sept. 26,
1 861, by the Pastor of the Church.

A Sermon preached to the Central Church and Congregation, in Worces-
ter, on the Sunday following the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of the Settle-
ment of their Pastor, December, 1863.

A Commemorative Discourse on the Death of Abraham Lincoln. By Seth
Sweetser, Pastor of the Central Church. Preached April 23, 1865.

Three Sermons in the " Home Missionary." May, 1864 : Spirit and Duty
of Christian Patriots. January, 1867 : The Future of our Country.
April, 1875 : Giving and Receiving.

Report of the Council of the American Antiquarian Society, April 28, 1869.

Sermon in •• Congregationalist " of July 29, 1869.

Sermon in Worcester ** Evening Gazette," Oct. 30, 1869.

The Progress of Truth dependent upon Correct Interpretation. A Dis-
course delivered before the Convention of Congregational Min*isters,
Boston, May, 1868. Reprinted from the Bib. Sacra for January, 1870.

Commencement Address at the Worcester County Free Institute of Indus-
trial Science. July 30, 1873.

The Ministry We Need. Amer. Tract Society, Boston, 1873.

Articles in the Bibliotheca Sacra.

Short Articles in Newspapers upon various subjects, and Sabbath-School
Cards.

Egbert C. Smyth.

Andaver^ Mass,

528 Tke BrookfiOd Association. [Oct.

THE BROOKFIELD ASSOCIATION.

A CENTURY.*

What is known as the Brookfidd Association of Ministers
in Massachusetts was organized on the twenty-second day of
June, I757» at the house of Rev. Eli Forbes, the first pastor
of the church in the second precinct of Brookfield, now known
as the First Congregational Church in North Brookfield. His
residence stood on an eminence about three quarters of a mile
south of the present house of worship, and being afterwards
occupied by Dr. Kittridge, the site b now familiarly known as
Kittridge HilL

The original name of the association, which is found not as
a component part of the constitution, but as a simple prefix
to the record§, is " The Association in the Western Part of
Worcester County." There is nothing in the records showing
when or how the name was changed ; and the name of '' The
Brookfield Association" does not appear until Sept 29, 18 13,
and then only incidentally. Still, it is known that the present
name was adopted previous to the commencement of the pres-
ent century.

The object of the association is clearly set forth in the pre-
amble and articles of agreement adopted by its founders. The
language employed is : —

*' We, ministers of the gospel of Christ . . . lamenting our own and
the sins of the present day, sensible that it is our duty by all suitable
means and methods to labor after a reformation among ourselves and peo*
pie, do agree to meet together as an association of ministers . . . and
that in our thus meeting together we will aim and endeavor that our min-
istry may hereby be rendered more successful, and that in order hereunto
we will attend to the following articles or rules, viz. : i. That we will
begin our meetings by solemn prayer for ourselves, our respective charges,
and for the whole world. 2. That we will endeavor to comfort, strengthen,
and quicken one another in the great work we are jointly engaged in, and
that we will readily, according to our power, afford each other all that help
by our prayers and advice which our circumstances may at any time call
for, and that we will afford the same help to others who ask it. 3. That
we will from time to time, as occasion may require, consult together for

^ This paper was delivered originally as a centennial address, and this wiU
account for the form in which portions of it appear as here presented.

18/8.] The Brookfield Association. 529

the doing of those things which may tend to promote the interest of reli-
gion. 4. That good order may be had, we will choose a moderator and
also a clerk, who shall record whatever shall be thought necessary by the
association. 5. That our meetings may answer good and valuable ends,
we promise that by the leave of Providence we will steadily attend them ;
that we will watch against everything which may give occasion to gainsay-
ers to speak evil of us and of our meetings ; that we will order our con-
versation according to the gospel ; that our entertainments shall not be
costly and sumptuous, and that in all things we will endeavor to behave as
becomes ministers of Christ''

This constitution was signed by Rev. Benjamin Ruggles, of
New Braintree, Rev. David White, of Hardwick, Rev. Joshua
Eaton, of Spencer, Rev. Isaac Jones, of Western, or what is
now Warren, Rev. Eli Forbes, of Brookfield, Second Parish, or
what is now North Brookfield. They voted that they would
meet with each other in rotation, proceeding according to their
standing in college. This association was organized in the
midst of what was called the French and Indian War, and on
a day which was observed as a day of fasting and prayer on
account of a great drought and judgment of war. Rev. Mr;
White preached in the forenoon from Psalms xxxii, 5 : " I
acknowledge my sin unto thee, and mine iniquity have I not
hid. I said, I will confess my transgressions unto the Lord ;
and thou forgavest the iniquity of my sin " ; and Rev. Mr.
Jones preached in the afternoon from Ezekiel xxii, 30 : " And
I sought for a man among them that should make up the lodge
and stand in the gap before me for the land that I should not
destroy it, but I found none."

They made that day an entry on their records as follows:
"This association, taking into their consideration the dark and
melancholy aspects of Providence towards us, a sinful people,
and what may be duty at such a time, think it necessary that
days of fasting and prayer be frequently observed by us and
our people."

The association met the following September at Hardwick,
but there is no record of any other meeting or transaction
until May 18, 1763, when they met again at the house of Rev.
Mr. Forbes, and from that time to the present there are
records of regular meetings every year.

This is the more remarkable in view of the fact that the

530 The Brookfield Association. [Oct

record states that on the 28th of October, 1789, or thirty- two
years after the association was organized, "it was proposed
that a book be purchased to preserve the doings of the asso-
ciation" ; and more than two years later, on the nth of Jan-
uary, 1792, " it was voted that the scribe purchase a book at the
expense of the association in which to record their transac-
tions." Into this book the doings of the previous years were
carefully copied.

The limits of the association have beeA various at differ-
ent times. It has embraced in all thirty different churches
in twenty-six different towns.^ It embraced in 1857 eighteen
churches in sixteen towns. It numbered within the century
one hundred and thirty different members. One hundred and
twenty-five of these were pastors, or stated supplies, and five
were devoting themselves to teaching, or had retired from
active service.

On the 6th of January, 1802, a letter and a committee were
received from The Northampton Association upon the sub-
ject of adopting measures " to facilitate a friendly and bene-
ficial intercourse amongst the ministers in the western counties
of the Commonwealth." The proposed scheme was approved
by the association, and a committee was appointed to meet
and confer with other committees for this purpose ; and
another committee was appointed to communicate this scheme
to other associations in the county of Worcester.

This was the germ of the General Association of Massachu-
setts. A convention of committees was held at Northamp-
ton, July 7, 1802, and their recommendations with regard to
a General Association were unanimously agreed to by this asso-
ciation. Although this association was among the first and
most active in the formatioti of the General Association, and
although it had been accustomed to send delegates to the
General Association from 1803 onwards, still we find the
record Jan. 4, 1809: "The association again took up the sub-
ject of uniting with the General Association. After much con-
versation upon the subject, voted, that we would unite with the
General Association upon the condition of withdrawing if we

1 The facts given in this paper respect only the first century of the association,
from 1757 to 1857.

1878.] The Broohfield Association. 531

shall see reason for it, without rendering an account to that
body."

Jan. 6, 1813, the association discussed the propriety of an
individual belonging to two associations at the same time,
and decided that it was not proper.

The exercises at the meetings of the association originally
consisted of a public lecture, prayers, and free consultation on
practical questions. A concio ad clertim was introduced June
30, 1773. Previous to 1779 there were no questions for dis-
cussion, but simply matters for advice, which came up inciden-
tally in their experience as pastors. There was no exegetical
exercise until 1795.

In the early history of the association the subject of infant
baptism came up in various forms, and seems to have received
more attention- than any other.

Without entering minutely into the order of exercises adopted
at the meetings, we will endeavor to arrange under distinct
subjects the doings of the association, and thus bring to view
its history and its character.

ECCLESIASTICAL ORDER.

As respects matters of ecclesiastical order, the association
has varied very much in its practice, sometimes assuming
doubtful authority, and at other times, particularly within the
last few years, cautiously avoiding any infringement of the
rights of the churches, or any invasion of the appropriate sphere
of an ecclesiastical council.

The responsibility of approbating or licensing individuals to
preach the gospel devolved, according to Congregational usage,
originally upon the churches (Wise*s Quarrel of the Churches Es-
poused)\ but since the beginning of the eighteenth century it
has been frequently assumed by ministerial associations. Some
associations, however, particularly the Mendon, have scrupu-
lously avoided the use of any language in their certificate of
approbation which would imply that it conferred on the indi-
vidual any right to preach or secured to him any privilege
apart from its acceptance by the churches. The Boston Asso-
ciation, which is one of the oldest in this country, did not grant
a certificate of approbation to preach until the year 1792, and

532 The Brookfield Association. [Oct

did it then with great hesitation. The Brookfield Association
gave its first certificate of this kind on the 19th of June, 1765,
and has, from that time to the present, licensed in all forty-four
different individuals ; and on the 31st of August, 1791, at the re-
quest of Rev. Mr. Paine, of Sturbridge, the association appointed
a committee of four to examine a candidate at his house, which
examination was to take place a few weeks after the meeting of
the association. This act of granting a license to preach
through a committee was certainly a stretch of Congregational
liberty.

The word " approbated," rather than " licensed," is generally
found in the early records ; but there is no evidence that the
^question whether an individual properly receives \i\& authority
under God to preach, from a church or from an association of
ministers, was ever discussed by the association. That the
importance of this general subject was early appreciated by
the members of this body is evident from the fact that on the
19th of June, 18 16, they unanimously adopted the following
regulations for licensing candidates : —

^^ First, It shall be required of the person to be examined that he shall
have received a public classical education at some college ; or, in case he
has not, he shall be examined by the association with respect to his ac-
quaintance with classical and sacred literature.

^''Second. That he shall have attended to his theological studies under
the direction of some known, judicious, and Orthodox divine, or at some
divinity college, for the term of two years ; that he bring a certificate from
such divine, or the instructors of such college, that he has diligently and
seriously pursued his studies ; that he be a member of some church, or be
particularly known as to his moral character, in some town within our
limits ; or shall have studied divinity with some one minister of the asso-
ciation for six months of the term above named, and bring a certificate of
his good church standing.

*' Third, That no one shall be approbated and licensed to preach under
the sanction of the association who is not of a good moral character, and
does not appear upon examination to be sound in the faith, competent in
his understanding of the gospel scheme and way of salvation, and in the
judgment of charity a man of real piety."

At the same time they passed the following vote : —

" That our delegates to the General Association at their next meeting
lay before that body the subject of licensing candidates for the ministry,
and request them to adopt some uniform practice as to the term of study

1878.] The Brookfiild Associdiion. 533

and the qualifications necessary for a young gentleman to be admitted to
an examination."

On the 20th of September of the previous year, the asso-
ciation voted to license no person to preach the gospel but for
three years. This still remains the rule, but in two instances
the grant has been renewed at the expiration of this period
(April 18, 1848, and Oct. 2, 1850).

This comparatively modern innovation of granting a license
for a sj)ecific time seems to import the exercise of authority
by the grantors. That such authority is vested in ministerial
associations appears to be implied in the language employed
by the Saybrook divines. (Articles of Church Discipline^ Sect.
12.) Still, this opinion has never been universally received in.
Massachusetts, and even in Connecticut the position is taken
by a committee of the General Association, in their Digest of
the Rules and Usages, prepared in 1 841, that "the certificate
of approbation or license to preach confers on the candidate
no ecclesiastical rank*or authority " (p. 308) ; and that while it
is called a license, "in imitation of Presbyterian usage" (note,
/rf.), this word is employed in a more restricted sense by Con-
gregationalists than by Presbyterians.

Since the granting of certificates of approbation to preach,
which originally devolved upon the churches, is now intrusted
by them exclusively to ministerial associations, and these asso-
ciations do not generally claim any ecclesiastical authority, it
is obviously proper that the language employed in a certificate
of licensure should not seem to import more than is actually
intended.

The ordination of evangelists who have never been elected
as pastors by any church is a practice which was foreign from
Congregationalism in the days of our fathers. If the exigen-
cies of modern times require it, an important question arises
as to who may properly assume the authority of this service.
It would seem most consonant with the general principles of
Congregationalism that the church of which the individual who
is to be ordained is a member should call an ecclesiastical
council for this purpose. In the Digest of the Rules and
Usages in the Consociations and Associations of Connecticut
(Part III, Sect. 5, note) it is distinctly stated that " the associa-

534 The Broohfield Assaciatum. [Oct.

tion by which candidates are licensed is not the body by which
ministers are ordained." Still, the Brookfield Association or-
dained as an evangelist Mr. John Field, on the 2d of Januarj',
1811, or, as the records express it, they " proceeded to conse-
crate him to the sacred work of the ministry."

On the 5th of October, 1831, the records state that Mr.
John A. Nichols, a licentiate for the gospel ministry, presented
himself with a request for ordination. Having exhibited satis-
factory testimonials, the association voted to proceed to his
examination, with which being satisfied, "voted to proceed to
the ordination." The several " parts," including a sermon, an
ordaining prayer, a charge, and a right hand of fellowship were
assigned and performed ; and thus he was " ordained, or set
apart to the work of the gospel ministry, with reference to
his laboring as an evangelist wherever God in His providence
shall call him."

On the 29th of April, 181 2, Mr. Rich, of Greenwich, re-
quested ordination as an evangelist, and the association voted
to appoint a committee of five from their own body, and to in-
vite three clergymen named, not members of their body, to
unite with said committee in forming an ecclesiastical council
to consecrate Mr. Rich to the sacred work of preaching the
gospel, and appointed the third Wednesday of the following
month for the solemnities of the ordination.

There is nothing in the records to show whether these cler-
gymen were in and of themselves to constitute what is here
called " an ecclesiastical council," or whether they were to in-
vite a lay delegation from their churches to share with them in
their responsibility ; but considering the practice of the asso-
ciation in the other instances named, it is probable that there
was no lay element in the council, so called.

These are the only instances of ordination mentioned in the
records, and it should be observed that in this assumption
of ecclesiastical power this association does not stand alone,
the Franklin Association having ordained a still larger number
of individuals. {History of Churches and Ministers in Franklin
County, p. 438.)

The subject of church discipline having been discussed in
several successive meetings, the opinion was expressed in June*

1878.] The Broohfield Association. 535

1818, by the majority present, that there are cases of offence
which a church may bring immediately before them, without
taking the particular steps mentioned in the eighteenth chapter
of Matthew.

The general subject of church discipline was afterwards
referred to a committee, which reported June 14, 182 1.

The existence in this association at an early period of a
proclivity to High-Churchism, if that term is admissible among
Congregationalists, appears from the fact that the first question
for discussion found on the record is the inquiry, " How far a
minister's power extends of baptizing or admitting persons into
the church ex-officio^ or without consulting a particular church ? "
This question was raised the 3d of March, 1779.

On the 1 8th of September, 18 16, they ''voted^ That we ap-
prove of the plan of consociation, can heartily recommend
the measure to our churches, and should wish to bring them to
the adoption of it as soon as may be convenient" But the
churches never adopted this recommendation.

Among the transactions of the association, however, there
are many things of an opposite character, showing a sensitive
regard for the prerogatives of the churches.

Thus, on the 27th of September, 1820, the following resolu-
tion was adopted unanimously : —

^^ Resolved^ That this association will invite each of the churches in
our connection to send a delegate annually to our meeting in June, to de-
liberate and act with this body upon all matters that may come before
them relating to church order and discipline ; and that questions for dis-
cussion respecting subjects of this nature be reserved to that meeting."

The first meeting of the conference was held June 13, 182 1, and
annual meetings have been held regularly ever since. Still, on
the i6th of June, 1826, they voted to organize a conference of
churches, and on the loth of June, 1828, the organization was
perfected by the adoption of a constitution, with the name
of the Brookfield Associational Conference of Churches, The
meeting of this body takes the place of the original June meet-
ing of the association, and is so far identified with the asso-
ciation itself that the records of both bodies are kept by the
same individual, in the same book.

In June, 1822, when a lay delegation was present, the asso-

SSCOND SERIES. — VOL. X, Na 4. 3

536 Th^ Brookfield AssaciaHon. [Oct

ciation took the ground that any member of the chmich chang-
mg his place of residence, and being in a situation to connect
himself with another church, ought to seek a change in his
church relation within one year, and if he neglect so to do^
without good and sufficient cause, it is the duty of the church
to deal with him for ** disorderly walk " ; that every church
has a right to examine those who desire to become members
of it by virtue of letters from sister churches, and that in the
state of things then existing, it was the duty of every church
to become satisfied that there was between themselves and
such individuals an essential agreement in their views <^
Christian doctrine and experimental religion ; and that a
church may receive into membership individuals in a neigh-
boring town when such individuals desire it, on the ground
that die minister where they belong is immoral and heretical,
and the church corrupt, after having ascertained by letter or
by a personal interview with the minister accounted thus un-
worthy that he is so in truth, — with the full understanding,
however, that this minister and his church may, if they desire
it, have an opportunity for a public hearing.

On the 1 2th of June, 1849, ^^^ Associational Conference
voted, " That it is the duty of church members to pay their
proportion of the expense of supporting the institutions of the
gospel, and that to refuse to do so is a disciplinable offence."

At the meeting in 1822, when a lay delegation was present,
the inquiry was raised as to the expediency of the association's
recommending to the churches the adoption of a uniform con-
fession of faith and covenant, and the subject was submitted
to a committee to report the following year. In accordance
with their report in 1823, Rev. Messrs. Stone, Snell, and Vaill
were appointed a committee to draft a Confession of Faith and
Covenant Their report was rendered in October, 1824, and
after being amended by the association, it was submitted to
the churches and generally adopted by them.

In June, 1848, it was voted, " That each church be allowed
to send any number of delegates, but when three members of
the conference shall request it, the vote on any question shall
be by churches."

On the 8th of January, 1818, the association appointed a

1878;] The Brookfield Association. 537

committee to collect, and present to this body at some subse-
quent meeting, such documents and observations as would
throw light upon the nature and constitution of Congre-
gational churches. It does not appear from the. records that
this committee ever made any report

Notwithstanding the vote in 1820, to reserve questions of an
ecclesiasticd nature for consideration at the June meeting
when a lay delegation was present, many questions of thb
nature came before the association at their other meetings.
Thus, in. September, 1820, the association investigated the
rights of Congregational churches as to the election of their
pastors. It would seem that some towns were disposed to elect
their religious teachers, independently of any preference or ac*
lion of the church. It was then

** Resolved, as the opii^ioa of this association, that all attempts to settle
religious teachers or ministers ^thoot the choice of the church ace irreg-
ular, and ought to be s tidily and uniformly discountenanced."

Also, ''That we will take no part in settling religious teachers, and will
obey no call to sit in council, in which the rights of the churches are con-
travened or not recognized.'' .

The advice of the association was sought from time to time
by individual Christians and by churches. Thus, on the 20th
of April, 1825, their opinion was asked in respect to organiz-
ing a church in Ware Village, and their judicious reply was
that while they viewed the matter to be of great importance,
the only proper body to give advice in the case was an eccle-
siastical council.

In 1823 the association, moved by a sensitive regard for the
principles of church discipline, addressed a communication to
an ecclesiastical council, convened to ordain a pastor over
" the Calvinist Church, in Worcester," requesting said council
to investigate the facts connected with the history of that
church, involving the relations of the members of that church
to the First Church, in Worcester, and the real standing and
claims of the Calvinist Church as an organized body.

The report of the committee, which presented their commu-
nication, was printed by this association.

On the 7th of January, 1830, a member of the association
having asked advice *' respecting the case of a sister church

538 The BrookfieU Association. [Oct.

having received a member who had been excommunicated from
the church of which he was pastor," the association passed a
resolution, "That for one church to receive into their fellow-
ship and communion an excommunicated member of a sister
church of the same faith is highly irregular, and calculated to
prostrate all discipline in our churches/' and appointed ** a com-
mittee to visit the offending church and labor with them in
regard to the offence." This transaction of the association
seems to involve an active participation in ecclesiastical affairs.

August 2, 1843, the association received a communication
from Hampshire East Association, on the principles of Con-
gp'egationalism in connection with ecclesiastical councils.
This important document was referred to a committee, which
reported October 4, of the same year, but that report is not
extant

On the 7th of January, 1845, ^^ association listened to a
" Review of Dr. Woods' Objection to Episcopacy," and an " Es-
say on Church Government," and the record states that these
" excited great interest, and called forth from the body many
remarks which were decidedly Congregational."

But on the 4th of March, 1845, when convened to consider
and advise respecting an " unfinished report " of a State com-
mittee, appointed at a meeting of Congregational ministers,
which was held in Boston, May 29, 1844, "^<^ take into con-
sideration what measures are necessary for the reaffirmation
and maintnance of the principles and spirit of Congregation-
alism," this association voted, " That a change in respect to the
state of Congregational discipline is desirable and practicable"

At this meeting a proposed resolution, in favor of a lay dele-
gation in the General Association, was rejected by a tie vote,
The same point was up for discussion on the 22d of April, of
the following year, and decided in the same way by a vote of
eight to six. At the meeting in March, 1845, a resolution ex-
pressing the opinion that Congregationalism admits of no ap-
peal from the decisions of individual churches, was passed by
a vote of twelve to one.

A resolution, " That it is consistent with Congregationalism
that if any individual member or members of a church feel
themselves injured by the proceedings of their brethren, they

1878.] The Brookfield Association. 539

have a right to request their brethren to unite with them in
calling a mutual council ; and, if refused, to call an ex-parte
council to review the case and make their result," was moved,
but lost.

The association then recommended, "That Congregational
churches adopt the plan of requiring all who join them by let-
ter to give assent to their confession of faith and covenant."

They also voted, "That Congregationalists should reject the
idea of having a standing council."

On the 2 1st of March, 1764, it was unanimously decided,
"That all confessions, whether of church members or others,
except in special cases, ought to be made before the whole con-
gregation." Eighty-four years afterwards, on the 4th of Jan-
uary, 1848, the question was considered whether the votes of
churches regarding the excommunication of members should
be read publicly before the church and congregation on the
Sabbath. " A diversity of opinion existed among the brethren,
but the majority were inclined to think that the public reading
of such votes is unnecessary."

In August, 1839, the subject of dismissing members from
the association came up for discussion, and the position was
taken that there were two methods by which connection with
the association may be dissolved, — the first by a removal from
its limits, and forming a connection with another association,
the second by a formal dismission and recommendation ; that
neither course should be adopted in the form of a rule, but that
any member requesting a formal dismission, receive one, with
a certificate of regular standing, under the hand of the scribe.

But lest a certificate of standing and a formal recommenda-
tion should be understood or employed as giving ecclesiastical
standing, on the 14th of August, 1855, it was

" Voted^ That whenever any member of this association desires a letter
of dismission and recommendation to another association, the scribe be
authorized to give a certificate of membership, accompanied with the
statement that we leave the ecclesiastical standing of our members in the
hands of ecclesiastical councils, and that their particular relations to this
association are terminated by their absence."

These are the principal points of an ecclesiastical nature
which have been developed in the doings of this body.

540 Tk€ Brookfidd Associathn. [Oct.

It may appropriately be stated that the time has never been
when this association did not enjoy the confidence and affec-
tion of the churches over which its members have been called
to preside ; and certain it is that there is no disposition in
the association, as now constituted, to assume ecclesiastical
authority, or, if we may adopt the familiar phraseology found in
the dedicational epistle of John Cotton's Book of the Keys^
there is no disposition to 'intrench or impair the privilege
of entire jurisdiction committed to each congregation." In-
stead of exercising dominion, we are ready to heed the precepts
and example of Him who " came not to be ministered unto,
but to minister, and to g^ve his life a ransom for many."

EDUCATION.

The deep interest which the association has taken in the
cause of education is variously indicated in its records. Thus
as early as the 6th of January, 1802, the association was
united in the opinion that schoolmasters should be advised to
pray morning and evening, and have the Bible read in their
schools.

On the 17th of September, 18 17, they took the following
action : —

'^ Resolvedy That this association consider the moral and religions in-
struction of children and youth in our common schools of very high impor-
tance ; that we recommend to each member of this body who may judge
its expedient, early in the season to preach upon the subject to his people,
urging upon them a serious attention to it ; and that he take such measures
as in his judgment shall be most likely to secure the choice of moral and
able instructors as most conducive to the general object.''

On the 14th of April, 1 829, the subject of school books was
presented for discussion, and particular prominence was given
to The American Reader.

In October, 1838, the duties of clergymen to common schools
were duly considered also.

On the 17th of April, 1839, various matters connected with
common-school education were made subjects of discussion,
and at the meeting in August of the same year, resolutions
were passed unanimously approving of the establishment by

18/8.] Th$ Brookfield Assodaium. 541

the Board of Education of a Normal School at Barre, and com-
mending that institution to the confidence and patronage of
the community.

In June, 1835, the conference entertained the purpose to
sustain an agent for the|promotion of common education at the
West.

In January, 1844, the association gave its influence in favor
of the promotion of collegiate and theological education at the
West

In January and in April, 1846, a plan for a lyceum was pre-
sented and discussed.

On the 2 1st of April, 18 19, the association, by a vote of ten
to one, adopted a resolution in favor of effecting a union be-
tween Williams College and what was then " a charitable insti-
tution established in the town of Amherst, for the classical
education of indigent, pious young men of talent, for the gos-
pel ministry."

On the 13th of June, 1821, the association, with a lay dele-
gation from the churches, out of regard to the interests of
literature, and more especially the interests of the church,
unanimously adopted resolutions in favor of Amherst as the
site for a college, in favor of raising to a collegiate rank the
institution previously established in that town, and pledged
their patronage and influence for the furtherance of this object

The subject of sustaining Amherst College was fully dis-
cussed in June, 1839, and came up again in August, 1841,
particularly in connection with the fact that Rev. Joseph Vaill,
then a member of this body, had been appointed financial sec-
retary of that institution. On every occasion when that sub-
ject was considered, the entire sympathy and support of the
association were given to the college. Not only a financial
secretary, but five trustees of that institution and two members
of the board of overseers of its charity funds have been selected
from individuals who were at the time or had been members of
this association.

The first president of the college was chosen from among the
pastors in this association, and the distinguished professor, who
has had a longer connection with the college than any other
officer, is the son of one of the pastors also.

$42 The Brookfield Association. [Oct.

The difficulty which the several pastors found in procuring
for themselves such books and means of improvement as they
needed, led to a consideration of the establishment of an asso-
ciational library, and their action on this point further illus-
trates the educational standard of sentiment prevailing in this
body.

As early as April 15, 18 18, this subject came up for discus-
sion, and it was voted " that it b expedient to form an asso-
ciational library," and a committee was appointed to draft a
constitution. Rev. Micah Stone, of Brookfield, originally con-
stituted that committee, but subsequently Rev. Drs. Fiske and
Snell were added.

This committee reported June 16, 1819, and the constitution
was then adopted, and Rev. Mr. Stone chosen librarian and
clerk.

In June, 1820, a project was started to select some book or
books of a popular and useful kind, and publish them for the
benefit of the library company. This scheme was changed to
an effort on the part of the association to furnish original mat-
ter for a volume which should be published for the benefit of
the library company; and in January, 1821, this effort was
abandoned because the members of the association could not
agree in its accomplishment.

In January, 1825, the library company solicited of the Legisla-
ture an act of incorporation. As the result, a general Act was
passed in the following month, authorizing " any seven settled
and ordained ministers of the gospel within this Commonwealth,
who shall become proprietors in common of any theological
library," to form themselves into a society or body politic, with
corporate powers.

On the fifth of October of the same year, in accordance with
the provisions of this Act of the Legislature, the library com-
pany was incorporated under the name of " The Theological
Society in the Town of Brookfield." This society seems to
have been in a flourishing condition for some ten years. It
collected a valuable library, and doubtless did a good work in
supplying the need of the ministry, whose salaries were small
and literary advantages comparatively meagre.

Gradually, however, as greater facilities were afforded for

1878.] The Broohfield Association. 543

securing private libraries, the interest in this object diminished,
and in January, 1839, I^r. Tyler requested a donation of this
library to the Theological Institute at East Windsor, Conn.,
but it was voted that the members of the society had no con-
stitutional right to make such a grant.

In 1849, the library having "fallen into disuse by the mem-
bers of the association generally," the constitution was remod-
elled, " locating the library permanently in the town of Brook-
field, confiding it to the care of Rev. Micah Stone, for the use of
the association, during his life, and on his decease, in like man-
ner and on like conditions, in perpetuam, to his successors in the
ministerial office, and providing that when there is no pastor
of the evangelical church in Brookfield, it shall be the duty
of the theological society, and in their default, of the Brook-
field Association, to appoint a committee to take charge of
the library. That the librarian, at the annual meeting of the
Brookfield Association, shall make a report of the state of the
library," etc. " That the pastor of the evangelical church in
Brookfield, when uniting with the association, shall be inquired
of as to whether he will take the responsibility and faithfully
discharge the duties of librarian, and that the scribe of the
association shall make the communication of the librarian's
report an item on the docket at the annual meeting in
January."

Rev. Mr. Stone bequeathed a valuable portion of his own
private library to this theological society, and there are now
nearly four hundred volumes in the library, besides many rare
pamphlets.

The educational standard of the association is also illustrated
in its action as to the licensure of preachers, making it a con-
dition of, or prerequisite to, receiving a license or certificate
of approbation, that the candidate shall have completed a regu-
lar course of collegiate education, or have made such attain-
ments in classical knowledge as this body, after due examina-
tion, shall deem an equivalent, and have pursued a two years'
course of theological study.

Although this rule has in one or two instances been waived,
still it has generally guided the action of the association.

In April, 1840, the association refused to examine an appli-

544 TkB Bro^tfidd AssadaHm. [Oct

cant for license to preach because he had not pursued r^ular
theological studies for the jH-escribed length of time. By a
high standard as to ministerial qualifications, the clerical pro*-
fession has secured and retained the respect of the community,
and thus set an example which it would have been well for the
other learned professions to have imitated.

The interest which has been felt in this association in com*
mon schools, colleges, and the cause (^ education generally, is
still cherished ; and our educational standard, as reelects the
ministry, although with a liberalness of view we may be ready
to meet exigencies and special calls for laborers, we trust will
not be lowered, since, at the present day, the ministry is called
peculiarly to withstand all forms of competition on the arena of
intellectual rencounter.

Nearly allied to the cause of educaticm is that of

SABBATH SCHOOLS.

The first mention made of Sabbath schools in the records of
this association is under the date of June 9, 1830, and then
there is only the simple statement that a meeting was held
having that subject for consideration. The following year we
find the attestation that the cause of Sabbath schools had greatly
advanced.

As early as September, 1806, the association agreed that
each member should write a discourse designed for youth, to be
read at their next meeting, and if thought expedient, be
preached publicly, as they met from place to place.

In 1825 a committee was appointed to consider the subject
of the training of the children of the church, and their report,
now on file, was rendered on the 15 th of June of that year.

In a record of the meeting of the conference, June 12, 1833^
we find the following entry : " At half past eight attended the
anniversary of the Sabbath-school union of Brookfield and vi-
cinity. Various addresses were made." When or where this
society or union was formed, does not api>ear. And in June,
183s, a resolution was adopted " that a committee be appointed,
to report at the next meeting of the association some plan for
a new organization, and that the ministers composing this oon-

1878.] Tifi BrookfiM AssotiaHm. 545

ference will meanwhile invite some neighboring clergyman to
preach on the subject of Sabbath schools to their people, and
report the state of the school to the secretary."

The plan for a new organization was not presented until
April 20, 1836, and even then it was not recorded.

At the conference in June, 1836, it was —

''^ Resolved, That we call a convention of the superintendents and teach-
ers of our S^bath schools for mutual consultation in relation to the best
means of promoting the interests of Sabbath schools, and of sirring up
each other's minds to fidelity in duty."

A convention, to consist of the pastors, together with one or
more chosen by each Sabbath school, was appointed to meet
the following week at South Brookfield.

Thus we see that the Sabbath-school conventions called
within the last few years are in accordance with the example
set by this association many years ago.

On the 13th of June, 1849, ^^^ superintendents of the Sab-
bath schools recommended the holding of another Sabbath-
school convention, and appointed it to be held at West Brook-
field, on the first Tuesday of the following September, and also
requested " the several pastors to preach a discourse to their
congregations on the duties and obligations of church members
to aid in sustaining Sabbath schools," and the conference voted
that they approved of the plan thus suggested.

From 1836, when the first convention was held, to the pres-
ent time, the subject of Sabbath schools has had a prominent
place in the affections ^nd in the public transactions of this
body. Its claims have uniformly been presented at the meet-
ing of the conference in June.

In 1838 this subject was discussed under the three spe-
cific topics : First, The benefits and evils of Sabbath schools.
Second, The improvement which may be made in their man-
agement. Third. What may be done by the conference to
give them greater efficiency.

In June, 1839, ^^ executive committee of four, of whom one
should be secretary, was appointed by the conference to take
charge of the Sabbath-school interests within the bounds of the
conference. And this form of organization has been retained
to the present time.

54^ The Brookfield Association. [Oct.

Excellent statistical reports of the condition of the Sabbath
schools in various churches in this conference in the years
1846 and 1847, prepared by Rev. David N. Coburn, are pre-
served on file.

It appears that in 1847, in 13 churches there were 282 Sab-
bath-school teachers, 2,352 scholars, and within the year 43
hopeful conversions among the scholars. In the Sabbath-school
libraries there were 4,824 volumes. Four of the schools had
teachers' meetings. Six took up collections for benevolent
objects. Ten observed the Sabbath-school concert of prayer.
There were eight juvenile benevolent societies connected with
these schools, and four juvenile temperance societies. The
report also embraced the record of seven maternal associations.

In 1847 the conference appointed a committee to examine
question books and ascertain their particular excellences and
defects, and their adaptation to different ages and circumstances.
In 1848 they voted that the superintendents of Sabbath schools
be constituent members of the conference.

On the second day of the meeting of the conference an hour
and a half is devoted to the consideration of the general subject
of Sabbath schools.

In 1850 the question was discussed, " How shall ministers
influence young men so as to attach them to the institutions
of the gospel t " This interest which the association has so
long felt in Sabbath schools and in the young may well be
cherished. It has been said that the true theory of the circu-
lation of the blood, when discovered and promulgated by the
distinguished Harvey, was not adopted by any physician who
was over forty years of age ; and sure we are that the history of
our churches abundantly proves that youth, as the plastic period
of life, is the seed-time, on the due improvement of which,
under God, we must chiefly rely.

MORALITY.

This association has shown no favor to the Antinomian
theory of the gospel dispensation. It has never regarded the
covenant of grace as involving a release from the obligations of
the law. It has never limited the preaching of the gospel to
the promulgation of pardon through Jesus Christ It never.

1878.] The Brookfield Association. 547

with papal impiety sold, nor with a degenerate Protestant pie-
tism, such as Spener never conceived, granted indulgences.
But leaving the giving of a bill of divorcement of a religious
experience from a strict morality to the followers of Agricola,
this association has felt the obligating power alike of the first
and second table of the law, and has endeavored to enforce the
precepts and example of our Lord as embracing piety toward
God and morality in the relations of social life.

The subject of morals has come up before the association in
several distinct forms as respects the Sabbath, — temperance,
peace, and freedom.

THE SABBATH.

On the 2d of January, 1805, a request having been made by
the Central Association in the county of Hampshire that this
association should confer with their committee upon the subject
of respectfully addressing the State Legislature to secure the
passage of a law which may more effectually prevent travelling
on the Sabbath, a committee was chosen, consisting of the
three pastors in the town of Brookfield.

On the 5th of January, 1814^ the association, at the request
of the grand jury in the county of Hampshire, voted to petition
the State Legislature to adopt some measure to prevent the
increasing profanation of the Christian Sabbath.

In April of the same year, the following preamble and reso-
lutions were adopted : —

" Whereas a reformation of morals is desirable and important ; and this
object is to be effected under Providence by the exertions of individuals,
and by none more than those of the ministers of the gospel, especially by
avoiding every appearance of evil, and being an example to their flocks :
and whereas, the practice of travelling upon the Sabbath for the purpose
of exchanging pulpits, is wickedly perverted by many to justify this profa-
nation of the Lord's day, and is the cause of stumbling to some :

" Resolvedy Therefore, as the opinion of this association, that the before-
mentioned practice is inconsistent with Christian circumspection and
ministerial prudence, and ought to be avoided by the members of this
body, excepting when dictated by i sense of duty.

" Also, Resolved^ That in conformity with the above opinion, we, the
members of Brookfield Association, will abstain from the above-mentioned
practice in all cases not coming within the exception already described."

548 Th€ BrookfieU Association. [Oct

In a sketch of the state of religion in this association at the
commencement of the present century, prepared by Dr. John
Fiske, of New Braintree, at the close of the first half of the cen-
tury, he states : " It is believed, as a general rule, the ministers
of this association exchanged about one fourth or one third
part of the time. . . . And it was the general practice to go
and return on the same day at almost all distances within our
circle."

We may add it is the prevalent custom at the present time
(1857) to travel on the Sabbath when we make an exchange
in an adjoining parish. Sometimes, when we go a greater
distance for an exchange, to avoid a separation from our fami-
lies an unnecessary length of time, we sometimes return in the
evening following the Sabbath day. A frequent and prolonged
absence from especially a young or feeble family is felt by
many to be a greater evil than the giving of an occasion for the
wicked perversion which may sometimes be made of our exam-
ple. We are accountable for what we do, and for its legitimate
influence, but not always for the abuse which the sons of Belial
make of what we do.

At the conference in June, 1828, the subject of promoting
the better observance of the Sabbath was duly considered, and
the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : —

'* Resolved^ That the profanation of the Christian Sabbath is, in the view
of this body, an evil threatening appalling consequences to the com-
munity.

*' Resolved^ That we regard the efforts of the present day to promote the
better observance of the Sabbath with lively interest, and as deserving the
special consideration of the churches.

'^ Resolvedy That we feel it to be our duty, as ministers and Christians,
to second the present movements of the friends of the Sahbath by a prompt
and efficient co-operation.

^^Resolvedf That we who compose this meeting pledge ourselves to
each other and to the Christian public, to refrain from all secular employ-
ments on the Sabbath ; from all travelling on that day, except in cases of
necessity and mercy ; and that we will do all in our power to promote in
our families and in the community the observance of the Sabbath accord-
ing to the Scriptures."

In October, 1834, the association

VoUdf that the members of this body prepare answers to the

1878.] Tifi BfWfhfiM AssodatPM. 549

following questions, and present them at the next meet-
ing:—

First. What is the population of your parish ?

Second. What is the number who attend meetmg ha-
bitudly ?

Third. What number have you in your congregation in
good weather ?

Fourth. How many in your parish are unable to attend ?

Fifth. How many able to attend habitually neglect ?

In January, 1835, answers were given to these questions,
showing that the majority of the people in the towns reported
did not habitually attend public worship.

A committee was then appointed to prepare an address to
the friends of ChVist and religious order within the limits of
the association, on the subject of attendance on public wor-
ship, this address to be submitted to the association and then
to be published. No copy of that address appears on file.

At the conference in June, 1839, ^^ subject of the desecra^
tion of the Sabbath was discussed, and it was —

*^ Resolved^ That we instruct our delegates to the General Association
of the Commonwealth to request that body respectfully to memorialise the
proper authorities connected with the several railroads within our borders,
that these improved facilities for travelling may not be made a means of
sapping the very foundations of morals and the Christian religion, by
promoting the desecration of the Sabbath."

On the Sth of October, 1842, the association unanimously
adopted a resolution, " That the members of this body, if it be
not especially inconvenient, will preach upon the duty of ob-
serving the Sabbath to their respective congregations, some
time the present month." And we think it may be truly said
that at the present time the sanctity of the Lord's day is felt,
and in a good measure regarded, by all the members of this
association.

TEMPERANCE.

The first mention of the subject of temperance in the records
of this body is found under the date of Sept. 29, 18 13. Then,
at the suggestion of the General Association of the State, the
subject was taken up, and it was unanimously —

SSO The Brookfidd Association. [Oct

^ Votedy That we, members of the Brookfidd Association, In view c^ the
prevailing sin of intemperance and its pernicious effects and its widely
destructive influence in society, resolve that we will use no ardent spirit,
unless we think it necessary for our health, and by our preaching, our
example, our conversation, and our whole influence, will endeavor to pre-
vent the excessive and needless use of it among the people' of our respec-
tive charges."

Addresses on the subject of temperance were delivered by
Dr. Snell and Rev. Mr. WUder, before the conference, in 1829.
The following year it was stated at the conference that the
cause of temperance was advancing '' as rapidly as its most
ardent friends could anticipate."

In January, 1832, the association considered the subject of
" Temperance in Churches."

In August, 1838, the association discussed the question,
'' Ought ministers of the gospel to go to the polls in order to as-
sist in sustaining the law of the last Legislature, repealing the
license laws ? "

The affirmative opinion was unanimous.

In June, 1841, there was a free, animated, and highly inter-
esting discussion on temperance, and the conference voted to
request the brethren to associate themselves for effort, in such
ways as they shall find best adapted to promote temperance in
their respective places.

In August, 1842, the association voted to sustain the Ameri-
can Temperance Union, by a seasonable contribution to its
funds, and took similar action also the following year.

In January, 1844, the duties of ministers upon the subject
of temperance came up again for consideration.

At the commencement of the present century, according to
the testimony of Dr. Fiske, " such arduous labors as ministers
were called to endure at that time, especially on the Sabbath
day, it was generally thought required the sustaining power of
some comforting cordials, and of the best dinner of the week
between meetings, which were always furnished without grudge
or measure."

At the present time it would but faintly represent the posi-
tion of this association to say that all its members are temper-
ance men. There is probably not one who is not a teetotaler
and an advocate of a prohibitory law.

1878.] The Brookfield Association. 551

As kindred to the general subject of temperance, the use of
tobacco has received the attention of the association. It first
came up for discussion Aug. 2, 1842, and was declared to be a
great evil. At the meeting in August, 1854, Rev. Mr. Trask
presented the subject of narcotics, and the association —

^^ Resolved^ That we believe that the habitual use of tobacco is injurious
to health, is inflicting severe evils upon church and State, that it is immoral
in its tendencies, and that the time has come when we should use our in-
fluence against it in such ways as may seem to us most proper and
effective."

PEACE.

The subject of "War" was first presented in an address
before the conference, in June, 1842, by Rev. G. C. Beckwith,
and the association adopted unanimously the following reso-
lutions : —

'^ I. That the gospel, rightly applied, will, and nothing else can, abol-
ish war ; that all Christians ought, in their respective spheres, to use their
best endeavors for securing such an application of the gospel as shall put
an end to this custom wherever Christianity prevails.

^' II. That the pacific principles of the gospel, like all its other truths,
ought to be inculcated by ministers, by pious parents, and all persons
charged with the business of instruction.

^' III. That we commend the cause of peace to the prayers and patron-
age of our churches, as an important auxiliary to the world's salvation, and
recommend especially the circulation of puUications on this subject."

On the 6th of January, 1847, Dr. Snell read an essay before
the association, on the question, " Is all war inconsistent with
Christianity ?" supporting the negative as respects defensive
war ; and the members, generally approving of the sentiments
expressed, requested a copy of the essay for publication.

This is all the action which the association has ever taken
on the subject. There is prevailing at the present time among
its members a sense of justice, a recognition of the right of
self-defence, a belief in the rightful power of civil government
over human life, a maintenance, in cases of wilful murder, of
the propriety of the death penalty^ and still there is cherished
a strong conviction against the sanguinary custom of deciding
issues by an appeal to arms, and a disposition to pray and labor
for the hastening of that day when they shall learn war no
more.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4. 4

553 The Btw>l^idd Ass^ckOi&n. [Oet

FREEDOli.

The first mention which is made of the Subject of slavery in
the records of the association is found under date of Oct 4,
i837> when Rev. Mr. Stone was designated to prepaiie an essay
exhibiting the Biblical view of that subject.

On the 17th of April, 1839, ^^v. Mr. Woodbridge read an
essay on the question, '' To what extent are the precepts of the
Pentateuch now in force?" The subjects of slavery and war
were incidentally considered, and these institutions were rep-
resented as having been sanctioned by Divine legislation re-
specting them, and hence it was argued that the relation of
master and slave, and war are not in themselves necessarily
sinful, while yet the writer disclaimed all intention of defend-
ing the American or any other system of slavery, or the wars
which men now wage. An interesting discussion ensued,
which disclosed a diversity of opinion in the association, espe-
cially on the subject of slavery.

On the 7th of January, 1840, the question was discussed,
" What is the duty of those pastors who do not sympathize
with abolition agents, as to inviting them to preach on the
Sabbath ? " and it was the general opinion that the fact that
a minister is an abolition agent ought not to shut him out of
our pulpits, but that the question should be determined by the
character which an agent sustains and the course which he
pursues.

On the 5th of August, 1840, we find the record, "The sub-
ject of slavery came up in a desultory and somewhat personal
and piquant discussion, which closed, however, without harm."

April 20, 1 84 1, Rev. Mr. Fay read an essay on the question,
" Is it right to aid a slave who has escaped from his master, in
going to a land of freedom } " and maintained the afiirmative,
and the association generally coincided with this view. At
the conference in 1843, a Deacon Dodge, of Salem, addressed
the meeting respecting church action on the subject of slavery,
and proposing to visit the churches he was commended by
difierent members of the conference.

On the 23d 'bf April, 1845, ^^^ association, in reponse to a
communication received from the Worcester Central Associa-

187S.] Tk€ Brookfield Assaciaiion. 553

tion, adopted, by a vote of twelve to three, the resolution,
" That it is in our opinion expedient for the General Associa*
tion of Massachusetts to address the General Assembly of the
Presbyterian Church on the subject of slavery as existing
within their bounds."

Oct 8, 1845, t^6 question whether it is right in any case to
receive a slave-holder into a Christian church was decided in
the affirmative by a vote of eleven to twa

April 21, 1847, ^^ association having been addressed by
Rev. Joshua Leavitt on the duty of giving the Bible to slaves,
through the medium of the American Bible Society, adopted
unanimously, and ordered to be printed the following preamble
and resolution : -r-

** Whereas^ The Word of God was given by Divine authority for all men,
and all, including the slaves of our country, are entitled to receive it :

^^R§sohftilt That we are ready to co-operate with the American BiUc
Society in furnishing the Bible for &e slaves, as the providence of God
shall open the door."

At the meeting of the conference in June, 1854, the follow-
ing resolutions were adopted : — ^

"In view of the present critical aspects of the cause of freedom in our
country, —

^* Resohuedy That we deem it the duty of the ministry and the church
in their varied relations to take an open, an unequivocal position in favor
of universal liberty as one article in * the faith once delivered to the saints.'

*^ Resolved^ That we will co-operate in an unceasing agitation of #ie sub-
ject of slavery until the infamous Fugitive Slave Law is repealed and free-
dom regains that nationality of which it has been ignominiously despoiled.

** Resolvedy That the cause of the slave should enlist the sympathies
and energies of the church militant until a jubilee shaU be proclaimed
throughout all lands.

" Resolved^ That the American Tract Society should regard the earnest
desire expressed last year by the Massachusetts General Association, in
respect to publications on the subject of slavery, ere it can claim our
sympathy and support.

*^ Resolved^ That our delegates to the Massachusetts General Associa«>
tion be instructed to use their influence to have such men sent as delegates
to the Old and New School Presbyterian General Assemblies as will be
true representatives of the anti-slavery sentiment of Massachusetts, and
to have those delegates instructed to speak out manfully on the great
question of slavery, or if not allowed so to speak, to withdraw from those
ecclesiastical bodies."

3$4 72r Bwml^dd AtwnMwm. [Oct.

Tims the antMhtciy ftarartrr fl£ tiie a\%orijtinn has
gradnally dcfdopcd and has bow attajncd to a standard hi^ilj
creditable to its membcnL

On the 7th of Jannarj, iSffig the association rijTvsffl
tbeir disapproval of lOTZf s^cuius. On gnrstions of morals
«c hesitate not to take a stand, iecfii^ that thejr are a^ipro-
priatdj widiin the qihere of ministenal dotj. Nor can «c
Ttgud it any less than a device* of Satan when politicians
combine a great moral sobject with their party schemes
and then forbid the ministers of God to discnss diat sub-
ject or make an application to it of the princqiks of the
gospd^ While we would not depart from oor appropriate
sphere as teachers <rf pore religion and a strict morali^,
we can never consent that the Devfl should evade us by
making pditics a ci^ of refuge, to which he may flee and
claim exemption from our interference or power. Neither the
old moT the new dispensation provides such accommodations
ior the enemy of all righteousness. Nor do we fear dis-
cussion, for we adopt the Scriptural motto, " First pure, thm
peaceable."

BEKEVOLENT ORGANIZATIONS.

This association and the churches identified with it have
engaged nobly in the missionary enterprises of our day.

As early as January, 1803, a communication was received
from dr. Lyman suggesting that this association unite with
the Hampshire Missionary Society, and an answer was re-
turned that this association thought it more expedient to
attempt the formation of a missionary society in Worcester
County.

At the meeting of this association April 30, 1806, about
seven years after the organization in Boston of the Massachu-
setts Missionary Society, and more than four years before
the A. B. C. F. M. was instituted, it was voted that we will
make the attempt to form a missionary society in the county
of Worcester, and that the moderator communicate to the
several associations in the county our resolution, inviting
them to unite with us in the scheme. Rev. Messrs. Ward,
Pope, and Crosby were appointed a committee to meet at

1878.] The Brookfield Association. 555

Rutland on the second Wednesday of the September following
to attend, with committees from other associations, to the
subject

This committee reported that the convention of committees
from a number of associations in Worcester County thought it
expedient to make the attempt to form a missionary society.

A convention was consequently called to meet at Lancaster
in the fall of 1807, for the organization of the missionary
society.

As Rev. Messrs. Ward and Pope excused themselves from
attending, Rev. Messrs. Snell and Stone were appointed in
their stead at a meeting on the 29th of April, 1807.

This proposed missionary society was organized at Lan-
caster, but although there was at that time no separating line
between Orthodox and Unitarian divines, still this missionary
society was thrown, by an influence from other parts of the
county, into the hands of individuals who were in fact Unita-
rians. Consequently this association, although it had given
origin to that society, did not continue to co-operate with it
for a longer period than some two years.

Foiled in this benevolent enterprise, the Brookfield Associa-
tion did not attempt any other organized missionary operation
for some fifteen years. During this period the churches in
their isolated capacity labored or contributed for objects of
charity. Thus, in 181 2, Dr. Snell preached a sermon to his
own people on temperance, in which he urged them to reduce
the amount of ardent spirit which they were accustomed to
drink, and from what they might thus save, pecuniarily, make
a contribution to foreign missions, agreeing to save in this way,
for this object, three dollars from his own expenses.

On the 7 th of January, 1824, the association —

^' Resolved^ That they cordially approve of the efforts made by the
American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions through their
agent, Mr. Samuel A. Worcester, to organize associations in towns and
parishes within their limits, with a view to form one or more societies aux-
iliary to the A. B. C. F. M."

They voted also that they would do all that they consistently
could to form such associations.

Members of these several missionary associations assembled

5S6 The Brookfield Association. [Oct

at Brookfield West Parish, on the 28th of October, 1824, and
organized *'The Auxiliary Foreign Mission Society of the
Brookfield Association."

Rev. Dr. Snell preached a sermon at the first meeting of the
society, and Rev. Alvan Bond preached at the fourth annual
meeting, and both discourses were published. Dr. Fiske, of
New Braintree, was president of the society for the first twenty
years of its eJcistence, and Rev. Mr. Stone was secretary the
first eleven years.

This society has been sustained to the present time, and
has always been in a vigorous condition. Its annual meeting
is held on the Tuesday following the third Monday in October.
It now embraces a gentlemen's association and a ladies' asso-
ciation in almost every parish connected with the Brookfield
Conference, and in some parishes also a juvenile association.
Within the thirty-three years of its existence it has contributed
for the sending of the gospel to the heathen world, f 82,544.34.

The names of the contributors and the amount given by each
individual are published in the annual report ; to this measure
objections have been raised from time to time, but the vast
majority have ever been ready to sustain it. Our contribu-
tions to this object may thus have been augmented by the
appeal which is made to the spirit of emulation. In some
instances, through an abuse of this custom, the spirit of
ambition and of pride may have been fostered. Still if,
in our benevolent operations, we would shut out all oppor-
tunity for the entrance of these unholy motives, we must
always take contributions instead of subscriptions, and indeed
these contributions must be made in the darkness, so that no
one will know who are the contributors.

Unsanctified human nature in its useful acts is always, to
some extent, prompted by selfishness in some of its forms ; yet
He who causeth the wrath of man to praise Him, does not pre-
clude all possible occasions of the exercise of a carnal disposi-
tion.

An incidental advantage of great practical moment has
resulted from our custom, for by a minute comparison of the
records from year to year, we may learn the progress which is
made in the cause of benevolence, and the general principles

J

iS/S] The Brookfield Association. S%7

which control men in their charitable contributions, — all
which is abundantly illustrated in the mission report for the
year 1852.

By printing the names of contributors and the amount sub-
scribed by each, even to the benefactions of a little child, we
have given prominence to the primary sources from which our
benevolent operations derive their power; we have guarded
and cherished the little fibrous roots on which the stately tree
is dependent for its nourishment.

There is nothing which a perverse mind may not pervert,
and it is only the heaven-born spirit which can practically illus-
trate what that meaneth when we are told, " Let not thy left
hand know what thy right hand doeth," and at the same time
the precept also, '' Let your light so shine before men, that
they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which
is in heaven.''

The Massachusetts Missionary Society, organized on th^
28th of May, 1799, was regarded as limited in its operations, by
the terms of its charter, to the heathen or the destitute " in
remote parts of our country," and the American Board, insti-
tuted June 27, 1 8 10, had special reference to the foreign field.
Although' occasionally a minister was sent to labor in destitute
regions in Vermont, yet there was no regular provision made
for the destitute at home. As the study of astronomy engaged
the attention of philosophers long before geology was conceived
of as a science, so Christians devoted themselves to the spread
of the gospel in heathen lands before the real idea of home
missions was ever developed.

To meet the wants of our own State, " The Domestic Mis-
sionary Society of Massachusetts proper " was organized at the
meeting of the Massachusetts General Association, June 28,
1818.

At a meeting of the Brookfield Association, June 15, 1825,
a committee was appointed to consider the expediency of or-
ganizing themselves into a domestic missionary society, aux-
iliary to the Domestic Missionary Society of Massachusetts,
and, if judged expedient, to draft a constitution. This com-
mittee reported on the 5th of October, 1825, and the society

55^ The Brookfield Assaciatum. [Oct.

was organized at that time. In the constitution it was provi-
ded that the money collected should be forwarded " to the exec-
utive committee of the Domestic Missionary Society for the
western district, with such instructions for the relief of particu-
lar churches in our own vicinity as the society may think proper
to give."

The amount of the collection made at the annual meeting of
this society in June, 1826, was thirty dollars, and it was voted
" that the executive committee of the Massachusetts Domestic
Missionary Society be requested to appropriate the above sum
for the assistance of the church in Holland." The Massa-
chusetts Missionary Society and The Domestic Missionary
Society of Massachusetts proper were united under one
charter, July 11, 1827. This consolidation of resources and of
power was hastened by the pressing wants of evangelical
churches which had been driven from their houses of worship
by unevangelical parishes. The same cause operated to turn
the attention of this association especially to the wants of fee-
ble churches within their own bounds. Thus on the 2d of
October, 1827, they unanimously adopted the following reso-
lutions : —

^^ First, That this association employ an evangelist to labor in this
vicinity for the purpose of aiding feeble churches, and assisting in revivals
of religion, to be under the direction of the association.

*' Second, That a committee ... be appointed to direct the labors of
this evangelist, and to present a plan ... for his support."

In accordance with the report of this committee the associa-
tion, on the 2d of January, 1828, organized a "Society for
Mutual Assistance of the Churches, and for Domestic Mission-
ary Purposes." This new society took the place of the Domestic
Missionary Society, which had been organized some three years
previous, and had more special reference to sustaining the
churches in this association from the invasions of error. At
the first meeting of this society, they voted to provide for the
supply of preaching in the Evangelical Congregational Society
in Barre, one half of the time at six dollars a Sabbath, from
the time Mr. Sanford Lauton commenced preaching there till
the 1st of May, 1828.

At the second meeting, June 10, 1828, the society appro-

1878.] The Brookfield Assaciatian. 559

priated eighteen dollars to the First Calvinistic Society in
Hardwick, and authorized their prudential committee to assist
feeble churches in their immediate vicinity. In June, 1829,
the constitution was so modified as to establish a connection
between this society and the Massachusetts, Missionary Soci-
ety. In April, 1836, the association expressed its interest in
and sympathy for the feeble church in Dana. In June, 1842,
the Society for Mutual Assistance voted to supply the pulpit
of the Evangelical Congregational Church in Brookfield, six
weeks, on account of the sickness of their pastor. In 1845
they appropriated 1(150.00 to the church in Charlton, and con-
sidered, also, the growing importance and the spiritual wants
of the town of Palmer. The record of its various appropria-
tions from time to time is found in its annual reports, which
were published for thirteen years.

It met a pressing exigency, and was the means of saving
some of our churches from extinction. The feeble churches
were given to undei'stand that the orthodox Christians in these
various towns were ready to make the sustaining of evangelical
preaching a common cause, in which they would all unite and
make sacrifices. Thus, if a society or parish voted to employ
an unevangelical preacher, though the church was weak, its
members felt that they had something on which they could
rely for support in their defence of the true faith ; and shak-
ing off the dust of their feet as a testimony against those who
had disregarded their conscientious convictions, and in some
instances despoiled them of their property, they made their
situation known to their sister churches and received aid from
this society for mutual assistance. And they exist to-day as
pionuments of God's grace, and as the trophies of a Christian
sympathy and an enlarged benevolence. Yea, they have been
prospered, and have lived in almost every instance to see those
parishes which received not the truth, as it is in Christ, dwindle
into comparative insignificance !

In April, 1848, all special exigency as to the wants of feeble
churches' in this vicinity having passed, the association recom-
mended these churches to apply for aid to the Massachusetts
Home Missionary Society, rather than the Society for Mutual
Assistance, and since that time these churches have received

S6o The Braokfield AssociaHoH. [Oct

their missionary aid from the State Society. Still the Society
for Mutual Assistance, although it has done little more for the
last few years than receive funds and forward them to the
State Society, is felt to be an important instrumentality as a
means of security should exigencies arise in the. future, and
also as a guaranty to our feeble churches, should the Massa-
chusetts Home Missionary Society, in its zeal for frontier set-
tlements, prove untrue to the old waste places.

At the meeting in June, 1856, with the conviction that the
pastors of our feeble churches did not have a suitable support,
it was voted " that the executive committee of the Society for
Mutual Assistance of Churches be authorized and instructed to
collect ;$ 1 00.00, to be given to Rev. Mr. Keep of Dana, for the
ensuing year; and 1^50.00, to be given to Rev. Mr. Wood,
should he remain at Holland during this year, on condition
that these donations to these ministers personally shall not be
considered as any part of their salary, nor diminish in any way
their receipts from their respective parishes, or from the Mas-
sachusetts Home Missionary Society." •

Thus we watch over our home interests still, and make
common cause with our brethren who are struggling in the
midst of sacrifices and embarrassments, bearing one another's
burdens and so fulfilling the law of Christ

BIBLE SOCIETIES.

On the 27th of February, 1782, a letter was communicated
from the Northern Association in the county of Hampshire
requesting the joint concurrence of the Brookfield Association
with them in measures to obtain an impression of the Holy
Bible. The proposal was agreed to, and also communicated to
the East and North Associations in this county. This occur-
rence indicates a difficulty in obtaining copies of the Scrip-
tures, which we, in this day of Bible societies, can in no way
appreciate.

The first record in respect to direct efibrts for the circulation
of the sacred Scriptures is found under date of Jan. 5, 1826.
A communication was then received from the Harmony As-
sociation in respect to a county Bible society. This resulted
in the appointment of a committee, which met in convention

1878.] Tke BrookJUld Assmatiou. 561

<:oinmittee8 from the Harmony, the Worcester. Central, and
the Worcester North Associations, at Worcester, April 17,
1826. This convention adopted resolutions in favor of the
American Bible Society, and of the society then existing in
Worcester County ; and this association approved of their
action at the meeting in May.

Oct I, 1828, this association appointed a committee to draft
a constitution for Bible societies in connection with Sabbath
schools, and voted to send delegates to the several orthodox
associations in Worcester County to incite their co-operation
in the plan of forming such Bible societies, and that each
member of the association take measures to ascertain the
wants of his people with respect to Bibles. Oct. 24, 1828,
the association received and accepted a draft of a constitution
for a Sabbath School Bible Society, ordered it printed and
circulated among the churches.

Oct. 14, 1829, the association adopted a resolution in which
they use the following language : —

'' It is our indispensable duty immediately to take measures to aid the
American Bible Sbciety in their special effort to ^ supply every destitute
fzmWy in the United States within two years.'

^ Resolved^ That measures be taken to ascertain the number of families
destitute of the Scriptures within the limits of this association, and if pos-
3ible to supply them before our next meeting."

Action of the same spirit was taken the following year.

Jan. 9, 1839, a communication was received from the
Worcester County Bible Society, proposing to raise ;f 2,000 in
the county, and apportioning the proper sum to be raised by
each of our associations and the other denominations. The
amount assessed to the Brookfield Association was 1^350.00.
The Methodists in the county were assessed 1^150.00 and the
" Restorationers " ;f 50.00. This association voted at once to
raise the amount apportioned to them.

On the 8th of August, 1843, this association organized a
Bible Society, which holds its annual meeting in October, in
connection with the meeting of the Auxiliary Foreign Mis-
sionary Society, and the amount of its receipts last year was
^460.15 ; there was also a legacy from a member of one of our
churches to the same cause within the year of ;$5 74.80. The

562 Tie BfwOjuU Assmimimm. [OcL

neccipCs of dus Amdliarj Kbie Sodctr for die fast twdve
years hare been {6^ii.3X It is nov in a prosperoos con-
dition, and senres not oolj as a channd diroogh vidch oar
benedictions flov, bat also a means of increasing oar interest
and zeal in dus holy enterprise.

Theie was an Anziliary Edacation Society fbcmed, wliidi
hdd its first annual meeting on the 22d of October, 1839.
The reports of its treasurer were printed in connection widi
the rqx>rt of the Auxiliary Foreign Mission Societj for die
years 1839^ 1840^ 1841, 1842, and 1849, ^^^ °o trace of soch
a society appears since 18491 Its receipts, as indicated by the
five printed reports, were $i,75a54.

These comprise all the benevolent societies, which, sofar as is
known, were ever sustained within the boands of this associa-
tion, but the churches aid other objects of charity in some
good measure according to their opportunities and ability.

Thus the conference, in their organized oqnci^, espoased
the cause of the Tract Society as early as 1834 ; and in January,
1837, the association agreed to adopt a system in respect to
the time of making charitable efforts, devoting January and
February to the Bible cause, March and April to the Educa-
, tion Society and the Sabbath School Society, September and
October to Foreign Missions, and November and December to
the Tract Society, and this was three years before the Massa-
chusetts General Association recommended a plan for syste-
matic contributions.

The contributions of the churches connected with this asso-
ciation, so iar as can be ascertained from printed reports to
which access has been gained, have been as follows: —

To the A. B. C. F. M ^3,544 34

^ Society for Mutual Assistance or directly to Mass.

or Am. H. M. S 16,728 33

^ Bible Society . 6,01 1 32

'' American Missionary Association .... 4^945 76

" Tract Society 1,200 07

'< Education Society 2,019 J9

^ Society for College and Theological Education . . 614 66

To Colleges direct 785 00

** Female Education at the West 4^5 75

18/8.] The Brookfield Association. 563

To Sabbath School Society . $547 59

^ Seamen 938 50

^ American and Foreign Church Union .... 835 42

^ Anti-slavery 1)792 43

'' American Colonization Society 355 50

'< Building Meeting-houses 1,454 75

" Peace Society 257 50

'' Congregational Board of Publication .... 96 88

«* the Jews . 89 89

" Feeble neighboring Churches 366 50

^ Miscellaneous ii3o6 39

*' Boxes of Clothing . • 3«i55 04

Total $126,461 01

No very full account of the contributions to the entire range
of benevolent objects has been published until within a few
years-
There has been a steady advance made from year to year,
and the entire benevolent cohtributions of the association for
the year ending Oct 21, 1856, were 1(12,989.50, which is more
than one tenth of the reported contributions for the entire
century.

The heathen world is still spread out before us. Alas I there
are heathen in our own land, and the momentous work before
us would dishearten us did we not put our trust in God. The
treasures of the earth are His, and He will take possession
of them in due time. We need to feel that what is committed
to us is only a trust, and that the divine injunction is, " Occupy
till I come." Happy will it be for us if we enter fully into the
self-denying spirit of our Lord and Master, for it is only they
who serve with Him here who can reign with Him hereafter.

THE CHARACTER OF THE ASSOCIATION.

This has already been developed in a measure in consider-
ing their action on Ecclesiastical Order^ their interest in the
Cause of Education, their position on questions of Morality ^ and
their Benevolent Organizations, But there are other elements
of character which it will be of interest to consider, particu-
larly the social, the theological, and the religious.

The association has ever cherished a kind and fraternal
spirit As early as November, 1782, we find it recorded that

564 The Brookfield AssadaticH. [Oct

they appointed their next meeting at Hardwick, on account of
the infirm state of the pastor of that church, and in June of the
following year they proposed to assist Rev. Mr. Cutter, of
Greenwich, who was " taken oflF from his labors by bodily in-
firmity." In January, 1829, they passed the resolution : —

" That this body highly approve of frequent meetings in our
respective churches for devotional purposes, and that we feel
ourselves under obligations to assist each other, by an inter-
change of labor, in sustaining such meetings."

Whenever any member of the association has been removed
by death, resolutions, expressive of deep sympathy with the
afflicted, have been adopted and kind offices have been per-
formed. The reverence which has been felt for old age is illus-
trated in a vote passed September 17, 181 7, to the efifect that
it should be a standing rulQ that a moderator shall be chosen
annually by ballot, and that when the moderator shall be ab-
sent at any meeting, one shall be chosen in his place. This
rule, however, is " not to extend to the exclusion from that
office of our reverend fathers. Ward and Pope." That a stand*
ing rule should be suspended thus, in deference to old age,
shows how sensitive a regard was paid to the Mosaic precept,
" Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head, and honor the face
of the old man."

As to the theological character of this association, there has
been a prevailing sound orthodox sentiment combined with a
good degree of liberality.

January 5, 1803, the following Articles of Faith were unan-
imously adopted, and individuals on joining the association,
from that time to the present, have been required to sign them.

'' I. We believe in the being of a God, and in the truth and inspiration
of the holy Scriptures.

" 2. We believe in the real Deity of Jesus Christ.

" 3. We believe in the Divinity of the Holy Ghost, consequently that
there is a sacred distinction of persons in the Godhead, viz., Father, Son,
and Holy Spirit, that these three are one God.

"4. We believe in an universal, overruling, and controlling provi-
dence.

" 5. We believe in the universal depravity of the human heart, in the
necessity of regeneration to qualify for the kingdom of God, and that rer
generation is effected in the heart by the special influences of the Holy
Spirit

1 878*] The Btvokfield Ass9CiatidH. $6$

*'6. We beliere i^ the filial perseverance of the saints.

'' 7. We believe in the sufficiency of the atonement of the Saviour^ and
that in consequence of which the Holy Spirit operates efiectually on the
hearts of them that believe.

^* 8. We believe in a general resurrection and final judgment, when the
wicked shall go away into everlasting punishment, and the righteous int6
life eternal.

'^ And with regard to practice, we consider ourselves under obligations
to exercise candor and benevolence one towards another, and to endeavor
to promote the peace, order, and usefulness of the association ; and that
we as a body maintain a becoming dignity in the view of our people
and of the world."

It is a remarkable fact that this creed, which is peculiarly
explicit with reference to the nature of Christ, was adopted
about twelve years before the open separation between the
Orthodox and the Unitarians. Its adoption at that time, as
well as its distinctive character, indicates an appreciation on
the part of this association of the true condition of things at that
period, if not an anticipation of events which soon followed.

Dr. Fiske, in his sketch, to which we have more than once
referred, states that at the commencement of this century, —

^ There were really two classes of ministers as to theological doctrines
and the methods which the gospel reveals, whereby sinners are to obtain
an interest in Christ, although no division had taken place, nor had it
entered into any one's heart to conceive of it There was then no Unita-
rianism in this body, though there is reason to believe that the character
of Christ was not so frequently brought into view in preaching, nor so
prominently exhibited as now, but Arminianism was somewhat prevalent.
While some of the older ministers were, according to our present views,
sound in the faith, while they preached the doctrines of grace with consis-
tency and as men in earnest, others had become comparatively lax in their
sentiments and were disposed to avoid in their preaching what they es-
teemed doubtful points^ and things which would not be understood, and
would not be received by the people. There were great objections to
metaphysical subtleties in the pulpit. There were strong prejudices
against Hopkinsianism, and under this name were mcluded not a few
of the truths which all the members of this association will unite in
asserting are cleariy inculcated by Paul and other men who were moved
by the Holy Ghost to speak the truth as it is in Jesus. Those who had
more recently entered the ministry, and united with this body, were stiU
more decided than the fathers as to the system of doctrines which they
embraced, and the inculcation of them in their public discourses. It may
be said, it is believed without being uncharitable, that the character of th^
preaching by numbers of the ministers of this association fifty years ago

566 The Brookfield Association, [Oct

was defective as to doctrine and pungency. Many things which ought to
have been said were omitted, or so slightly touched upon that they made
very little impression on the minds of the hearers. That falling away
from the truth, which afterwards developed itself in this Commonwealth
in so lamentable a manner, was now in progress, and the Brookfield Asso-
ciation did not wholly escape, although it was mercifully preserved in
comparison with many others."

This testimony of Dr. Fiske as to the orthodoxy of the
younger portion of the association at the commencement of
the present century, shows that it is not always unsafe to be
under the lead of young men. The more orthodox portion of
the association exerted a prevailing influence, as is seen in the
character of the creed adopted in 1803; also in the fact that
the pastor of the church in Brimfield from 1798 to 1803, who
was peculiarly unsound, was never received into fellowship by
this association.

On the nth of June, 1823, the association took decided ac-
tion as to their duty, —

" To counteract the efforts which were made to disseminate error," ** by
procuring the publication and distribution of such tracts as may expose
and refute prevalent errors, and by exhibiting in their preaching distinc,
views, more particularly of truths which are misrepresented and opposedt
with the evidence from Scripture by which they are supported, and the
connection which they hold in the great system of revealed truths."

On the 7th of January, 1829, a communication having been
received from the church in Oakham, stating that the town had
chosen a committee to supply the pulpit, which committee was
not in sympathy with the church, and which had agreed to
hire a Unitarian more than half of the time, and that the church
had unanimously withdrawn from the meeting-house and held
religious service elsewhere, and asking counsel and prayer of
the association, it was voted by this association, —

" That we cordially approve of the course pursued by the church in Oak-
ham, situated as they were, in maintaining separate worship and support-
ing preaching of the gospel. That in our opinion they ought to continue
^o pursue the same course ; and unless they shall receive assurances from
the town that the pulpit shall hereafter be supplied with orthodox preach-
ing only, the interests of religion and their own safety require that they
should organize as a religious society, and proceed to the settlement of a
minister as soon as practicable."

18/8.] The Brookfield Associatum. 567

On the 2 1 St of April, 1841, the question was discussed
whether it is consistent for ministers of Jesus Christ to attend
funerals when Universalist preachers officiate. The most of
the association were of the opinion that there might be cases
in which it would be consistent to attend, though not to take
part in the services.

On the 2 1st of April, 1849, ^^^ association voted, ten to six,
that the convention sermon, which is sustained in connection
with the Unitarians, ought to be discontinued. While this
association has thus generally held a high orthodox position,
showing its zeal for the faith once delivered to the saints, yet
it has not been illiberal. Thus, on the 3d of January, 1838,
after discussing the question, " Should the elements of* the
Lord's Supper be refused to a Unitarian member who wishes
to commune with us ? " the general opinion was that they
should not

The truth as it is in Christ has been so faithfully sustained
that, in the sixteen towns now included in this association, there
are at the present time only some eight unevangelical societies,
and almost all these are feeble and many of them nigh unto
death.

Some votes were passed by this association between thirty
and forty years ago, which had respect to evangelical denomi-
nations, which votes, in themselves, apart from the peculiar .
circumstances under which they were adopted, seem illiberal.

Thus, on the 27th of September, 1820, it was voted, unani-
mously, that it is inexpedient for a minister of the gospel to
exchange with other ministers of any denomination who are
assisting in building up a separate church within his society.

On the 20th of October, 18 19, the question was rais6d,.and
referred to a committee, " Ought recommendations to be given
to those who request them in order to join Baptist churches ? "
and they reported in the negative, at the meeting in January
1820.

In explanation of these votes, it should be remembered that
it was no uncommon thing at that period for societies to be
formed, most of the members of which enlisted in the enter-
prise, not because they cared anything about the particular
form of worship or denomination which they thus set up, but

SECOND SE&IKS. — VOL. X. Na 4 5

568 The Brookfield Association. [Oct

simply because the law of the State required them to pay taxes
for the support of the gospel in some form, and they wished to
avoid giving any support to the churches already established.
Thus Dr. Fiske testifies as to the beginning of the century : —

*' Then every person, with the exception of a few obstinate Baptists,
and here and there a man who had emigrated from Rhode Island, all of
whom were looked upon as pestilent fellows, paid a tax in proportion to
what we possessed, for the support of the ministers of our order."

At a later period this association certainly cherished a mag-
nanimous spirit and a generous liberality towards other evan-
gelical denominations. Thus in June, 1835, the question was
raised whether it would be a departure from the spirit of the
Society for Mutual Assistance of the churches to render aid
to a feeble Baptist church within our limits, and an appropria-
tion of one hundred dollars a year was made for some time to
the Baptist Church in East Brookfield. And some, if not all,
of the Methodist churches within our bounds are now sustained,
in no small measure, by contributions from churches connected
with this association. Thus, at the present time, surely, we
furnish an illustration of that charity which " doth not behave
itself unseemly, seeketh not her own, is not easily provoked,
thinketh no evil *'

As to the religious or devotional character of the associa-
tion, there is evidence of a generally prevailing excellent spirit
The preamble and articles of agreement, in the subscription
of which this association was originally organized, indicate a
devout frame of mind. On the 28th of February, 1776, the
members of the association conversed together and drew up an
agreement concerning supplying Col. Lamed's regiment at
Roxbury as chaplains for the present year, and " consulted to-
gether concerning the present gloomy state of affairs in New
England, both civil and moral. — Agreed to appoint a lecture, or
season for special worship, in each of our parishes, and to as-
sist one another in carrying on the work." Here is a delight-
ful illustration of the spirit of '76. The principles of liberty
which then prevailed are not to be imputed to a French or
infidel origin. They were baptized in tears and prayers. The

18/8.] The Brookfield Association. 569

declarations of our fathers, though they be called "glitter-
ing generalities," have yet the hue and the ring of the true
metal, and it is only to our disgrace that any in our day would
have that bright gold tarnished.

On the 22d of May, 1776, the original articles of this asso-
ciation were signed anew, with this preamble : —

^^ We whose names are underwritten, having revised and considered
our original articles of agreement, and being desirous of having them
more deeply impressed on our minds, in order to direct, influence, and
quicken our conduct, do hereunto set our hands."

This association held a meeting at Sturbridge, July 3, 1776,
the very day before the declaration of our independence at
Philadelphia, and Rev. Mr. Ward preached from these appro-
priate words, found in Is. xxvi, 9 : " With my soul have I desired
thee in the night ; yea, with my spirit within me will I seek
thee early ; for when thy judgments are in the earth, the in-
habitants of the world will learn righteousness." Rev. Messrs.
Jones and Fiske led in prayer. And who can tell how much
the success of our fathers in their struggle for freedom was
dependent upon such preaching and such prayers ?

On the 27th of February, 1782, about nine months before
the provisional articles of peace between our government and
Great Britain were signed at Paris, the members of this
association agreed to have frequent lectures for the revival
and promotion of religion, and to assist one another in carrying
them on. Without such remedial agencies the moral desola-
tions oiF a seven years* war had proved more fatal to us than the
Oppression of our unnatural mother.

As illustrating how great an event the calling of a pastor
seemed to our fathers, as well as setting forth the character of
the association at that period, we have the record that, Aug. 30,
1786, the "association convened at Western, now Warren, by the
desire of the people. Observed it as a day of prayer, previous
to giving Mr. Green a call."

On the 29th of April, 1795, "It was proposed to unite in a
general concert for extraordinary prayer for the revival of re-
ligion. The plan was cordially approved, and the association
engaged to use their influence to forward its design," From

570 The Brookfield Association. [Oct

this time on, for about twenty five years, the time of the great
apostasy in the churches of Massachusetts, this association
evidently declined in its piety.
At the commencement of this century, Dr. Fiske testifies : —

'* In the records of the association, we find no seasons of prajrer for the
Spirit to be pouted upon the churches spoken of, nothing said in respect to
the state of religion, no measures suggested for its revivad. None of the
questions proposed for discussion, or texts of Scripture appointed to be
written upon, appear to have any special relation to the spiritual condi-
tion of the people, or to aim at the conversion of sinners or the edification
of believers. There was too much formalism in the whole matter. The
ministers of that day were not to endure the labors which have since been
expected from their successors in office in the multiplied meetings and
visitations which have accompanied or grown out of revivals of religioii,
and the measures adopted to produce them."

Such is the testimony of one who was at that time a pastor
in the midst of this association.

It was within this period, on the i6th of May, 1822, that
a member of this association was expelled for intemperate
habits. Only one other member of the association ever so far
degraded his position as to be cut off from membership.

In a report on existing evils, presented June 11, 1823, by
Rev. Messrs. Snell, Stone, and Vaill, it is stated that —

'^ There was an increasing disposition to confound the church with the
world, efforts being made in the setdement of ministers to prevent the
church from acting as a distinct and religious body, in many cases the
church not being consulted even as to the choice of a pastor."

This disregard of the rights of the church was stimulated
and rendered potent by the decision of the Supreme Court of
Massachusetts, in March, 1821, establishing the principle that
those members of the church who act with the majority of the
parish are the church, and have a right to the funds, — a decis-
ion about as just toward the churches as is a noted dictum from
the Supreme Court of the nation toward the colored population
of our land. Churches as such were not admitted to have any
rights which unevangelical parishes, or judges even, were bound
to respect The committee of the association also state that — >

*' Some ecclesiastical councils, against the earnest request of the church,
proceeded to ordain ministers over the people, as though there were no
church, distinct from the world; and some ministers even gave a gjeoenl

1878.] The Brookfield Association. 57^

invitation to the whole assembly to partake of the sacramental elements,
as if the church and the world were all one."

Another evil mentioned was uncommon efforts to subvert
the Christian faith, a flood of heretical books and tracts
being gratuitously circulated.

And yet another evil was a strong propensity .to make inno-
vations and produce separations in churches and societies.

Dr. Fiske writes, "The American Revolution did much to
corrupt the public mind and the morals of the people, but
French infidelity had done more."

This dark period was the birth-time of Unitarianism in
Massachusetts.

But gradually there came up a reaction. God did not for-
sake his people utterly, but by the reviving influences of his
Spirit he quickened the church and the ministry to new life.

As early as January 8, 18 18, it was voted that —

^'At each meeting of the association a season shall be set apart for
prayer, for the outpourings of the Spirit upon us and our people, and
that at the meeting in April or June a narrative shall be given of the state
of the churches within our limits."

On the 1 2th of September, 1821, the association unani-
mously adopted the following preamble and resolution : —

^'The Brookfield Asssociation, contemplating with deep humiliation
that God has been pleased to withdraw the light of His countenance and
the influences of His Spirit from His churches and people in this vicinity
as a token of displeasure, because of their unfaithfulness, and believ-
ing it to be their duty to confess their sins, and supplicate pardon and
mercy, do recommend that the first Thursday of October be set apart by
the churches in their connection, as a day of ^ting and prayer that God
would again cause His face to shine upon them, and pour out His blessed
Spirit and revive the work of His grace."

The meeting of the association, September 17, 1823, is rep-
resented as a very interesting and solemn season. The inquir-
ies which engaged the attention of the members were, •* What
are the causes of the present low state of religion in our socie-
ties } Can we do anything more than we are now doing, and
if anything, what, to counteract these causes?"

In January, 1826, the association arranged that at their
meeting in June they would hold a church conference, in which

572 The Brookfield Associatum. [Oct

a statement shall be made of the particular state of our churches,
and a free conversation be held on the subject of Christian
duty.

April 1 8, 1827, the association adopted a ''plan for the an-
nual visitation of the churches, for the purpose of uniting the
hearts of diffesent churches and ministers in the cause of our
common Lord, and in stirring up the minds both of Christians
and ministers to a more zealous and faithful discharge of duty."
It was in October of this year that the association voted to
employ an evangelist to aid feeble churches and assist in re*
vivals of religion.

April 20, 1 83 1, we find the record, ''Discussed the subject
ol protracted meetings^ and were happily united in favor of such
meetings."

One year afterwards the association discussed the same sub-
ject again, and were united in opinion that " under certain cir-
cumstances it is expedient to repeat such meetings, and that
we will consider ourselves pledged to assist each other in sus-
taining them." God blessed the use of means. At the con-
ference in June, 1832, from the narratives of the state of
religion it appeared that in most of the churches God had
revived His work, and some hundreds had been hopefully con-
verted to Christ

Jan. I, 1834, the association were united in setting apart a
day for special prayer.

From that time to this, God's banner over this association
has been love. The last third of the century has been a season
of prosperity. There have, indeed, been alternate seasons of
declension and of revival, still our churches have been gaining
strength, and the ministry have, in good measure, magnified
their office.

c. c.

1878.] The Mountain Association, tfassackusetts. 573

THE MOUNTAIN ASSOCIATION, MASSACHUSETTS.

Formerly there existed in Western Massachusetts an
organization of ministers known as the Mountain Association.
It formed a constituent part of the General Association of
Congregational Ministers of the Commonwealth. Its history
may be briefly told» and as it illustrates some of the views and
practices of the fathers in the ministry, it may not be entirely
useless to the present generation.
The record of this body commences thus : —
" The reverend ministers from a part of the county of Hamp-
shire and a part of the county of Berkshire, in the State of
Massachusetts, having obtained leave of their respective asso-
ciations, and by letters missive from the Rev. Timothy Allen
of Chesterfield, met at his house some time in March, 179a"
The object of the meeting was '' to discuss the expediency of
forming themselves into an Ecclesiastical Consistory." There
were present : —

Rev, Timothy Allen, of Chesterfield.
" Aaron Bascom, of Chester.
'• Stephen Tracy, of Norwich,
" Samuel Whitman, of Goshen,
" Josiah Spalding, of Worthington,
" John Leland, of Partridgefield,

After full and free discussion of the subject the meeting was
adjourned to June 30, 1790, to be held at Goshen.

At the adjourned meeting, ^* after suitable debate and consul-
tation, unanimously agreed to form into an Ecclesiastical Con-
sistory by the style of the Mountain Presbytery," The record
does not show why this name was taken, since all the members
were Congregationalists and pastors of Congregational churches.
But tradition says that their choice of a name was decided by
the fact that " presbytery" is a Scriptural term and " association "
is not. In form and practice it was truly a Congregational
Association, but it continued to be known by its original
name until 1803, when it was " Voted, that in future this body
be known by the name of the Mountain Association of the

A.D.

I8l2

U

1829

$

1830

•t

1834

576 TAe Mountain Assaciaium^ Massacknsiits. [Oct

of the ministry, by the laying on of hands. This practice
continued with greater or less frequency until near the time of
the dissolution of the body. Among those thus ordained as
evangelists the following may be named : —

Rev. John Bascom • • • •

" John H. Russ . . .

*• Eli Adams

** Jonathan Huntington .

** Wm. A. Hallock, d. d. (Sec. of
the American Tract Society,
New York) ....'* 1836

There may have been others whose names are not here
given.

In 1837 tb^ organization was dissolved by unanimous con-
sent, its members being distributed among other contiguous
bodies, bounded by county lines. Thus passed away the
Mountain Association. With it have fallen asleep nearly all
who ever sustained membership in it Only two survive who
belonged to it at the time of its dissolution. One of these
has for several years past been in the Episcopal fold, the
other is the writer of this brief sketch.

J. H. BiSBXB.

WtstfUld, Mass.

1878.] Black River Association, New York. $77

BLACK RIVER ASSOCIATION, NEW YORK.

This body is the oldest one in the State which has pre-
served its existence uninterruptedly from its origin till the
present time. Originally it embraced only the churches of
JefiFerson and Lewis Counties. A preliminary convention was
held at the house of Deacon Carter in Champion, 22d of Sep-
tember, 1807. A constitution was drafted and articles of faith
were selected, to be submitted to the churches for their adoption.

The only other business done was a resolution in favor of
genuine New England customs in the following words : —

*' Voted, That this convention recommend to these two coun-
ties to observe the first Thursday of December next as a day
of Thanksgiving, and also the third Wednesday of April next
as a day of fasting and prayer."

It is believed that the Black River Association of Congre-
gational churches will be found to have issued the first
Thanksgiving proclamation in New York State. The same
was also renewed for several years, and a minister was chosen
to issue a proclamation and designate the time.

The convention assembled according to adjournment, Sept
6, 1808, at the house of Major Barnes in Turin. The following
ministers were present : —

Rev. James Murdoch, of Turin, Moderator.
Rev. Nathaniel Dutton, of Champion, Scribe,
Rev. Enos Bliss, of Rutland.
Rev. David Spear, of Rodman.
Rev. Isaac Clinton, of Lowville. »

Delegates.

Deacon Sylvester Dodge, from the church in Rodman.

Deacon Hill, " " Turin.

Major Peas, '* " West Turin.

Gen. Dickenson, " " Lowville.

Deacon Carter, " " Champion.

Deacon Frisby, " " Denmark.

Colonel Converse, " " Rutland.

Deacon Tuttle, " " Watertown.

Judge Beels, " " Adams.

Deacon Brown, " " Lorraine.

578 Black River Assoetafion, New York. [Oct

After devotional exercises the constitution and articles of
faith were adopted " by ministers and delegates present, and
resolved themselves into an association to be called the Black

River Association." These were never transcribed into the

<

records. A uniform confession of faith was recommended to
the churches, and a committee was chosen to examine candi<-
dates for license and certify the standing of ministers during
the ensuing year.

The next meeting was held at Lowville, the 5 th of September,
1809. The minutes of 1810 are not recorded, but Sept 4,
181 1, the association met in Rodman. Here it was reccmi-
mended that " the churches connected with this body observe
the concert of prayer proposed in Scotland on Presideet Ed-
wards' plan." The following was also passed : " Voted^ That
all the members of our churches attend secret prayer between
sundown and dark." Ministers' meetings were likewise pro-
posed for the second Tuesdays of October, February, and
June. No record of the meetings has been preserved un-
til the one in Rodman, Sept. 3, 1822. Additional delegates
were present from the churches in Orleans, LeRoy, Richland,
and Orwell. The last two were dismissed to unite with Pres-
bytery. Mr. Abel L. Crandall received an unlimited license
to preach the gospel.

Sept. 2, 1823, the association met in the house of Dea. Ruel
Parsons, in Smithville. Jedediah Burchard obtained a re-
newal of his license, and the churches of Orwell and Hender-
son were dismissed to Presbytery. Mr. Henderson L. Vaile, a
licentiate, was present.

A meeting was held in Henderson, Sept. 7, 1824, and the
following year the annual meeting was in a schoolhouse in
Lorraine. It was voted to hold a meeting in each church of
the association during the coming year. In September, 1826,
the association returned to Rodman and assembled in the
meeting-house. A resolution against vain amusements was
adopted. A precious work of divine grace was reported in
Champion. A good degree of Christian activity was manifested
in all the churches, and benevolent causes were well supported.

At the meeting in Champion, Sept. 4, 1827, a complaint was
brought against James Sharp, for contumacy. A committee

18/8.] Blaek River Association, New York. $79

had labored with him and told him '^ that it was an unheard-of
thing, and entirely contrary to the common custom of the
•country, that a young man of colour should occupy a seat
which so peculiarly belonged to the aged and superiors."
The case was heard, and James Sharp was reprimanded and
told that he had " not manifested that hiunility and conde-
scension which the gospel requires." The churches were
recommended to appoint special times of fasting. Extensive
Sabbath violations were reported. Sabbath schools were
found, to be prospering. Parents were exhorted to increase
their efforts in their behalf. Revivals were also reported In
several churches. Between sixty and seventy converts in
Henderson, three had been received into the church at Lor-*
raine, and thirty in Champion. Gratitude was recorded for
the good work of the past year and all were exhorted to come
to the help of the Lord, until He make Jerusalem a name and
a praise in the earth. The pastoral relation existing between
Rev. A. L. Crandall and the church in North Adams was
dissolved by the association.

In 1828 the association met in a schoolhouse near Deacon
Barnard's in North Adams. Here Albert B. Chavy and James
H. Munroe were licensed.

By special request the association met in Rodman, Sept. i,
1829. Messrs. Burge and Boardman, of Watertown Presby-
tery, were present to propose a common plan of benevolent
operations, which was adopted. Albert Clary received the
renewal of his license. It was also voted to hold an adjourned
meeting in January next to determine whether to dissolve the
association. All Congregational churches connected with
Presbytery were invited to send delegates. But we do not
find that the meeting was ever held, for the next record is one
of a special meeting in Rodman, May 12, 1830. Here on
application the church in Watertown was received by the
association.

At the annual meeting in Henderson, 8th of September, 1830,
Mr. James H. Munroe was ordained, and Mr. Alfred White
was licensed. It was also decided to hold two meetings in the
year. A special meeting was called at Smithville, when a
license was granted to Mr. John Hale, Dec. 16, 183a

58o Black River Association^ New York. [Oct

Agreeable to adjournment, the association met in Cham-
pion, February, 1831, and the annual meeting was at Lorraine,
Sept 6, 1 83 1. Three persons applied for license, but only
one was granted, and that to Mr. Benjamin W. Higbee ; but at
Champion, Oct 17, 183 1, Messrs. Heman C. Col ton and Nel-
son Slater were both licensed.

A special meeting was held in North Adams, Jan. 26, 1832.
Messrs. Richard DeForest, John Covert, J. A. Woodruff,
Columbus Strumway, Francis Jones, Orson Parker, and David
Sly were all licensed, and at the next meeting in Rodman,
May 8, 1832, Messrs. Seymotir Thomson, Chas. J. Knowlcs,
Wesley Davis, Jas. H. Rice, and Orson Parker were ordained
and Messrs. Lewis Wicks and Chas. B. Pond were licensed

At the meeting in Champion, Sept 4, 1832, the churches in
Turin and Lockport were received. A request was presented
by the Watertown Presbytery that the association license none
but members of its own churches. Messrs. Richard DeFor-
est, John Covert, Benjamin W. Higbee, Herman S. Colton, and
V. Smith were ordained. It was also decided to be more strict
in examining candidates for license. Mr. Joseph Morton was
licensed. The association went to Turin, Feb. 6, 1833. Here
the second church in Turin was received. Messrs. Jones,
Pond, Wicks, and William Clark were ordained. The second
Congregational church in Ellisburgh was also received.

At Rodman a special meeting was held May 14, 1833. Here
charges were preferred against the Congregational Church of
Watertown by the Presbyterian Church of Brownville. Another
meeting was held at the same place Aug. 6, at which time
Messrs. Alfred W. Gray and John Hale were ordained.

The annual meeting was at Mannsville, in September, 1833,
when the Smithville church was received. Messrs. Joseph
Morton, David Oilman, David Sly, and David A. Warren were
all ordained.

The association went to Smithville to hold their next meet-
ing, Feb. 4, 1834. Messrs. Columbus Shumway and J. W.
Fowlen were ordained. Strong resolutions were passed against
the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. Messrs. David
Weeks and Lemuel Clark were licensed.

At Rodman, April 22, 1834, the church in Denmark was

1878.] Black River Association, New York. 581

received. A resolution was passed in favor of organizing a
State association.

A meeting was held in Rutland, June 16, of the same year,
and the churches of Burrville and Rutland united with the
association.

The annual meeting this year was in Champion, the third
Tuesday in August Messfis. Chas. W. Baker, Thomas Jones,
and Deacon Truman received license. The evangelists, O. Par-
ker and Deacon Truman, reported the progress of their work.
^ Resolved, that the ministers and licentiates of this body
abstain from the use of distilled and fermented liquors, and
that the churches be advised to employ no minister who will
not comply with this determination."

Feb. 3, 1835, ^ meeting was held in Denmark. Mr. G. W.
Finney was licensed and Mr. David Weeks was ordained.

At the meeting in Champion, April 29, 1835, ^^^ church in
Carthage was received. Rev. H. Talbert sought advice with
reference to a difficulty between him and his church in Parish-
ville.

The association went to Burrville in August, 1835. Mr. Lem-
uel Clark was ordained, Messrs. Elias R. Beadle and Eben-
ezer Ward were licensed. The church in Leyden was received
from Presbytery. Resolutions were passed on the subjects of
temperance, licentiousness, slavery, peace, and the sanctity of
the Sabbath. Provision was also made for paying Rev. C.
Parker and Deacon Truman for missionary services in JefiFer-
son and Lewis Counties.

At North Adams, Feb. 2, 1836, Mr. G. W. Finney was
ordained. Mr. Barnard Vanattan, Mr. Miller, and Mr. Calvin
Porter were licensed, and a resolution was passed against
believers marrying unbelievers, and one also in favor of infant
baptism. The churches were requested to report their
statistics.

The annual meeting was held in Rodman, Aug. 16, 1836.
Sabbath resolutions were passed, condemning the gathering
of crops, collecting and boiling of sap on that holy day.
Messrs. Calvin, Porter, and Elias R. Beadle were ordained.
Mr. Gardner Wilbur was licensed.

Feb. 7, 1837, found the association assembled at Turin Four

582 Black River Association^ New York. [Oct

Corners. The Woodville church was received. C. W. Baker
was ordained.

Agreeable to adjournment, the association met at Woodville,
Aug. 15, 1837. In view of the recent action pf the General
Assembly, a resolution was passed expressing interest in and
sympathy for those Congregational churches which are con-
nected with Presbytery on the plan of union. Mr. Austin
Kent was ordained.

Feb. 6, 1838, association met at Champion. Mr. Lemuel
Clark was ordained.

A special meeting was held at Burrville, the nth of April,
1838. No business of general interest was transacted. The
annual meeting was in Rutland, Aug. 21, 1838. A committee
of association was chosen to proceed to Taberg, and ordain
Mr. James Hodges.

The next meeting was held at Carthage, Feb. 5, 1839. R^^-
J. D. Wickes was dismissed to the convention to be held in
Whites town, to organize a Congregational association.

By request a meeting was held in Smith ville, June 4, 1839.
Mr. Hiram Doane, a licentiate of Connecticut, received a
renewal of his license.

The annual meeting was held in Carthage, Aug. 20, 1839.
The church in Copenhagen was received. Messrs. J. A
Northrop and Hiram Doane were ordained, and Mr. Gorham
Cross was licensed.

The semi-annual meeting was held at Smithville, Jan. 21,
1840. Port Ontario Congregational Church was received,
Mr. H H. Waite was licensed. Adjourned to meet the next
day at Woodville. Here Mr. Charles B. Pond was installed
pastor, and Messrs. Wolcott and Cole were ordained. Rev.
Jedediah Burchard was received into the association at a spe-
cial meeting in the fall.

The next meeting was held at Turin, June 6, 1840. At the
request of the churches in Richville and Hermon, St Law-
rence County, Mr. Gorham Cross was ordained. A resolution
was passed to the effect that those members who are able, and
yet refuse to aid in support of the gospel, are liable to disci-
pline. Mr. James S. Brown was licensed.

The association met at Copenhagen, Jan. 19, 1841. The

1878.] Black River Association, New York. 583

church at Philadelphia was received. The following question
was discussed, What can the association do, under God, to
promote revivals of religion within its bounds ? Messrs. A«
Leonard, Elisha P. Cook, and Rufus Wheelock were licensed.

The next meeting was at Burrville, June 15, 1841. Messrs.
W. P. Hotchkiss and C. W. Cherry were licensed.

A special meeting was called in Copenhagen, to dedicate
the church and install Rev. Mr. Bellamy, May 12, 1842. A
meeting was held in Mannsville, Jan. 18, 1842. The church
in Richville was received.

The annual meeting this year was in Rutland, June 21,
1842. Seventeen churches belonged to the association. Semi-
annual meeting at Woodville, Jan. 17, 1843. A resolution was
passed, setting apart the twenty-seventh of the present month
as a day of fasting and prayer for the outpouring of the Holy
Spirit, also the day preparatory to the next sacrament. A
large amount of business was done with reference to vitalizing
the association and stimulating the churches.

The annual meeting this year was held at Rodman, June 20,
when Rufus Wheelock was ordained.

Jan. 16, 1844, a meeting was held at Philadelphia. Six-
teen churches were represented by delegates. The subject of
intoxicating liquors was presented, and the following resolution
was passed : —

Resolved^ That it is not right for a church member to engage
in the distillation of spirituous liquors, except it be for medici-
nal purposes exclusively, or mechanical. The method of aiding
feeble churches was discussed, and a committee raised to
ascertain how much is needed. It was also decided to have a
financial report of the property and condition of each church.

The annual meeting was at Copenhagen, June 18. Here it
was decided to invite Presbytery to cooperate in supporting a
colporteur to labor on the lake shore between Port Ontario and
Sackett's Harbor. The subject of slavery was discussed.

The association met at Rodman, mainly for the purpose of
completing the arrangements with reference to the employ-
ment of a colporteur.

The semi-annual meeting was held at Pulaski, Jan. 21, 1845.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4. 6

584 Black River Association, New York [Oct

Here the churches were advised to keep a record of their busi-
ness and present it for examination at our annual meetings.

The annual meeting was at Rodman, June 17 and i8* Ten
ministers were present, and fourteen churches were represented.
Rev. J. Burchard preached the sermon. Mr. T. Graves was
re-licensed.

Carthage*, Jan. 20, 1846, a large amount of miscellaneous
local business was transacted.

According to adjournment the association met at Champion,
Feb 5, for the purpose of installing Mr. T. N. Benedict as
pastor.

The next meeting was held at North Adams, June id
Thirteen churches were represented, and ten ministers were
present. The slavery question occupied much time. Consid-
erable miscellaneous business was transacted. Jefferson
County Institute, at Watertown, was recommended to the
favorable notice of the churches.

A meeting was held in Champion, Jan. 19, 1847. '^^^ usual
business only was transacted.

The annual meeting this year was at Pulaski, June 1 5. Rev.
Gorham Cross was dismissed to unite with St. Lawrence
Association. A committee was chosen to visit the churches
and report at the next meeting. Rev. Thos. Salmon was
installed pastor at Pulaski by the association.

The semi-annual meeting was at Rodman, Jan. 18, 1848.
Smithville Church asked if excommunications should be read
publicly on the Sabbath. Answered in the affirmative.

A special meeting was held in Copenhagen, Feb. 23, 1848,
for the ordination of Revilo J. Cone, but decided not to pro-
ceed to his ordination.

Another special meeting was called at the same place,
March 22, when Mr. Cone was ordained and Rev. Allen O.
Wightman was received from the Methodist Episcopal Confer-
ence.

At the annual meeting at Burrville, June 20, 1848, the rela-
tion of Congregational ministers and churches to Presbytery
was discussed.

A meeting was held at Smithville, Jan. 16, 1849, Mr. F.
Hibbard was licensed. It was decided not to countenance the

J

i

1878.] Black River Associaticn, New York. 585

installation of a Presbyterian minister over a Congregational
church so long as he is connected, with Presbytery.

Sixteen churches are recorded as belonging to the associa-
tion when it met in Rodman, June 19, 1849. ^ request was
received from the Woodville Church to install Frederick Hib-
bard as pastor of their church. Considerable miscellaneous
business done.

Champion, Jan. 15, 1850, the committee raised at the last
meeting of association reported that they had installed Mr,
Frederick Hibbard pastor at Woodville. The pastoral rela-
tions existing between the church of Rutland and Rev. Hiram
Doane, ^nd Rev. N. Hurd and the church of Turin, were dis-
solved. Mr. Charles Boynton was licensed.

The next meeting was held at Leyden, June 18, 1850. A
ratification of former resolutions on slavery was passed. A
report was presented of the amount due for evangelistic labors
by Rev. L A. Wickes, and it was ordered collected. Resolu-
tions on his death passed.

The semi-annual session was held at Rutland, Jan. 21, 185 1.
The propriety of a ministers' meeting was discussed, and the
annual meeting was held at Mannsville, July 17, 185 1. Mr.
Charles Boynton was ordained.

The association assembled at Champion, July i, to ordain
and install Mr. N. Bosworth ; this done, association adjourned.

The semi-annual meeting of the consociation was held in
Copenhagen, Jan. 20, 1852. This is the first time that the
body is recorded a consociation. Resolutions were passed
on temperance, importance of early religious training, ordina-
tion of deacons, and monthly meetings.

A special meeting, duly called, was held at Rodman, March
26. The action of the American Home Missionary Society in
regard to the church at Carthage criticised, and a committee
raised to investigate. The consociation assembled again at
Rodman, June 15. The death of Rev. Enos Bliss was noticed.
He was a pioneer in this region, a thorough scholar, a
devoted man, and a useful minister. Decided to present the
claims of four benevolent societies during the year.

Carthage, Jan. 18, 1853, fifteen churches connected with the
consociation. Resolutions passed on the recent death of Rev.
N. Dutton. Richard Osborn and H. Budge ordained.

586 Black River Associatiofu New York. [CX:t

An extra session was held in Woodville to dissolve the pas-
toral relation between Rev. Frederick Hibbard and the church
there, Feb 8

The regular meeting was at Smithville, June 2i, The
church at Sand Bank received. The course of the American
Home Missionary Society, with reference to the churches at
Carthage, was reviewed and condemned. Resolutions passed
upon the importance of bringing forward young men for the
ministry. Resolutions on slavery also passed. Semi-annual
meeting at Rodman, Jan. 17, 1854. The church at Philadel-
phia was dismissed to unite with Presbytery.

Woodville, June 20, Mr. Alfred Ingalls wad licensed. Reso-
lutions passed condemning the course of the American Board
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the American Home
Missionary Society on slavery. Voted, to aid the Carthage
Church out of the funds collected for the American Home
Missionary Society. Semi-annual meeting at Champion, Rev.
Fayette Shepherd received. A general desire was manifested
to increase the interest of the meetings. The death of Rev.
Thomas Salmon reported and a minute adopted.

Annual meeting at Sand Bank, June 19, 1855. A large
attendance. Thirteen churches represented by nineteen dele-
gates. Nine ministers present and four corresponding mem-
bers. Local conferences were districted and times of holding
meetings designated. Resolutions on slavery, Kansas, and
temperance were passed. The church at Sandy Creek received.
A meeting was held at Rodman, Aug. 8, to grant a license to
Mr. John Dunbar Houghton.

The semi-annual meeting was held at the same place, Jan.
15, 1856. Alfred Ingalls and J. D. Houghton were ordained.
Several theological questions were discussed at large.

The annual meeting this year was at Carthage in June.
Rev. James Douglas was received from Presbytery. Mr. J.
Pauling was licensed. Resolutions on slavery passed.

The consociation went to Sandy Creek, Jan. 20, 1857. The
usual business transacted.

The annual meeting was held at Copenhagen, June 16, Mr.
J. R. Shipherd was licensed. A resolution on temperance
passed. The death of Rev. E. P. Cook noticed and resolutions

1878.] Black River Association^ New York. 587

passed. Mannsville, Jan. 19, 1858, Mr. W. W. Warner was
ordained and Mr. J. F. Boughton, licensed ; fourteen delegates
were present and nine ministers.

Consociation met at Rutland, June 15, 1858, eleven churches
represented. The church at Orwell received ; the Tract
Society and the Sabbath school largely occupied the time.

Pulaski, Oct. 19. Seventeen delegates present, Rev. L. W.
Chaney received from St. Lawrence Association. The sub-
ject of revivals of religion largely discussed.

The annual meeting at Burrville, June 21, 1859, Eleven
churches represented ; twenty delegates present and eight
ministers. Rev. Q. Blakely received. Usual business trans-
acted. The church at Port Leyden and Gregg received. The
moderator called the^ next meeting at Smithville, Oct. 18.
An address was read upon some of the best means for enlist-
ing the lay members in the work of the Lord.

Black River Consociation at Champion, June 19, i860.
Twelve churches represented ; twenty-one delegates present ;
nine ministers and four corresponding members. A very full
and interesting meeting. Semi-annual meeting at Orwell,
Oct. 18 Revivals of religion discussed ; a good meeting.
Resolved, to hold only one session during the year.

Rodman, June i8, 1861. Twelve ministers ; twelve churches ;
and twenty delegates present and six other ministers invited
as corresponding members. ' Rev. H. H. Waite, received
from Oneida Association ; Mr. J. D. Foote, agent of Massa-
chusetts Sabbath-School Society, represented the interests of
that organization. Rev. A. Ingalls assisted by a collection.

A full and interesting meeting at Mannsville, June 16, 1862.
The revised manual adopted. Conference of churches pro-
posed.

A special meeting in Rodman, Dec. 23, 1862. Rev. Henry
Budge was dismissed to the Third Presbytery of Philadelphia.

The annual meeting this year was at Woodville, June 16,
1863. Rev. Charles Jones received; Mr. H. H. Butterworth
was licensed. A memorial from the Trustees of the Jefferson
County Institute was received and acted upon.

Consociation met in special meeting at Pulaski, July 28,

588 Black River AssociaHon, New York. [Oct

1863. Pulaski, Orwell. Sand Bank, and Sandy Creek sought
dismission to form Oswego Association ; request granted.

The annual meeting was at Deer River, June 21, 1864.
Rev. L. S. Hobart, agent of the American Home Missionary
Society, presented his cause, and resolutions of approval
passed. The church at Antwerp received.

Antwerp, 20th of June, 1865. The subject of Sabbath
desecration was discussed. Resolutions in favor of universal
suffrage passed.

An adjourned meeting was held at Rutland, Aug. 15. Res-
olutions in favor of a more careful observance of the Sabbath
passed.

Another meeting was held at Smithville, Oct. 24. Rev.
J. H. Jones received, '

By request consociation met in Rodman, Jan. 30^ 186&
The interest of Sabbath schools discussed.

The annual meeting was at Port Leyden, June 18. Rev. £•
A. Rockwood received. A resolution passed in favor of min-
isters becoming members of the churches where they minis*
ten Sabbath-school and temperance addresses made. Con-
vened at Champion, Aug. 28. The best method of promoting
revivals was discussed and also the gathering of young men
in the Sabbath school.

Assembled at Deer River, Oct. 23. Current business trans-
acted. Sabbath school addressed ; adjourned.

A meeting was held at Mannsville, Feb. 19, 1867. The bus-
iness for which the consociation assembled was transacted.
Rev. David Spear referred with deep feeling to the great
length of time he had been a member of this body ; he brought
up many things that had occurred since 1808, the time he
united.

The annual meeting was held at Carthage, June 18. Eight
churches represented. Rev. A. B. Dilley received from St
Lawrence Consociation. A schedule of benevolent contribu-
tions prepared.

Another meeting was held at Rutland, July 16. Nine
churches represented. Current business transacted.

Burrville, Sept. 3, a resolution was offered renouncing all
rights and powers of consociation ism of Connecticut, «and

1878.] Bladk River Association, Nen, York. 589

claiming the principles and methods of Massachusetts associa*
tions.

Sabbath-school meeting held and adjourned.

The annual meeting for 1868 was held in Rodman, June 16,
Rev. D. Spear, moderator. Resolution passed in favor of leas*
ing the Je3erson County Institute to the School Board of
Watertown. Voted to buy a box to hold the property of the
consociation.

An adjourned meeting at Champion, Sept. i. Ten churches
represented. Revs. O. Place and G. A. Miller received,

WoodviUe, Sept. 7, 1869. Annual meeting convened at 10
A. M. The resolution against consociationism, presented at a
former meeting, discussed and lost Woodville reported a fine
new church edifice built and dedicated.

The next meeting was at Mannsville, Sept 6, 1870. Philadel^-
phia and Copenhagen received. A jubilee service held in the
evening, in commemoration of the landing of the Pilgrims, two
hundred ami fifty years ago. Messrs. H. R. Waite and T. B«
Ackerman were licensed. Rev. J. Newton was received from
the now extinct Whitesborough Association ; after the Sab-
bath-school meeting, adjourned.

The annual meeting for 1871 was held in Copenhagen, Sept
5. The usual business of the consociation transacted. Rev.
A. B. Dilley chosen delegate to the National Council at Ober-
lin, Nov. 15. Adjourned.

An adjourned meeting was held in Port Leyden, Jan. 30,
1872. After the devotional services, Rev. E. J. Roke applied
for admission to the association. A committee was chosen to
confer with him. This committee reported favorably, and he
was received. Discussion on temperance, and adjourned.

Another special meeting was called at Mannsville, March 26.
Rev. Chas. Gillett was received. Objections were made to the
last meeting in Port Leyden, inasmuch as the attendance was
small, and no ministerial member of the body was present ; it
was therefore decided that the action in receiving Rev. E. J.
Roke is null and void. After considerable discussion it was
finally decided to adopt the following; Resolved, That we
receive Rev. E. J. Roke as a member of this body.

The annual meeting was held in Philadelphia, Sept 3, 1872.

590 Black River Association, New York. [Oct.

Revs. W. W. Warner and O. Place were received. It was voted
that the register be authorized to purchase a new book in which
to keep the records. Circulating conferences approved.

The next meeting was in Carthage, Sept 2, 1873. Rev.
S. Johnson was received from the Susquehanna Associatioa
Rev. W. W. Warner read an essay on " The Conditioos of
Admission to the Lord's Supper"

An. adjourned meeting was heid in Mannsville, Feb. 3, 1874.
The exercises were chiefly of a devotional character. The
attendance during the entire session was large.

The annual meeting was held in Antwerp, Sept. i. The
question of consolidation with St. Lawrence Consociatioii was
discussed and a committee of conference chosen. Rev. E.
Perkins was appointed delegate to the National Council in New
Haven, Conn;

An adjourned meeting was held in Rodman, Dec. 23. After
consultation it was voted to consolidate with St. I^wrence, and
that the next meeting he held in Lisbon in February, 1875.
Samuel Johnson.

Redman, N. Y.

1878.] The Puritans. 591

THE PURITANS.

[Continaed finom page 499 and Gondudad.]

The fourth rock of offence in the case of the Puritans is witch-
craft.

In all ages man has sought to hold intercourse with spirits
of the unseen world. It was so in the earliest historic ages.
It is so now. Modem Spiritualists manifest the same desire
to tamper with the mysteries of spiritual things. From time
immemorial, witchcraft has been treated as an admitted fact,
and it is only left for the historian to speak of it as such, and
neither to prove nor disprove its reality.

The witch of Endor was, in her day, no strange being, though
famous, and her success for Saul unexpected and exceptional.
It is one of n^any cases mentioned in the Bible ; and that
records only a molecule of those recognized in history. In the
New Testament frequent mention is made of those possessed
by evil spirits ; as Simon and Elymas, the sorcerers, and the
Damsel at Philippi. Among the Jews, exorcising evil spirits
was a profession. No portion of the earth has been wholly free
from a belief in witchcraft. The abodes of highest civilization,
and savage huts, have suffered alike under its blight, and been
permeated by its mystic influence. Even in our own enlight-
ened country, in 1834, a prominent lawyer of North Carolina
protected his house from invading witches by nailing horse-
shoes over its doors. In savage Africa, every death is attrib-
uted to witchcraft, and many an innocent person in conse-
quence suffers death.

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries witchcraft had as-
sumed a power that had seemingly set up a rival dominion to
the Almighty. It exercised a sway vast and mysterious, and
all the more powerful because of its mystery. Almost all the
various practices of magic, divination, incantation, sorcery, evil-
eye, etc., had been condensed into this one overshadowing evil.
In all this, Satan was the head and instigator. The witch
was his agent. Hence, everywhere witchcraft was looked upon
and condemned as a Satanic influence. To be a witch, there-

592 The Puritans. [Oct

fore, was both a sin and a crime, that the pious everywhere
looked upon with holy abhorrence.

In the sixteenth century, the most eminent persons were
firm believers in compacts between Satan and human beings.
Such were Melancthon, Luther, Kepler, and Tycho Brahe.
Luther's " Table-Talk " gives a notable sketch of his conflict
with the devil. The learned and eminent Bishop Jewell, address^
ing Queen Elizabeth, said, " It may please your Grace to know
that witches and sorcerers within these four last years are mar-
vellously increased within your Grace's realm. Your Grace's
subjects pine away unto death ; their color fadeth, their flesh
rotteth, their speech is benumbed, and their senses bereft I
pray God they may never practise further than upon the
subject"

The powers attributed to witches were various. They were
supposed to be able to foretell future events ; to send blast
and mildew upon crops ; or to send spiders, noxious insects,
and vermin to infest dwellings ; they could deprive men and
animals of their natural power by merely breathing on them ;
could afflict with diseases ; raise storms and tempests ; trans-
form themselves into animals, transport themselves through
the air ; render man or beast barren ; inflict racking pain ; or
make an enemy pine away with mysterious sickness that no
medicine could affect. When the witch, from any cause, found
it convenient to execute her evil designs in person, she trans-
formed herself into some convenient animal, — a dog, cat,
mouse, toad, or bird, — to perform the service Witches were
supposed to have imps under their special control They were
thought able to influence their victims at any distance by using
puppets or dolls. Sticking a pin in one of these pierced the
flesh of the afflicted, and so of a pinch or a blow. But a re-
markable circumstance was, that the witch could only do evil,
having no power to do good or even to serve her own inter-
ests, thus always remaining poor and miserable.

During the witch mania in Europe, suspicion easily rested
upon individuals. A haggard old woman, lean and withered,
with a wrinkled face, furrowed brow, swollen eyelids, a ragged
dress, and tangled hair, leaning upon her witch-hazel stick, was
the undoubted cause of every evil among the cattle or in the

1878.] Thi Puritans. 593

field, and the impotent old creature was pelted and persecuted
by all the neighborhood. But if an idle boy pretended to
vomit needles and pins, to gain a holiday from school or work,
the supposed witch must undergo the last tests known to the
laws.

To know a witch the whole body was stripped and examined
by a jury of her own sex, and if a spot or a discoloration, an
excrescence or induration, a mole or a wart, was found, it was
full evidence against the accused. Pins were thrust into the
body to discover the ." witch's mark," for that was supposed to
be insensible. The accused were wrapped in sheets, with the
toes and thumbs tied together, and thus dragged into deep water,
when if they sank at once and were drowned they were inno-
cent, but if they floated they were guilty and were doomed.
They were kept fasting and incessantly walking twenty-four or
even forty-eight hours as a mild torture to induce confession,
and such barbarities were practised upon the accused that they
were glad to confess, to escape torture by death. If they
could not shed tears at command, if they hesitated at a single
word in repeating the Lord's Prayer, they were in league with
Satan.

Witchcraft was ever, till since the Salem hallucination,
deemed a fact as real as any other fact, believed as firmly by
the greatest and wisest men. It was denounced as a reality,
and laws enacted not only prohibiting but also specifying forms
of trial and punishment. So it was in the Jewish code and in
the laws of ancient Rome. In 1484 Pope Innocent VIII
issued his celebrated Bull, charging the faithful in Germany to
search out and put to death all those practising diabolical arts.
Other Bulls were issued in 1494, 1 521, and 1522. In England,
under Henry VIII, Elizabeth, Mary, and James I, and in the
Assembly, in 1640, 1643, 1644, and 1649, ^^^^ "^tx^ enacted
making witchcraft a capital crime. Under these laws witches
were tried, condemned, and executed as honestly as for murder
and far more certainly. In Great Britain and on the Continent,
witches were executed by tens of thousands.

But it is the scenes of the Salem witchcraft that have
called out denunciation and invective without measure, turning
the eyes of the world upon the ministry of New England as

594 The Puritans. [Oct

sinners alone. Ridicule, contempt, abhorrence, the whole vo-
cabulary of opprobious epithets, have been heaped upon their
memory for that offence. Let us hastily review it.

The first suspicion of witchcraft in- the colonies was at
Springfield, Mass., in 1645, but the first trial and condemnation
occurred at Boston, in 1650. The unhappy culprit was a poor
wretch named Mary Oliver, who, though condemned, was not
executed This same year three women were tried and exe-
cuted : Margaret Jones at Charlestown, one at Dorchester, and
one in Cambridge. In 1665 a Mrs. Higgins was hanged at
Boston ; and in 1662, Ann Cole, at Hartford, Conn. After this
a full generation passed without another conviction. A few
were suspected, but not one was brought to trial.

In 1650 nearly all the first settlers had passed away, and a
new generation had come forward, not wholly of the Puritan
character, — for the colony at that time numbered thousands, —
and it is a fact worthy of remark that not a case of witchcraft
occurred during the active lifetime of the Puritan Fathers.

In 1688 the excitement was renewed, owing to the publica-
tion of a book describing and certifying cases of witchcraft : and
the children of John Goodwin, of Boston, were susi>ected of
being bewitched. But it was in 1692 that the great tragedy of
this deplorable delusion was enacted at Salem. It began with
the children of the Rev. Mr. Paris, in the western part of Salem,
now Danvers. Physicians were called to alleviate their suffer-
ings, and jSronounced them bewitched. An old Indian woman
was accused. Three weeks later two other old women were
arraigned. The contagion spread from children to grown peo-
ple, and the number of the bewitched increased rapidly. The
accused were no longer selected from the lower classes, but
accusations fell upon persons of high standing and unblemished
character. The Rev. George Burrows was tried and condemned.
Accusations were brought against Mr. English, a respectable
merchant of Salem, and his wife ; against Messrs. Dudley and
John Bradstreet, sons of the late governor ; against the wife
of the Rev. Mr. Hale, of Beverly, the wife of Sir. William
Phipps, and others of standing and piety. The whole country
was now in consternation. No one was safe. The prisons of
Essex and neighboring counties were filled to repletion. ** The

1 878,] The Puritans. 595

purest life, the strictest integrity, the most solemn assertions
of innocence, were of no avail. Husband was torn from wife,
parent from children, brother from sister, and in some cases
the unhappy victims saw in their accusers their nearest and
dearest friends." — Goodrich,

In the midst of this excitement, a new charter and a new
governor. Sir William Phipps, of England, arrived at Boston.
Educated in England, a firm believer in witchcraft, he issued
his order for a special court. It convened; and in that court
were tried and condemned, under his watchful eye, twenty
alleged witches. Fifty confessed and were released ; for — the
strangest thing of all — the only hopeful way to escape when
accused was to confess one's self guilty.

During an adjournment of the court, the governor ^nd council,
in their perplexity; asked advice of the neighboring ministers.
In a document drawn up by them, not denying their belief in
witchcraft, they recommended caution, lest by such excitement
the innocent should be condemned. This relenting of the clergy
and the people, together with a printed argument by a gentle-
man of Boston against the whole thing, the accusation of those
above reproach or suspicion, and the free discussion of the
whole as a probable delusion, wrought a great and sudden change
in the whole community. From this time the hallucination
began to subside. The good and the wise " doubted whereunto
this would grow." Some felt that it had already gone too far.
One openly opposed the whole as a mere delusion,' and soon
it was accepted as such. The jurors refused to condemn, the
accusers found no sympathy ; and so it ceased, after six months
of unexampled excitement, distrust, and suffering. The change
in the public mind was complete and universal, and lamenta-
tions and bitter repentance followed all who took part in that
real tragedy. Many of the ministers and churches publicly
confessed their error with fasting and prayer, making such
reparation as was in their power. Judge Sewall annually kept
a day of humiliation and prayer during the remainder of his
life, to keep in remembrance, with repentance and confession,
the part he took in those trials. On the appointed day for
general fasting and prayer, he rose in the place where he was
accustomed to worship, the Old South Church in Boston, and

1878.] The Puritans. 599

The people acted under eminetit recent decisions.

Twenty-eight years before the terrible scenes at Salem, Sir
Matthew Hale had tried and sentenced several reputed witches,
and the trial had been reported with great fulness and accuracy.
Sir Matthew's character was venerated in the colony, and it was
his influence and authority, with the influence and sanction of the
best and most pious of the clergy of Old England, that led them
of New England to pursue the course they did in the prosecu-
tions at Salem ; and perhaps we should add the influence of
the new governor, Sir William Phipps, who came over just in
the midst of the excitement, and organized a special court for
the work. Backed and encouraged by such men, it is not strange
that they were led to do a little of that of which their fathers
and friends over the water had done so much.

The people of the colonies in New England were the first to
abandon the idea of punishing witchcraft and to repudiate the
belief in such agencies,

A full generation before the witch-laws were repealed in Eng-
land they had become a dead letter in Massachusetts. Twice
only, after the sad events of 1692, were persons suspected, but no
form of a trial could be had. In 1720 the excitement was begun
at Littleton, Mass., but it failed ; the people had learned a lesson
at too dear a price to forget it The cure was radical and com-
plete.

In Germany, as early as 1563, a book had been written by
John Weier, to demonstrate the absurdity and impossibility of
the popular notions concerning witchcraft, but it had little
influence over general sentiment Cornelius Losaus, in Triers,
also wrote. Fredrick Von Buce, in 163 1, wrote a book entitled
Cautio Criminalis, which tended to hinder criminal prosecu-
tion in the West of Germany. But it was not till after the New
England delusions that the world began to awake from its long
and hideous dream. Supposed witches were condemned and
executed, both in Great Britian and on the Continent, genera-
tions after it was impossible to convict one in New England.
One was burned in Switzerland in 1782, three full generations

tion to tell a lie. Our opinion is, had Dr. Mather been a " Liberal Christian,"
or had he never shown any interest in Harvard College, his sins of commission
would have been covered with a very thick mantle of charity.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4. J

6oo The Puritans. [Oct

after the last executions in the colonies. In 1793, one hundred
and one years after the Salem tragedy, one was executed in the
Grand Duchy of Posin.

But repealing the laws in England did not cure the evil. In
1757 a poor old man and woman, accused of witchcraft, were
killed by a mob in Staffordshire, England. No longer ago than
1863, a reputed wizard was drowned in the county of Essex. In
1867 a pretended doctor was tried in Radnorshire for persuad-
ing persons that their diseases were caused by witches and for
pretending to cure them by written charms.

The following appeared as editorial in the New York Times,
March, 1874 : " A woman was recently arrested for annoying
another, who, she said, had ' overlooked ' her children, causing
the death of two of them. This case is matched by that of
another young woman who was not long ago found drowned
after going through a season of melancholy, with the constantly
repeated assertion that she had been ' overlooked ' by a witch.
It is strange to read of these superstitions in the England of
to-day, — superstitions exactly like those of the New England
of two hundred years ago."

The Times also published, in the May following, an item that
the alcalde of Jacobo, in Mexico, had officially reported that
on April 4, he arrested, tried, and burned alive Jose Maria
Bonilla and his wife Diega, for sorcery, it having been proved
that they had bewitched one Silvestre Zacarias. Also that
the alcalde had his eyes upon other sorcerers, against whom
complaints had been made.

Historians do not make history ; they only collate. As
other men, they have their favorites to praise, their prejudices
to guard, their theories to sustain, or their ends to gain. These,
unhappily, lead them to present a single side of a question,
and even to suppress facts. Sometimes a subject is overstated
or compared with another age, and injustice done to the actors.
Thus the Puritans have been misrepresented. Their worst
traits have been put forward, while their high virtues have
been concealed. Their acts are compared with those of other
ages and circumstances, to their disadvantage. Even Bancroft
relates in that noblest of histories, his United States, the scenes
of the Salem withcraft, as if it were nowhere else ever witnessed.

1878.] The Puritans. 601

and none had ever been so base as the ministers of Boston
and Charlestown, with Cotton Mather at their head. He im-
putes bad motives and passions to the clergy, and particularly
to Cotton Mather. He does not intend to be unfair, but writ-
ing in the very focus of heated discussion, when orthodoxy and
heterodoxy were belligerent, it was impossible but his leadings
should give coloring to his statements of the history pf those
men who were the very high-priests of the opposing tenets.
No historian has ever written without leaving the impress of
his religious faith upon his work. It is notoriously so in Eng-
lish history ; and our prince of historians is not an exception
to the rule. His religious sympathies have marred his work
on those men and their times.

The history of " religious persecution " in New England is
this. The Puritans came to the wilds of America to secure to
themselves and their children exemption from the oppression
of both Church and State ; for they were subject to ruinous
fines, protracted imprisonment, separation from family, banish-
ment, and death by the stake, the axe, and the gibbet Here
they etablished a government with laws such as natural rights
and the Bible warrant, and such as their fatherland did not
afford. They were in the solitary wilderness, a band of broth-
ers, who had separated themselves from kindred and friends,
to be governed by their consciences, customs, laws, and the
laws of God. Were their laws severe } Be it so. They were
made for themselves only. No one was compelled to live un-
der them. Were their doctrines rigid } No one was asked
to believe them. No one was hindered from believing as he
chose. All the Puritans asked, was that their peace might
not be disturbed, their labors hindered, nor their children
taught what they believed to be false doctrine, in their own
homes.

But there came those who bred disturbance in the little colony,
and interrupted that peace, which for three generations they had
not known in England, but which they sought, found, and so
greatly prized here in the wilderness. These disturbers taught
doctrines abhorrent to the Puritan belief, subversive of the purity
of the church, and inimical to the peace and the well-being of
the family and of society. The Puritans, having separated them-

6o2 The Puritans. [Oct

selves from all others, felt justly annoyed by the intrusion ; they
expostulated, and when all other arguments failed, they banished
them. Would we have done less ? Should a traveller come to
your prairie home, widely separated from others, denounce your
£unily government and teaching, indecently disturb its order
and morals, and teach your children rebellion to your authority,
setting up new rules and usages in your house, you would teach
him to be quiet, or apply the quickest method of expulsion. So
only did the Puritans exercise that first law of our being,
self-protection.

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson disturbed the family,
the church, and the state, impairing the unity of each, and they
were expelled. In England the Episcopalians were their avowed
enemies, and the Puritans excluded them from their asylum. The
Quakers denounced the doctrines and worship of the Puritans
as an abomination and their government as treason, and they
were banished on pain of death. The Puritans freely granted to
others the liberty they asked for themselves ; and if intolerance
was found in them, it was in behalf of good order and true liberty.
Their laws, except under the pressure of folly and fanaticism of
others, were eminently calculated to promote the general good.
Bancroft says, " On every subject but religion, the mildness of
the Puritan legislation corresponded to the popular character of
Puritan doctrines. Hardly a nation in Europe has yet made its
criminal law so humane as that of early New England. A crowd
of offences were at one sweep brushed from the catalogue of
capital crimes, and their humane and pious laws were but a
transcript of their individual kindliness, benevolence, and re-
ligion." (Vol. I, p. 464.) Bancroft again says, " The thoughts
of the early Puritans were always fixed on posterity. The people
were full of afTections, and the objects of love were around them.
They struck root in the soil immediately. They enjoyed religion.
They were from the first industrious and enterprising and frugal,
and affluence followed, of course." (Vol. I. p. 467.) This is a great
truth, which, in justice to their traduced memories, should be
made conspicuous on the records of history. It is a brief but
emphatic testimony to the real excellence of their character,
which we quote all the more gladly because written, in spite of
prejudice, by one fully competent to testify.

i878j] The Puritans. 603

" The Puritans were a people of great energy, courage, and
resolution, prepared to carry out every idea to its natural and
legitimate results ; ready to follow established convictions fear-
lessly to utmost logical conclusions." And it is not strange they
were carried so far into an error common to the whole world*
when they thought themselves acting according to the teachings
of the Bible. Nor is it strange that they should repudiate so
suddenly all their former modes of thinking and acting. Such
scenes of suspicion and accusation made against some of the
most lovely and excellent of the colony during that six months
of horror were enough to open their eyes, for they were emi-
nently thinking men, and needed no other argument to con-
vince them, no persuasion to abandon and eradicate their error.
They at once yielded to the logic of events. Not only had they
the nerve to pursue the course that seemed to be right, but
the nerve also to repudiate that course, when the fruit was the
apple of Sodom, though staggered by many an inexplicable
occurrence. The first to strike out new principles of civil and
religious government, they were also the first to repudiate th6
doctrine and the punishment of witchcraft.

The occurrences at Salem form one of the strangest chap-
ters in the history of the human mind. The facts transcend
all ordinary laws. Nor do those scenes stand alone to stagger
reason with facts. Other scenes transpired, closely allied to
the present spirit rappings, which have never been explained
or accounted for. After the closest examination, there are
well-attested historical facts in those sad scenes, deeds done
and appearances exhibited, for which it is impossible to account.
And if we, in the light of cool philosophy, are baflfled, shall we
blame and reproach them, in the midst of darkness and turbu-
lent excitement } Berate the world for its ignorance in 1692,
if it seem good ; but praise the Puritans, who went into those
scenes as the rest of the world, and came out of them a full
century ahead of all other people in enlightened belief and in
humane practice.

George Hood.

White Lake, N, Y.

6q4 Installation of Pastors. [Oct

SHOULD THE INSTALLATION OF PASTORS BE CON-
SIDERED AN ESSENTIAL OF THE CONGREGA-
TIONAL POLITY?

With such a topic as this an ^ essay must go into the val-
leys and linger in the nooks and comers."

In the Congregational polity there are many of these, because
there are majestic mountain ranges and commanding sum-
mits, and as in the ordinary landscape, elevations alternate with
depressions. The word "installation" here must involve
" installation by council," and the word " essential " may sig-
nify "of highest importance " or " a constituent part" If now
the installation of pastors is of the essence of our polity, " a
constituent part " of it, it must be of the highest importance,
and should most emphatically be considered essential The
subject then opens some questions : —

I. Is the installation of pastors a constituent part of the
Congregational polity ? Is it so of the essence of that polity,
that without it a leading and formative element of Congjrega-
tionalism is wanting? Is it so much a prominent character
in the drama that if it do not appear we have " the play of
Hamlet with Hamlet left out " ? Answers to these questions
must come, —

I. From the direction of principles.

Of these there are two which are basal in our polity:
{a) The independence or autonomy of the church ; .and
(b) The fellowship of the churches. These are two conspicuous
mountain summits, nor are they ever snow-capped or ice-bound
They are perpetually in the temperature afforded by the genial
light and warmth proceeding from Scripture and reason.
This light also finds its way into the " valleys, nooks, and
corners " which an essay may somewhat explore, so that while
we point out the summits and enjoy their grandeur, we may
ramble in the valleys and linger in the nooks and comers.

The first principle named — the independence of the church
— asserts the position that each body of believers manages its
own affairs, recognizing no ecclesiastical authority outside of
itself As the National Council of 1865 expresses it, "The

1878.] Installation of Pastors. 605

local or Congregational church derives its power and author-
ity directly from Christ, and is not subject to any ecclesiastical
govemraent exterior or superior to itself."

The teachings of Christ and the practice of the early apos-
tolic churches seem to furnish light for the discovery and
maintenance of this position of Congregationalism. The church
does not delegate its power to minister, standing committee,
official board, vestry, or session, nor to association, conference,
convention, or presbytery, but keeps it in its own hands, to be
expressed and exercised through the votes of the membership^

But the latter principle named, the fellowship of the churches,
is supplementary to the former.* This principle calls for mu-
tual recognition, watch, and counsel among the churches.
No church is under ecclesiastical accountability to the rest,
but each is under moral and Christian accountability to all.
This is also clearly set forth by the council of 1865. "Every
local or Congregational church is bound to observe the duties
of mutual respect and charity which are included in the com-
munion of churches one with another, and every church which
refuses to give an account of its proceedings, when kindly and
orderly desired to do so by neighboring churches, violates the
law of Christ."

Both these principles are involved in the installation of
pastors. The church allows no outside or inside authority
as to the choice of a pastor. No organization " assigns " or
"appoints" Mr. Q to the "B Street Church" or Mr. O to
the " D Avenue Church." The orderly voting of the member-
ship only can signify the wish and choice of the church as to
its pastorate. So far independence. But there is no such
thing in human society as absolute independence. These
churches are independent only of ecclesiastical authority, but
from the nature of the case they are morally dependent, and
amenable to a kind of authority, — that of moral influence.
They are dependent in this sense by virtue of their relation
one to another. This relation is most fully recognized, per-
haps, by the calling of councils for the installation of pastors.
This is done by the vote of the church receiving the pastor,
and councils are constituted in membership, not of ministers
and deacons or elected delegates, but of churches^ represented

6o6 Installation cf Pastors. [Oct

by ministers and such delegates. Indeed, both ministers and
laymen on councils are delegates of churches. The indepen-
dence of the church is manifest in this case in three particu-
lars.

First, The church decides what churches shall be invited

Second. The council does not install, but acts for the church
in such service as its deliberately chosen agency, or if council
does not see fit to install, it gives its reasons, and advises
against installation.

Third. The church in any case may or may not accept
the advice of council The fact of calling in other churchesf
however, recognizes the cardinal principle of the fellowship
of the churches, and admits dependence upon and alliance
to moral and Christian influence, and virtually declares such
influence an authority worth consulting. Consequently, when
a council proves its influence of weight, when its advice has
*• force because of the force of the reason there is in it,* that
advice is authority, and church and minister must consis-
tently believe its moral, suasory, advisory mandates worth
heeding. If there is good evidence that a council has been
hasty or partial, or was improperly called, or if new facts de-
velop, and for such reasons the church votes not to accept its
advice, it may call another council ; but the first business of
that council would be to convince itself of clear evidence that
the former council failed in being legitimate for the reasons
mentioned.

With such fundamental principles, the polity makes claim to
good practical reasons for installation. We will mention some
prominent ones : —

First. Installation is an orderly proceeding. It is an occa-
sion calling attention to the principles of the polity. It is
enough a form to indicate organic denominational position,
and to make a. right impression upon the parties immediately
interested, as well as upon the general public.

Second Installation secures the usefulness of the ministry.
It does this in the fact that it looks to permanency. The word
" settled," in any adequate view of installation, carries its legiti-
mate meaning, and so far forth in that fact the pastor has at
once a base of operations, {a) It is favorable for the pastor's

1878.] Installation of Pastors. 607

intellectual force. He can to some extent lay out courses of
study and thought. He sees not only the opportunity but the
demand for this in the very idea of probable permanency ; and
other things being equal, if he meets this demand, he will make
the probability of the permanency continue. He must fill up as
he draws out, and without filling up he can have little compla-
cency at any time that his reservoir is full enough to depend
serenely and audaciously upon while he is drawing out. {b) He
can make plans for wise and efficient personal influence in his
great mission, by now and then a far outlook, — plans which, by
suggestion and a genuine stimulus and inspiration, shape the
purposes and work and character of his people, (c) Every
advantage from permanency is enhanced and multiplied by the
powerful effect a pastor may produce through the full influence
of his own Christian character as neighbor, citizen, friend, and
church member, as well as religious teacher and. adviser.
{d) The installed pastor recognizes an offer of confidence as im-
plied in the act of the church which settles him, or make^ him
at once this religious guide, with a view to permanency in that
relation ; and he meets this offer of the people's confidence to
him with an immediate offer of his own to them, {e) He also
feels the additional strength and security of his position in the
fact of the assured confidence of the neighboring churches,
which is based not upon hearsay reputation, but upon knowl -
edge actually gained through the examination which has justi-
fied his installation.

Third, Installation secures the permanent welfare of the
churches. Pastors die, or are, for reasons sufficient or insuffi-
cient, dismissed. Churches live, and gather the generations.
(^?) Every reason given for installation with a view to the
minister's usefulness, applies conversely in reference to the
welfare of the church. A religious teacher's intellectual life
and plans, his outlook for remote results by influence, measures,
and methods, his devout, earnest. Christian character, his
receiving and giving of personal confidence — all elements of
permanent efficient service — pertain vitally to the welfare of
the church, {b) Through installation, the church is " settled "
as well as the minister. Questions as to the minister's tenure
are not continually coming up ; not once a year does a possi-

6o8 Installation of Pastors. [Oct

ble restless spirit in a congregation have its opportunity.
. " Every pastor," says one, " has his own ways. Often some of
them are unacceptable peculiarities, the effect of which is to
be diminished by familiarity (not with the pastor but with his
* ways'). Or they are modest sterling qualities, the power and
influence of which are to be attained only by somewhat perma-
nent service and long knowledge, and experience of their truth
and worth." Pertinent are the words of a representative man
at the West He says, " Installation prevents the overhaul-
ing of the minister-question at every annual meeting, which
would cripple the influence and standing of St Paul himself."
{c) Installation is quite evidently for the welfare of the churches,
nay, for their protection and continuance, inasmuch as it is a
safeguard from the doctrinal unsoundness of ministers. We
are making rather suggestive history just now upon this point,
as the April number of the Quarterly shows.

The Unitarians, as we hear from private sources, are, some
of them, saying certain others of our clet'gy would be with
them, if they had parishes for them. All this is good news,
^ince it shows that these men cannot carry our churches with
them as was done fifty years ago, besides showing the minis-
ters to be worthy of our respect, since they are willing to go
out from us if not " of us." But the churches cannot fail
to recognize the safeguard installation is in this direction.
Churches have an interest to ask for ministers of sound body,
sound mind, and sound ** age "(!), and most assuredly they must
ask as^ to soundness in Christian (Old and New Testament)
•evangelical/^////. Upon this depends the continued existence
of the churches in spiritual, aggressive efficiency.

The average of our churches could not furnish a member-
ship sufficiently trained in theology, or even in the New Tes-
tament, to judge of a minister's doctrinal soundness. Hence
they must ask neighboring churches to send their trained
pastors (and layman if they have them) to look into that
matter before the installation is consummated. Churches
hiring from year to year, if they are not in danger of final
extinction, are exposed to a disaster more widely damaging,
that of becoming Sunday clubs, where literary, musical, and
some philanthropic efforts are made, — " culture " is set up

1878.] Installation of Pastors. 609

•

as god, and Christ is only " Jesus," a personage for respectful
historical criticism. On this point a representative Eastern .
man writes, " I think we may as well begin in earnest to face
the question of doctrinal soundness. If not, we shall not long
have much installing to do nor any churches to install over."

2. But the question. Is the installation of pastors a con-
stitutent element of the Congregational polity ? must be an-
swered not only from the direction of principles, but also from
the direction oi facts, {a) The first fact is, that the New Tes-
tament furnishes indications of fixed relations of pastors or
elders to particular churches, and a representative instance
of a council which manifested the fellowship of the early or
apostolic churches. This fact is prime in importance, since
from this, and others justly inferred if not stated, our polity has
evolved its cardinal principles, {b) But again our polity in
this country is a history, a growth, as well as a theory. From
quite an early day a practice has been common among the
churches which involves the form and meaning of the modem
installation service. Cotton Mather tells us that when a min-
ister was removed from one church to another "a day of
prayer is kept, the choice is renewed, and the charge accepted
in the presence of delegates from other churches." It is
well known that for a long time the view was held and acted
upon that a man was not a minister unless he was a pastor in
charge of a church. For more than one hundred years of our
history, moreover, ordination always meant what installation
now does. None were ordained "to the ministry," but over
churches, (c) In later days, to the present, a majority of the
churches in Massachusetts and Connecticut, where Congrega-
tionalism was first planted, have held both the theory and
practice of installation, {d) And further, almost without ex-
ception the leading minds in our denomination, whose views
reach us through oral expression or the printed page, heartily
and firmly support this theory and practice.

From leading principles and facts, then, it would seem that
the installation of pastors is2L constituent element of the Con-
gregational polity.

But another question confronts us.

6 10 Installation of Pastors. [Oct

II Is the installation of pastors considered an essential of
this polity ?

The answer to this question can but have significance. Wc
must now go into the valleys and find our way into nooks and
corners, if not into some caves and subterranean passages.
And our explorations, somewhat below the theoretical and his-
torical summits of our polity, may lead not only into a heavier
atmosphere, but to the discovery of a new drift Take the
stronghold of Congregationalism, Massachusetts, for a little
survey. In 1857 the number of churches in Massachusetts
was four hundred and forty-four; sixty with ministers not
installed, and forty-two not supplied. In 1867 the number
of churches was four hundred and ninety-six ; one hundred and
fourteen with ministers not installed, and eighty-seven not
supplied. The number of ministers not installed was nearly
doubled in ten years, while the increase in the number of
churches not supplied nearly equalled the increase in the whole
number of churches* In 1877 the number of churches was
five hundred and twenty-six ; one hundred and seventy-four with
ministers not installed, and seventy-three without supply. In
the last ten years the number of churches increases by thirty ;
the number with ministers not installed increases by sixty, and
the number without supply decreases by fourteen. For the
last twenty years the number of churches increases by eighty-
two, or an average of about four per year ; the number with
ministers not installed increases nearly threefold, or from sixty
to one hundred and seventy-four, or on an average, nearly six
a year, and the number not supplied also increases on an
average of nearly two a year, or from forty-two to seventy-
three. Massachusetts and Connecticut are the only States
reporting more ministers installed than uninstalled. The two
States reporting the next largest number of churches are New
York and Illinois. In New York of two hundred and fifty-
nine churches, only fifty-nine ; in Illinois of two hundred and
forty-two churches, only twenty-six have ministers installed.
Iowa reports two hundred and twenty-five churches, with only
seventeen ministers installed. The whole number of churches
in the country is 3,564. Of these, 2,693 are regularly supplied.

1878.] Installation of Pastors. 6n

but 1,795 of the ministers supplying are uninstalled. " Tem-
pera mutantur, mores mutantur."

Twenty years ago a leading and lively writer in our
Quarterly makes the following statements : '* Few men of
middle age are now in their first pastorates. A few Sab-
baths of preaching seminary sermons, a hasty vote, a council
obliged to concur, — this is the settlement ; a few months of
novelty, gradually waning to indifference, a few years of same-
ness, a restiveness on the part of minister or people, a difficulty
through some troubler in Israel, — this is the tenure ; then a
request for disn^ission on the ground of ' ill health,' a council
to indorse the minister as an angel and the people as saints,
condolence with the church in its • great loss,' a separation, —
and this is the end." " Such," he adds, " are a majority of our
pastorates." If that were true, making allowance for rhetori-
cal and quizzical features of statement, before the war^ it cannot
be less so now. There are more reasons for this state of things
than we are now called upon to canvass, but the facts are sig-
nificant

There is a deep valley between the two heights of this polity,
where Congregationalists and others get bewildered. People
do not quite see how they are both independent in church
matters and yet amenable to authority under the softened
term " advice." In a given case a church appeals to the Polity
after this manner : " O hoary and venerated Polity, you declare
our independence, but we have * advice ' not to install this man
pastor who is our choice. We can show our genuine Congrega-
tionalism by declining to accept advice, but you then tell us we
are not Congregationalists but Independents, and have no just
claim upon the fellowship or communion of neighboring
churches, intimating that if we keep our chosen pastor, we
may expect neighboring pastors not to exchange with him or
sit with him in councils, or let him represent usxin confer-
ence. If we accept advice, and attempt to reconsider our
unanimous votes, we show our Congregationalism by giving
up our independency, but we shall no longer be united, but
divided, since many in our membership are thoroughly inde-
pendent in their Congregationalism, even if they are not
Congregational in their independency. And moreover, O

6i2 Installation of Pastors. [Oct

Polity, if you can advise us not to install a minister, you can
advise us not to dismiss one. You say you would advise thus in
such a case only because good reasons for dismissal were not
made to appear. Yes, but we might think it would not be for
our good, and certainly not for the pastor^s, to make all the
reasons appear. Furthermore, some time in our history we
may have a pastor duly installed whom we desire to keep, even
when he asks a dismission. We call a council. He gives
reasons for desiring a change, but perhaps it would be not for
his good, and more especially not for ours, if he gave all his
reasons. Suppose council advises against dismissal, and we are
glad and willing to accept advice, if he will ; but he does not^
and goes^ as it proves he was determined to do : is he cut off
from fellowship and no longer a Congregationalist, but an In-
dependent minister ? We find," continues this appellant, " that
very many pastors well ' settled ' have yielded to pressing invi-
tations to other fields all along the years of the last quarter of
a century, thus invading the principle of permanency, so that,
while the churches are foolishly restless very often, they have
felt at* liberty to press somewhat their desire for change."

And we have seen, as we might expect perhaps, that pastors,
after from four to eight or ten years of service, find it difficult,
if they are willing, to break the connection gracefully, and are,
without fault of their own, compromised by warm and belliger-
ent friends in church and society, until divisions, bitterness,
and heart-burnings among the members destroy peace and eflS-
ciency for the whole, and not seldom the best of pastors are
unwise and, apparently at least, somewhat unchristian, since
from the nature of the case they cannot have that full knowl-
edge of facts which is necessary for clear, correct judgment
and calm action ; and worst of all in such cases, difficulties are
swollen and " red in the face " at the outset, because certain
ones in church and society, who are in numerical minority but
in financial majority, will "starve out" a minister, though
denying, under sophistical phrases, that they are doing so ; will
hold " informal meetings," to a pastor's prejudice, and secretly
undermine his influence and bring him into unpopularity,
magnifying his faults and minnifying his excellences ; or will
wait upon him as a self-constituted committee, and inform him

18/8.] Installation of Pastors, 613

that in their judgment his usefulness is at an end ; or some one
will " write him a letter/' — all this when no open, kind, and
frank course has been taken with the pastor by any one. And
this brings the appellants to still greater plainness of speech.
" We must further say, O ancient Polity, though with utmost
respect, your two towering summits of principle are virtually
levelled to the ground, your system left flat as to fundamentals,
by an abuse of the constitution of ecclesiastical a£Fairs in New
England and in the larger cities elsewhere, whereby the
church, with its asserted, not to say boasted autonomy, with
its safeguards and sympathies of fellowship, in its choice to
install, and to keep or dismiss a pastor, is overawed and con-
trolled by the society. In the case of dismissal, the church
moves because moved upon by the society, or, in some cases,
after the society has taken deliberate action, which has virtu-
ally or morally, and perhaps financially, dismissed the pastor."

Then a council comes in, called by a letter-missive which
reads, " the church and the society connected with it," when it
should read, " the society and the church connected with it,"
and really installs or dismisses as the agent, not of the church
proper, but of the society. This parish system does not always
and necessarily work ill, but it oflen invades our theories of
church independence, the permanency of pastorates, and even
of church fellowship, as might be expected and as the history
now making shows. " Now, O Congregational Polity," appel-
lants continue, " this state of things ij, whether it ought to
be or not, and whether it be the fault of your principles and
practice or not. One of your ablest writers pertinently says,
* Though loath as we are to admit that want of principle ever
enters, we must yet confess that our polity is evidently in-
tended by its reliance only on moral power, for people in a high
state of grace, and we must further confess that grace is not
always found.* " {Exit appellants^ enter essay)

We must come out of these nooks, corners, and caves, and
take position again on the heights, which, after all, stand illu-
minate and serene.

III. The answer to appellants and the explanation of their
discoveries in the valleys must be found in direct response to
the main question, to which we now return. ^^ Should the

6 14 • Installation of Pastors. [Oct.

installation of pastors be considered an essential of the Con-
gregational polity?" The writer of this essay, now sixteen
years in the Congregational ministry from choice, was bom,
bred, and by full courses in the schools, trained a New England
Congregationalist. This essay answers the main question it
considers plumply in the affimative. But it recognizes new
departures by the significance of facts. It believes Congrega-
tionalism inclines to make too much of its principle of indepen-
dence, and that some Congregationalists incline to make too
much of the principle of fellowship. Theoretically and histori-
cally the installation of pastors is a constituent part of the
Congregational polity. Practically, for more than a quarter of
a century, the denomination has not in strict sense considered
it so. It probably will not for some time to come. In Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut it will be likely to have the majority
in its favor, and ought to, because in these States it specially
needs to do so and has facilities for it. So throughout the
country, the principle involved in the practice of installation
ought to be considered essetitiaL In the application of the
principle there are and will be qualifications. It is no longer
necessary to say that a minister installed in due form by coun-
cil is not "settled," because not in theory settled for life.
The idea of permanency is not given up. A few men, who
have long-suffering churches, and are themselves qualified by
the " level head " as well as the upright heart, by tact as well as
by learning and piety, by common-sense as well as by enthusi-
asm, — a few such men — and but a few in these days, when the
world is on the railroad, reading newspapers — achieve long
pastorates. All honor to these patient, richly endowed, " set-
tled" pastors and their settled churches and societies ! But
every pastor must make life-plans, even though death, physical
or ecclesiastical, may threaten now and then, and finally sur-
prise as well as overtake him. In this sense, a church settles
the minister-question by formal installation. By mutual for-
bearance and yielding, church and pastor will stay settled as
long generally as both believe it best they should, and the
pastor and people together can achieve permanancy ; or if the
painful question of separation must come, that ought to be set-
tled without prolonged torture to the pastor and his family

18/8.] Installation of Pastors. ' 615

and a disastrous quarrel in the church. And yet the pastor
must remember that the people expect him to be " hammer "
to a very limited extent, and " anvil " to a very large extent.
(Perhaps the Master expects this within reasonable view.)

Nor is it essentially true that a minister is not settled, and
not in any sense a pastor, because he is not installed by coun-
cil. The application of the polity in New England works to
the position that a minister is not pastor unless installed, but
even here there are, practically, exceptional cases. Not ten
years ago, indeed, Connecticut Congregationalism declared in
grave speech and graver document that no uninstalled minister
was a pastor, or could properly be a member of a council. It
was answered that churches, not men, make up councils ; and
when a minister, perhaps for years doing all the work of a pas-
tor, and with marked success, is sent by his church, to refuse
him is to refuse the church. Consequently the practice of the
churches has destroyed the effect of the Connecticut theory.
Seventy-five years ago the names of the churches, and no
names of pastors or delegates as such, appeared in the minutes
of councils, and men did not vote, but churches ; /. ^., whatever
the number Of delegates, each church had one vote. (Then
doubtless all formal courtesies were to churches and not to
men, so that not the eldest pastor, but the pastor representing
the oldest church, called councils to order for organization.)
Practically, moreover, ministers not installed are settled, inas-
much as in different parts of the country such terms of ser-
vice do not involve the " hiring " or voting process once a year.
The writer was settled over a church on the banks of the Mis-
sissippi for six years. The call was orderly, and installation
was soon proposed. ** No," was the answer, " our last pastor
used influence for six months to induce us to install by coun-
cil We finally yielded, and in six months after his installation
he accepted an invitation to another field, and departed without
a council. We '11 not install you for fear you '11 leave us." The
six years passed, and no question as to the pastor's tenure
received any deliberate or formal attention. In the small places
at the West, — where perhaps it would be absurd ^ to settle a
minister, since nobody is settled, — the churches hire from
year to year. It is very important, too, to remember that the

SECOND SERIES. — VOU X. NO. 4. 8

6i8 Congregational Necrology. [Oct.

CONGREGATIONAL NECROLOGY.

[Note. — In the July number the vital statistics of all deceased ministers arc
given in detail, hence in this necrological department, in the case of ministers,
some statistics are designedly omittecL]

Rev. David Nichols Coburn died at Monson, Mass., Dec. 7,
1877. He was born in Thompson, Conn., Sept. 11, 1808. He was
the eldest of four children (two sons and two daughters). His
parents' names were Rufus and Phebe (Nichols) Coburn.

His parents were earnest, devoted Christians, and early sought to
impress the minds of their children with divine things. As a result
of such faithful painstaking he became very serious and thoughtful
He did not, however, make an open profession of religion till
the year 1832, at the age of twenty-four, when he united with the
Congregational Church, of which Dr. Dow was pastor. Most
of his early education was acquired at " Dudfey Academy." After
spending a year at Monson Academy, he entered Amherst College,
from which he was graduated in 1838. That conscientiousness which
so distinguished his boyhood had a peculiar and remarkable illustra-
tion during his college life. In Prof. Tyler's History of Amherit
College a very graphic account is given of the famous " rebellion "
of the class of '38, which for a time seemed to threaten the very
existence of the college. The Amherst historian speaks of Mr.
Coburn as standing alone at this critical period in defence of the
faculty and authorities of the college, and against his classmates in
rebellion. This position of Mr. Coburn was afterwards acknowl-
edged by his mates as just and honorable, and for it he was greatly
commended by them.

After graduation from college, he entered that same year the
Theological Seminary at East Windsor, Conn., graduating with
honor in the class of '41. He then supplied for six months the
Congregational Church in Hampton, Conn.

He was married Nov. 30, 1841, to Elizabeth Haley Lamed, daugh-
ter of William Green Lamed and Mary (Gay) Lamed, of Thompson,
Conn.

He was ordained and installed pastor pf the First Congregational
Church in Ware, Mass., Sept. 21, 1842. After a successful pastorate
of twelve years he was dismissed at his own request, April 17, 1854.
During his ministry at Ware, eighty-three were added to the church.
He remained a year among his former people, after his dismissal,
supplying at different times vacant pulpits in the vicinity.

His parents, now being aged and feeble, greatly needed his care

1878.] Congregational Necrology. 619

and assistance, and under these circumstances he felt it unwise to
accept another pastorate. He therefore assumed control of the little
fortune his father had saved, purchased a home in Monson, Mass.«
and made such prudent investments of the remainder as to yield a
comfortable support for the family.

He continued to supply vacant pulpits till failing health compelled
him to withdraw altogether from active ministerial duties. Being
naturally reticent and retiring in his disposition, these traits became
more marked with failing health.

He was a great reader, and endeavored to keep himself well in-
formed on all the important questions of the day. He felt a special
interest in the welfare of his Alma Mater, and as long as his health
permitted was a regular attendant upon the annual meetings of Am-
herst College alumni. Though feeble in body, his mind appeared
quite active till the winter of 1875-6, when he received a slight
shock of paralysis, which affected his mental powers, and after that
time he gradually failed until his death.

Though Mr. Coburn has left many valuable papers in manuscript,
the only one which he consented to have printed was " An Historical
Discourse delivered at Ware, 185 1, Commemorative of the Forma-
tion of the First Church in Ware, May 9, 1751." Mr. Cobum was
married but once. His widow and two daughters survive him. Two
sons died in infancy. The elder daughter is married to a clergy-
man, and the other daughter remains with the mother in the family
home at Monson. As a companion, friend, and counsellor, he will
be greatly missed by those who knew him best.

The funeral services were attended by Rev. E. P. Blodgett, of
Greenwich, his classmate and life-long friend, also by Rev. C. B.
Sumner, pastor of Congregational Church in Monson, and by Rev.
James Tufts, each of whom, from personal knowledge, paid a warm
tribute to his memory. m. l. c*

Rev. Joel Goodell, son of Wm. Goodell and Phebe Newton,
and younger brother of Dr. Wm. Goddell, of Forty Years in the
Turkish Empire notoriety, was born in Templeton, Mass., July 22,
1799.

In his youth he removed to the State of New York. He never
enjoyed the advantages of a college education, but studied theology
at Auburn, N. Y.

He was married in 1830 to Lucy Childs, of Niagara, N. Y., and
went as pastor, with other emigrants, to Liberty, Clay County, Mo.,
where Mrs Goodell died in the autumn of 1831, leaving an infant

620 Congregational Ntcrol

son, who soon followed his mother. In
married. to Elmina Brigham, of Dunkirk, N
leaving four children, three of whom still
ried Clarissa Piatt, daughter of Dea. Piatt,
with two of her five children, survives him.

On account of ill health, Mr. Goodell wa:
wholly to the work of the ministry. From
most of the time, on a farm near Hanisville
and in the mean time supplied the churcl
County, in 1843, and preached at other plac
tunity permitted. He was at Clinton, Ful
1854 to 1856 ; at Graham, Johnson Coun
1863 ; moved to Percival, Fremont County
Tabor in 1864, where he died.

Mr. Goodell was a devoted Christian,
father, a kind neighbor, a faithful friend, reai
For a year or more before his death, he ha
about temporal matters, yet frequently ett
ing, and urged his fellow Christians to stu
Christ. This was his theme. Death to tiinr
Christian brother who called to see him j
death, and who remarked, "You hardly exp
winter," looking up with a smile, he replic
cheerliil submission and filial confidence '.
pleasure. His end was peace. He genti
struggle on the morning of Nov. 34, 1877, a
four months and two days. " The memory

Rev. Jonathan Smith Green died at A
of the Hawaiian Islands, Jan. 5, 1878, aged
He was bom at Lebanon, Conn., Dec. 20, i
Beriah and Elizabeth Green. In bis earl]
removed to Pawlet, Vt. The father's name,
the nume of an older son. Rev. Beriah G
known as a preacher, resident last at Whitesl
older brother's helpful instruction, the ord
common-school education were so well suppl<
course of study at college, he entered Andc
nary ; and was graduated in 1837, in the san
C. Abbott. He married Miss Theodosia 1
Conn., daughter of Mr. John Arnold, of E
1837. Having received an appointment ai

1878.] Congregational Necrology. 621

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions to the In-
dians of the Northwest Coast, he was ordained at Brandon, Vt., Oct.
3, 1827, and took passage with his wife for Honolulu, where he
arrived in the spring of 1828. Leaving her with an infant child
there, he embarked in a trading vessel to go to his expected field of
labor. But the vessel was attacked by the then untamed savage tribes
of that region, and he was obliged to return to Honolulu. He was
then stationed by the Sandwich Islands Mission with Rev. Mr. Rich-
ards, at Lahaina, whence he was removed to Hilo in 1831. In 1832
he was transferred to Wailuku, where he continued his successful
missionary labor till 1842. Here he established the first boarding-
school for Hawaiian girls, carried on afterwards by Miss Ogden
alone, and since her death by Miss Carpenter. Bold, enterprising,
and energetic in all his labors, he never hesitated to rebuke wrong-
doing, whatever the social station of the offender. By his plain-
dealing in such matters he sometimes provoked the anger of indi-
viduals whom he had publicly denounced, though none ever carried
their animosity further than threatening words. The same spirit of
sturdy defence of what he believed to be right and duty, led him in
1842 to withdraw from the service of the American Board of Com-
missioners for Foreign Missions on account of the position he had
taken in reference to slavery in the Southern States. He kept on in
the work to which he had consecrated his life, and accepted an
appointment as one of the missionaries of the American Missionary
Association, but for his annual salary he depended almost entirely
on the congregation which he undertook to gather at Makawao, a few
miles distant from Wailuku. The church which he there formed, and
of which he was pastor till death severed the relation, was indepen-
dent of all ecclesiastical connections. The number of the native
population has been constantly diminishing, but the number of foreign
settlers has been on the increase. By all classes he was revered for
his integrity and steadfastness, and their kindly feeling and grateful
esteem for '* Father Green" have been manifested in various ways
during his protracted helplessness, resulting from repeated shocks of
paralysis. Bereft of his first wife by her death, Oct. 5, 1859, he mar-
ried, Sept. 18, 1 86 1, Miss Asenath Spring, of Providence, R. I,,
daughter of Mr. Elkanah Spring, of Brimfield, Mass. Two children
by the first marriage survive their father, — Rev. Joseph Porter Green,
a graduate of Bangor Theological Sen^inary, now an invalid, residing
at Honolulu, and Miss Mary E. Green, principal of the girls* board-
ing-school at Waialua ; also, two children by the second marriage,
Laura S. and Frank Ct, residing with their widowed mother at
Makawao. q. m. d.

622 Literary Review. [Oct

LITERARY REVIEW.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS.

Dr, Farrar an *' Eternal PunishmenU^\ The canon of Westminster
will be sure of an indulgent hearing on this side of the sea, where he is
so favorably known by his works, above all by his beautiful Life of
Christ, The greater is our surprise at the character of his discourse
with the above title in Westminster Abbey on the eleventh of November
last A sermon it must perforce be 'called, though it would ^e hard to
say why, if any connection should subsist between sermon .and text The
preacher chose one of the most difficult passages of Scripture (i Pet. iv, 6),
and then discarded it totally, save in a single and quite groundless remark
near the close. The sermon opens with a vivid picture of the misery
which is caused in this world by sin. The fact of sin is brought home to
the consciousness of all, and we expect to be shown how much more terri-
ble a thing is sin than pain. Would that all who deal with the subject of
future retribution would bring out that contrast oftener ! But the next
paragraph of the discourse before us is a most unseemly tirade against the
preachers of endless punishment It is often asserted, and this sermon
£ivors the statement, that the fate of the wicked has never received so
thorough a discussion in Old England as the last generation or two in
New England have given it. Those who have followed the controversy
here will recognize painfully the familiar argumentum ad invidiam and
ignoratio elenchi, (Our citations are from The Complete Preacher for
January, 1878, which claims to give a full report of Dr. Farrar's sermon.)
'* Those who pretend to dignify with the name of Scriptural argument the
ever-widening spirals of dim and attenuated inference out of the narrow
aperture of single texts, those who talk with the glib self-complacency of
an ignorance which takes itself for knowledge, — they, perhaps, may speak
readily of fire and brimstone, and may feel the consolatory glow of a per-
sonal security as they dilate upon ^he awfulness and finality of the suffer-
ings of the damned." And further on : '* I repudiate these crude and
ghastly travesties of the holy and awful will of God. I arraign them as
mercilessly ignorant. I impeach them as a falsehood against Christ's
universal and absolute redemption. I denounce them as a blasphemy
against God*s exceeding and eternal love." *' I shake oflf the hideous
incubus of atrocious conceptions attached by false theology to the doctrine
of final retribution,"

Doest thou well to be angry ? Is not Dr. Farrar injuring his cause by
this violent language? His own belief, he tells us, he knows to be *' the
belief of multitudes and of yearly increasing multitudes of the wisest and
most learned in our church."

One cannot but congratulate the Church of England on the possession
of " multitudes," not only among the wise and learned, but among her
wisest and most learned, — ^* yearly increasing multitudes," too. We make

1878.] Literary Review. 623

the remark with no captious intent, but simply to point out the spirit of
exaggeration which the whole sermon breathes. This is manifest in the
account of the popular conception of hell. It is a travesty upon the
Christian public to ascribe to them the mediaeval belief on this subject.
Yet no later authorities are quoted than Jeremy Taylor and Henry Smith
of Cambridge. According to this so-called popular conception, "the
moment a human being dies, at whatever age, under whatever disadvan-
tages, his fate is sealed hopelessly and forever." Does Dr. Farrar mean
what he seems to mean, or is he cheating us with cunning words ? We do
believe the fate of all to be sealed at death for bliss or woe ; but why this
conjunction of ** at whatever age " and ** hopelessly " ? None of us believe
in the perdition' of any who die before the age of full moral responsibility,
whatever that age may be. If, with Dr. Hodge, we should place it at
about twelve years, our meaning would be simply that a boy of twelve is
as truly a moral agent as a man of forty. The question of age has no
right to enter into the problem ; and the phrase " at whatever age " looks
like a covert attempt to fix upon evangelical Christianity a stigma which it
constantly discards.

Dr. Farrar asks, " Which of us has not heard sermons or read books
to the effect that if you could conceive of an everlasting toothache, or the
incessant scream of a sufferer under the knife, that would give you but a
faint conception of the agony of hell ; and yet, in the same breath, that
the majority of mankind are doomed to hell by an absolute predestina-
tion ? " We venture to say that the answer to this question would be,
** Very few, if any," had not the preacher adroitly inserted the phrase " or
read books " ; for his cultured audience might have been familiar with the
literature of a century or two ago. In this country, at least, we hear no
such preaching of hell (unless perhaps from some of our colored brethren),
nor is the absolute predestination thither of a majority of mankind either
preached or believed. On the contrary, the Orthodox doctrine here is
that the majority of mankind are saved, — half the race as dying in infancy,
and " yearly increasing multitudes " as personally accepting the Saviour.

Who holds " the base and feeble notion that virtue would be impossible
without the horrors of an endless hell " ?

Dr. Farrar refuses flatly to decide the question of future punishment by
the simple testimony of the Bible. " Reason and conscience and experi-
ence, no less than Scripture, are also [sic] books of God, and must have a
direct voice in these great decisions." He appeals from **the ambiguity
of opposing texts " and from ** the ignorant tyranny of isolated texts " to
** the broad, vivifying principles of Scripture."

But there are only two ways of obtaining these principles, — by carefully
studying particular texts (^. g,^ " God is love "), or by making them up
from our own imaginations. So far from resting his belief on the Word
of God as it is, Dr. Farrar invokes that dangerous '* innere Kritik " which
has often proved the bane of exegesis.

" My brethren, we live under the dispensation of the Holy Spirit Our
guide is not, and never shall be, the asserted infallibility of isolated
words."

624 Literary J^eviiw. [Oct

The Holy Spirit dwells in the Giristian, not to contradict, bat to confirm
and apply, his inspired Word.

The issue is a simple one. Is the whole Bible of Divine anthority ?
As a general rule, those who say " Yes '* believe in endless punishment ;
those who say « No " disbelieve it Dr. Farrar tells us that for every text
quoted in favor of this doctrine, two can be adduced on the other side.
We repudiate the notion of ** sides " and " opposing texts." One clear,
Biblical statement is an infallible voice from heaven. If our doctrine be
not in full accord with the so-called Universalist texts put together at the
close of the discourse we are reviewing, it cannot stand. Let us see what
this Christian teacher, << claiming the fullest right to speak with the
authority of knowledge," has to say about the testimony of Scripture*
" Now I ask you, my brethren, very solemnly, where would be the popular
teachings about hell, if we calmly and deliberately erased firom our English
Bible the three words " damnation," " hell," and "everlasting" ?

Just where they are now, we reply, in the Bible. See John iii, i6, 36;
xvii, 12. Matt, iii, 12 ; xiii, 40-42, 49, 50; xxvi, 24. Mark iii, 29 (sin,
not damnation) ; ix, 48. Luke xvi, 19-31 {deU the word hell (Hades) in
ver. 23). Rev. xiv, 10 ; xx, 15, and many other passages.

We accept at once Dr. Farrar's appeal to the original, and to the
*' proper, historical sense." We admit that *^ damnation " is condemnation,
and that "hell" meant originally the Valley of Hinnom, just as Paradise
meant originally a garden, or park, each word becoming a vivid symbol of
bliss or woe. Will Christ's words in Matt, xxxiii, 23, lose any force when
we render them " serpents, offspring of vipers, how can ye escape the con-
demnation of Gehenna?" We might not attach the idea** endless" to
the word " Gehenna," had not Christ told us that it is everlasting. But
Canon Farrar says " everlasting " will be erased from the Bible, if the
revisers do their duty. As we have seen, the popular doctrine of future
punishment would stand without it, but some other doctrines would facrt

hard. ** The mercy of the Lord is from to ." *' I hid my face

from thee for a moment ; but with kindness will I have mercy on

thee." ** In the Lord Jehovah is strength." " He that believeth on

me hath life." We do not know how the revisers will fill these

blanks ; we only insist that they shall apply the same words to the punish-
ment of the wicked.

Says Canon Farrar, ** The word aionios is in the Bible itself applied
over and over again to things which have utterly and long since passed
away." On the contrary, it can possibly be so used only once (Jude 7)
and probably is not even there. What Dr. Farrar means is that aionios
is so used in the Septuagint translation, a version vastly inferior to the
English Bible. We protest against the common ascription of a semi-
infallibility to the L X X.

Dr. Farrar fells in with the antiquated exegesis of Rev. x, 6, " There
should be time no longer." Whatever philosophy may say of " the eter-
nal now," the passage just cited gives no color to it. He also quietly
assumes that i Pet. iii, 19, teaches Christ's preaching in the intermediate

1878.] Literary Review. 625

state, though Dr. Bartlett demonstrated the contrary, and settled this
much- vexed question in the New Englander for October, 1872. But this
is a trifle to his assumption that, granting the former, the fate of man is
not finally sealed at death; for i Pet. iii, 19, says not a word about the effect
of that preaching. Even should we admit that some in the other world
repented and were saved, is it, as Dr. Farrar says, '' clear and obvious to
the very meanest understanding, that if the bXt of those dead sinners was
not irrevocably fixed at death, neither of necessity is ours ? " Perhaps so ;
but hardly to the enlightetud understanding.

•

^ Faith and Philosophy " Ms a volume of essays by the late Henry
Bo3niton Smith.

• Prof. Smith was bom in Portland, Me., a city **beautifiil for situa-
tion," and distinguished for its social culture, Nov. 21, 181 5. Entering
Bowdoin College at the age of fifteen, he was graduated in 1834. His
theological studies were pursued at Bangor and Andover. He afterwards
visited Germany and pursued them still further in connection with philos-
ophy and church history, at the universities of Berlin and Hall<S. In that
land of scholars he gained the marked respect of his teachers, who treated
him rather as a friend and equal than as a pupil. He was often a welcome
guest at the house of the noted historian, Neander ; and his relations
with Tholuck and Ulsici were especially intimate. He also formed ties of
friendship with many students and young theologians, which remained
fresh and stead&st to the day of his death. After his return to America
he taught a year in his Alma Mater, and in 1842 was ordained as pastor
over the Congregational Church in West Amesbury. From 1845 to '847,
while yet pastor, he gave instruction in Hebrew at Andover. Near the
close of the latter year he became Professor of Mental and Moral Philos-
ophy in Amherst College. He received in 1850 a unanimous call to fill
the chair of Church History m Union Theological Seminary, New York
City, which after a severe mental struggle, growing out of his devoted
attachment to New England and New England institutions, he accepted,
and never doubted the wisdom of his decision. He now entered the
Presbyterian Church, and became one of its most honored leaders and
teachers. He was transferred in 1855 to the chair of Systematic Theol-
ogy, which he retained till 1874, when, on account of ill health, he re-
signed. He was at once made Professor Emeritus and appointed lecturer
on Apologetics. In 1859 he became editor of The American Theological
Review^ which, in 1863, was united with The Presbyterian Review^ under
the title of The American Presbyterian and Theological Review, This
again was united, in 1871, with The Princeton Repertory^ and assumed
the name of The Presbyterian Quarterly and Princeton Review, He
thrice again visited Germany, — in 1859, in 1866, and in 1869. This last
journey he extended to Italy and the lands of the Bible. He died in New
York City, Feb. 7, 1877, in the sixty-second year of his age.

^ See Scribner, Armstrong & Ca, p. 66.

626 Literary Review. [Oct

As information of his death spread, deep sorrow pervaded the commu-
nities where he was best known. The gathering at his funeral was such
as is seldom seen on similar occasions in this country, and '^ testified that
a very remarkable man had passed away. It represented whatever is
highest and best in American culture and scholarship.^ At a meeting of
the clergy of New York and vicinity, '^ voice was given to the common
sentiment in a most appreciative minute " and in appropriate addresses.
Touching tributes also came from the absent. On going abroad in 1869,
Dr. Smith had expressed the wish, that in case of his death his old and
dear friend, Prof. Park, of Andover, should speak at his buriaL. The dis-
tinguished professor could not be present, but expressed his strong senti-
ments of friendship and appreciative regard for the deceased &ther in a
letter to his son, Mr. William A. Smith. '* If^ however, I had been able
to reach New York, I could not have spoken at the solemnity. I could
not have commanded my power of utterance. I felt unable to speak for a
long time after I heard the sad news. • . . I do so heartily regret that
I faifed to see him when I was in New York twenty months ago. I de-
sired to ask him many questions, some of which he was the only man
capable of answering. I have this winter desired to propose some other
questions to him, and I do not know any man who can answer them as
well as he could. In certain departments of study he had traversed
ground which few persons in this country have ventured upon. Is all his
learning to perish with him ? By no means. As he will live, so will his
learning live.'*

The day after the funeral, Dr. Henry W. Bellows, a leading Unitarian
divine, thus refers to the great and glorious scholar by whose bier he
had just been standing : *' The depth and breadth of Prof. Smith's the-
ology and piety, the unaffected charity of his sympathies, his modesty
under the crown of learning and philosophy which he so manifestly wore,
his entire freedom from low ambition of place or name, his gayety of heart
in weary invalidism, and the vigor of his soul so set off by thfe frailty of
his body, — all these rare and precious characteristics, I, with thousands of
others who have a nearer right to avow them, shall ever cherish and
lament to lose. How it belittles our sense of human recognition and esti-
mate to think how feebly the general public knows what a treasure has
dropped from the world, and how poor it leaves the church and the schol-
arship of America."

Words of condolence and appreciation came also from beyond the sea.
A pregnant sentence from Dr. Dorner's letter is placed as the motto of
the volume. Prof. Godet, of Neuchatel, Switzerland, writes : —

" La premiere fois que nous sorames rencontres, c*6tait k Berlin, chez
notre p^re spirituel, Texcellent Neander. J'ai appris alors k connaitre en
lui Tun des jeunes chrctie;is les plus aimables, Pun des gentlemen les
plus Chretiens que j'ai jamais rencontres. Plus tard j'ai eu la joie de
revoir M. Smith en Suisse. Devenus professeurs Tun et Pautre, nous
causdmes naturellement de theologie, et j^appris alors k connaitre Pun des
esprits les plus profonds, les plus judicieux, et les plus perspicieux que j'ai

1878.] Literary Review. 627

jamais rencontres. II dominait chaque sujet et me dominait en parlant
£n apprennant la mort de cet homme Eminent, j'ai eu le sentiment bien
profond : Voilk un citoyen rentr^ dans sa patrie ! "

The volume is composed of discourses delivered on special occasions,
including his inaugurals on assuming the duties of his professorship of
Church History and Systematic Theology in Union Seminary, and several
searching and incisive articles which appeared in the Review of which he
was editor.

I. "Faith and Philosophy," which gives name to the volume, was
delivered before the Porter Rhetorical Society of Andover Theological
Seminary. It profoundly impressed his auditory, and was published. It
was republished by T. & T. Clark, Edinburgh. Sir William Hamilton and
the late Dr. John Brown are named among its admirers. He who thor-
oughly masters it will gain a treasure which cannot be estimated by silver
and gold.

II. "Nature and Worth of the Science of Church History " received
the warm recommendations of our national historian, George Bancroft.
Then almost a stranger, he said of it : ^ I was pleased and instructed by
your inaugiiral address. In church history you have no rival in this hemi-
sphere."

III. "The Reformed Churches of Europe and America in Relation
to General Church History."

IV. " The Idea of Christian Theology as a System."
V. " The New Latitudinarians of England."
VI. '* The Theological System of Emmons."
VII. "Christian Union and Ecclesiastical Reunion."
VIII. " Sir William Hamilton's Theory of Knowledge."
IX. '* Draper's Intellectual Development of Europe."
X. " Whedon on the Will."
XI. *' Renan's Life of Jesus."
XII. « The New Faith of Strauss."
The mature productions of a sincere and earnest mind, enlightened and
quickened by a broad and thorough Christian scholarship, are always
worthy of impartial examination, even though they may contain positions
decidedly conflicting with our own. We believe that our clergy, and intel-
ligent laymen as well, would be greatly profited by reading and carefully
weighing all the discussions contained in this volume. Especially would
we recommend to their notice the first, second, fourth, fifth, and the last
three. They are thorough expositions of some of the living questions of
the age, with which every one making any pretension to scholarship should
become acquainted. In the sixth. Dr. Smith makes some sharp criticisms
on certain aspects or developments of New England theology, which some
of us may not altogether relish. But all our broad, catholic theological
students will be interested, if not benefited, by its attentive perusal, confi-
dent that if our theology cannot stand the assaults of earnest Christian
thinking and ripe Christian scholarship, it is not worth defending.

Dr. Smith had an acute and penetrating mind, as capable of toiaking

628 Literary Review. [Oct

nice distinctions as of grasping and analyzing complicated masses of
truth, and after disengaging their radical elements, of tracing their mutual
relations and influences. He delighted in traversing the lowest depths of
mental, ethical, and theological science, and was at home in all the higher
forms of philosophical investigations. In psychology he heartily adopted
the views of the spiritualists in distinction from the materialists, the tran-
scendentalists in opposition to the sensationalists, — that section in mental
philosophy which emphasizes the reason, exalts it as radically difiering
from all other forms of the thought-power, makes it, indeed, the loftiest,
the most piercing, the all-pervasive attribute of the mind, imparting tone
and grasp to all the others, reality and certainty to their several opera-
tions ; reason, — which gives us intuitions of the profoundest truths of the
universe,those ultimate, necessary, and universal realities right, love, truth,
holiness, all radically different, yet equally irreducible, — principles eter-
nally conscious in God, constituting alike His moral perfections and
the immutable foundations of His intellectual kingdom, which must be
the basis of any and every conceivable moral empire, necessarily expressed
in both its fundamental laws and more superficial or transient movements.
A system this which insures solid ground on which to stand, as reliable
as the very laws of our being, which unifies faith and reason, or rather
makes one imply the other; both vital factors in all processes of scientific
reasoning, physical, psychological, and metaphysical; a system which
gives the conviction of absolute certainty in aU things absolutely true,
enabling us to know positively ** whereof we affirm"; and therefore
furnishes us with rational principles, a sure footing, on which we may
firmly plant ourselves in defending moral and Christian verities, in scat-
tering delusions, and in overthrowing the proud pretensions and ground-
less assumptions of a boasting and irreverent infidelity, — a scheme of
thought which the world just now emphatically needs, and which is
rapidly becoming the philosophy of the greatest thinkers of the world, a
fact which is one of the brightest signs of the times.'

Would the thoughtful members in our churches, especially the clergy,
sink their lines of thought more deeply into this intuitional philosophy,
accurately measure its length and breadth, and jusdy define its limits ;
would they more searchingly examine by its light the masses of preten-
tious literary utterances, poured forth in b6oks and periodicals, — some-
times delivered or sanctioned by popular names, but not on that account less
poisonous in their influence, — they would not only be less liable themselves
to be led astray, but would become more efficient helpers in the cause of
truth and righteousness. Would they also apply this scheme of philoso-
phizing with severer and more astute logic, with a sharper and more
searching analysis, in Scriptural interpretation and theological investiga-
tion, we are confident that, while we should see the defences of Christian-
ity insensibly strengthening, we should hear fewer crudities of thought in
our pulpits and ministerial gatherings; and not only would sermons be
improved, and improved just where they most need to be improved, in
depth and accuracy of thinking, but criticisms from the pews would
become more just and sensible.

1878.] Literary Review. 62g

Charles G. Finney is at present more £uned as a revivalist than as a
theoloj^an; but the years will make his reputation symmetrical. The
same energy of soul which gave him his power as an evangelist created
a system of theology, independent, consistently developed, strong, and
devout, as appears in the new volume of Systematic Theology^

The genesis of this system explains its character. The acute and ear-
nest mind of the converted lawyer found itself utterly out of harmony with
a Calvinism dry of the last drop of human interest His preceptor could
not help him. Upon his knees before his Bible he agonized after the
truth. In after years he recommended this method to his pupils. To him
It 3rielded doctrines capable of being preached. But the work was not
soon complete ; he had still much to do when he became Professor of
Theology, at Oberlin.

That colony was founded upon no peculiar theological tenets. Its chief
singularity lay in a devotion to Christ profound enough to break through
any unserviceable conventionalities, whether of thought or practice. Mr.
Finney and Oberlin, therefore, flowed together. In those days there was
a furnace out in the wilderness, in which thought was at a liquid heat
Here, in contact with earnest minds, some of them his superiors in schol-
arship, and one, at least, Dr. John Morgan, his peer in philosophical
insight, Mr. Finney's views took the forms conveyed in these lectxires.
He could never stereotype his opinions, however, and was always ready to
receive light even from the students in the lecture-room. Six months of
the year he spent in labors abroad ; the remainder he devoted to his stu-
dents and church at home.

From these scenes emerged a system of theology the prime charac-
teristic of which is its practicalness. The great difficulty with the views
which Mr. Finney opposed was, that they would not work ; they were
out of relation with the human souL But in him the preacher was the
key to the theologian. His own intense subjectivity gave him insight into
the universal mind. The same intuition served him both in the inquiry-
room and in the lecture-room.

His most original work was naturally done in the practical field, that is,
upon questions of obligation and will. He taught here that men ought to,
and can, be personally righteous, and must be, if they will be accepted
with God. He held that regard for the good of the sentient being is the
total of righteousness, and could discover no way in which righteousness
and sin might exist at the same time in one soul. But though Mr. Finney
insisted strenuously upon human ability, he found the way of holiness, not
in dependence upon the human will, but in willing to depend upon God.
His doctrines of the Trinity, the person of Christ, and the Atonement,
though seized upon with his usual vigorous grasp, do not depart from the
commonly received new-school opinions.

We do not call Mr. Finney's teachings practical as being outward and
objective, in contrast with the theoretic and metaphysical. They truly con-

* See E. J. Goodrich, p. 634.

630 Literary Review. [Oct

stitute a theology, a science of facts divine and human. But really, in his
usage, the distinction between theoretic and practical scarcely existed.
To him all that was true was practical, and he had no esoteric doctrines.

To locate Mr. Finney's system, historically, it falls into the Calvinistic
genealogy, but it differs from the New England theology in cutting loose
from the Edwardean doctrine of the will and its consequents.

Mr. Finney's thoughts are not softly phrased ; but the sentences are
vigorous and electrical. An intense life pervades the whole, and the rapid-
ity of movement compensates in part for unnecessary repetition. The
single aim of Mr. Finney's thinking was to find the truth ; the single aim
of his style was to express it.

We have not space for pointing out what we regard as his errors in phi-
losophy or his infelicities of style. Of all men, the best qualified to edit
these lectures is President Finney's successor. He has, however, done no
more than to condense the previous English edition of the work, ** omit-
ting, to some extent, restatements or repetitions of the argument, paragraphs
of a hortatory character, and other parts not essential to the expression or
elucidation of the doctrine." To do even this, however, with the judicious
care that has been bestowed upon this work, must have been no small
task. That it has been done with scrupulous fidelity no one will doubt
who knows President Fairchild, and in this case the editor will share with
the author no small part of the gratitude of future readers.

The aim of the Homiletical Index^ prepared with not a little pains by
J. H. Pettingell, A. M., is to give the principal texts of Scripture in
their order that have furnished the themes of published sermons, and at
the same time to present an index to homiletical literature. If used as
Prof. George E. Day recommends in his valuable Introduction it may be
very serviceable. If, however, ministers should consult it for the purpose
of finding sermons to read upon the texts which they are about to discuss
themselves, they will receive doubtful aid. Every honest mind is ham-
pered rather than helped by reading an able sermon upon the same
theme that he proposes to handle in a sermon of his own. There are
many, perhaps an increasing number of ministers, who draw their material
from published discourses. To such the Homiletical Index is a dangerous
temptation. The work will be a useful addition to theological libraries,
and specially serviceable to the student of homiletics.

The twelfth and last volume of Dr. Cowles' Commentaries is upon The
Epistle to the Hebrews.'^ The same concise comprehensiveness, sound
scholarship, good sense, and spiritual insight which have characterized his
other writings are found in this volume. The Introduction, which dis-
cusses the questions, To whom, when, and by whom the epistle is written ;
its scope and moral purpose ; and its points of special value in our
own times, is a model in the way of directness and vigor. Dr. Cowles is

1 c

See D. Appleton & Co., p. 633. * See D. Appleton & Co., p. 477.

\

1878.] LUerary Review. 631

remarkable for the independence of bis judgment on such questions, and
though he does not vary essentially from other scholars in his conclusions,
he reaches them by a way of his own. He argues from internal evidence
that the epistle was written to '^ a small body of comparatively young con*
verts, probably gathered under the labors of Paul and his associates while
he was confined at Caesarea." He rejects decidedly the theory that Paul
is the writer of the epistle. He thinks that Paul, *'in large measure, fur-
nished the mind; some one else (probably Luke) the hand and the shap-
ing of the thought." The commentary itself i^ such as might be expected
from one who is so familiar with the Old Testament. He is enabled, in
good measure, to put himself and his readers in the place of the converted
Jews to whom the epistle was written, and thus throws valuable light
upon the typical events and sacrifices of the old dispensation in their rela-
tion to the atonement of Christ.

Of tlie four excursus we regard that on the '^ Atonement " as specially
valuable ; though we could scarcely ask for anjrthing that would be more
timely and more satisfactory than the essays on the '* Pre-Millennial Ad-
vent Doctrine " and the '* Christian * Higher Life.' " The book deserves
a place in every library.

POETRY.

The Family Library of British Poetry ' (from Chaucer to the present
time) is the title of a book of remarkable excellence. In preparing this
magnificent collection of the best poetry of England, Scotland, and Ireland,
Mr. Fields and Mr. Whipple have done the cause of good literature an
admirable service. They have gathered out of the almost limitless range
of British poetry those portions which, for the fxtoiXy and for the general
reader, are unquestionably the most profitable and the most engaging.
Probably no other two men in America are better equipped for this
special work than the editors of this *^ Library." To large and intimate
acquaintance with English literature, they add trained judgment, taste
wellnigh faultless, and, what for their purpose in preparing this work
must be accounted the best qualification, moral health, — an instinctive
dislike of literary vileness. This last fact guarantees the value of their
work for the family circle. All can read it with safety as well as satis-
faction. The beauty of these flowers hides no poison. We desire to
lay special emphasis upon the purity of this " Library," and on account
of this, we commend it most heartily for household use.

Upwards of four hundred poets have been laid under contribution to
produce this volume, and, since their works are arranged in chronological
order, the "Library" affords a panoramic view of the development of
poetry in the British islands from the time when Chaucer sang in a lan-
guage yet in its formative stage, to our own day when Tennyson sings in
a language perfected and variously enriched by the manifold intellectual
and spiritual influences of five hundred English years. Its value for pur-

1 See Houghton, Osgood & Co., p. 635,

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4* 9

632 LUerary Review. [Oct

poses of study in poetic litentiire is very g^reat, — all the greater because
the editors have wisely retained the original words of Chancer, Spenser,
and the other elder poets, and have not reduced them to English with all
the modem improvements.

It is inevitable that many will fidl to find some of their favorite poems
in this collection, and equally inevitable that some of the disappointed
critics should fimcy that tiiey could have made a better selection ; but any
one at all familiar with British poetry and recognizing the Impossibility of
compressing within any single volume all the good poetry that has been
written in the lands of Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, Pope,
Wordsworth, Tennjrson, Scott, Bums, and Goldsmith, — such a reader will
be surprised and delighted as he turns the thousand pages of this ^ Library "
to see how large a proportion it contains of the very choicest of British
poetry, how variously rich a collection it is, and v^U hold in sincerest
respect the good judgment and taste and patient industry which have pro-
duced it

The selections range throi^h nearly all the states of human experience,
^ from grave to gay, from lively to severe." The editors have taken lib-
erally from Milton's stately and regal verse ; from Thomson's ^ Seasons,"
which were at the time of their publication almost a revelation of the
beauty and wonders of nature ; from Cowper's serious, and also his
humorous, poems, both as welcome to this generation as to his own ; from
Bums' simple, tender, exquisitely natural, yet often touchingly profound
lyrics ; from Wordsworth, who felt the spirit of nature as very few have
ever felt it ; from Scott, whose lords and ladies and lochs and mountains,
and whose sturdy manliness, we all cherish among our roost pleasing
literary memories ; from Byron and Tennyson and Mrs. Browning, and
from hundreds more who contribute each his best toward this magnificent
whole.

We must not omit to say that the portraits of twelve famous poets,
some of them beautiful specimens of the engraver's art, add very posi-
tively to the value and attraction of this book.

It is well called a " Library," for it contains as much as a dozen
ordinary volumes. We cannot forbear adding that the careful reading of
the best poetry, such as abounds in this book, is one of the most effica-
cious, as well as one of the most delightful, modes of self-culture. It
ennobles, uplifts, purifies, inspires. It is not a mere enjoyment ; it is a
source of positive strength, an invigoration of the spirit ; it lends wings
to imagination, and makes the enraptured reader conscious of that within
him which is but '* little lower than the angels." It may be a strong
helper to religious growth and aspiration, as well as to intellectual culture
and the gratification of refined taste.

The same very competent editors are preparing a companion volume,
The Family Library of British Prose*

1878.] Literary Review. 633

BOOKS RECKIVED.

Harper 6f* Brothers^ New York,

Scientific Memoirs : being Experimental Contributions to a Knowledge of Radiant
Energy. By John William Draper, M. D., LL. D. 1878. 8vo. pp. 473. I3.00.

The Student's Ecclesiastical History. The History of the Christian Church dur-
ing the first ten Centuries from its Foundation to the full Establishment of the
Holy Roman Empire and the Papal Power. By Philip Smith, B. A. With
Illustrations. 1879. i2mo. pp. 618. I175.

Villages and Village life, with Hints for their Improvement By Nathaniel Hill-
yer Egleston. 1878. Post 8vo. pp. 336. 1 1.7 5.

Illustrated History of Ancient Literature, Oriental and Classical. By John D.
Quackenbos, a. M., m. D. Accompanied with Engravings and colored Maps.

1878. i2mo. pp. 432. 11.5a

English Men of Letters. Edited by John Moriey. Sir Walter Scott By Rich-
ard H. Hutton. 1878-. i2mo. pp. 177. 75 cents. Gibbon. By James Cot-
ter Morison, M. a., Lincoln College, Oxford. 1878. i2mo. pp. 184. 75
cents.

Charles Seribnet's Sontt New York,

A Commentary on the Holy Scriptures : Critical, Doctrinal, and Homiletical, with
Special Reference to Ministers and Students. By John Peter Lange, ix D., in
connection with a number of Eminent European Divines. Translated from the
German, and edited with Additions, Original and Selected, by Philip Schafi^
D. D., in connection with American Scholars of various Evangelical Denomina-
tions. Vol. XI of the Old Testament : Containing the Prophet Isaiah. Crown
8vo. pp. 741. ^5.oa

Lectures on Mediaeval Church History : being the Substance of Lectures delivered
at Queen's College, London. By Richard Chenevix Trench, D. D., Archbishop
of Dublin. 1878. 8vo. pp. 444. ^3.oa

Robert Carter &* Brothers, New York,

History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin. By the Rev. J. H.
Merle D'Aubign^, D. D. Translated by William L. R. Gates. Vol. VIIL
Hungary, Poland, Bohemia, Netherlands, Geneva, Denmark, Sweden, Norway.

1879. i2mo. pp. 464. $2.oa

Home Lessons on the Old Paths ; or, Conversations on the Shorter Catechism.
By M. T. S. 1879. i6mo. pp. 400. ^1.25.

Little Lights Along Shore. By Paul Cobden. 1879. i6mo. pp. 326. ^1.25.

John, Whom Jesus Loved. By James Culross, a. m., d. d. 1878. i2mo. pp.
244. $1.25.

Theological Lectures on Subjects connected with Natural Theology, Evidences
of Christianity, the Canon, and Inspiration of Scripture. By the late William
Cunningham, D. D., Principal and Professor of Church History, New College,
Edinburgh. 1878. 8vo. pp. 625. $^XX).

Outlines of Theology. Rewritten and enlarged. By Archibald Alexander Hodge,
D. D., Professor of Systematic Theology in the Theological Seminary, Prince-
ton, N. J. 1879. 8vo. pp. 678. $3.oa

Eventide at Bethel. By J. R. Macduff, d. d. 1879. i2mo. pp. 277. ^1.25.

634 Literary Review. [Oct

The Broken Walls of Jerusalem, and the Rebuilding of Them. By the Aothor dL

••Wide, Wide World." 1879. i6mo. pp.313. |i.2S.
Pointed Papers for the Christian life. By Theodore L. Cnyler. 1879. isma

Water Gypsies: A Story of Canal Life in England. By L. T. Meade, Aothor of

" Scamp and L" 1879. i6ma pp. 279. |i/x>.
The Widow's Trust. By Mrs. Martha Tyler Gale. 1879. 32mo. pp. 26$.

|i.oa

Dcdd, Mead 6* Co., New York.

The Races of European Turkey : Their History, Condition, and Prospects. In
Three Parts. Part I, The Byzantine Empire. Part II, The Modem Greeks and
the Albanians. Part III, The Turkish Slavonians, The Wallacfaians, and the
Gypsies. By Edson L. Clark. 1878. 8vo. pp. 532. 13.0a

A Face Illumined. By E. P. Roe. lamo. pp. 6581 11.5a

Famous American Indians: Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet. Including
Sketches of George Rogers Clark, Simon Kenton, William Henry Harrison,
Cornstalk, Blackhoof, Blue Jacket, the Shawnee Logan, and others, famous in
the Frontier Wars of Tecumseh's Time. By Edward Eggleston and Lillie
Eggleston Seelye. 1878. i2mo. pp. 332. I1.25.

Mildred Keith. By Martfia Finley (Martha Farquharson), Author of "Elsie
Dinsmore." i6mo. pp. 34a I1.25.

The House by the Works. By Edward Garrett, Author of '•Crooked Places."
i2mo. pp. 334. Ix.25.

Anson Z>. F. Randolph^ New iork.
Socialism. By Roswell D. Hitchcock, D. D. 1879. i6mo. pp. iii. 75 cents.

D, AppUton 6* Company, New York,

The Homiletical Idex : A Hand-Book of Texts, Themes, and Authors, etc, etc.
By J. H. Pettingell, A. M. With an Introduction by George £. Day, D. ix

Charles P, Somerhy^ New York,

The Ethics of Positivism : A Critical Study. By Giacomo Barzellotti, Professor
of Philosophy at the Liceo Dante, Florence. 1878. I2ma pp. 327. ^2.oa

R, WorthingUm, New York.

Parrots and Monkeys. By the Author of "The Knights of the Frozen Sea.',
With twenty-six Illustrations. Quarto, pp.209. ^i*75*

Charles F. Roper, New York.

The Life of Our Lord Jesus Christ. By Rev. Charles C. Adams, s. j. D., Rector
of St Mary's Church, N. Y. 1878. 4to. pp. 407. $2. 5a

Presbyterian Board of Publication, New York.

Minutes of the General Assemby of the Presb3rterian Church in the United
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E. J. Goodrich, Oberlin, Ohio.

Lectures on Systematical Theology. By the Rev. Charles G. Fiimey. Edited by
Pres. J. H. Fairchild. 1878. 8vo. pp. 622. ^5.00.

\

iS/S.] Litemry Review. 635

American TVact Sociiiy, New York, 23 Franklin Street, Boston.

Throogh Bible Lsuids. Notes of Travel in ^gypt, the Desert, and Palestine. By
Philip Schaff, D. D^ LL. D. 12 mo. pp. 413. $2.25.

Life and Adventure in Japaa Illustrated from original Photographs. By £•
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Houghton, Osgood 6r* Co., Boston.

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Poems of Places. Edited by Henry W. Longfellow. 32ma |i.oo per volume.

Asia. 3 vols. 1878. pp. 245, 262, 249. Africa, i voL 1878. pp. 253.
A Primer of American literature. Charles F. Richardson. 1878. 32ma pp.

117. 50 cents.
The Bodleys on Wheels. By the Author of **The Bodleys Telling Stories,"

"Doings of the Bodley Family in Town and Country." 1878. 4to. pp. 222.

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Guido Reni, pp. i6a Turner, pp. 164.
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998. ^6.50.

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The New Life not the Higher life ; or, The Believer's Holiness, Personal and
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Notes on the Shorter Catechism. By Alfred Nevin, D. D., ll. d. i6mo. pp. 336.
I1.25.

636 Literary Revieto. [Oc

S. C. Griggt *• Ce., CkUage.

The WaTcrley Dictionary : Ad Alphabetical Airaagenient of all the Chaiacten :
Sir Walter Scott'i Waverley Novell, with a Descripttve Analyna of each Cha
■cler, and IIluitratiTe Selecdooa from the TexL By May Rogen. 1879. \3m
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Oratory and Oraton. By William Mathem, u. IX 1879. 810. pp. 456. $U)

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The Light: la it waning r Whjr? How much ? And what shall we do ? Tl

Fletcher prize cmaj. 1879. iimo. pp. ij6l (i.oo.
Brother Ben and the Bird Summer. ^ Haiy Esther Uiller. ismo. ppL j£

ti.00.
Slick to the Raft. By Mr«. George Gladstone, lima pp. iSo> yj cent*.
Notes on the Inienutiona) Sabbath School Lciaana far 1871^ Part L Old Te

ument By Rev. John E. Todd. Pan IL New Testament. 1^ Mathcw \

Riddle, d. d. 410. pp. 324. ti.iji
A Question Book on above lesw>ns by the above Authors, atid a Little Pilgri

Question Book, by Mrs. WQliam Barrows. Fifteen cents each.

PAUpRLXn E
The Regal Advent and the Resurrection of the Past. A Sermon. The nxth

a series on these subjects. By Rev. Thomas Rattraj. Toronto, 1S78. 8v

pp.64.
The Doubter. Conversation with a Doubter, and nhat came of it. By the Re

John E Thomson, a. d. Presbyterian Board of Publication, Philadelphia, Pen

3zmo. pp. 8.
The Gospels Harmonized : A Synopsis of the Hannony of the Four Gospel

Following Robinson's Harmony. Presbyterian Board of Publication. 33m

pp.24.
The Assurance of Hope. By the Re*. James M. Crowd], IX o. Prcttrrterig

Board of Publication, jimo. pp. 4S.
Denominational Education. By the Rev. George L. Spinning. Presbyterii

Board of Publication. 3rmo. pp. iz.
A Secret Chapter of Political History. The Electoral Commission. The Tn»i

concerning Samuel J. Tilden, President otyw/, disclosed and stated again

some False Represcniatiooa of his Action, Advice, and Conduct during tl

Winter of 1876-77. 4I0. pp. 24.
Golden Shore for the Sunday School. By J. F. Kinsey. Published by F. V

Hetmick, Cincinnati, C, No. 136 West Fourth Street 4(0. pp. 107. ;

Catalogue of Marietta College. 8vo. pp. 34.

College Life ; Its Potency and Promise. An Address delivered by Rev. Fivnt
N. Zabriskie, D. D., before the Alumni Association of the UnivetBity of the Ci
of New York, June zo, 1878. Published by the Alumni AssocdatiotL 187
Svo. pp. 14-

18/8.] Literary Review. 637

Patriotism of Westford in 1775. Lieut-Col. John Robinson. By Edwin R. Hodg-
man. 8vo. pp. 4.

Art and Character: An Address delivered before the Music School, Pittsfield,
Mass., B. C. Blodgett» Principal, June 27, 1878. By Rev. Will C. Wood, a. m.,
of West Roxbury. For sale by the Author, also at the Congregational Book-
store. Boston. i2mo. pp. 38.

Redemptioi> ; or, Is Expiation a Fiction ? By T. S. Childs, D. D. Hartford :
Clark & Bulkley. 1878. 8vo. pp. 16.

The Bible Tested : Is It the Book for To-day and for the World? or. The Bible
in India. A Sermon preached by Appointment before the American Bible
Society in the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, New York City, May 5,
1878, by Jacob Chamberlain, M. D., D. D., Missionary in the Arcot Mission,
India, of the Reformed Church in America. New York : American Bible Soci-
ety. 1878. 8vo. pp. 32,

Sixty-Second Annual Report of the American Bible Society. Presented May 9,
1878. With an Appendix, containing a List of Auxiliary Societies and their
Officers, and also Life Directors and Life Members of the Society constituted
during the Year. New York : American Bible Society. 1878. Sent by mail
on receipt of five cents for postage. 8vo. pp. 176.

Duties of the Church Member to the Church. By Thomas Murphy, D. D., Author
of "Pastoral Theology." Presbyterian Board of Publication, Philadelphia.
32mo. pp. 36. 5 cents.

Manual of the Congregational Church of Bloomington, Wis. 1877. lamo.
pp. 14.

Haverholme ; or. The Apotheosis of Jingo. A Satire. By Edward Jenkins.
4ta pp.21. 10 cents. Selected Poems of Matthew Arnold. Franklin Square
Library. 4to. pp. 32. 10 cents.

History of the " Fund for Ministers " belonging to the General Conference of the
Congregational Churches of Connecticut, with some Account of other Organ-
izations for Ministers. Issued by th^ Trustees of the Fund as an Appeal in
its Behalf New York : Printed by D. H. Gildersleeve & Co. 1878. 8vo.
pp. 48.

Peace on Earth. In which is presented the brief and plain system of Religion
which is revealed in the Bible, when construed as applying to Preexistent
Spirits, — Fallen Angels, — and showing the personal and distinct entity of the
Father and the Son, and the impersonality of the Holy Ghost ; that this viiw
settles all questions which relate to the nature and extent of the Atonement,
Election, Free Will, Perseverance, Future Rewards and Punishments, etc., and
opens a way to a Practical Union and Cooperation of all who accept Jesus as
the Christ. By James P. Simmons, Author of " War in Heaven." Boston : A.
Williams & Co. Atlanta : Phillips & Crew. 1878. 8vo. pp. 231. ^i.oo.

The World of Spirits and the State of Man after Death. From things heard and
seen. By Emanuel Swedenborg. 1878. Small 4to. pp. 31.

Twenty-five Years of Ocean Colportage, by Seamen from the Port of New
York. A Sketch by John S. Pierson, Marine Agent of the New York Bible
Society. 24mo. pp. 3a

The Canadian Congregational Year Book. 1878-79. Ottawa, 1878. 8vo. pp.
184. 10 cents.

Funeral Services in Memory of Mrs. M. F. Eells, one of the Pioneer Missionaries
of the A. B. C. F. M. to the Spokane Indians of Oregon, in 1838 : A Discourse
Preached by Rev. G. H. Atkinson, D. D., in Seattle, W. T., Aug. 13, 1878. 8vo.
pp. 9.

638 Editors TabU. [Oct

EDITOR'S TABLE.

Creeds in their Relation to Christian Charocter. — In the discustion which is going
on concerning the proper conditions of membership in the churchy it seems to be
assumed often that character and belief are altogether distinct Becanse it is
possible for one person to hold correct religious theories without having any tme
religious experience, it is inferred that another may have the experience without
any creed. The mistake lies in identifying opinions with beliefr. Opinions are
speculative, belief is practical. A man may be thoroughly orthodox in his opin-
ions, and yet be, at heart, a viUain. Another may be heterodox in his opinions and
at heart a saint But he cannot be right in his real creed, &./., in the vuwtwkkk
hi cherishes as the regulating principles of hie religious life, without being a Chris-
tian, nor can one cherish in his heart and carry out in his life an nnerangelical
creed and be a Christain ; for " with the heart man believeth unto righteousness."

Suppose, then, we admit the prindplt, so strongly insisted upon by very many,
that true piety should be the sole condition required of a candidate for cfaurdi
membership, do we thus necessarily set aside aisent to the creed ? Do we not
rather include it in the evidence of piety ?

The public assent or profession is but an open and willing dedaratioii of that
Christian experience of which the person had given evidence when examined as a
candidate for admission, and when we say that the condition of membership should
be Christian character and assent to an evangelical creed, we mean (or ought to
mean) that the belief which has been found to exist in the candidate ought to be
publicly declared. In other words, he should be willing to make a public confession
of his faith. Considering, however, the tendency there is to ignore the vital rela-
tion of creed to character, it may be better, sometimes, in stating the terms of
admission, not to append " assent to the creed of the church " to " evidence of
piety,*' as though they were really separable, but to require " evidence of piety "
alone, and insist that the evidence shall be given in part in the evangelical heart-
belief of the candidate.

This suggests the importance of testing candidates at the time of their
examination by the touchstone of evangelical doctrine. Has it not become
quite too common to regard the creed of the church as a mere expression
of the speculative theological system held by the church, rather than an expres-
sion of what is supposed to be practically believed by the members of the
church ? Is not assent to the creed insisted upon simply as evidence of the specu-
lative orthodoxy of the candidate ? This is altogether a mistake. Besides, nothing
is gained by it. What does it signify though candidates publicly assent to the
most orthodox belief? " The devils sdso believe and tremble." What we need to
know is that their experience rests upon the essential doctrines of our faith. It
may be that the young Christian is quite unable to formulate the doctrine he
believes. He may not even be sure that the words of the creed express the inmost
feelings of his heart But the pastor and officers of the church should be able to
judge whether the spirit he manifests harmonizes with the belief of the church.
As far as they are able they should go to the bottom of his professed experience
and see if it rests upon essential doctrine, — faith in the Lord Jesus Christ as One
who has by his death made atonement for sin and thus saved us both from sin
and also from its inevitable and eternal consequences. In reality all the essentials
of an evangelical creed are involved in the manifestation of true penitenoe.

18/8.] EdiU^s Table. 639

Evolve the genuine experience of one who has through self-humiliation and trustful
dependence upon the regenerating influence of the Spirit passed ^om death unto
life, and you have in the concrete form the articles of belief that should be and
(essentially) must be assented to by any one who ** witnesses a good confession."
Whether he shall publicly assent to these articles after having been voted a mem-
ber is a question of less importance when compared with the question whether he
has given previous evidence to the church that he has practically assented to them
already in his genuine repentance and in the surrender he has made of himself to
the service of God.

ne Statistics of the CongregatmuU CVi»rrA«f.— The American Congregational
Union was incorporated June ii, 1853. "^^ constitution of the Union specifies
that "the particular business and objects of the society shall be to collect, pre-
serve, and publish authentic information concerning the history, condition, and
continued progress of the Congregational churches in all parts of this country."
In accordance with its design the Union commenced in January, 1854, the publica-
tion of the Congregational Year Booh^ giving the statistics of the churches and
other information of a varied character. This publication was continued for six

In January, 1859, the first number of the Congregational Quarterly was
issued, and gave a summary of *' American Congregational Statistics for 1858."
Early in that year the officers of the American Congregational Union were
hnformed that the statistics of the Congregational churches in detail would be
published the next year in the CoAgrboational Quarterly. This led to the
discontinuance by the Union of its Year Book. The statistics of the churches
have been published in the Quarterly firom that time to the present

The Congregational Quarterly, — This publication was first issued in January,
1859, partially under the auspices of the Congregational Library Association (now
the American Congregational Association), of Boston. The proprietors were the
Library Association (represented by Rev. Joseph S. Clark, D. D., secretary). Rev.
Henry M. Dexter, and Rev. Alonzo H. Quint Before the April number of that
year was issued, Rev. Isaac P. Langworthy became a proprietor of the
Quarterly, as secretary of the American Congregational Union of New York.

Aug. 17, 1861, Dr. Clark was removed by death.

Before the close of 1867, the present proprietor purchased one quarter of the
Quarterly of Rev. Mr. Langworthy, who represented two quarters, one belong-
ing to the American Congregational Association, and one held in his own right

Previous to January, 1869, Mr. Samuel Bumham bought the quarter belonging
to Rev. Dr. Dexter, who had ceased from editorial work on the Quarterly,
from the close of 1865.

At the close of 1872, the quarter belongmg to the American Congregational
Association was sold to the other proprietors, and Rev. Mr. Langworthy's connec-
tion with the periodical ceased.

Mr. Bumham was taken away by death June 22, 1873. Previous to January,
1875, ^^c present proprietor purchased the two thirds of the Quarterly belong-
ing respectively to the estate of Mr. Bumham and to Rev. Dr. Quint, and has
been sole owner for the last four years.

Having paid over 1 1,000 to the various parties for the proprietorship of the
Quarterly, the present owner has not spared labor or expense to raise its char-
acter and extend its influence. After preparing and publishing the statistics in the

640 Ediiais TabU. [Oct

Quarterly for Janoary, 1876^ in ICay of tbat year he called a eooTeotioa of MC-
retaries of State Assodationsy obtained their oo-operatioii in preparing statistical
schedules in order to secure onifonnity of retoms in all the State minotes, and at
his own expense had soch schedules printed and sent to the secretaries in all the
States in which there is a Congregational body. The forms now recommended
by the National Conndl are nearly identical with these schedules, issoed in i876i»

In 1877 the proprietor of the Quakteelt prepared and presented in the Jamniy
number the statistics of the churches, which- for accuracy court comparison with
any which were ever published. Indeed, the secretary of the National Coandl
testifies, " Our annual general issue is unsurpassed by Uiat of any denomination."
(Minutes of the National Council, 1877, P*S^ ^)

In this state of the case, the proprietor of the Quakterlt confesses to some*
what of surprise upon learning that the National Council, in the &11 of 1877, with-
out so much as an allusion to the QuAxmtLY, or a recognition in any form of the
fact that it had furnished the statistics of the churches for nearly twenty years,
instituted a new system by which such statistics should be provided, ** taxing " the
churches to pay the expense. Having been notified that the Coondl was to pub*
Ush the statistics in connection with the Minutes of its session at Detroit^ and dis*
tribute the copies among the churches, the proprietor of the Quarterly was
allowed the free use of the type of said statistics in printing his number for Janu-
ary, 1878. Through a notice given to the public, he learned that a Year Book is
to be published " under the direction of the Council,** and this led to the annoonos-
ment made in the July number as to the future of the Quartkrlt.

While the subject was under consideration whether help could be obbuned to
render the continued publication of the Quarterly practkable, and negotiatioBS*
for the sale of the Quarterly were also in progress, the Publishing Committee of
the National Council issued the following circular : —

«,

congregational year book for 1879.

»

" Under the direction of the National Council op the Congregational
Churches of the United States, its Publishing Committee will, as near the
first day of January next as may be, issue the first number of a Year Book,
designed to sustain to the Congregational Churches of the United States a rela^
tion similar to that sustained toward oar English brethren by that Year Book
which for nearly a generation has served their convenience.

** It will, principally, officially contain those statistics of the churdies, which,
up to the last year, have been long annually printed by private enterprise, striving
to make them as accurate, competent, and full as possible. It will contain, also,
the lists for the current year of the officers and students of the Theological Sem-
inaries connected with our denomination. There will fiirther be several essays
by eminent Congregationalists, East and West, on topics of vital and present
interest, with such other matter, mainly of a statistical and historical character, as
shall promise to make it of the widest value.

" A copy will be sent post-free to every QmgregaH&nal Church and mtmster tipem
its lists,

" As a circulation which will be immediate and simultaneous, as well as very
wide in its extent and broad in its reach, will thus be secured — a minimum of
8,000 being guaranteed — and one which will touch men whose notice is of con*
sequence to those who wish to get the ear and the eye of the intelligence of the
land, an unusually good medium is thus ofiered to advertisers, especially archi*

18/8.] EdiUn^s Table. 641

tects, dealers iti church bells, clocks, organs, pianos, pulpits and their furniture,
settees, furnaces and other heaters, gas fixtures and other means of lighting, ven*
tilators, lightning rods, fire insurance, music (especially for Sabbath schools)*
communion ware, unfermented wine, etc. ; as well as to those desiring to bring
newspapers, journals, paper, patent pens, schools, seminaries, and so forth, to the
notice of ministers.

'* A limited number of advertisements — at I25.00 per page, 1x5.00 per half
page — will be received by immediate application to S. A. Choatk (care C.
Demond, Congregadonal House, i Somerset Street, Boston).

CommitUi,

"A. H. Quint,

W. H. MOORK,

C. Demon D,

H. M. Dexter,

F. Fairbanks,
" Boston, 17 Oct, 1878.*'

It will be seen at once that this plan of the Year Book sweeps the whole field of
the Quarterly, that the Year Book is designed to be a condensation of the ma-
terial of the Quarterly into an annual. This programme not only interferes
with the continued publication of the Quarterly, but also greatly impairs its
commercial value. We are therefore forced to the conclusion to relinquish all
efibrts for its sale, and to simply suspend the publication of the Quarterly,
retaining the copyright and the right also to resume its publication, should the
way ever be clear and sufficient encouragement be given.

Why did the interests of the churches require that the statistics should be pre-
pared by the Secretary of the Council and be paid for by " taxation,** rather than
be furnished " by private enterprise,** when under private enterprise they were
" unsurpassed ** by those " of any denomination" ? How does a vote of the Coun*
dl, " That an annual compilation of the statistics of our churches throughout the
country, and especially an accurate and complete list of ministers in fellowship,
should be published under the sanction of this Council,** warrant the issuing of a
Year Book '* under the direction of the Council,** containing " essays ... on
topics of vital and present interest,** which essays the Council did not hear
read, did not order or anticipate ? How does a vote of the Council "That, if
the Publishing Committee find it desirable to issue the annual statistics and lists
of ministers for free distribution, one to each church in our fellowship, then in the
succeeding two years, the treasurer may ask for a contribution not exceeding one
half cent from each member in each of those years, for that purpose,*' warrant
sending a copy of the Year Book at the expense of the churches, not only '* to
every church," but also to every minister upon its lists 1 Other questions also
arise, which we forbear to suggest

Expense of Minutes and StattsHes, — The cost of the Minutes of our various
State Associations and Conferences, including what is paid the secretaries for
preparing them, and such incidental expenses as are incurred for blank forms, the
distribution of the Minutes, etc., is about 15,500 a year. The " tax *' assessed for
the National Council and the volume entitled Minutes of the National CouncUf
1877, was $3,500, making a total for 1877 of $9,000.

It is now proposed to raise from the churches about $2,000 each year between
the sessions of the National Council, to pay for the Year Book. Thus, taking the

642 Editor's Table. [Oct

esEpenses of last year as a sample, the ^tasees" on the chnrdies, 'under the
eophonious phrase of " solicited oontribations,'' will vary firom $7,500 to about
$9»ooo a year, the larger sum being inGurred every third year, when the Council
holds its session.

If the Council had chosen to do so it could very easily, and at moderate expense,
have made an arrangement with the proprietor of the Quarterly to foraish for
distribution among the churches copies of the annual statistics, either in the Ibrm
of the January number of the QuARTXRLY or in separate form; bat instead of this
it adopted the new authoritative system.

Win the churches accept and sustain this proposed Year Book ?

The General Conference ofMaine, after passing a resolution to pay one cent per
member towards the expenses of the Council the past year,

** Resolved^ That this conference do not advise that the churches be asked to
contribute a further sum towards the publication of the annual statistics, as recom-
mended in the third resolution of the National CoundL"

The General Association of New Ham^kiret after providing for " the expenses
of the National Council already incurred," add, "but this action shall in no way
bind us for the future. We hereby request each conference to express to the
General Association, at its next meeting, its opinion on the subject of raising this
assessment for the National Council in the foture."

Firanklin County Conference^ MassackutettSt adopted the following : —

"In view of the action of the National Council in publishing their Minutes and
the statistics of the Congregational Churches of the country, and taxing the
churches for the expenses incurred, without instruction from them, and inasmuch
as the Congregational Quarterly furnishes the annual statistics of the denom-
ination, therefore, resolved by this conference,

" (i) That we disapprove of said action as an unwarranted stretch of authority,
and an infringement of the liberties of the churches.

" (2) That, though we consent to pay the tax for the last year, we will not agree
to do so in the future."

The Suffolk North Conference^ Massachusetts^ at their recent meeting, con-
sidered the subject of taxation, for State and National Minutes, including the pro-
posed Year Book. All the addresses made were un£ivorabIe to the present and
proposed taxation, and these sentiments seemed to meet with universal accept-
ance. The subject was then referred to a committee, to report at the next
meeting of the conference.

The Pilgrim Conference^ Massachusetts^ Voted, "That while we pay our tax,
we disapprove of the action of the National Council in publishing the statistics of
the churches in a distinct volume, our special reason being our fear that the
action may endanger the continued publication of the Congregational Quar-
terly. We would recommend the consideration of the propriety of publishing
them regularly in the Quarterly."

The IVbrcester South Conference, Masstuhusetts, " Voted, Whereas our State
Conference publishes the statistics of the churches of the State for distribution
among our churches, and whereas there has grown up a satisfoctory system of
publishing the statistics of all the churches of the country from the only sources
recognized among us, the local associations or conferences, and this system is on a
business basis, each person desiring such statistics paying for what he receives,
therefore,

" Resolved, That there does not appear to us to be a call for another system of
publication of these statistics under the sanction of the National Council for to-

1878.] Editor* s Table. 643

called " free distribution," to be paid for by a tax on the cburches, these statistics
being gathered from the same sources as heretofore, and having no more guaranty
of correctness, and no more authority than heretofore.

" Resohed, That for these reasons we do not think it expedient to tax our churches
for the support of this new system, and we return the publication sent to us, with
its statistics, a year behind the date of those already received from the usual
sources."

77i€ Hampshire County Conference adopted the following : —

" The General Association, having asked from the churches a contribution of
three cents per member for this year, and recommended that a like amount be
paid next year ; therefore,

*' Resolved^ That this conference regard the above tax as excessive and unrea-
sonable, and decline in behalf of our churches to be responsible for the payment
of the same after the present year.

" Resolved^ That the publication of a volume of nearly five hundred pages, con-
taining the proceedings of the National Council in Detroit in October, 1877, and
the essays, addresses, and statistics there presented being entirely unauthorized by
the churches, lays upon them no responsibility to provide for its cost"

The Essex North Association^ Massachusetts^ ^^Resolved^ That we, members of
the Essex North Association, desire to express our hearty appreciation of the
learning and ability and wise discretion with which the Congregational Quar-
terly has been conducted ; and especially to give utterance to our grateful regard
for the editor and publisher. Rev. Dr. Cushing, in view of the great labor which,
with self-sacrifice and a spirit of true loyalty to Congregationalism, he has
bestowed on the annual gathering and presentation of the statistics of the
denomination.

** Resolved, That, in our judgment, the interests of the Congregationalist churches
require that this service be continued, and that the valuable statistical tables which
have hitherto been prepared, if continued under the charge of Rev. Dr. Cushing,
will furnish our body the best Congregational Year Book which can be made.

"Resolved, In view of the fact that no other publication can render this service so
well, that the Congregational Quarterly, which has served the churches so
acceptably, and oAen with too little remuneration, ought to be continued and
abundantly sustained." *

This Association also declined to receive and distribute the copies of the Min-
utes of the National Council, which had been sent them.

Two facts respecting the action of these bodies are significant In no case has
the action been taken at the request or on the suggestion of the proprietor of the
Quarterly, and in every case the vote has been unanimous ! We are unwilling
to be put in antagonism to the National Council, and we confess our inability to
compete with its Publishing Committee, supported by a system of "taxation."
We wait for further manifestations of the wishes of the churches, desiring only to
be of service to them, and comforted with the thought that —

'* They also serve who only stand and wait"

Since the foregoing pages were put in type, The General Conference of Connecticut
has adopted the following action : —

" Voted, That the churches be invited to contribute at the rate of four cents for
each church member, to defray the expenses of the conference for the ensuing
year.

644 Editor's Table. [Oct.

*' Resolved^ i , That while, by the foregoing TOte, we provide for an appropriation
for publishing statistics, as requested by the Nadonal Coundl, we would* at the
same time, express our earnest desire for an arrangement such that the proposed
Year Book may not conflict with the interests of the Congregational Quar-
terly.

^^Resolvedy 2, That we request the parties concerned to take into consideration the
expediency of making the January number of the Quarterly the Year Book."

To our Subscribers, — We have given sufficient of the history of the Qu arterlt
and of its existing circumstances, in the foregoing pages, to explain why we feel
compelled to suspend its publication. This we felt was due to you as subscribers.

We regret leaving the denomination even temporarily without a magazine for
the discussion of its principles.

The Bibliothica Sacra and the New Englander are sustained in part by persons
of other denominations, and neither of the publishers of them is willing to have his
periodical recognized as denominational.

We deeply regret a suspension of our special relations to our subscribers.
These relations have been peculiarly agreeable. Since the present proprietor
became sole owner he has changed the character of the Editor's Table, endeavor-
ing to make it distinctively true to the historic fiuth of our churches. In the honest
expression of his personal convictions he has doubtless sometimes not been wholly
in accord with some individuals among his subscribers, and yet, during these four
years, not a single subscriber has ever terminated his subscription and given as a
reason for doing so any dissatisfaction with the manner in which the Quarterly
is conducted. There are not more than two instances in which the absence of any as-
signed reason occasions any suspicion that the Quarterly may have been stopped
on account of such dissatisfsiction. We mention this as proof of the genuine lib*
erality of the denomination which we have served.

Indeed, notwithstanding the severe pecuniary pressure, which has on an aver-
age reduced the sale of periodical literature about one third, yet the subscription
list of the Quarterly has been but slightly affected.

To the many letters received from all parts of the land, expressing generous
sentiments and a strong attachment to the Quarterly, and urging its continued
publication, ^ can only return our grateful acknowledgments with the accom-
panying lament, " The spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.*'

The Cost of the Quarterly, — Justice to other periodicals and to ourselves
requires the statement that the Quarterly has always been furnished at an
unreasonably low price, indeed, for less than cost The subscription price has
just about paid for the paper and the printing.

The friends of the distinguished persons whose biographies have been accom-
panied with portraits have paid for the steel plates, which have cost from $75 to
$150 each. The contributors to these twenty volumes have received nothing for
their work.

The editors have sometimes been able to save a small sum from the adver-
tisements ; but for years even this source of help ** yielded no meat." In its
present size and style, the Quarterly cannot be afibrded short of $3.00 a year.
We say not this complainingly. We have received all that we have ever asked,
and if we have been of any service to the churches, we rejoice in the privilege.
We say it with reference to what may be the future of the Quarterly.

Sets of the Quarterly, — We are happy to announce that we can furnish entire
sets of the Quarterly, or aid our subscribers in completing their sets.

1878.] Editof^s Table. 645

The price of the twenty volumes is : —

Unbound ..,.•••. $32.00
Bound in cloth ....... 4aoo

Binding, fifty cents a yolome.

Each volume closes with an index of names mentioned in the volume.

Each series often volumes has in the dosing volume an index of all the subjects
presented in the whole series. In no other twenty volumes can a minister find so
much valuable information concerning our denomination and its principles. Public
libraries should not fail to be supplied with these volumes for reference. To our
subscribers particularly we would say, now is the time to complete your sets.

Payment of Arrearages, — There are nearly |i,ooo still due from subscrib-
ers to the Quarterly, and all who are in arrears are requested to remit as
early as possible. The printer's bills must be paid, and the publisher cannot afford
to advance the money, while the Quarterly is furnished at a nominal price.
All who still owe for the Quarterly will find a bill inclosed in the present
number. As the suspension of the Quarterly precludes an opportunity to re-
turn a receipt in a succeeding number, those who are still in arrears are re-
quested with their remittance to send a postage stamp or postal card, by means of
which their remittance may be acknowledged.

The Result, — After the action of the Connecticut Conference "requesting
the parties concerned to take into Consideration the expediency of making the
January number of the Quarterly the Year Book,** we sought an interview with
the Publishing Committee of the Council and made the following offer: —

*^ I will agree to incorporate into my January Quarterly such a Year Book
(not exceeding 220 pages) as your committee may prepare, and send a copy of my
January number to every Congregational church in the land, by mail, for fifty
cents a copy. And I will allow you to avail yourselves of the opportunity to
obtain advertisements for the January number of the Quarterly on the claims of
said Year Book, and to have all the profits of such advertisements so fitf as said
advertisements may not interfere with the customary advertisements of the January
number of the Quarterly."

This price was based on a close calculation of what we must pay out to produce
these Quarterlies, allowing nothing for our own labor, and is prob&bly less than
the cost.

Instead of accepting this proposition, the committee offered us " the free use of
the whole, or any part, of the type of the Congregational Year Book for 1879, for
your [our] use in the January number of the Quarterly.*'

To this we replied : —

"If the Publishing Committee of the National Council are to limit their issue
of the Year Book to a supply of 'one copy to each church,' as contemplated by
the action of the National Council, — and if they do not interfere with the spe-
cific advertisements which, by the custom of years, have been a support of the
Quarterly, — then I accept their offer, and agree to continue the publication of
the Quarterly. But if a copy of the Year Book is to be sent, not only to the
churches, but also to the ministers on the list, and the book is to be offered in the
market in competition with the January number of the Quarterly, then the offer
of the committee I cannot accept, as said competition renders the continued pub«
lication of the Quarterly impracticable."

The committee decided to adhere to the larger issue, and thus our correspond-
ence closed.

To the subscribers, therefore, the editor and proprietor of the Quarterly bids,
for the present, an affectionate adieu !

646

QuarUrfy Record.

[Oct

QUARTERLY RECORD.

0HUB0HE8 rOBMED.

AICTBBT, If inn., July 17, 12 memb«n.
OABLK, UIm Jane 80, 8 memben.
OLKAB LAKS, WU., July 21, 14- m«Bii-

btrri.
BAST BANGOR, M«..Aag. 7.
EAST SAVANNAH, (H., JiUM 26, 10

memberi.
ENOLBWOOD, IlL (Ohieago), Jqim 21, M

members. _ .....

XyKBKTT TOWNSHIP, Kan., Jnly 17.
FIFB LAKE, Mloh., St-pt. 29.
QBA88 VALLEY, Cal., II oMmban.
HOLLANDiIaWune 26.
LEAD CITY, Wyoming Ter.
LISBON, N. H., Hept. 26, 22 membtn.
MITOHELLVILLE, la., 25 memben.
088KO, Wla., July 10, 21 memben.
RUCK RAPIDS, la.. Jane 18, 7 memben.
WESTMINIiiTER, OaL, Aug. 25, 8d men.

ben.
WILUTT8, Cal., Jane 18.
YUCATAN, Minn., May 19, 10 memben.

milSTERB ORDAIHED.

BONNELL, SPENCER R., over the Oh.
In Sooth Doerfleld, Maaa., Jnly 2. Ser-
mon by Rev.Oeorge W. Phllllpe.of Wor.
ceeter. Ordaining prayer bv Rer. Rob-
ert Crawf(»rd, d. d., of Dt- erfleld.

BRUCR, CUARLK8 C, over the Ch. In
Rowley, Mass., July 2. Hermon by
Rev. Coarles M. Mead, of Andover Sem-
inary. Orditining pmyer by Rev. Sam-
uel J. Spalding, D. n., of Newburyport.

CLAYTON, A. W., to the work of the min-
istry, in Goodrich, Mtch.. Aug. 7. Ser-
mon by Rev. J. P. Sanderson, of Clio.
Ordaining prayer by Rev. Alonso San-
derson, of Hediurd.

CORWIN, C. L., to the work of the Minis-
try, In Grundy Centre, la., Joly 10.
Sermon by Rev. Joel S. Bingham, D. D.,
ofDnbuque. . « ,

DENLEY, WILLIAM, to the work of the
Ministry in Balem, Mom., July 8. Ser^
mon by Rev. Hugh Elder, of Salem.
Ordaining prayer by Rev. Orpheaa T.
Lanphear, D. D., of Beverly.

DOICSKV. GEORGE N., to th« work of
the Ministry, iu Quaaqueton, Wis., Aug.
1. Ordainlns pra}er by Rev. Ephralm
Adums, of Waterloo.

DYER, NATHAN T., over the 1st Ch. In
Middleboro\ Mass , July 31. Sermon
by Rev. Perley B. I)avis, of Hyde Park.
Ordaining prayer by Rev. Edward A.
Rnnd, of e>outh Boston.

FRANCIS, DANIEL W., to the work of
the Ministry, in Cedar Springs, Mieh.,
Aug. 30. Sermon by Rev. Leroy War-
ren, of Grand Rapids. Ordaining prayer
by Rev. Levi F. Waldo, of FranldTort.

OALLIGKR, JOSEPH P.. over the Ch. in
MHUston, Wis , Aug. 16. Sermon by
Rev. John B. Bidwell, of Tomah. Or-
daining prayer by Rev. Robert Qoalfe,
of Elroy.

OBORGB, HARRY W.. to tb^wofffcof As
MlnlaUT in HnnUey. 10. BsttiM tf
Bev. William KineSkU, of Oberiln, a

by Rer. " "

Ordaining pnyer by

Boaglaa. of Genoa Jnaellon, Wis.

J.

H ADLEY, WILUS A., to tbe work of Ifes
Ministry in Rye, 9. H.. hJO%. Si. i>«r>
moo by Bev. Geoife Doatnn, of Pm«|w
bofo^. Ordaining pmyer by Bev. E&>
ward Bobie, of OreeoUnd.

HAZARD. C. G., to tbe work of the Minis,
try, in Haaooek, N. Y^ SepuU. BermM
by Bev. Clmrles C Johnson, of Smyna.
Ordaining prayer by Bov. Waller W.
Cartla, of Nortn Wafton.

JONES. JOHN P., to the work of tbe Min-
istry, in Hidaon, O., Aog. 20. &4noB
by Bev. Josiah Strong, of SandoikT.
Ordaining prayer by Ber. lionnel 8.
Potwin, of andaon.

LOOMIS, ELI R., over the Olu in Cbb-
nenot. O., Aog. 22. Sermon by Kev.
Jndsoo Smith, d. d., of Oberlln Semi-
nary. Ordaining prayer by R*v- Jobs
K. Notling, of Aoatinhiirg.

LOVE, WILLIAM D., Jr^ over the Gk
in Lancaster, Mass., Sept. 18. Bermon
by Rev. William D. Lofs, D. D., of A»
dover.

MAOOUN, FREDERIC H., to tbe work of
tbe Ministry, ia GUmno, la., 8epc2k
Sermon by Rev. Gkorgo F. MagovB,
D. D., of Iowa CoUego. Ordainlaf

£rayer by Rev. William Windsor, of
[iirshnlltown.

MANN, W. R., to the work of the Mlnistiy,
In Ross Grove, III., June 20.

MoINTOSH, PETER J., over the Ch. in
Anniston, Ala., June 18.

MOWBRY. CHRISTIAN, over the Ch. In
Coolville, 0»June 18. Sermon by Rev.
Theron H. Hawks, D. D., of Marielia.
Ordaining prayer by Rev. Eugene B.
Read, of Marietta.

PHELPS, LAWRENCE, over the Ch. in
Barton, Vt., Sept. 6. Sermon by Bev.
Edward P. Houker, of Middleburv.
Ordaining prayer by Rev. WlUiara T.
Herrick, of West Charleston.

FINClL PEARSB, over the Chs. In Booth
Natick and Dover, Masa., in South Na-
tiek, Mass., July 25. Sermon by Bev.
Hiram Mead, d. d., of OberUo Sem-
inary. Ordaining prayer by Rev. Sam-
uel D. Hosmer, of tooth Natick.

BOBBRTS. HARLAN P.. to the work of
the Ministry in Colorado SprinjFs, CoU
Jnly U. Ordaining pn^er by Bev.
Charles R. Bliss, of Wakefield, Mass.

ROBERTS. HENRY B., over the Plymouth
Ch. in Providence, R. I., July 1. Ser^
mon by Rev. James G. Voee, d. d., of
Providence. Ordaining prayer by Bev.
Thomaa Laurie, d. d.. ot Providence.

BCRUTON, HERBBRT M., to tbe work of
the Ministry, in Deansvllle, N. Y., Aug.
1. Sermon by Rev. William E. Park,
of Gloversville. Ordaining prayer by
Rev. Charles C. Johnson, of Smymsw

SHAW, FREDERIC E., to the work of
the Ministry, in Dennysville, Me., June
18. Ordaining prayer by Rev. 8tapb»
Thurston, d. d., of Sear^wrt.

1878.]

Quarterfy Record.

647

8L00UM, WILLIAM F., Jr., over th«
Ch. in Salisbury and Amesbury, Mam.,
Aug. 27. Sermon by Bev. L. T. Town-
■end, D. D., of Boston UnlveraiW. Or-
daining prayer by Rer. Danlei T. Flake,
D. D., of Newbnryport.

8PERRY, WILLABD G., over the Cb. in
Peabodv. Mass., July 2, Sermon by
Rev. William M. Barbonr, D. d.. of Yale
College. Ordaining prayer by Rev.
Joshua Ouit, of Lawrence.

8WINQ, ALBERT T., to the work of the
Ministry, in Fremont, Neb., Jnne 26.
S<»rmon by Rev. E. B. Fairfield, o. D.,
of Lincoln. Ordaining prayer by Rev.
Randolph Campbell, D. d., of Blair.

TEAD, EDWARD 8., over the Oh. in
CumherlaDd Mills, Me., Sepu 17. Ser>
mon by Rev. Charles M. Mead, of Ando-
ver Seminary.

WALTEItS, THOMAS W., to the work nf
the Ministry, in South Canton, N. Y.,
Sept. 27. Sermon by Kev. John O. Hoi-
biook. D. D., of Syracuse. Ordaining
prayer by Rev. Gorbam Cross, of Rloh-
ville.

YOUNi>, J W., to the work of the Minis-
try, in Sherman, Mich., July 2. Ser-
mon by Rev. WlUlam P. Ealer, of Sher-
man.

MINISTERS INSTALLED.

ADAMS, Rev. WILLIAM, over the Ch. in
Canandaigua, N. Y., July 11. Sermon
bv Rev. James R. Dauforih, of Puiladel-
pnia, Fa.

BE1T8, Rev. E. M.. over the Ch. in Fond
du Lac, Wis., Juuti 27. Sermon by
Rev. Franklin W. Fisk, D. d., of Chi-
cago Seminary. Inetalilng prayer by
Rev. William Crawford, of Green Bay.

CLARK, Kev. A. T.» over the Ch. in Iron-
viUe, N. Y., Aug. 28. Sermon by Rev.
John C. Holbrauk, D. D., of Syracuse.

COBB, Rev. WILLIAM H., over the Ch.
in Uzbrldge, Mass., Sept. 18. Sermon
bv Rev. Tijomas Laurie, D. D., of Prov-
idence, R. I.

JONES, Rhv. ALFRED, over the Ch. In
Childersbargh, Ala., June 20.

PARSON::^, Rev. JOHN, over the Ch. in East
Woodstock, Ct., Sept. 6. Sermon by
Rev Leauder T. Chamberlain, of Nor-
wich

PLE8TED, Rev. WILLIAM, over the Ch.
in Shenandoah, la., June 14. Sermon
by Rev. A. Rogers, of Glen wood. In-
stallmg prayer by Rev. John Todd, of
Tabor.

SHAW, Rev. A. R., over the Ch. in Wood-
bridge, X. J., July 17. Sermon by Rev.
Richard G. Greene, of Orange.

TEELE, Rev. WILLIAM H., over the Ch.
in Waverley, Mass., July 3. Sermon by
Rev. James S. Hovt, d. o., of Cam-
bridgeport, Mass. InstHlUng prayer by
Rcv. Charles C. Molntire, of Rockport.

BILLINGS. Rev. RICHARD 8., from the

Cb. In Dalton, Aiass., July 19.
CHASE. Rev. JAMES B., from the Ch. in

Weeping Water, Neb., Aug. 0.
DUNHAM, Rev. D WIGHT, from the Ch.

in Cambrldgeborough, Pa., July 10.
FREELAND, Rev. SAMUEL M., from the

Eliot Cb. in Newton, Mass., Sept. 17.
GOODRICH, Rev. LEWIS, from the Ch. in

Warren, Me.
HERBERT, Rev. JOHN, ttot^ the Ch. in

Stoughton, Mass., July 22.
INGALLS, Rev. BDMOND 0., firom the

Ch. in Benson, Minn., June 21.
KNIGHT, llev. RICHARD, from the lH

Ch. in South Hadley, Mass., Sept. —
LATHROP, Rev. STANLEY E.,fromth«

Ch. in New London, Wis., June 12.
LEE, Rev. SAMUEL H., from the IstCh.

in Cleveland, O., Sept. 24.
NEWMAN, Rev. STEPHEN M., from the

Ch. in Taunton, Masa^ July 7.
PALMER, Rev. FREDERIC, firom the Ch.

in Revere, Mass., Aug. — .
PIERCE, Rev. GBoRGU, Jr., from theCh.

in Milford, N. H., July 23.
REED, Rev. EDWARD A., fh>m the 1st

Ch. in Springfield, Mass., July 11.
TOMPKINS, Rev. JAMES, fix>m the Ch.

in Kewanee, 111.
V^NDERVEEE^ Rev. DAVID N., fh>m

the Union Park Oh., in Chicago, HI.,

Sept. 11.
WILSON, Rev. G. HAYWOOD, from the

Union Ch. in North Brookfleld, Mass.

MIinSTEBS DISMISSED.

ADAMS. Rev. ALSON D., from the Ch.

In Sioux City, Dakotah Ter., Sept. 11.
ANGIUli, Rev. MARSHALL B, from the

South Ch. in Ipswich, Mass., July 8.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4.

MI5ISTEBS MARRIED.

ALOOTT — DAVIS. In Boston, Mass..
Sept. 10, Kev. William P. Alcott, of
North Chelmsford, to Miss Lucy R.
Davis, of Boston.

BECK WITH — LOB A. In Boston, Maas.,
Sept. 25, Rev. Clarence Beckwith, of
Brewer, Me., to Miss Eugenia Loba, of

If A ^^ An n Atf Til

BLAKE — PENNIMAN. In Woodstock,

Ct., Juno 27, Rev. Henry A. Blake, of

Athol, UafS , to Miss Clara B. Penni-

man, of Woodstock.
FOWLS — FARNSWORTH. In Anbnrn-

dole, Mhss., Aug. 29, Rev. James L.

Fowle, of Woburn, to Miss Carrie P.

Famsworth.
HOWES — SARGENT. In Gray, Me.,

July 18, Rev. Herbert R. Howes, of

Gray, to Mrs. Klleo C. Sargent, of

V^fttfirbtirv ^(^fc
McFARL AND*- FOWLER. In Pon^h-

keeoHie, N. Y., June 26, Rev. W. D.

McFarland, of Simsbury, Ct., to Miss

Myra M. Fowler, of Hartford, Ct.
PBAKCE — BEAL. In Memphis, Mich.,

Rev. Thomas G. Pearce, of Armada, to

Mios Ida A. Beal, of Echo.
THOMAS— POWERS. In Bangor, Me.,

Aug. 7, Rev. Lewis J. Thomas, of Cas-

tine, to Miss Anne F. Powers, of Ban*

gor.

MINISTERS DE0EA8BD.

BRADFORD, Rev. MOSES B., in Mclndoee
Falls, Vt., Sept. 18, in hU 80th year.

CLARK, Rev. KPHRAIM W., in Chicago,
111., July 16, in his 80th year.

10

648 Changes in Post-Offia Addms of Ministen. [Oct

OODIffSTOIT, Bar. eSOBSB B-lB AM
Arbor, Uoli., Bapt. U^ ta hk 41M

DOLB. Bn. DAIHEL. In Kalo^ B. i~

ADC. M. In hli TlatTHr.
DOUQLaBS, Btt. Ji )H1T A.. Id WHa«ird,

Us., Aoc- R, la ma ITIh r^r
HUNT, R**. BAUUSL, In Bonoa.lbM,

JbI* n, la hi* sutli v*v.
JACKSON. Kn. 8 AH UK 1. O., D.D., In

Andonr, Hum., July St. la bta hlta

KnJo^BURT, Krf. HOWARS, Is Am-
hcnt, M w^ Sept. 28, In hla STUi jMir.

KTTE, K«. FKLIXIn Lnmbeiiud.N.T.,
a»pt. », fB hi. Wth TMr.

BKWnAI.L, B«T. EBXNEZXB, In Oub
bcUf*, Ikw., Aof. U, In U* Mik rMt.

Ou.e»M. 14, In H* Mbnu.
SmPnBD. Bn. VAnTTB. la CUwr,

H. T., Anf . 14, In hM tM jMr.
BPADLDIITS, Bn. LTeAHDBB T., )i

OhHUr, Ct., Jnl; S. In M> 4H jtmt.
WALEKB, Bn. ALDACC D. D., IB S»

IW, VL, Jul; M, la bk <M j«B.

LBATITT,lfn. T11inD08IA H^wHb rf
R«T. winiun a., a, D., tn F"'**'"^
lawn N. J.. A u. IT.

BIOOS. Vn. OliBNXIJA r« In Bimw
Swtloo, Dik. Tw.. A>(. t. la bn SIM

CHANGES IN POST-OFFICE ADDRESS OF MINISTERS.

Bnlid, Jidm O.. Hulfcrd, CI.
BaldwlD. ElUitli C, N*w Hinn, 01.
BwkvHh, Q»r(s A., Warnn, M.B.
Ball, SuciDol. JukHTivllla, Fla.
Bndlbrd, Brn)*iiiln F., Owla, Ck
Bon, Blehard B., Onanwleb, OL
BdKod, laus B., CraW. Kab.
BylnglOD, Env H,, AiidaT*r, Htm.

Cbwnbcrlla, William A. Barklaf, Htm.
Clapp, Cbvle* W., Q-ATnj, ni.
Oukf, 8uanel W., H..l;uk«, Ibu.
Cl*rton, A. C, Oooililch, Ulsh.
Onbb, Wllllun H„ Oibrldsr, UtMM.
Count. Oharl» A.. Cannon FaUi, Ulna
Oorillar. Rlcbanl, Emp.'rfa, Ean.
Oorwio. C. L., Otnnd}' Canirr, U.
Crou, tUUnd B., Anaka, IUdd.
CnnlH, Qaorsa, Union, 01.

SHOumb. Alfred B.,'
DrPureKiHanrre., I
Dcwd. Quinsy L., Altiandrin. Minn.
Dnnhun. Dwl|hl, North Jan. N. T.
Dyer, ISMaa V., Ulddlaborsogb. tlua.

Ebbi, Edwanl, Naperrllla, lU.
Kdwarda, WUtl.m P., Navborgli, O.
Balla, Dudley B„ WaMford, Hlnn.

Flonaln, Drial, Dora, Enn.
Tamr. Hanry, Falmoath, Us.
Field, Artamu C, W«l Dorrr, Vb

FlUh, Franklin 8., Ctnclaniit], <l.
FIsKthar, Adin H., Korw-t]. Uleh.
Praacla D. W., Ci-Our Bprlsgi, Ulch.

Fnllar, Ausuitui H., MuupolaHt, Vtm.

Gal*, Ednnn<, Obafiln Fnlln, O.
Qallt(ar, Joatph F, Hwuion, WM.
QaiklU Jama* T., BlarUiv, Ku.
Goodala, D. W.. Troy. H. B.
Omdell, Iiane, ITaw BalUmora, WA.
ll*d)*y, WUlla A., Bya, IT. B.
- - ~- - w*MKJl|n>

Humeiond, Winiam B.. Ron*, If. T.
Harrli. Lsonard W., Lnnanbarfb, Vt.
Hart, Bcniy E.. Hadljrma, Ct.
Runrd, a Q.. Hannuak. .f. T.
Haalay, jDMpb W., Ullvasksa, Wla.
Hlfglna, Jonathan E., Faritu FUla, Mlno.
Howaa, Herbert H., Burto, Vl,

Ifaclll, aaatroT* W.. AmhenI, Km*.
Uaconn, Frederlsk H., Oilrnu, In.
UonlaoEdary, U. W., Fort Saolt, Kan.
Uyen, John C. Toulon, tlL

Palmar, A. B., Sarainga, O.L
Pvker, John, East Woodatock. Ct.
Ptwipa, Lmrrenoe, Banon. Tt.
Fluroa, Oeoria, Jr , Andonr, ICmb.

8*aria.Blotiari

T.. DanverB. Hnaa.

8beldon,etawart,Tankl»D, Dak.

Colambna. Keb.

eioanm. WlEllao

F.,Jr.,Ball*bar7.

Smith llortlmar

SUna. Jamas P

Dallon,I(. H.

Worraa. Laroy

Lan>liw. Utah.

Walla. Uosea S

,Olaremon4,M. H.

Ftlkta.on,Th»

in>aR..ItTla(.Hlai

INDEX OF NAMES.

■■ Cli«>K« Id Po.i

"Amr

A"0

Tb« »d« !• remindud

„«^

toptal,«M-*T«tlB

otCon

Abbot,

l.t.

4484

Abbo(l,I-»,S«,«B.9II,(

4,a2o

Abnlar

U, M, 11, 61

Arksnc

MB

3U W», ioT.'iM

'4S6;

iTe,«3«,»«,ft.

"'SK

Addl-o

o,

Aiken,

(M,4»l

Alcolt,

w

Ald.J:

T«,4T!,4M,«6,blI

n."p>ia4«»-N)l.
,*i pagH lU tai It,

I, Kl, 41

AV,m°' IS, II, 4M, e-3

Allc*, IB

AlUioii, «•

AiidariKiii, SIS

Andnu,' «M

AniLr', MI

An»]m, U

Appk'lun, ST, tM, 411, WO,Kt

AHxoila, N

Amwunni, S3, W, W5,471,eU

Anwld, tB,Z(N,S14,Sai,SSI

Alb, IS

ABfaliri ''S. >S>. t''

Aifaion, ill

Budgar,
BkUai,

BwcToft, US, 431,4», 433, 434,

fluu, e<n,fln
Bnbn, TO. als, 4M

BarbDiir, It, 4U, «T

B4niiird, MB

Bum*. m,4M,bn,tn

Bunam, 3M

Bwn-tt, IB, 48B

Burowi, SB, IT, 19, «3a

Banh, 10

Butholamew, IS

Bar'IctI, SSt, t«1, 484, S29

>n thi

ea, tis, lis

Bau, sr.sn

B«k, M

BcokwIUl, W, SIl, Ul, S4I

Benfaer, Tl, IB, S4S, tSS, 4S4,

TB,481
Mi

no, >Ti, sis,aM

n,«84
sio

aso.ui

Bodler,

Bodwtll,

Bond. '

[r«pt than of nlTilt*
Q ibc K«pun i^tS*

Bornton, II, IS, IS, SIS, lU,

Bowmkn, 4M

Bn», S(),S4S,MI,S4I,484

»^!

Brooki, BT, tS, IS, IW, SID, 4SS

Brown, sa,»,sn,4ia,(iB,tss,
)TT, uisn
ss,ssi

rownrtni.

«, 90, S3, ITS, 4*1

isx.

•".ffi

BURh^

«R,MS,Ut

Bun.,

SIS

Bnrmit,

. SIS

BamhuD,

Unro*.

N, SO, SB], 013

4».»4

■BBrtT"'

4St

Burton. IS, V

S.SSl.SSS. 4<I).4H

Bnibnell, 30,

SI,»i,B4.,!«

Boiler,

Baltarwonti,

XI

Bou..

St

Boitorf,

IH

Bjigrvn,

81*

Bjron,

SSI

<wr,

ns,4Bt,ui

Cilni,

3N

Oilhoon,

816,484

CMvIn,

ss,4io.Gn,e>t

<;™pb.ii.

^ S8 8I1,MT

Csnwn,

4a

Cupeotw, n

SU,II4,4H,4«^

Oinon,

^

Cuter.

SS,886,H7.SM

a

4S*

CitM.

oi«](Ai>,

SB, 881

Index of Namei.

[Oct

"SlT'X.

CUpPi W.n.TB, hu.<;i

Ojvk, N,T<i,n, 3», ter, is;

•u, wt. MO, ui, AS':. 0'j7

eH,«ti,sn, eav, 04'

OUrk*, ta, m, 417, ita, tae

SSi.

Dufonh,

Duvb,

Daub,

lyAllblgn*,

DbyK, TS.n,

«M DaBnolM,

ire, sw, in, tn

Oebb,

DsHmrt,

n, ITS, H7

(OS

W, U«, SIR, SIB

oT.r"

Dl«e,

CoUltr,

Dlitay,

OOIIOD,

78. im

OollrlE,

71, W

SIXdM,

Columbiu.

Kippef

OomWodt;

M»

Oamle,

3U

Dli,

Con,

4ta.iM.fiH

Dlion,

SSirS.Tl,7S.74.M,^^

IKWH,

Dodd.'

Ooo1»dg8.

so

DodC,

ffiC

Dodxin,

U3,t«3

RSiX;

BSfe^ur!

o«i».

M

Domer,

Oon«.

IT

ffi»"T

Oorwln,

ass

Ooiton.

Dt.o«l-,

Cooob,

tus

UoUtlHl.

77, 7»

To-,

ooiuiii;

B3

DOUK,

Drahml.

«7,»«
7!, T>, MM, Ui, 677

BTt,M8,M1 UnoDlng

Duuo, M

DnOoD, flt.HT.M

Dwictat, Ma^Ul,«l.*IT

XbtrbMd. U,n.».«kU.«

xdw>Td>, /o, n, Kt. m.

'%%

KldKdga, »

EldiMc^ M

EllnWfa. 4U.«ia,IM,MM

EIHligwiMd. 0

xuiott. n,tm,ai

sir. *••«>

Xmemm. M, n, Il^>

Enallili,

7>,UI

*a.t7S,U4,4H.(H

Fliher, aS,m,31D,
Flik, S81,S3X,S7e,

lU, 47LfT

ua.HM>
M>,in,il

1878.]

Index of Names.

651

FItdh,

fag-

FUzman,

Fletcher,

Fbote,

FbrbM,

Foes,

Fdeter,

Fowle,

Fowler,

Francis,

Ftanklio,

Fraeer,

Flrederlek,

Freelaods,

FkvDcb,

Friekitod,

Fries,

Frliby«

Frotmnghun,

Fronde,

Fuller,

Fnllerton,

Forber,

Oale.

Oalliffer,

OerdiDer,

Oardoer,

Garland,

Churrett,

OarrUon,

Oaae,

Gay,

Gayiord,

George,

Gibbon,

Gibson,

Gilbert,

GildertleeTe,

Gillett,

Oilman,

Gladden,

Gladstone,

Gochenaner, '

Godet,

Godwin,

Goeechel,

Goethe,

Goldsmith,

80

79

47

477

6SA

687

484,fi28,689

7»

78

847

878, 680, 847

848

17, 28, 86, 827, 608

486

17, 21, S2, 38

847

79,484

78

48

677

817, 878, 604

814

78

72, 881, 884, 306

78

486

404,406,884

648

278

888, 876, 488

78

834

468

46

488,818

78

848

883

78

80,486

837

680

680

71

314,836

876

87, 828

70

64

»

682

Oalodardliil,

OuidoRenl,

Gnliek,

686
877

GoodeU, 78, 878, 877,486, 619, 620
Goodrleh, 77, 876, 876, 606, 629,

684,647
Goodsell, 76, 80

Goodipeed, 466

Goodwin, 78, 478, 604

Gordon, 486

Gottf, 64

Gower, 836

Granger, 79

Grant, 866

GraTee, 684

Gray, 486, 680

Greeley, 76, 868

Green, 877, 477, 660, 620, 621
Gteene, 00, 67, 377, 647

Greg, 871

Greewell, 278

Grey, 418

Gridley, 876, 484, 466

Griffin, 79, 403

Griffiths, 476

Griggs, 866, 636

Grover, 76

Gmner, 40

Haekett, t86»610

Badley, 648

Hadyn, 867

Hagenbaeh, 88,84,88,40,48,66
Haldane, 621

Hale, 608, 670, ^^t ^^ <^ ^

Haley, ' 488

Hall, 77, 80, 860, 478, 486, 611

BaUey,

Hallook,

Halsiead,

Hamilton,

Hamlet,

Hamlin,

Hampton,

Hanubrd,

Hardy,

Harms,

486,480

674, 678

70

78,827

804

88,868,876,484

77

78

60,70

48

Harper, SI, 22, 88, 86, 888, 884,

478, 477, 888

Harrington,

Harris,

Harrison,

Hart,

Harwood,

Haskell,

Hathaway,

HaTen,

Hawes,

Hawks,

Hawthorne,

Haydn.

Hazard,

Hazen,

Headley,

Heald,

Heaton,

Hesel,

Heflmann,

Helmick,

Hemmingway,

Henderson,

Hengstenberg,

Henke,

Henry,

Henry, IV, Vm,

Herbert,

Herriek,

Hibbard,

Hlckock,

Hloks,

Higbee,

Higglns,

Hi
Hi

Guernsey,

70

rand,
1.

H<ncks,

Hippolytus,

Hitcheock,

Hobart,

Hodge,

Hodges,

Hodgman,

Hoffmann,

Hogarth,

486

77,78,80

886,834

868

888

77

80,484

826,828

847

840

8,88,88

87

846

1.878,481,479

80

487

479

68

41

888

80

481

64

80

88

17, 418, 698

847

78,876,486,488,840

684,686,688

846

486

680

604

488

64

876, 477, 677

80

77, 876, 488

280, 294, 296

70, 882, 634

688

028, 088

80,682

887

64,486

468

Hoibrook, 68, 78, 77, 78, 876, 486.

486,647
Holeombe, 876

Holman, 484, 486

Holme, 88

Holmes, 64, 477

Holstein, 88

Holt, ST

Homer, 47T

Hood, 77,429,488,808

Hooker, 77, 848

Hopkins, 09,70,484,488,687
Hortense, 17

Hoemer, 846

Hotohkiss, 688

Houghton, 77, 886, 887, 474, 476,
4n, 478, 611, 688, 881, 886
Houston, 876

HoTey, 280,808

Howe, 80

Howell, 888

Howea, 847

Hoyt, 80,02,80,70,486,047
Hubbard, 874,421,618

Hnlburt, 77,78,878

Hume, 810

Humphrey, 88, 78

Hunt, 866, 848

Hunungton, 80, 611« 678

Hurd, 867,686

Hurst, 88,84

Hutohins, 486

Hutohinaon, 8n, 422, 428, 608
Hutton, 688

Hyde, 87, 78, 876, 876, 484

Ignatius,
Ingalls,

Ingersoll,

Inuooent vm,
Ireland,
Isbam,
Itss,

Jaekson,

Jacobi,

Jaoobus,

James,

Jameel,

Jenkins,

Jewell,

Jewett,

279

686, 687,647

886

608,608

863,484

876,486

77,486

6a

48,67

66,77

888,866

418, 419, 608, 688

78,687

60S

888,894

JohoMn, 66, 78, 466, 466, MO.

Johnston, 886

Jones, 17, 78, 876, 486, 629, 669,

680,681,687, 688,604,

Josephine,
Judkins,
Judson,
Julien,

648,647

8,17

488

486

486

Kahnis,
Kant, 41,

Ksrr,

Keeler,

Keep,

Keith,

Kellogg,

Kelsey,

Kent,

Kenton,

Kepler,

Kerr,

Kinsey,

Knapp,

Knighr,

Kaowlea,

Knuzen,

Kidd.

Kidder,

Kimball,

Kincaid,

88, 84, 80, 40, 46, 66

42,48, 44, 46,46, 47.

48,49,60,66,688

484

68i
484

876

660

684

876,484

78, 80, 486

688

884

69S

486

886

41,47

486,647

680

88

484

78
484,646

6S2

Klrkland,
Rllobd,
EltM,

XUIbir,
KUaftlh,

«, K, OS. an. US

IS, H>, >T&, UB
Mi

Ky-,

Laofwortlif,

LuphHT,

LiAmMM,

Lwnid,

LbBiU*,

L«U»,

I^ibrep,

LMImtr,

4a,B4T
418

TS,n,s<a,MT

U8

M, ITT, Ua, MS
M

n

I, tU, 411, SU, MT

u,u,to,u,a

La Bunnr,
Letaarnein,

Ury,
Lewia,
Llbby,
LlDMln,

LiDdlar,

Laba,

Loakbridpi,

Loakwood.
LoelBsr,

IxmifBllDW,

««,>lt

4M

U,T8,3Ta,a71,34S,

0S,3M
U,W, 41

tin
s,ii,n,w,a4.K,

Lothnp, m, U8, 366, S«T, UB,

.yniBn',

:jrw.

Indtx ef Nanus.

Vaadnir, M, ■>

Haolaran, 411

Hangn, H,n, M

IbEomat, 41

HallotT. 4>

Haul, IB. at, »», m, (W

KhmiUm, ■^"~' 4H

Many.

Hardau,

Uarbala

HarlaAi

Har^l

4ft

S,41I,M

Ts, m

rt, 484, 411

Usui, I. «r, 18, IT, S

T8,S»

sia,4r

48, IM

leuannr,
il«h«ria,
41iblll,

4m.

40,41,4:

n

U, 111, IIS. 89

.878.]

Ind£x of Namts.

«53

Pi-Ulngcll, ITT. «ao. <H

mteliM, «S, MT, nt, SM, B4a

rhiiiD, K»

Pnilbpi, ei, TT, 4S3.B3T,Me

niipp^ at, ««, SM, Ml, sw

RoobstiniKDM,

Hockvood,

tn,iai,aaT, Bsf.Mi

BMUl, 1T,M«

Kard, 10, tU, ISi. U«, M

Betd, T»

Rok(, '

IT, BO, UT, (M, MT

Knddluk,

BalUr. '

Bufjrd,

earRsni,

B»*M««,

Bduboroogh,

<T8,«U,4M

STi

Bcbitff. II>,«I,3M,B3t, S3JS

BohtElliB, U, M

Sehcnkel, U

Bohlllnr. »

Bchlaiarnuahar, ig,»(>,M,U,

ss,u,ss

mid.

Bib«b*rMa,

113

BoTlliBBr, U,Sfl,SM,au
BU, «S

Bcroton,

Seaddar, TT,Ml,STfl,«t

Btinr, TT

Barlja, TT, Tt, IM, IS4, «34

Rleh^a, T8

,arr

5W1. IIS, Ml

Barmnea,

«n

STi, 186, «3t

BawaU.

W,M»

BIcfamODd,

<U, 4«

is,SBO,m

Riddle,

t», 78, tn

Bhairp,

80

B1d.r.'

I8G

M,M,M.«M

BIdl*;.

Bhannan.

480

Uladmiar.

Bharp,

118.570

Blip.

eta

Bhmw,

>Ifl,8M,«T

Rltiehl. B3, as

w,

1, «.«, so.

M, U, M

Bhtldon, "^

aT,4si

BobblDi,

(»e.H.

Bbdia,,

»

Bharrood,

ttfalaldi,
Shlphvrd,

a, isi, tai, Oi, 4M,

4TT

»iM.tj,

fi,ns

6nill»i,

n

BiDllb,M.n,7

'■"iSf'StSS"

w

'"'"'' mLmS

Bmyib.

Baall, SM, U> HI. &M, Ul. lU.

8B,m

Snowdon,

«M

M

6j,ei,»i,m

t^"^V

•84

BonihaaO,

TO

S-S'!-

•^M

Btalllni,

Bti-ndcT,

>U,8U
40«

TB, 18, "0, Ul

Tl, >U. Kt

G.II

U. 411.410

S4,1S,M

IS

H

4M,>I1

eiorsr, 4K

eiorra, 30, TT, 875, STfl, 410

Slowc. 4«e,4ST,48«
Slowell

.well
'uaobiiTifa,

Index of Names.

Btnng, M, STB, SU, UO, 41

BtUTTHHlt

J""7[,

«e, lie, 48&.»i,'e

Tn>k,

TnnBti.
Trowbrhlia,

TylT.

TjPDdall,

Ulilsl,

Vou,

Wmwa, '
Wavluid,

TS.TS.S

GENERAL INDEX OF THE TEN VOLUMES.

(SECOND SERIES.)

With each Tolnine has been pnbliahed a complete Index of Names fbnnd therein ; these are
not here repeated.

In looking for names of persons, regarding whom special biographical Information is soui^t,
see ** Biographies,*' " Biographical Sketches/' and ** Necrologv." The names of snch persons
as are so treated are alphabetically arranged under thrse neads, and their names are not
repeated In the Oeneral Index.

Names are arranged In strict alphabetical order of spelling; contracted names, like those
beginning with * Mc," are placed according to the contracted form.

'* Books Noticed " are inaexed by author*' names.

The statistics of a given State, or other place, are all grouped under the title ** Statistics.**

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE 86,92,96, 848. 846. 449, 467, 609. 612; xrfll,

PAOK 0>f WHICH EACH ARTICLE 62, 92, 96. 97, 815. 352, 856, 462, 479. 537, 621,

COMMENCES. 624; xix, 92, 96, 97, 261, 800. 842, 846, 457,

472, 600; XX, 76, 834, 875, 484, 528, 644.

Abbott, , xil. 833

Adams, Thomw xl, 542. Daggett. Rev. Oliver E., d.d., xl, 888.

Adam-, Rev. William W., D.©.. xv, 427. d;S!, liev. Malcom McG., d.d , xiv. 855.

Albro, Rev. John A.. r».i>.. xU, 88. pay Rev. PUny B. D.D., xil 552.

AUen Nathan, m d.. x»i. 537. DeJirest, Rev. Henry S., xvUi. 43.

Andewon, Rev J"«eph, xvi. 10. Deszler, , xi. 211.

Arnold, — — , xlii, 531. Dexter. Rev. Henry M.. d.d., xvi, 420.

Atkinson, Mary E., xv, 286. .r i > i

Bacon, R-v. George B., dd., xv, 1. 55!?"*o * ^J Orman, xiv. 282.

Bacon, Rev. Leonard, d.d., xviil, 1,260, 887,562. 5^^y, Rev. Zachary, O.D., fiv. 584.

Bagster xiil 550 » » • t Edwards, Rev. Jonathan, xi, 511.

BaTdwln, Rev. theron. d.d., xii, 19. 5»y. Alfred B., Esq.. xili. 279 ; xiv, 609.

Bancroft, George, LL.D.. xv, 578. i™f^°'«^v ^2^ S' "* **^*

hames, Kev. Henry E.. xx, 604. KrskJne, Ralph, xvi. 81.

Barton, William, xi. 205.

Bascom, Pi of. John, ll d., xiv, 208. Fairehlld, Pros. James H., xlii, 209 ; xvlll, 287.

Baylies, , xii, 538. Ferrin, Rev. Clark E., xiU, 422.

BiUman, Rev. Ira C., xiv, 246. Foster, Rev. Addli»on P., xvhi, 510.

Bisbee, Rev. John H.. xx, 573. Foxcroft, Frank, xix, 393.

Blaisdell. Prof. Joshua J., xii. 199. Froude, James A., xiil, 393.

Blake, Rev. S. Leroy, xi 528 ; xil, 378 ; xiv, 888. Fuller, Thomas, xii, 210.

Blakeslee, Rev. Samuel V., xiv. 417. Fullerton, Rev. Bradford M., xii, 1.

Bradford, Ck>v. William, xiv. 416.

Bralnerd. Rev. Davis S., xii, 477. Gilman, Rev. Edward W., xi. 516; xili, 225.

Brown, Francis, xix, 273. Goodeli. Rev. Oonstans L., D.D., xiil. 394; xv.

Brown, Rev. WilllHm B., d.d., xix, 581. 351.

Buck, Edward, Esq., xili, 252. Goodenow. Rev. Smith B.. xvii, 534.

Buckingham, Rev. Samoe?G , d.d., xvii, 888. Greene, Rev Richard G., xl, 502.

Bnmham, Rev. Amos W., d.d., xili. 884. Grout. Rev. Henry M., xili, 1, 532.

Bumham, 8amael, xi, 1, 475 ; xv, 248. Guernsey, Rev. Jesse, xi. 249.

Byles, Rev. Mather, d.d., xi. 387. Guizot, , xii. 566.

Oady, Rev. Daniel R., xii, 370, 524. Hale, Rev. John G., xlii, 404 ; xvii, 606.

Oavemo, Rev. Charles, xvi, 32. Hall, Hev. Charles. D.D., xii, 55A.

Chapin, Pres. Aaron L..* d.d., xviil, 857. Hamilton, Rev. John A., xix, 219.

Chaucer. Qeoffrey^ xiil. 878. Hardy, Rev. George, xviil 493

Clap, Pres. Thomas, xii, 497. Hazen, Rev. Henry A., xvii, 545; xvlll, 888,

Clarke, Edward H., m.d , xvi, 27. 418, 592 ; xix, 62, 407 ; xx, 438.

Clarke, Helen F., xvi, 408. Herbert, Rev. George, xl, 667 ; xlii, 408.

Coe. Rev. David B., d.d., xvii, 1. Hood, Rev. George, xx, 418, 591.

Cordley, Rev. Richard, d.d., xvlll, 867. Hopkins. Pres. Mark, t.D., xiil, 20.

Crabbe, , xii. 216. Hoppin, Prof. James M., d.d., xii. 266.

Cross, Kev. Moses K., xi. 216; xvii, 515 ; xx, 26. Hyde, Kev. CharlcK M., D.D., xvi, 517.

Crowell Prof. Edward P., xvii, 481. Hyde. Prof. James T., D.D., xl, 879.
Gushing, Rev. ChriBtopher, d.d., xl, 60, 170.

177, 240, 275. 320, 325 416, 445. 460. 589. 598; Jenkins, Rev. Robert C, M.A., xv, 28.

xil. 48, 79, 83. 274, 328 832. 443, 461, 567, 599, Johnson, Rev. Samuel, xvii. 296; xx, 577.

603; xili, 99, 104, 352, 356. 463, 480, 618. 622;

xiv, 28, 107, 112, 350, 364, 458, 471. 598. 602; Kingsbury, Rev. John D., xii. 179.

XV, 95, 100, 347, 350. 455, 473, 601. 605; xvi, Kltchel, Pres. Harvey D., D.D., xiv, 378.

93, 96, 852, 354, 491, 504. 640, 644; xvii, 18, Knoxe, Rev. John, id, 878.

656

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

[Oct

Lftdd. Rer. Horatio O., xz, 1.

Lftogworthy. Kev. Imum P., f>.D^ zt, 178| Stt,

448, 692; zli, 82. 831. 446. 002 ; zUi, 108, 8S8,

486, 021 : ziT, 111, 388, 461, 001; zr, 77, 458;

ZTi, 4M; ZTil, 482; zvlU, 466; zlz, 460; zz,

480
Latimer, Hogh. zil, 210.
Laurie, Rev. Thoma*, d.d.. zi, 220.
LeaviU, lieT. George R., zl. 892.
LoomU, Rev Harmon, zvl, 264.
Lather, Mardo, zil, 898.

IL, O. T., zz, 401.

Masoao, Free. Geo. F., D.D., zl, 280; zr, 4P;

nz, 876, 646; zz, 83.
Manning, Rer. Jaoob IC, D.D., zIt, 46, SIT.
Ifartjr, Juitln. zlli, 806.
Mather. Kev. Cotton, zl, 874.
Mather. Rev. Increase, d.d., zl, 801; zU, 26|

246.868
Mather, Samuel, ziU, 883.
McFtfland, Rev. Henry H., zlli, 54; zvl, 215,

MeKenxte, Rev. Alezander, zv. 884.
MeLean, Rev John K., D.o., zi, 658.
Mead, Prof Hiram, d.d., zl, 860; ziz, L
Meant, Rev. Jamet H., d.d., ziii, 514.
Meart, Rev. David O., zv, 211 ; zviii, 20.
Merriman, Rev. Daniel, zv, 225.
Merriman, Rev. William B., d.d., zIU, 248.
Milee, Rev. Jamea B., d.d., zi, 222.
Mooar. Rev. Oeorge, d.d., zli. 588.
Moore, Angotta, zvi, 270.
Monger, Rev. Theodore T., zfii. 870.
Manaon, Rev. Myron A., ziz, 281.

Noyea, Rev. Daniel P., zi, 861.
Hoyet, John H., zvii, 272.

Paine, Rev. Bernard, xlli, 816.

Palmer, Julius A., ziv, 259.

Palmer, Rev. Ray, d.d., xvll, 309.

Palmer. Rev. wniUm 8., zz, 881.

Park, Prof. Edwards A., d.o., li..d., ziv, 1.

Parkinson, Hev. Royal, xiv. 489.

Parsons, Prof. Theqphilus, xiv, 258.

Patterson, Rev D. Williams xvi, 285.

Perry, Prof John B.. xil, 217.

Pond, Prof Enoch, d.d., zii, 484; zz, 828.

Poat, Rev. Truman M., d.d., zii, 498; zv, 16.

Quint, Rev. Alonzo H.. d.d., zi, 34, 81, 279;
zii. 84, 291 ; zlil, 38, 106. 234, 307 ; ziv, 61,
118, 294, 302, 663; xv. lUl, 294, 306; zvi, 1,
28, 49, 97, 804; zvii, 97, 800; zz, 81.

Rich, Rev. Alonzo B , d.d., zi, 643.
Robert II, King of France, zU, 877.
Robinson, John, zii. 651.
Ross, Rev. A. UastluKS, zi. 17; zU. 557; ziv,

804; zvi, 291, 676: zvU, 526: xx. 275.
Roy, Rev. Joseph B., D.D., xiz, 29.
Russell, Thomas, zil, 619.

BafTord, Rev. George B.. xi. 206.
Baiter, Rev. WilllBin. zli, 862.
Bcott. Rev. George R. W.. zvii, 50.
Bhepley, Rev. David, ziU, 86.

Bkeats, , xHl, 686.

Bmvth, Prof Egbert C., d.d., zi, 181; zvlil,

27; zz, 603.
Snow, D. E., zii, 645.
Spring, Rev. Leverett W., xix, 48.
BturtcvMUt, Pres. JoHmu M., d.d., ziii, 487;

zv, 608; zvii, 218, 396.

Tarbox, Rev. Increase N., d.d., xiil, 256; ziv,
4U1; xvi, 866; xvii, 17, 238, 311, 887; zyiii*
216; ziz, 847.

Taykv, Ber. Jeremiah, ojd.. zU, 8HL
Thornton, J. Wlngate. Esq.* xvi 2S8,i
Thnrston, Rev Richard B., zit« 002.
Thwing, Rev. Bdw «rd Payacm, zvl, SM.
Traoy. sta^hen, m.d., zU. Sll.
Trumbull, J. Hjunmond, ix.D., ziz, SSS.
Tucker, Rev. Joshua T., %iJ>.t ztv, 608; Zffl,

86; zvUl,62; xz,800.
Twining, Rev. Kinsley, ziii. 606.
Twitchi-U, Rev Justin B., ziU, 66L
Tylar, Prof William 8., djk. lIj.p., zr» 401;

ziz, 485.

Underwood, F. H , ziv, 668.

yinet, zv. 541.

Vinton, Rev. John A.. ztiSflT; slv»Slii
268,895,542.

Walker. Alfired. zli 257.
Walker, R«v. George Leon, 0.0., zlli, OOT.
Walker, Hon. Jos4-ph B., zv, 860.
Ward, — , zi. 248.
Waahbnm, Hon. Bmory. LL.D., zi» 40L
Welch, Rev. Moses O., zz, 480.
Wellman, Rev. Joshua W., d J>.y xrfl, 047.
White, Bev. Pliny H., zi, 48.
Whiton. Rev. James M.. zi. 88.
Willard, Rev. Samuel, zi, 400.
WiUiaton, Bev. Martin L., zvU, 8HL
Winthrop, Robert C, LL.D.. zitt, 00.

Wood, R^. wiu o.. zvl. on.

Woodworth, Rev. Charlea L . zz, 8M.
Woodworth, Rev William W., idz, 810.
Woola^, Prea. Theodore D., o J» t u»i».t lit
808.

UBT OF ARnOLBS.

Agrippa's Reply, xix, 278.

American Church Register, zi, 60.

Americsn Congregational Assodadon, zi,
176, 323, 448, 692; xU. 82, 881, 446,0u2; zUi,
103, 355, 466. 021 ; ziv. Ill, 368, 461, 601 ; zv,
468; xvi, 694; xvii, 452; zvill, 466; ziz, 460;
XX, 489.

American Congregational Union, zi, 177,815,
460, 693; zli, 83. 332. 461, 60S; zlli. 104, 880,
480, 622; ziv, 112, 864, 471. 602; zv, 100, 850,
478. 606; zvi, 96, 354. 604, 644; zvii, 96. 840,
467, 612; zvUI, 96, 356, 479, 684; ziz, 00, 846,
472.

American Home Missionarv Society, zvll, 17.

Antinomian Controversy of 1637, zv, 86S, 890,
642.

Apologia, Just and Neceffsarie, zli, 551.

Associations, General (Congregational). (See

Associations, Ministerial. (See MMtitrML
AttockMofu,)

Baptism, Christ's, Import and Method ot, zlil,

404.
Benediction, zl, 388.
Benevolent Societies, National, zvi, 812; zvll,

211; xviilt213: xix. 217; zz. 219.
Benevolent Work. Cost of, zvii, 887.
Benevolent Work of the (Aurobea. Flaandal

Aspects of, xvii. 18. --^

Bible and iu Critics xi, 528: English, Refftt

Ion of the, xiil, 614 ; Wyeliflb*s Translation

of, xiil, 660. God, Word of, zil, 83. Old

Teetament, God in the, zil, 545.

BIOGRAPHIC \L SKBTCHB8 : —
k Kempis, Thomas, and'faisThnes, zv, 286.
Bumham, Samuel, xv, 490.
Dickinson, Rev. Austin, his servieea to Am.
harat 0>liege In iu eariy history, ziv, 282.

1878.]

General Index cf the Ten Volumes.

657

Sdwtrds, Presidentf m a Refonner, xi, 250.

SdwardB, Rev. Timotfay, and bis Pariab>

lonera, ziii, 256.
Hooper, Rt-v. John, zili, 536.
Knollys. Hanierd in Spra^rae'i Annals, xlU,

88.
Martinean'M, Harriet, Autobiography and

Memorialii, xlz, 388.

BIOORAPHIBS, aooompanied with Portraits.
(Bee, also, Bioffraphieal Skeichet and Ne-
crology.)

Abbott, Rev. John 8. C.» zz, 1. Abbott,
Rev. Joseph, xil, 333 Adams, Samoel,
xi, 1. Aikin, Rev Kilas, xii, 170. AUen,
Rev. Thomas, xi. 475.

Bacon, Rev. David, zvlli, 1, 260, 887. 562.
Bacon, Rev. James M., xvii. 347. Badger,
Rev. Milton, xvii, 1. Bnldwin, Rev. The.
ron, xvii. 213, 395. Backinghnm, Hon.
William A, xvlii, 215. Burnham, 8amael,
xvi, 1.

Carter, Rev. William, xili, 497. Oboate,
Dea. I)avid, xvii, 481. ClHry, Rev. Dex-
ter, xviii, 367. (>>oke, Rev. Parsons, xlv,
219.

Dwight. Rev. WilUam T., xi, 181.

Ferry, Hon. On is S , zix, 219. Field, Rev.
Pindar, xviii, 483. Finney, Rev. Charles
O^xlx, 1.

Griffith, Walter 8., xvi. 215.

Hitchc«>ck, Bamuel A., xvi, 517.

Keep, Rev. John, xiii, 209. Kirk, Rev. Ed-
ward N., XX. 250.

Mason, Lowell, xv. 1. McKeen, Rev Silas,
XX, 381.

Parsons. Rev. Isaac, xii, 477. Parsons, Rev.
Jonathan, xi, 327. Perry, Prof. John B.»
XV, 211.

Rav, Rev. Benjamin F., xiv, 489.

Babin, Rev Lewis, xv, 491. Smalley, Rev.
John, XV, 351. Soath worth, Edward,
xiii.l. Steams, Pres William A., xix,
485. Siorrs, Rev. Richard S., xvi. 855.
Sweetser, Rev. Beth, zx, 503.

Taylor. Samuel H., xiv, 1. Treat, Rev.
Behih B., xix, 347.

Vaill. Rev. Joseph, xii, 1.

Walker, Rev Cbaries, xili, 357. Williams,
General William, xiv, 855.
Black River AsMOciation, N. Y., xx, 577.
Bonn, Conferences at, xviii. 27.
Books and their Uses, xx, 26.

BOOKS NOTICED.

Abbott's (J. 8. C.) Kit Carson, xvii. 506;
Life of Washington, xviii. 81. Abbott's
(L.) Acts of tbe Apostles, xviii. 6<X^; Jesas
of Nazareth, xi, 79; New Testament,
with NotcA and Corament<«, xvii, 587. Ad-
ams' (C. F.) Psmllisr Letters of John
Adams and his Wife, xviii, 343. Adams'
(N.) .\gnes and the Little Key, xii, 321;
At Eventide, xx, 359 ; Catherine, xii, 821.
Adam's (W.) Conversations of Jesus
Christ with Representative Men, xi, 800;
Regeneration in Baptism, xiv, 335. Ad-
am *8 ( W. H. D.) Lighthouses and Light-
ships, xii, 590. Alooti's (L. ^^.) Hospital
Sketches, xi, 584. Alden's Links in Re-
becca's Life, xx, 473. Aldine, xvi, 87.
Alexander's (H. C.) Life of Professor Al-
exander, xii, 61. Alexander's (J. A.)
Commentary on Matthew, xvi. 79. Alex-
ander's (S. D.) PrinceUm College during
the Eighteenth Centurv, xiv, 447. Alford'a
(H.) New Testament for English Readers,
xiii, 605. Allen's (R. H.) New England

Tragedies in Prose, xi, 305. AUibone*!

tS. A.) Dictionary of Authors, xvii, 820;
Tnion Bible Companion, xili, 615. Alpha-
betical Index to the New I'estamen^ zl,
682. American Famllv in Paris, xil, 70.
Anderson's (K.) Foreign Missions: their
Relations and Claims, xi, 568; History of
Sandwleh Ishmd Mission, xiii, 80 ; Repub-
lication of the Gospel in Bible Lands, xiv,
443. Annual of Scientific Discovery, zl,
808; xii. 321. Appleton's American An-
nual Cyclopndis, xi, 484. Appleton's
(V. ft Co.) American Cyclopedia, zvlti
880, 441 ; xviii, 81, 612. Artist Biograpbiea,
xz,476. Art Review, zii, 505. Aspendale,
xiii, 07. Atkinson's (M. E. ) Architeet of
Cologne, zv, 835. Atlantic Monthly, zl,
814.

Bacon's (G. B.) Faithful Ministry, zvi, 882.
Bacon's (L.) Genesis of the New Enslimd
Churches, zvii 79. Ballou's (M.M.) Treas-
ury of Thought, ziv, 844. Bancroft's (G.)
History of the United States, Centenary
Edition, zviil, 344. Barnard's (H.) Oral
Training, zili, 348. Barnes' (A.) Notes
on the l£plstle to the Hebrews, zvl, 881.
Bamea' (.\. H.) Centenary History, zvill,
464 ; New York Catalogue, zv, 842. Bar-
rows' (E P.) Companion to the Bible, xi,
808. barrows' ( W.) Church and her Chll-
dren. zvii, 433; The General, or. Twelve
Nivhts in the Hunter's Camp, zl, 811.
Barry's (J J.) Life of Christopher Colum-
bus. zii, 73. Bartlett's (J.) Familiar Quo-
tations, zvii, 600. Bartlett's (8 C ) Fu-
ture E*unlshment, zviii, 72. Bartol's (0. A .)
Radical Problems, ziv, 342. Bascom's
(J.) iEBsihetlcs. ziv, 450; Science. Philoso-
>hy, and Religion, ziv. 100. Bayley's
[T. R.) Sketch of Catholic Churches, zll,
r4. Bayne's (P.) Days of Jezebel, ziv,
601; Life and Letters of Hugh Miller, zili,
457; zviii, 453. Beechfr's (O.) Principles
of Domestic Science zll. 810. Beecher's
(H. W.) Lecture- Room Talks, zll, 810;
Mermons, zl. 78, 436. Beecher's (T. K.)
New Terms for Old Truths, zvi, 76; Our
Seven Churches, xiii. 86. Benedict's (F.L.)
John Worthington's Name, xvi, 634. Ben-
jamin's (8. G. W.) Contemporary Art in
Europe, zx, 364. Better l<and. xvi, 846.
Bible Commentary, xiii, 607; xv, 828; xvi,
880 ; xvii, 589. Bible in Public Bchnols. zii,
818. Sketches, xiii, 615. Bibliotheca Sacra.
zl, 814. BIckersteth's (E. H.) Hades and
YJeaven, xi, 578; Master's Home-Call, xv,
830; Spirit of Life, xii, 311 ; Yesterday, To-
day and Forever, xi. 306. Bierbowers (A.)
Principles of a System of Philosopy, etc.,
xii, 805. Binf^ham's (J. F.) Christian
Marriaffe Ceremony, xiv. 102. Binney's
(T.) Sermons preached in the King's
Wfigh-house Chapel, London, xii, 807.
Birthday Present, xvii, 601. Blaokle's
(J. 8.) Self-Culture, xvii. 81. Blot's In
Heaven we Know our Own, xi, 579.
Blunt's Coincidence* in Old and New
Testament, xiii, 616. Boardman's ( 8. W.)
Memorial of Dea. Samuel W. Boardman,
zii, 606. Bonar's (H.) Life of Milne, xiii,
01 ; Light and Truth, xiii, 83; Boston Illns-
trated. xiv, 456. Boston Lectures. 1870, xii,
431 ; 1871, xiU, 452. Bradbury's (W. F.) Fa-
ton's Elementary Algebra, xvii, 82; Ele-
mentary Geometry and Trigonometry,
xvii, 82. Braden's (C ) Problem of Prob-
lems, xix, 322. Braaley and Neelv's Prov-
erb Stories, xii, 501. Bremen Leotarea

656 General Index of tkt Te» Voluma. [Oct

■"" 'so, J. WlDSHtf "" ~

on, IUt Klebk
r tUT. Kriv IT.

,„jH.^,«,.m__ t™..

l^Dmball, J. Huinit
TDokar, S«. J ~

, , . 88; itUI.U; %x,V».

LMTltt, lln. dmrig R., il. tU. TwInluK, Kbt. EInaliT, zUl. 586.

Lomnla, Rct Humon, it], Stt. Twiubrtl, Rar JomId U., iHl, Ul.

Lotlur, U uHn, 111, MM. Trkr, Prof. WUUub B., dji^ U.J>., zr, «1

ULttt.
K.,C.T.,u,«)l.

Ibnao, tTsL Ow. P., CD., il, MS: n, «; Undtrwood, r. H , zIt, MS.

Tll, ST«, H«i II, S3.

HuslDf, R«. jMob IL, DJ)., xHr, 41, UI. Vlmt, it, Ml.

lbnrr.J»>lii.iU],M)«. Vinton, lUr. John A^ il,a>T; tn,ta;n
Hatlwr. Kn. noKun, il, ITl. KS, Wt, t43.

UMbtr. Bar. iDonua, D.D., zf. Ml: lU, Hi

Ml m Walkv. Alfred. HI UT.

HbUmt, ShbiuI, illl, its. Wilkw. Rn. G«orc* l.aaD, D.D., lOl. KT.

Hurukad, Ker. Henry H., xlU, H; xrl, tU, WalUr, Ban. J'wpli B., rr, SU.

MA. ^ * » F T F . Werdh _ ^j a*8.

lf«K<Bil«, Rar. Aleiudw, IT. tu. Wwbbarn. Bon. BisDrr. u.i>^ il, Wl.

KeL«n, RaT Jofan E., D.D., H, US. Walrii. B«. UowM O., n, UO.

Hwd. Prof Hlrais, no., il, UOi Hx. 1. Wtllmao, B«*. Joahu W., dj)., xtU, SCT.

lliKu, Bar, Junai H., D.n., lUl, H«. WhHe, BaT. PHoy H^ x\, 41.

Hwn, Bar. DaTld O., n, 311; itUI, V>. WhHon. Bar. Junaa M.. H. n.

HarriBun, B«> Daniel, it. Be. WlUud, BeT.eHill*l,xt,4l)l>.

HanliniiD, BaT. WllUam B., D.n., ilU, Ht. Wllllaua. Btr. Uutln U. zrll.lM.

)[Ilea,Itira. JwneeB., D.D., il.m. Wlnthiop, Boben O. I.L.D_ zU, tt.

Uoow. Rar. Oearfe, d d., ill, US. Wood, Rn. Will 0.. irl. Ml.

Ifoors. Anim.u. -w^ wa Woodwonli, BeT. Cbartaa L . n,SM.

Woodwonh. Bn VllllaBi W., -Ax, Mi.
WmlMj, rna. Tbaodot* P., P J ■ tj.f*, <

m.

0U/T*, ner. AMDWi r., u, «!,

»03raa,JohDH.,iTll,m. ubT qF ABTIOI.B8.

Fuliie, Rev. Bernvd. ilK, 316. Aorlpps'i Reply, lii. ITS.

Pklmcr, Jullui A., xlv, 2S9. Americiin Cburcb Roglalar, zl, SO.

Palmer, Rev. Ray, ii.d.,iv!I, SM. Amerlma OonErenUonal A aioslMIOII, i

Palmer. Rev. wAllainB, II, sai. ITfl, 323, MS, Ml; lU. 83, SSI, wa.m; iI

Park, Pror. Bdwudi A., D.r>., LL.D.,ilT, 1. 1U3. Si», tes, «tli itT. Ill, U3, Ml, ODl; n

Purklntun, Kev. Koynl, ilr, US, UBj irl, SM; irtl. *»; ITlll,4M; lU,IM

Farauin, Prof, Theonhilni, liv, SM. ii, 48S.

PaltarKiii, Rer D. Wl Miami ivl,38t. Araerlnn OonarenlloDal Onlno, I], in,a

Perry, Prof. ,I'>bn B., ill, 317, 400, MS; ill, 93. 331, 4«1, aos: lUl, M^W

Pund, Prof. Enoch, D.D, 111. 4M; n, S2S. 480,833; ilv, 112, 3M, 411. toi; zT.U«,ai

PoatiRav. rmmanU., D.D., ill,40«; it, 14. 4TS, SM; irl, M, SM. 4H, SM; irUtW-M

4«T,ai3; lvUl,M,3M,4n,SS4: zlK,t^M

ftnlDt, Rev. AloniD H., d.d., il, M, SI, ITS: 413.

■11,84,201; Illl, 3S, lOS. 134, sn;ilv, «1, AmerlcanHome Ulialoiwry8oeMr.z«B,II

US, SM, 3UI, U3; iv, lul, 304,306; xvl, 1, AntmamUn OonlroTeny of ISIT, zv, M, W

B,49,fl7,B01; iill,V,._...

ApaloflB, Jut and NeaeMarta, HI, Ul.

Bleb, Rev. Alonio B , d.d., iI, MS. AKtodsllona, Qpnpral idnnfTtiMlB— !)i {■•

Robert II, K!"it m Frnnse, ill, S7T. Staii.iici.)

BablnuD,Jobn, 111. Ul. AewclitioQi, Ul/iliterlal. (See JMbiiMi

Uoaa, BeT. A. Uaatlnin. il. IT; lU. UT; Hr, Aiioeiullimi.}

»4; iv1,3»1.6I«;xtII, 436; ii. BS.

Boy, Rev. Ja«pb B., d.d.,i1i,3». Baptltra, Ctarlii'i. Import ud IIell»4aC4

RoiKlt, Tbomai, ill, tl». tC4.

MTord.Rav Oear^ B., il.3««. Benerulent BoeietW.Nallanal, zvl.aU^^

Swu.'Rev.'oenrgeii. w'..irtl,«. Bmerofenl Wort, COe* o(! tvl'l. SS7. _J^

abepley. Re. David. ilU, 38. BeneTOlent Work at the ObnnAaK l^^f

Bmvth', Prof.'Rgbert C., tt.D., iI,ieiiXTlll, Bible and lu'criila zl,US: KagMhi^M

■ KempK, Tbomu, and lila^I^hM^WM
Tatboi, Rer. Increaea N., d.d., iIU, 3H; iIt, ^nrnham, EKmoi'l. it. «N.
4U1 ; irl, tit; ivll, IT, 23S, 311, 381 : itUL DlcklnHH . Rrr. AumId, lili BHrhM t» A|
IU;iU,34I. herat CoUBEeiBllaeBtf >>tMat]p.«(|>i|

■878.]

Genial Index of ths Ten Volumes.

657

BdwirdB, Kev. Tlmolbj, and bli Puldi-

oopBr,'KrT.' John, dU, Kf».

Dollja. HuHnl hi Spiigue'i Anuli, illl,

[arUneHn'is Hanlil, Aiibililotnphf and

Abbolt, R«. John S. C., it. 1. Abbott,
Kav. Joigph, III. 333 A<t*Big. S^.masl,
- ■ ■■■- - lU, 17B. AUoo,

a*T.Thon

il. ab.

I, IW. IST. Ml.
tMcnn, Ker. d^mH u., itII, 341. Badoer,
Kor. Mllion, ivli. 1, Bildwln, B«v. Tbi-

WlilluDA.ivlll.'JlS. barDbwD, Bamoall

Cuter, RsT. Wllliiun, ill), 49;. Chut*,
Hen. rmld. IVU. *tl. Cl..ry, R«v. Dei.
I«r, itUI, KI. Oooks, Kev. FiHoni, itv,

Dwl^l, Rw. Willi,

itnT..il.lgl.

1 , 111, ilB. Flel

Id. Rei.

^'VHa^Z-

■Tlil, 493.

FInne;, &ti.

Charlea

0.. III.

1.

Orlfflth, H

'altera,

Hitch ii.H:k,

, Btunnel

Kcap, K.V

.J^.h,,, 1

llliW. Kirk,E

:bt. Ed-

irird N,

1. UcEeeo.Re

• Sllaa,

Pan^UI^H

;ev.I«.«,

.•,Rot.

), .1, 311

. Perry, Prof. J

ohnB,

Bonjamli

Sabln, Kei

- L*-l..

... 491. Braalle

T. Her.

aoulhworlli, E

idwarJ,

iill,"l. '

j'earaal

Ptm Wllllflm A.. Ill,

MS. 8t

"IT.. K«'

.. Rlcbard 8., a

Tl, »64.

.111, 11, sra.

Traardln In Ptdh. iI, 3<U. AlUtVM^
ISn ) DlcU^nuy of Aaifaen, itII, ffi»;
Union BIbIa Companion, ilil, SIS. Alpha.
batloal ladci lo tbe Nbw I'diamant, il,
im. Ain«rl«ii yamllr In Parli, ill, It.
dndenan'i (II.) Vonign Ululoni; Ibatr
Rolatloni and Clalmi. il,I<««; Hlatcrrof
SandwIablilandUluloB. illl.N; Kapab.
UcalloD oflhs Otxptil In Bible Land*, Hi,
4»3, Annoal of Pdontlflo 13Hoot«7, il,
803; Tli. 3S1. AppletoD'a Amsricu An.
Dual <>clDpBdli, il, 434. Apploton*!
(V, k Co.] American CyclocBdla. irll,
880,44liiTlll, Sl.fili. i! ■■ ■■--

TM'lur, Samuel H.. i1t, 1. Trral. Rer.

Valll. Rer.' Joaapb.'ill. 1.
Walksr, ItoT Cfaarl«a, illl. 3il. Wflllanu,
Ognenl William, ili, S6S.
BUok Rlmr Aawclalioo, N. Y., u, 977.

Book! and ihelr Uiu.'ii, !«.

Bason-i (O. B.) Faithful Ulnlxtry, rrl, 8
BwwnV (L.l OenmlsaflhoNawKnBU
orvofThou([hi,i
Ed'lilo_. _

on the KplilJe 1o the Hebr^io. Ifl, 331.
Barnea' (.i. W.l Centenarj' Klitory, irtU,
4Mi New York Calalogae, Iv, 3U. Bar.
ro«-fK P.JOompanlorloOje Blble,ii,
308. Birrow<-(W.) Church and her Chil-
dren rrll. 433; Tbe Oencral, or, TwHtb
Nliibta In the Buntcr'i Cemp, il. Ml.
BvTy'i(J J.i LlfeofCh'UtapFierOolDDi.
bni. Ill, T3. Bunleti-i tJ.I KatnlUar Que.
Utioni. ivll. eoo. Banlett'i (S C ) 7u-
ti^re Punlihrnont, iviU, Tt. KtnoV (0. A,)
Radical Problem!, i». 342. BaKum'a
(J.) ^.ihellM. Ill, VM I SQlcnco, Phlln«^
phy, and Religion, ilv, lOO. Dayley'a
(T. R.J Bkelch of Cmhollii Cknrcheg, ill,
14. Bayne'. (P.l liny, of Jeicbel. til.
Ml : Life and Letten of Uuih Ulller, ilU,
4671 itIII, M3. BeMh.T'l (C.J PrlnelplM
of Damnlla Selcnre ill 310. Beeeher'i
(U. «M I*

. BcecbiT'. (T. K.)
Truth!, ivl, 73; Oar

6s8

General Index cf the Ten Volumes.

[Oct

zlT, 00; xTil, 436. Brooke*! (8. A.) Life
of Kobertaon. zi, 586; Bermone preiudied
at St. James' Chapel, etc., zii, 810. Brown,
log's (B.) FiAne at the Fair, zlv. 890.
Braoe'e (E. O.) The Century : Its Fruits
and Festivals, xlz. 82. Bollard's (A.)
Fifty Tears with the Sabbath Scbooli, xlz,
827. Bnngener's (L. L. F.) Bonrdalone
and Louis XIV, xvl, 684. Bnrvesii^ (B.)
Antiquity and Unity of Human Raee, zlii,
460. Bums' (R.) Poems. zIt. 848. Burr's
(B. F.) Ad Fldem. ziil. 336; Pater Mundl,
zii, 304. Bu8hnell*s (H.) Sermons on Llv>
ing Subjects, zr, 87 ; Vicarious Sacrifice,

grounded in Principles, interpreted by
uman Analogies, ziz, 682; Woman's
Suffrage, zi, 677. Byford*s Philosophy
and Domestic Life, zi, 814.

Ctelkins* (N. A.) New Object Lessona, zii,
601; Prang's Natural History Series, zr,
888. Cameron's (V. L.) Across Anioa,
ziz, 881. Canip*s (D. N ) American Tear-
book and National Register, zi, 481 damp-
bell's (S. M.) Across the Desert, zri, 80.
Gary's (A. and P.) Poems, zvli, 8L Gas-
pers (A.) Footsteps of Christ, ziv. 880.
Gatholic Almanac, ziil, 06. CatholioWorldt
zi, 687. Cesnoia's ( L. P. Di.) Cyprus, zz,
868. Chalmers' (T.) Astronomical Dis-
courses, zlli, 616 ; Sermons, zr, 86. Cham-
bers, Robert, Memoir of. zIt, 446. Chap-
lin's (J.) Life of Henry Dunster, zlv, 446,
Chaplin's (J. D.) Mother WesTs Neigh-
bors, ziz, 82: Two Oranddaufhters. zii,
820. Chaplin's (J. and J. D.) Lin of
Charles Sumner, zvi, 485. Charles* Note-
book of the Bertram Family, zriU. 81.
Chamock's (S.) Diioonrses upon Szist-
ence and Attributes of Qod, zv, 86. Chel-
lis* (M D.) Molly's Bible, zi, 682. Child's
(.'hristmas Shoaf zvi, 347. Children's
Treasure, zlv, 348. Christus Consolator,
zii, 60. Church Work, zii, 313. Clark's
(R W.) Question of the Hour, zii, 818;
Work of God in Great Britain, zvil, 431.
Clarke's (D.) Oneness of the Christian
Church, zi. 310; Orthodoz Congregation-
altsm and the Sects, ziii, 446. Clarke's
(E H.)8ez in Education, zvi, 483. Clarke's
(H. S) Marble Preacher, zvil, 82; Their
Children, zvil. 82. Clarke's (J. F.) Com
mon Sense in Religion, zvi, 8126; Steps of
Belief, zii. 425. Clement's (C. E.) Hand-
book of Legendary and Mythological Art,
ziii, 346. Cobden^s (P.) Turning Wheel,
ziv, 848; Who will Gk>, ziii, 847; Who
will Win, ziii, 347. Coffin's (C. O.) Our
New Way Round the World, zi, 487 ; Seat
of Empire, zll. 433. Collier's (R. L.)
Every-oay Subjects In Sunday Services,
zii. 64. Collins' (J ) Nature's Aristocracy,
ziii, 06. Collins' (W.) Antonina. zvi, 634;
Armadale, zvi, 634; My Miscellunies, zvi,
634; No Name, zvi, 634: Queen of Hearts,
zvi. 684. Coming of Christ in His King,
dom. ziii, 82. Conwell's (R. H.) Why
and How, ziii, 05. Cook's (J.) Boston
Mondav Lectures, Orthodozy, zz, 867.
Cornelius' (M. H. ) Toung Housekeeper's
Friend, zvil. 600. Cousin Deborah's Story,
zi, 682. Cowles' (H.) Epistles to the
Hebrews, zz, 620; Hebrew History, zvil,
826; Notes on Isaiah, zi, 72; Jeremiah
and His Lamentations, zii, 68 ; Book
of Job, zz, 356; GK>spel and Bpistles of
John, zviii, 446; Pentoteuch. zvil, 77:
Proverbs, Bcclesiastes, and the Song of
Solomon, zii, 580; Commentary on the

Psalms, zv, 841, 447: Gommentaiy of Beiv-
•lation, ziii, 608. Oowley's (O.) BOsImt
of Lowell, Mass., zi, 804. Oowper*s(W.)
Poems, ziii, 04. Coz's (G. WO Orasadas.
zvii, 882. Crafts' (W. F.) Tiophlea of
Bong, zvil, 820. Credo, zi, 444. Critten-
den's (B. W.) Saeraments of the drareli,
zi. 812. Crosby's (A.) Compendloufl
Qhramroar of the Greek Lsjiguage, zv, 468.
Crosby's (N.) Crosby Family, ziz, 668;
First Half Century of Dartmouth OoOago,
zviii, 453. Crowell's ( R.) History of Basez,
Mass., zi, 76. Crowned and Dlserowiiad,
zii, 821. Crown without the Confliei. zii,
76. Croden's (A.) Conoordanoe, ziii, 888;
Concordanoe, New Edition, zi. 68L Cu-
rate's Home, zv, 83L Cnrioaitlea of the
Law Reporters, ziv, 848. Curtiui^ (B )
History of Greeoe. zvi, SfO. Coahuig'a
(L.S.) Manual, zvil, 600. Gnylei's (TTL.)
Thought Hives, zv, 842.

Dale's (R.W.) Jewish Temple andOhriatian
Churoh, ziv, 01. Dan's (W. H.) Alaska
andItsReeouroes,zii,421. Dame Nature,
zU, 76. Dana's (M. MoG.) Norwieb Me-
morial, zvi, 8L D'Aublgn^'s {Z, H. M.)
History of the Reformation in Europe In
the Time of Calvin, zii, 68; History of the
Reformation in Europe in the Blzteantb
Century, zvli. 604; zvill, 600; ziz, 80.
Davenport's (W.W.) Modern Bvangwam,
zii, 820. Davis* (C.) Metric System, zlii,
04. Davis' (J. G.) Historical DlseoiirM,
zvil, 80. Day^(H.N.)8elenceof.Ast]Mt.
ios, ziv, 450. De Coulange's (F.) Anoient
City, zvi, 848. DeUtnoh's A Day In
Capernaum, zv, 684. De Mine's Boy* of
Grand Prtf School, ziii. 07; Lost in the
Fog, zill, 07 ; Young Dodge Club, zlv. 348.
De Ponlevoy's Life of Father De Ravig.
nan, zi, 576. De Pressnesd's (tt.) Early
Tears of Christianity . zii, 683; De 8egur*s
(L'Abb6) Uhort and Familiar Answers
to the Most Common Objections urged
against Religion, zi, 670. Denz Ponts'
(W. de) My Campaigns in America, zi,
75. De Vere's (d.) Americanisms, ziv,
467. Dezter*8 (H. M.) As to Roger Wll-
liams. zviii, 447 ; the Church Polity of the
Pllgrimfl the Polity of the New Testa-
ment, zii, 595. Dickens' (0.) Mystery of
Edwin Drood, zii, 687; Works, ziz, 82.
Dicksoirs (A.) All About Jesus, zvli, 484.
Dick Travers Series, zv, 842. Dictionary
of Keliirloas Knowledge, zvil. 433. Dodge's
(E.) Kvldences of Christianity, zt, 800.
Doe's (W. P.) Eminent Autho-s on Effee-
tive Revival Preaching, zviii. 335. Double-
day's ( A. ) Reminiscences of Forts Sumter
and Moultrie in 1860-61, zviii, 76. Drake's
(F. ri.) Dictionary of American Blogra-
phy, zvUl, 612. Drike's (S. A.) Nooks
and Corners of the New England Coast,
zvil, 440. Draper's Archbiihop Whately's
Essays, etc., zii, 320. Duke of Argyll's
Reign of Law, zii, 581. Dunn's (H.)
Study of the Bible, zlli, 616. Dupanloup's
Studious Women, zi, 570. Dorfee*s An-
nals of Williiuns College, ziii. 02. Dur-
yea's (J. T.) Presbyterian Hymnal, zvli,
&». Dyer's (E. P.) Bunyan's Pilgrim'*
Progress in Verse, ]d, 804.

Sadie's (J.) Paul the Preaeher, zii, 66. East-
wood's j;F.) Maroella, zill, 01. Eaton's
(J. 8.) Common School Arithmetic, zvil,
82. Ecce CcBlum, zi, 684. Boolesiastioal
PoUty, zv, 582. Blam's (0.) A Physieian'ft

1878]

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

659

Probleme, xil, 310. Bngllih Oongrega-
Uonal Tear Book for 1878, xx, 475. Epi.
■odM in an Ubscnre Life, xlii, 96. Evan,
gelical Alliance, xtI, 621. ETerett'i (W.)
Cban|dng Base, xl, 814; Doable Play, xlil,
847. Every Day. xlii, 96.

Fairbaim'e (P.) Revelation of T aw in Scrip,
tare. xi«310. Fairchild*i (J.H.)Moral Phl-
loaophy, xi. 672. Farman*8(B.) White Hand
xvUfSl Farrar'8 (F.W.) Eternal Punish-
ment. XX, 621. Faunce*8 (D. W.) Christian
in the World, xvii, 592. Feirs (A.) May.
bee'e Stepping Stones, xix, 82. F^n^lon's
Clonversations on the Truth of Religion,
xi, 441. Fields' (J. T.) Yesterdays with
Authors, xiv, 343. Fields & Whipple's
(J. T. and B. P.) Family Libraryof British
Poetry, xx, 630. Figuier's (I^.) To-mor-
row of Death, xiv. 343. Finney^s (O. &.)
Memoir, xviii, 341 ; Lectares on Sys.
ti>matical Theology, xx. 62S; Sermons oa
Gospel Themes, xix. 73. Fireland's Tio-
neer, xii, 596. Fimt Century of the Re-
public, xviil, 607. Fishers (». P.) Super-
nataral Origin of Christianity, xii, 316;
Beginnings of Christianity, with a View
of the State of the Roman World at the
Birth of Christ, xx, 471. Fiske's (D. T.)
Cross and the Crown, xi. 303. Fiske's
(J.) Myths and Myth-Makers, xv, 342.
Fitton's (J.) Sketches of the EsUblish-
ment of the Church in New England, xiv,
689. Fleharty's (J. J.) Social Imparity,
xviii, 844. Flyaway Series, 4th vol.. xv,
342. Folsom's Translation of the Four
Gospels, xi, 586. Foster's (E.) New Cy*
dopsBdin of n lustration, etc., xii. 420; New

2rclop»(lia of Poetical Illustration, xiv,
5. Framingham, Mass., Manual of the
Church of Christ, xii, 321. Franklin,
Mass., Manual of the First Congregational
Church, xii, 596. Freedom and Fellow-
ship in itellgrion, xvii, 594. Fresh Leaves
in the Book and lis ^tory, xiii, 616. Frog-
gy's Little Brother, xvii, 601. Frost's (S.
A ) Happy Summer, xix, 82. Kronde's
(J. A.) English in Ireland in the Eigh-
teenth Century, xv, 90 ; xvii, 80 ; History of
England, xii. 72. 312; Fuller's (L.) Mis-
taken, xii, 590; Fumess' (W. 11. ) Jesus,
xUi, 83.

Gage*s (W. L.) Map of Palestine, xil, 596;
Studies on Bible Lands, xii, 421. Garbett's
(£.) Dogmatic Faith, The. xi, 574. Gardi-
ner's (F.) Harmony of the (:}ospel8, xlii,
453. 608. Gardiner'^s (S R. ) Thirty Years'
War, xvti, 332. German Echo, xi. 584.
Gilbert's (W.) Struggle in Ferrara, xii,
589. Gillett's (E. H.) God in Human
Thought, xvii, 72; Life and Time«* of John
Huss, xiii, 88. Oilman's (A.) First Steps
in General History, xvl, 630; Seven His-
torlc Ages, xvi, 629. Oladden's (W.)
Being a Christin, xviii, 446; Was Hron.
son Aicott's School a Type of God's Moral
Ck>vernm«nt? xix, 43d. Gladstone'i* (W.
B.) Vatican Decrees, xvii, 321. Goodwin's
(H. M.) Christ and Humanity, xvii, 325.
Gordon's (A. J.) In Christ, xiv. 440.
Gongh's (J. B.) Autobiography, xii, 72.
Grandpapa's Home, xvii, 601. Gray's (J.
C.) CUss and the Desk, xil, 594; Topics
for Tcachem, xii, 594. Greeley's (H.) Rec-
ollections of a Busy Life, xi. i9. Green's
(J. R.) Short HlHtory of the English Peo-
ple, xvii, 438. Green's (W. H.) Argument
of the Book of Job Unfolded, xvl, 331.

Greene's (G. W.} German Element in the
War of Independence, xviii, 81. Greene's
(R. G.) Glimpses of the Coming, xx, 60.
Greg's (W. RJ Enigmas of Life, xv, 449;
Lltorary and Social JudgmenU. xvi, 846 ;
GuinnHBs' (G.) r^he spake of Him, xvl, 342.
Gnlxot's (H.) Great Christians of France,
St. Louis and Calvin, xi, 439. Guthrie's
(D. K ) Autobiography of Thomas Guth.
rle, xvi, 841. Guthrir's (D. K. and C. J.)
Autobiography and Memoir of Dr. Guth-
rie, xvii ASH. Guthrie's (T.) Studies of
Character fh>m the Old Testament, zv,
880.

Hagenbach's (K. R.) History of the Church
in the Eighteenth and Nineteeth Centu-
ries, xii, 315. Hale's Letters of Lady M ary
Wortley Montague, xi. 442; Madame de
B6vign«, xi. 442. ii ale's ( E. E.) His Level
Best and Other Stories, xv, 342. Half
Hours with Modem Scientists, xv, 694.
Hall's (J.) American Evangelists. Moody
and Sankey, xvii, 431; God's Word
through Preaching, xvii, 589; Papers for
Home Reading, xiii, 615. Hall's ( W. W.)
Health by Guod Living, xii, 312. Hamil-
ton'sTD. H.) Autology, xv, 831. Hanks'
(S. W.) Black Valley Railroad. xiU, 348,
618. Hanna's (W.) Earlier Years of our
Lord's Life on Earth, xii, 312 ; Life of our
Lord, xiii, 85 ; Wars of the Huguenots, xv,
841. Hard Problem, xvi, 346. Hardwick's
(0.) Christ and other Masters, xvii, 437.
Harmony of the Uoopels, xii, 76. Har-
sba's (D. A.) Devotional rhoughu of Em-
inent Divines, xi, 309. Harsha's (J. W.)
Song of the Redeemed, etc., xii. 584.
Harte*s (F. B.) Lnck of Roaring Camp
and Other Sketches, xil, 586. Hart's (J. 8.)
Removing Mountains, xii, 313. Haskins'
(D. G.) Religious Education of Children
in New England, xv, 333. Hatfield's
(E. F.) Church Hvmn Book, xvii, 829;
Church Hynm Book with Tunes, xiv, 594.
HMunser's (L.) Period of the Reformation,
xvi, 622. Haven's (G.) National Sermons,
xi, 683. Haven's (J.) Studies in Philoso-
phy and Theology, xi, 440. Haweis'
(H. R.) Pet; or. Pastimes and Penalties,
xvi, 634. Uawes' (B.) New Testament
Manual, xiv. 93. Hawthorne (N.), Pas.
sages firom the English Note- Books of, xii,
685. Haydn's (H. C.) Lay Effort; iu
Range and Methods, xx, 357. Haydn's
(J.) Dictionary of Dates, xviii, 612.
Haynes' (G.) Pictures from Prison Life,
xi. 313. Hay's (J.) Castilian Days, xiii,
614. Haxard's (R. G.) Causation and
Freedom in Willing, xii, 306. Hedge's
f F. H ) Primeval World of Hebrew fra-
aition, xii, 62. Helps' (A.) Companions
of my Solitude, xii, 588; Kssays, xiii. 96.
Henderson's (E.) Commentary on Ezekiel,
xii, 313; Jeremiah and Lamentations, xl,
812 ; Henderson, Dr. James, Life of, xv, 331.
Herbert's Cradle Lands, xi, 580. Higgin.
son's (T. W.) Atlantic Essays, xiii, 614.
Hodge's (C.) evHtematic Theology, xiii,
604 ; xiv. 333. Hoffman's (M.) Ecclesiasti-
cal Law in the State of New York, xi. 441.
Holiday Pictures, xvi. 347. Holmes'

ij. M.) Faithful Ministry, xiv, 689.
lood's ( E P.) Lamps, Pitchers, and Trum-
pets, xi, 683; xil, 64. Hopkins' (M.^ Law
of Love and Love as a Law, xi. 302 : Out-
line Study of Man, xvi, 480 ; Strength and
Beauty, xvii, 75. Hoppin's (J. M.)
Office and Work of the ChrisUan Ministry

Getural Imdtx of tlu Ten I

n, US. BotebMa^ (B. B.) Upward from
Bio. tbroDoh Orus to Slurj, U, t«.
UoDM on Wb«t-, lUl. S41. HonT*i(A.}
QwlwWiD-, Ht, SS*. lloin'«(F,)Tnie
filuofCulnrr.iUl.alO. Uonos-irJ.S)
TliaCtajiruurof8(.Piiil.iT.»U Hon'i
(J. S.) nny Yeui otUhurcih Ute, xt,m.
HudKa ud HuUdki- (Q.F.udH.L.)
Unck OoneorduH, illl, ON. Hint^
(B. M.) Blt>l« MoUa lot IMti SMdna,
ilU, 81. HuDi'a (U.) Bit* aiTm^ Ur,
SU. HuDfl (I.) Wl.lilna-Oip PUMim,
I*, tfl. HanllngloD'a babolos (od^ Bf-
■d)oliiB,ii,4TII. HTHoiDIhii^ nmll; and
OfaDMS, lU. SIO. Hymu and Bona of
PnlH. Tvll, S». H;iiiD> ud Banc* of
PiaUe for FnbUe nnd ijoda) Wor^ls, nl,
8U.

miutntrd Blbla Bl gnpfar, xl, T4. lUiu-
tntcd LlbnlT of Wooden, il, 4*4: lU,
330. Inbiit-*7>eUght,iI>,s48, IngtlowV
(J.) U' pH, Uie tulrr, i1, &7S: Pocmi at
Lots ud Chlldlifwd, ilU, M. Initwml
(r.) Ten Tlm« OnaliTnn, lUl.M. In.

iU.^ (J.) BIblo Tsi( CrelopMdl% nil, SU.
rtonV (A.} Sipoallion o? Ibe HnuUar
CatachlaiUt xlif, SI, ASfi. laJnod Hi>Tint,
nil,3n.

Jaekaon'i (W.) Doetrlna of Batrfbntlaii,
niUl,3M; llilloKiphr or Katnnl Ihaol-
agj.iTUi, T1. Jacoba' (d. A.) Bei4«Hlu.
Ilwl PdUIt of tba Haw TMumenl, itr. an.
JanuC I'opfl, imd the CooneU, lU, M.
Jenrilnp' [1 j Uemorlala of ii Centory^l,

,oloj,.'(l,)Memor
. Jerrold'a [U )

■ (k. a.) v

TB: Ulnar :
SU;BeTd>
ZU, W. Li
■Ida In Poi
Lu>lo>(T
ScipUTO,
of tli« Pre

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wl

W (D.
Llbr

Inn, Ufe^

xl.T«. LIf
Ing tbaVal

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W.}Dh4n<

Lord-afJ.)
Ill, Tl. !«'

xu. 3u. :

illi. Sit.
StT. Lnib

cne-i (H. P.) VlUng Hslr.
iky'i (W. K.) Coilectlonof

Ins Ibe Wlldemein, ill, TB; SopbomorM
ofMBdcUIfe. iJv, MS. K..-1'a (J.) Inj
Jjnwn »nd Ihe KUn, il, m. ^"t'-^- «0

II,H, KlngUke-((A.W.)lnT~iionortba
CTini«,il,412. Klogeler'i(p.E.IChiulea
KingeleT, hli Idttera and Uemoln of Ui
Lift, >U. *U. KIp-B (W. I.) mitorinl
8ceneg from the ol^Joaull UlHloni, iMIl,
tb. Klrk'((IC.N,Jl.ectUF«i on Knln.]!,
iTll, S!V. Kranlh'a IC. i' • " '—

a (IL

-beologjF. lUi, Wl.
^^•~(^- W.) ADtabiognpbyl

I«dTLaoT'*SFOr*t,il,MI. Lamon'aCW.H.)
LiVear^bmhaRi UniwIn.ilT.Me. £uM-
wood'*(L.) PetxrOUubm. H, »«1. Lai.
droli-a Bin. of iha Tongue, itU. US: The
Vnlluit Woman. Ivll. »iA. Lniiga'a (J. P.)
Commenur]' on Chnnlelea, Kua, UTeha.

Eieklel, Daniel, Hi, :

the Truth,
Prayer, .
of Lite In
B"ry'» tbr

uirnhnm-;
Worahlp,
ion of "A-I
and Ulka,
union. V(
litl,34«. I
ilr, US:

;£,?-

UoCheyne'
Ollntoclu
Biblical. T

Oiah'a (J."
illl eel ; _

Original a
(0. A.I W
ilon. nil, 0

ot Womei

1878.]

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

661

HoUv Books, xvi, 347; Little Margery,
xvi, 847. MlmpriM' (R.) Gospel Treasury,
zi, 680: Steps of Jesus, xll, 696. Mission-
ary World, xv, 448. MikhelPs (8. 8.)
Tme Man and Other Practical Sermons,
zix, 76. Modem 8iepti< ism, xlv. 90. Mof-
flit*s (J. C.) Comparative History of Re-
bgions, XTl, 622. Monroe's (L. B.) Public
and Parlor Readings, xiv, 344. Montalem-
bert's Monks of the W. st, xili, 611. Mont-
f< rd*s (W.) MiracleH, Past and Present,
xii, 679. Mozley*s (J. B ) Ruling Idean in
Early Ages, and their R«lation to Old
TestamentFaith, zix, 579. Mulford's (B.)
The Nation : The Foundation of Civil Or.
der and Political Life in the United States,
xii, 416. MUller's (M ) Chips from a Ger-
man Workshop, zi, 671; Public School
Education, xiv, 691. Mulock's (D. N.)
Sermons out of Church, zviii, 834; Songs
of our Youth, zvii, 600. Murray's ( J. O.)
Outlines of Hamilton's Philosophy, xiii, 98.
Murray's (W. H. U.) Adventures in the
WMldemess, xi, 436; Siluslc-Uall Sermons,
xii, 418; XV, 326. M v Clerical Friends and
their Relations to Modern Thought, xv,
446. My Pet*s Picture-book, xvi, 847.

Neal's (J.) Wandering Recollections of a
Somewhat Busy Life, xi, 443. NeHnder's
(A.) History of the Chri-tian Religion and
Church, xiv, 442. Nevlus* (H. S. O) Our
Life in China, xi, 310. Newbury's (H.)
May B'll, xi, 682. New Bnglander, xi,
814. New England Historical Genealogi-
cal Register, xi, 314. New Haven, Ot.,
Manual of the First Church, xii, 696.
Newman's (J. H.) An Essay in Aid of a
Grammar of Assent, xii, 4:i0. New Pic
ture Library, xvii, 601. Niles* (H.) Cen-
tenni.l Offeriug, xviii, 607. Nonthen^s
(T.^ A Oompendinm of the History of the
Catnolic C hurch, etc., xii, 687. Northrop's
(B. G.) Education Abroad and Other Pa-
pers, xvi, 486. Noyes' (G. R.) New Testa,
ment ; Ti anslat< d fi om the Greek Text of
Tischeudorf, xii, 311.

CLeary's (C ) Irish Widow's Son, xl, 679.
Optic's ((>.) Almanac, xiv, 848; Bivouac
and battle, xiv, 348; Break Up, xii, 819;
Down the Rhine, xii, 76; Field and For.
est, xiii, 97; Lake 8hore Scries, xii, 76,
319, 692; Magazine for Boys and Girls, xi,
814; Palace and Cottage, xi, 314; Plane
and Plank, xiii, 97. Orton's (J.) Liberal
Education of Women, xvi, 87. Osbom Ae
Coleman's Map of Palestine, xviii, 844.
Osgood's (M. A.) Little Canary Series, xv,
342; Our Young KoikK, xi, 314; Owen's
(J. J.) Commeiitary on Matthew, xvi, 79.

Palmer's (B. H.) History of the Jewish Na'
tion. xviii, 74. Palmer's (R.) Earnest
Words and True Success in Life, xvi, 831;
Home, or the UnluHt I'aradise, xv, 836;
Poetical Works, xviii, 76. Pansy's Four
Girls at Chautauqua, xiz, 82. Parker's
(J )AdClerum, xiii 337. Parsons' (T.)
Infinite and the Finite, xiv, 340. Paul of
Tarsus, xiv. 441. 1 enbody's (A. P.)
Christian Belief and Life, xvii, 693; Chris,
tianity and Science, xvii, 74; Remini^.
cences of Euiopean Travel, xi, 807. Pear-
son's (E. C.) Gutenberg and the Art of
Piinting, xiii. 346. Peck's (1. B.) Genoa-
logical History of the l>eflcendants of John
Peck, etc.. xii, 420. Peck's (W.) Manual
of the Christian Faith, xiv, 687. Peliegrl.

no's Obristian Trumpet, xvi, 882. Peloo-
bet's (F. N. and M. A.) Select Notes on the
International Sabbath School Lessons for
1877, zvUi, 606. Perry's (A. L.) Introduc
tion to I*olitioal Economy, ziz, 328. Perry's
(W. H.) Churchman's Year- Botik, zii, 420.
Perverse Pussy, zi, 682. PetUngeli's (J. H.)
Homlletical Index, xx, 629. Phelps' (A.)
New Birth, xvii, 437 ; Still Hour, xili, 96.
Phelps' (K. S.) Gates Alar, zi, 73; Hedged
In, xii, 809; Silent Partner, xiii, 847.
Phelps' (B. D.) Holy Land, xiv, 466.
Philip Brantly. xii, 76. Picture Series,
zvii, 601. rifgrim Memoranda, zii, 696.
Plain Talk about the Protestantism of
To-day, zi, 441. Plummer's ( W . S.) Com-
mentary on Epistle of Paul to the Hebrews,
zv, 88; Oommentiiry on Romans, zlU. 884 ;
Hints and Helps in Pastoral Theology,
zvi, 829. Plymouth Pulpit, zi, 814.
Pointo of His<ory, zvi, 388. Portable
Commentary, ziii. 609; zlv. 92. Porter's
(N.) Books and Reading, ziii, 98; Humsn
Intellect, zi, 303; Science of Nature versuf
the Science of Man, ziv, 94. Potter's

ij. L.) English-Hebrew Lezicon, ziv, 684.
'otter's (T J.) The hpoken Word, ziv,
685. Powers' ( H. N. ) Through tl e Year,
zvii, 603. Prescott's (W. H.) Conquest of
Mezico, zvi, 629 ; Conquest of Pern, zvi,
629; Reign of Philip the Second, King uf
Spain, zvii, 81. Prei^ton's ( 1'. S.) Lee-
tures on Reason and Revelation, zi. 676.
Priestley's Cor I upiions of Christianity, ziv,
696. Prime's (E. D. G.) Forty Years in
the Turkish Empire, or Memoirs of Rev.
William Goodell, D.b., zviii, 461. Pilmi's
(d. 1.) Alhambra and the Kremlin, zvi,
344 ; Fifteen Years of Prayer in the Ful.
ton Street Meeting, xiv, 686. Prime's
(W. C.) Pottery and Porcelain, xx, 864.
Prince Librarv, Catalogue of, xl, 76.
Princeton Uevlew, xx, 858. Proverb Be*
ries, zi, 314.

Bamseyer and KUhne's Four Years in
Ashantee, zvii, 606. Rankings (J. B.)
Auld Scotch Mither, zv, 336. Rawson's
(A. L.) Kible Hand-Book, zii, 686. Rdd's
rj.) Sorrow, xii, 71. Reubeit's (J. A.)
Scripture Doctrine of Person of Christ,
xili, 87. Rice's (II.) Nature and Culture,
zvii, 699. Riverside Farmhouse, zvii, 601.
Robbie's Light, zvi, 347. Robert, Charlie,
Series, zii, 693; xiii. 341; xv, 342. Rob-
ertson's (F. W.> Sermons, xi, 686. Rob-
«rtson*s (Henry Crabb) Diary, xi, 686.
Robinson's (C. S.) Memorial i'ulpit, xvi,
80; xvii, 327; Songs of the Sanctuary,
xvii, 329. Rogers' (U.) Superhuman Ori.
gin of the Bible, xvi, 478. I.oyal Songs,
xvii, 601. Ruskin's (J.) Art Culture, xvii,
831; Frondes Agrestes and Studies in
Art, xvii, 601. Kyle's (J. C.) Expository
Thoughts on the Gospel of 6t. John, zvi,
880.

Babbath Hymn Book, xvii, 829. Sabbath
Songs for Children's Worship, xl, 448.
Sacred Songs for Social Worship, xviii,
80. Sanbomton, N. U., Congregational
Church, xiv, 696. Sangstcr's (M. K.) Five
Hanpy Weeks, xvii, bOl ; Splendid Times,
zvii, 601. Sargent's (E.) i'lanchette, zi,
814. Savage's (M. J ) Christianity, the
Science of Manhood, zv. 687. Schuyler's

iE.) Turkistan, zix, 77. Schwartz (M. S.)
Mrthand lilducaaon. xiii, 348; Gold and
Name, zlll, 848; Guilt and Innocence, zill,

662

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

[Oct.

348. 8cQdder*B (H. RO Stories from my
Attic, xii, 75. Sear's CB H.) Sermons and
Bongs of the Christian Life, xrii, 429.
Beaton. W- W., Life of, zlii, 341. Seely's
(J. B.) Roman ImpertaJinm. xiii, 345.
Begnr's Freemasons zi, 430. Seiss*
(J. A.) Leetares on the Qospels, zviil,
e06. ehairp's (T. C.) Caltare and
Religion, xiii, 454. Shedd^s (W. O. T.)
History of Christian I>octrine, xii,
433; Homiletics and Pastoral Theol-
ogy, xii, 427; t<ermons to the Natural
llau, xiii, 449. bhepard'a KG.) Sermons,
xi. 7S. Shield's (• . W.) Final Philoso.
pby, XX, 03. Shining Light, zi, 677. tiix
Boys, xiii, 615. Smiles' (8.) HaguenoU
of i* ranee, xri. 627. Smith's (C L.)Ameri.
can Home Itook of Indoor Oames, xiv, 348.
Smith's (O.) Chaldean Account of Gene-
sis, xviii, 610. tfmith's (H. b.) Faith and
Philosophy, XX, 6.^1. ^mith*• (J.) Tem.
perance Reformation and its Claims upon
the Chri«tian Church, xvli. 601. Smith's
(J. K. A.) History of Pittslield, Mass., xi,

805. Srrith's (J. G.) Dawn to Sunrise,
xviii. 606 ^mith'« (R. P.) Prophecy a
Preparation for Christ, xii, 425. Smith's
(S. P.) Myths and Heroes, xvi, 346.
Smith's (W ) Bible Dictionary, xl, 75,

806. 578; xii, 76, 319: xiii, 88. Somer-
viUe's (M.) Peisonal Recollections of
Mrs. Soraenrille, xvi, 630. Sonrs for the
Sanctuary, xiii, ;i48. Songs of the Spirit,
xiv, 93. 6oul's Cry and the Lord's An-
swer, xvi, 346. Soule's rR.)Dictionary of
Bngllsh hiynonyms, xiii, 613. bouth*s(R.)
Iitormons. xiii, 448. Southall's (J. C.) Re-
cent Origin of Man, xvii, 598. tiouthgate'B
(H.) Cross ahove the Orescent, xx, 360.
fcJpargeonV (C. H.) Lectures to my Htu-
deDti», xviii, 73. Stacy's (A. G.) Service
of Sontf, xvii, 328. SUnley's (A. P.)
Lecture* on tiie History of the Church
of Scotland, xiv, 444 ; Lectures on the
History of the Ea.stern Church, xll, 309;
Lectures on the History of the Jewish
Church, xii, 309. ©teams' (J. G. D.)
Meaning and Power of baptlitm. xix, 75.
Stearns' ( \V. A.) Address at the Dedica-
tiun of Walker Hall, Amherst College,
xiii, 344. fctockbridge's (J. C.) Life of
Baron Stowe, xlil, 458. Stoddard's (R. H.)
Little Classics, xvi), 441, 597. Stone's
(J. K.) Invitation Heeded, xii, 429. Slor-
er's (H. R.) Insanity in Women, xiii, :U2.
Storr's (it. S.) Preaching without Notes,
xvU, 59u. Strong's (J. D.) Children of
many Lands, xi,678. Stuart's (M.) Critical
Hist ry and Defenc?e of the Old Testament
Canon, xiv, 337. Sumners (C.) Prophetic
Voices concerning America, xvi, 633;
W^orks, XV, o3o. Sunbeams f r liuman
Hearts, xvi, 340. Sunday Album, xiv, :i48.
Sunday at Home, xiii, 616. Sunday Chats
with Sensible Children, xv, 3^. Sunshine
for Rainy Days, xvi, 347. Swetchiue's
(Madame; Writings, xii, 71.

Tappan, Arthur Life of, xii, 584. Tarbox's
g. N.) Life of Israel I'utnam, xviii, 450.
Taylor's (B.) Japan in Our Day, xiv, 346;
Lars: A I'astoral of Norway, xv, 336;
Masque of the Gods, xiv, 454; Travels in
Arabia, xiv, 456. Taylor's (C B.) Mo-
morials of English Martyrs, xiii, 96. Tay-
lor's (G. H.) Diseases or Women, xiv, 346.
Taylor's (H.W.) Times of Daniel, xiii. 456.
Taylor's (J.) Fast Life on the Modern
Highway, xvi, 635. Taylor's (W.) Lost

Found and Wanderer Wdeomed, zr. 86.
Taylor^ (W. M ) David. King of Israel,
XTU, 77 ; Ministry of the Word, xviii, 444.
Tennyson's (A.) UolyGrail,zii,77;Qoeco
Mary, xvii, 59«. Third B«K>k of One Hon.
dred Pictures, xi, 582. Thomas' (J.) Die-
tionary of Biography and Mythology, ztii,
838. Thompson's (A. C.) Seeds and
Sheaves, xl, 72. Thotnpson*s (C.W.) Voy-
age of the ** Challenger." zx, 478. Thomp.
ton's (J. P.) Church and State, xr, 588 ; Life
of Jesos of Naz.treth, xviii, 336; llieology
of Christ, xiii, 85 Thomson's (J.) Ten
Years' Travels, xvU, 440. Ticknor*8 (G.)
Life, Letters, and Jonnial, xviii. 607.
I'ileston's Hand-book of the Administra-
tions of the United :<Utes, xiv, 348. Todd's
(J.) Sunset LAUd, xii. 74. Todd's (J. K.)
John Todd : The Story of His Life, xviii,
886. Tonij(§e'B (£.) Trihnte of Praise,
xvii, 829. Townsend's (L. T.) Arena and
the Throne, xvi, 85; Lost Forerer, xvii,
502. Tremayne, Robert, xv, 331. Trihime
Extras, xvi, 635 ; TriKtran's (H. B.) Land
of Moah, xvi, 345. Trollope's(A.)Phineas
Redux, xvi, 634. 'iYowbridge*s (J.) An-
nnal of Scientific Discovery, xiii, 342.
Tulloch's (J ) Christian Doctrine of Sin,
xix, 828. Two Boys, xiii, 615. Tyerman**
(L^) Life of Rev. G^eorge Whitelleld, xix,
685.

Ueberwcrt (F.) History of PhUoeophy, xiv,
101; History of Philosophy firom Thales
to the Present Time, xvi, 479. Under,
wood's (F. H.) Hand-book of Enjrilsh Lit-
erature, xiv, 345. Upham>s (F. W.) The
Wise Men, xiii, 459. Urhmo's (S. H.) Old
Masters, xii, 590.

Van Dyke's (H. J.) The Lord's Prayer, xiU,
610. Van Oosterzec's (J. J.) Christian
Dynamics, xvii, 76. Veith's (B.) Instru-
ments of the Passion of Our Lord Jesus
Christ, xi, 441. Verdi's (T 8.) Maternity,
xii, 427. Vibberts (W. H.) Guide to
Reading the Hebrew Text, xiv, 584. Vicks'
(J.) Illustrated Floral Guide. xv, 342. Voy-
age of the •• White Falcon," xi, 582.

Wadsworth's (C.) Sermons, xi, 440. Wait-
ing at the Cross, xl, 581. Walker's y.)
Reason, Fai h, and Duty, xix, 74. Wal-
lace's (A. R ) Geographical Distribution
of Animals, xix, 81 . Ward's (3. H.) Christ
at the Door, xv, a2S. Warner's (C. D.)
Backlog Studies, xv. 451. Warren's (1.
P.) Sunday-School Commentary, xii, 3iL
Warreu's (W.) Twelve Years with the
Children, xii, 593. Washburn's (C. A.)
History of i'araguay, xiii, 89. Watson's
(J. M.) Independent Sixth Reader, xv,
452. Wayland's .F.) Salvation by (^rlst,
xviii, 606. Wayside Hymns, xi, 73. Weeks'
Holiday, xvi. ;^»5. Weeks' (H. C) White
and Red, xii, 76. Weiss' (J.) American
Reli|don, xiii, 611. West's (A.) State of
the Dead, xUi, 611. White's (C.) Kcce
Femina, xii, 65. White Robes, xii, 321.
Whiting's (W.) War Powers under the
Constitution, xiii, 344. Whitney's (A. D.
T.) Pansies, xiv, 455; We Girls, xiii, 348.
Whittier's (J. G.) Household, xv, 342;
Journal of John Woolman, xiii, 458 ;
Miriam, xiii, 94; Pennsylvania Pilgrim,
xiv, 590. Wickes' (T.) Son of Man, xi, 80.
Williams' (N. M.) Gospel according to
Matthew, xii, 312. Williams* Review, xii,
595. Williams' (W. R.) God's Beecnei,

1878.]

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

663

zUi, 456. Wilsons (B. ) Emphfttio Dlaglott,
zii, 308. WUaon'i (H.) History of the HiM
and Progreu of the Blave Power in Ameri-
ca, zvl, 338. WilM>n's (J. M.) Presbyterian
Historical Almanack, etc., zll, 311. Wil-
son's KindUng Depot, zvi, 347. Winer's
(G B.) (Grammar of the Idiom of the New
Testament, xi, 307. Women of the Bible,
zi, 585. Wonder Books, zili, 07. Wood's
( A.) lk>tanist and Florist, zii 820. Wood's
(0.) Gates Wide Open, zi, 438. Wood's
( J. Q.) Insects at Htime, ziv, 845. Wood's
( W. C.) Five Problems of Bute and Re-
Hgion, zz, 60. Woodward & Gates' (B.
B. and W. L. R.) Encyclopndia of Ohro-
nology, ziv, 587. Woofsey's (T. D) Essay
on Divorce, zi. 581 ; Religion of the Pres-
ent and Future, zlii, 605. Words in Season,
xii, 320. Wordit of Comfort, for Parents
bereaved of Little Children, zli, 813. Work
of the Holy Spirit, zvl, 347.

Tear in Sunday School, zi, 582.

Z^ckler's CO.) Eccleslastes or Eoheleth, zil,
69 ; Proverbs of Solomon, zli, 60 ; Song of
Solomon, zii, 69.

BOOKS RECEIVED, zv, 695 ; zvi. 88, 347, 486,
635; zvii, %\ 333, 442. 6U2; zviii, 82, 345. 455,
613; ziz, 83, 333, 448, 590; zz, 66, 365, 477,
633.

Brewster, Elder William, Eztract flrom Me-
moir of, ziv. 416.
BrookHeld .\esociation, Mass., xii, 274 ; zz, 528.
Bushneirs Forgiveness and Law, zvii, 36.

Calvinism, xiii, 393.

Calvin, Life of. xii. 566.

Catechism, Puritan, and Its Author, zi, 861.

Christ, Does, Save, and How? zv, 427.

Chiistianity, Conflict of, with Infidelity, zz,
309.

Christian People, Are we a, xiii, 252.

Chnrch, Absent Members, and what to do
with Them zvii, 534. And Its New Mem-
bers xi 222

Church and I'u Officers, What a Plain Man
finds in Holy Scripture about the, ziv, 500.

Church and sJtate, zv, 508.

Church Architecture and Worship, zi, 511.

Church, Coming. Con^regaUonal, zl, 17.

Church Members, Litigation among, zli, 211.

Church of England : Its Synods, Clergy, and
Laity, xv, 28.

Churcn without a Bishop, and a State without
a King, zU, 556.

Church Worship and Architecture, zi, 502.

Churches, Congregational, Superiority of the,
zli, 557. Fellowship of the, Methods of Pro-
moting, ziii, 225. In New Ensland, A Brief
Narration of the Practices of the (a reprint),
zvii, 253. Usts of. (See Statiitict.^ New.
(See QunrUrly Record.) Our, In the United
States, Census of 1870, zvi, 49.

CHURCHES, HISTORIES OF. fSee, also,
Meeting- fTouies^ Viewt of, which are usu-
ally accompanied by Church Histories.)

Bil^cford, Me., Second Church, zi, 241.

Boston, Mass., Central Church, zii, 519;
Hanover Church, ziv, 259.

Bro'iklyn, N. Y., Church of the Pilgrims,
ziil. 54.

Cambridge, Mass., First Church, zv, 384.

Manflfield, Ct., First Church, The so-callcd
I 'rcsbyterianism of the, zz, 430.

Middletown, Ct., First Church, zli, 539.

SECOND SERIES. — VOL. X. NO. 4.

Nantucket, Mass , ziv. 558.

New Britain, Ct., South Congregatloual

Church, zili, 804.
Portland Churches, zvi, 250.
Springfield, IlL, Congregational Chapel, zl,

558.
Springfield, Mass., South Congregational

Church, zvii, 888.
Westminster, Vt., Congregational Church

in, zi, 42.
West Springfield, Mass , First Church, ziii,

532.
Wrentham. Mass., Sketches of Its Eoelesias-
tical History, zz, 323.

Clerical Life in New Hampshire an Hundred
Years Ago, zv, 865.

Cobbler, Simple, zi. 248.

College Alumni and Ministers, zii, 567.

Colleges, Christian, Home Missions, Mutual
Relation of, ziz, 29. Of Special Interest to
Congregationalists, zi, 416. Western, Rel-
ative CLiims of our. zv, 40.

Colonial Our. Literature, ziv, 552.

Coriference, Congregational, Ministerial Mem-
bership in, ziv, 304. National, zii, 392.

Confessions of Faith and Family Covenants,
Ancient, zi.516

Congreirational History, Dr. Waddington's,
zvi, 420.

Congregational House, zv, 76.

Congregiitionalism, ziil, 35. Absorption of,
zil. 19. Reform in, zv, 536. Vtrtu* Inno-
vation, Organic Development of, xiv, 534.
What, has accomplished during the I'ast
Century, xvili, 537. (Historical) Early His-
tory of, in New Jersey and the Middle Prov-
inces, ziz, 531. In KTansas, zviii, 867.

Council, Brooklyn, of 1874, zvl, 446. Ecumen-
ical. An, of the Congregational Churches,
zvi, 291.

Council. National, ziv, 61. Convention of
Committees upon the Proposal to form a,
ziil, 248. Proceedings of the Qeneral Asso-
ciations in Reference to a, ziil, 234.

Councils, A New Field for, ziii, 370. Compo-
eition of, zi. 249. Ecclesiastical Disquisi.
tlon concerning, zil, 25, 246. 368. Judicial
Power of, zi, 491. Power of calling, ziii, 383.

Creed, Church: What shall it embrace, ziz,
249.

Creeds: Ought Congregational Churches to
dispense with public Assent to their, as
a Prerequisite to Membership? ziz, 261.
Relation of, to Christian Life, zi, 28.

Criticism, Mutual, zvii, 272.

Culture, True, Basis of, zvii, 50.

Denconess. Office of, in Congregational
Churches, zvi, 10.

Deaths of Ministers, Lists of. (See Quarterly
Record.)

Deaths of Ministers' Wives, Lists of. (See
Quarterly Record.)

Piaconate, Scriptural, zi, 206.

Dismis»ion of Ministers, Lists of. (See Quar-
terfy Record.)

Dpgma and Liberalism, zvii, 515.

Dutch Church in this Country, Earliest Ordi-
nation of a Minister, zi, 203.

EDITORS' TABLE, zi, 173, 815. 587; zil, 77,
322, 434, 507; zili, 98, 349, 461, 617; ziv, 103,
349, 597: zv, 93. 345, 598; zvi, 91. 351, 400,
639 ; zvii, 89, 333, 447. 606 ; zviii, 87, 350, 460,
617; ziz; 90, 337, 451, 593; zz, 71, 809,480,
638.

Education, Collegiate and Theological at the
West, zi, 543. PubUc. Ought our Present
System of; to be Sustained, zli, 534.

II

664

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

[Oct

Eldera of Matraehasetto, t^oferenoe of, with
the Rev. Robert Lenthal, of Wejmonth,
held at Dorchester, Feb. 10. 1699, xix, 232.

Elders, Ralioic. kin the early Mew England
Chorchef. xiy. 401.

Elf ctlon». Presidential, zi, 275.

EpiUph, xi, 25ft.

Faith, XT. 541.

Fellowship of the Churches, Methods of Pro-

moiing, xlii, 225.
Finney, Mr., on Miniiiterial Cnltore, xx, 401.
ForefaUiera, Noble, xii, 21.

Genealogy. Remarkable, xiii, 36.

OenesU, xUx, 22-26, Exegesis of. xril, 506;

The Panoramic Theory, xiv, 502.
Geology, Discussion of Sundry Objectiona to,

xll. 217.
Giving as an Act of Worship, xriii. 43.
God, Wisdom and Goodness of, Wat«r as a

Mirror of the, xix, 281.
Great Question, Papal Answer to, x1, 229.

Holy Spirit, Doctrine of. xl 392.

Home AJissions and the Christiaa OoUegea,

Mutual Kelation of. xix, 29.
Hymn, New England, xi, 387
Hymns and Hymn Ringing, xvi. 58S.
Hjrrans, Isaac Watt" and his, xvi, 408. Use of^

xi, 205. Martyr. Ju«tin, on the Use and Sx«

celiency of Spiritual Songs in the Church,

xiii, 306.

Infidelity, Conflict of Christianity with, zx,
309.

Installation of Pastors, Should the, be con-
sidered as a- 1 E<«scntial of the Congregational
Polity? XX, Gt)4.

IQ^tallation8, Limits of. (See Quarterly
Rtcord.)

JuMtlficalion, Doctrine of, Hltschl's Critical
History of. xix. 376. 540; xx, 33.

Kansas, Congrcgntionalit>m in, xviii, 367.

Liberalism and Dogma, xvil, 515.

Licc'ntiaU'8 Kepoittd, 1. 1st of, xvi, 206; xvii,

2'>5; xviii, 2'»'>; xix, 211 ; xx. 257.
Literature, Our (Vilonial. xiv. 652.
Litigation jimong Church Mcmbi rs, xll, 211.
Lord's Supper: Who may partake of it, xx,

275.
Lutherans, Th-. xiv, 248.

Man, A Worthy Viow of, xiv, 293.

M««iriafcres of Mini^teri*. (See Quarterly
Record.)

Martinenu'8. Harriet, Autobiography and Me-
morials, xix. ZM

MattsachuKettH (Historical) Association, Gen-
eral, xi, 24(». AHsociatiou, Ministerial,
Brookfieid, xii, 274; xx, 528; Mountain, xx,
573.

Masses, Influence of, on Literary Men, xi, 350.

Mceting-Huuscs (see Churcheijt xv, 248.

MEETINO-nouSES, VIEWS OF. (See,

also, MeHiny-UouscH )
Boi-ton, Mrths., Central Church, xii, 519.
Hrool{lyn, N. Y , Church of the Pilgrims,
xiii, 54, 56, 64. 65. Cambridge. Mass.,
Firbt Church, xv, 3S4, 391, 3i»2. Meetinfir-
HoUKCS, XV, 'J-'ia. 254. 255, 257. 258. 259, 260,
261. New Brit.tin. Ct , South Congrega-
tional, xiii, iK»4. 3'..<>. Portland, Me., Pay-
son Memorial Cliun'h, xvi 259. Spring-
field, l:l.. Congregational Chapel, xl, 668.

Minister, Deaerlption of a, xiii, S78.

Ministerial Associationa. (See A*9oeiaii9%M.)
MaaaachusetU. General, xi, 240. Brookfieid,
Maaa., xii. 274; zz, 528. Mountain, Mass.,
rx, 573. Black RiTer, N. T., xx« bTS. ^ns•
qaehanna. History of. xrii, 296. **6osqne>
hannah." N. Y., The first, xvi, 285.

Ministerial Change*, xii, 522.

Ministerial Culture. Mr. Finney on, zz, 401.

Ministerial Vows, Fidelity to. xii. IW.

Ministers and Science. xiT. 317.

Ministers. Annual Ust of. xi, 150; zii, 155;
xiU, 1<^2; xiv. 192; xr, 182; xvi, 183; xvii,
182; xvtii, 185; xix, 187; xx, 225.

Ministers, Changes in Post-Office Address of,
zviU, 855, 465, G23; zix. 345, 45Q, 003; xx,
380,487,648.

Ministers from other Denomlnatioiis, (See
Quart^y Record)

Minister* from us to other Denomi nation*, xx,
374. 48-2.

Ministers. Ordi'tations, Installations, Dismis-
sions. Marriages, Ueaths, Deaths of Wive*.
(See Quarterly Record.)

Ministers, The Supply of, xiv, 28.

Ministry and Churches of New Hampshire,
xvll, 545; xviii, 2s1, 592.

Ml*»lonarie^, Annual List of, xi, 144; xii, 148;
xiii, 176; xiv, 186; xr, 176; xvi. 173; xtU,
173; xviii, 176; xix. 178; xx, 191.

MiS'ions. (See Foreign MitMiona and Humi€
Missions.)

Money, Christian Use of. xii, 498.

Mouutain Association, Masa., xz, 578.

National Council. (See Otfunca.)

NECROLOOrSS. (See, also, Bioffraphiet,)
Adams, Rev. Solomon, xiii, 325. Aiken,
Rev Silaii, D.i ., xi, 42S. Allen. Rev. am
S.. xix, 56S. Allen, Kev. Rowland H., xv.
4:iS. Arnold, Rev. fc^eth £?., xiv, 83. AU
water, Klihu, xvil, 420. Ayer, Rev. Jo-
seph, xix, 312.

Bailey, Mrs. Rogena A., xl, 565 B^ker,
Kev. .AMj.'ih R., D.D., xix. bGd. Bancroft,
Rev. David, xviii, 63 Barker. Rev. Davis
R., xviii, 4.'J». Barnes, Mrs. t^arah B., xvii,
575. Barstow, Mrs. Klixabeth F., xii, 58.
Bartlelt, Homer, xvii, 63. Beach, Mrs.
Elizabeth R., xiv, 431. Beaman, \ir«.
Mary A., xvii, 575. Helknap, Henry, xiii.
324. Bcntley, Hev. Charle*, xii. 56. Bick-
ford, Mrs. Charlotte A., xviii, 4^i9. Bing-
ham, Rev. Hiram, Xlii, 593. Bingham,
Mrs Naomi E., xvi, 71. Bishop, Rev,
Nelt*on, xiii, 43S. Blake, Rev. D. Hoyt,
xi, 564. Hlanchard, Rev. .\mos. xi, 2y9.
Blodgett, Mrs. Mary 8., xvii. 677. Boies,
Mrs. busan, xvi, 612. Boynton, Rev. John.
XX, 57. Brace, Rev. Jonathan, d.d , xx,
346. Bray. Rev. John E., xv. 442. Bridg-
man , M rs. Nancy, xix, 572. Rrigham , Kev.
Willard, xvi, 470. Brown, Rev. Thaddeus
H., xi, 291. Burnhara, Rev. Amos W.,
xiii, 443. Butler, Dea. Kbenozer, xl, 422,
Bylngton, Don. Stephen, xii, 3U9.

Cad well. Rev. Christopher C, xll, 405. Cal-
houn, Rev. George A., xi, 63. Ciunpbell.
Rev. George W , xi, 3<U. Carpenter. Rev.
Ebcr, xiii, 71 (Camber!*, l)ca. Matthew,
xi, 426. Chapin. Kev. John M., xv. 4.'».
Chapman, Mrs. Mary, xl, 427. Ch '"e. Rev.
Benjamin C., xi, 290. Cboate, William,
xiv, 81. Clapp, Rev Sumner G., xi. 300.
Clark, Rev. Lewis F., xiv, 318. Clark.
Mrs. Mary C, xiii, 596. Clark. Rev. Na.
thanicl C, xv, 577. Clark, Rev. Phlletua,

k

1878.]

General Index of the Ten Volumes.

665

zvil, 578. Coburn, Rev. David N., zz,

618. Coburn, AIIbs Elizabeth, xil, 671.
Oobarn, Rev. Moses McL., xix, 431.
Coe, Rev. Samuel G., zii, 302. Colman,
Mrs. Abby P., zi, 563. Conant, Rev.
Gains, zv, 316. Cooke, Rev. Theodore,
ziv, 437. Cooper, Rev. Joseph C, zvi,
315. Corliss. Hiram, zz, 462. Gorser, Rev.
Enoch, zl. 285. Cross, Mrs. Sophia, zvi,
317. Currier, Edward H., zvi, 471. C\»r.
tis, Mrs. Loifi E., zii, 560. Curtiss, Mrs.
Elvira, zviii, 65. Cushinir, Christopher C,
zl, 432. Cutler, Mrs. Sarah D., zv, 570.

Dana, Rev. Gideon, zv, 323. Darling, Mrs.
Lydia M., xiv, 439. Day, Mr^. Amelia H.,
zviil, 327. Day, Rev. Fllny B., D.u., zia,
431. Denison, Mrs. Laura A., zl, 287.
Dickinson, Mrs. Hart let A., ziv, 332.
Duncan, Mrs. Amelia, zii, 300. Dunn,
Rev. Richard C, zi, 65. Dyer, Rev. David,
zii, 407.

Emerson, Mrs. Elizabeth 6, zii, 57. Everett,
Rev. Robert, d.o., ziz, 314.

Fish, Elisha S., zii, 297. Foster, Rev. Aaron,
xii. 575. Foster. Rev. Benjamin F.. zl, 204.
Foster, Rov. Lemuel, ziv, 578. Frowein,
Rev. Abram, zi, 427. Fuller, Rev. Alez-
ander, Jr., zii, 403.

Gcrould, Rev. Moses, zvii, 422. GiUett,
Rev. Timothy P., zl, 62. Gleed, Rev.
John, xiii, 331. Goodell, Rev. Joel, zz,

619. Gore, Rev. Darius, zvi, 69. Gould,
Rev. David H , zvi, 67. Grant, Rev. Joel,
zvii, 64. Gray, Kev. Asahel R., ziii, 70.
Green, Rev. Jonathan S., zz, 620. Grid-
ley, Mrs. Prudence D., zz, 464.

Hadley, Mrs. Louisa C, zl, 4^. Hale, Josiah
L., zvii, 425. Hale, Dca. Moses L., zvi,
613. Hand, Rev. Richard C, ziii, 77,
Hart, Rev. John C, ziv, 565. Hatch, Rev.
Roger C, zi. 69. Hazen, Allen, zlii, 598.
Hebard, Rev. George D. A., ziii, 437.
Herriek, Mrs. De<ia, zvii, 67. Herrick,
Mrs. Maria, zviii, 66. Hollister, Mrs. Ann
£., xiv, 572. Holton, Rev. Isaac F., zvi,
473. Hoploy, Mrri. Mnry, xii,299. Horton,
Rev. Francis, xiv, 576. Hosmer, Zelotes,
xi, 295. Hoviy, Prof. Sylvester, ziv, 428.
Hoyt, Rev. Otto S., xii, 401. Hurlbut,
Rev Joseph, zvii, 67. Uyde Mrs. Abby
B., zv, 83. Hyde, Dea. Gershom, zviii,
328. Byde, Rev. WilUdm A., zvi, 315.

Johnson, Mrs. Catharine, zz, 465. Jones,
i;«v. Elijah, xii, 52.

Keyes, Dua. Freeman, zv, 319. Kimball,
Rev. David, xviii, 67. Kimball, Mrs. Km-
ily P., xvil, 312. Kimball, Dea. John, zi,
565.

Ladd, Rev. Daniel, zv, 84. Laird, Rev.
James, xvii, 312. Lane. Charles E., zi, 560.
Leach, Mrs EUzaboih T., xi, 285. l^eavitt.
Rev. Harvey P., xvii, 680. Levings, Rev.
Israel H.. xiv 435. Lewis, Rev. Wales,
xii, 404. Ubbey, Dea. Joseph, xiv, 329.
Linsley, Dca. Horace, xviii, 441 Longhead,
Rev. James, xii, 55. Lyman, Dea. Benja-
min, xiv, 87.

Mann, Mrs. Catharine, xiv, 85. Mann, Mrs.
Nancy, xv, 321. Man well, iiev. Bci\Jamiu
F., xvii, 314. Marsh, Rov. John, zi, 66.

McClennlng, Mm. Mary, zii, 303. McLain,
Rev. Joshua M., zvii, 69. McLean, Mrs.
Anna, zviil, 601. Miner, Rev. Edward G.,
zviii, 60. Moore, Rev. JamfS D., zi, 424.
Munger, Rev. Sendol B., zi, 287.

Nor^, Rev. Alfred, zi, 562. Northrop, Rev.
Bennett F., zvii, 684. Noyes, Rev. James,
zii, 560.

Oliphant, Mrs. Mary, zi, 288. ' Ordway, Rev.
Samuel, ziz, 573.

Palmer, Dea. Julius A., ziv. 673. Parker,
Rev. Lucius, zi. 289. Parker, Rev. Lucius
H., ziv, 668. Parker, Rev. Orson, ziz,
674. Parsons, Mrs. Eliza, zii, 677. Par-
sons, Mrs. Mary E., xvl, 614. Parsons,
Mrs. Sarah B., zv, 441. Patrick, Rev.
Joseph H., ziii, 74. Perkins, Mrs. Hannah
H , ziz, 431. Pettibono, Rev. Philo C,
ziii. 328. Phelps, Dea. William, zi. 68.
Pierce. Rev. John W.. zvi, 476. Piatt,
Dea. Jireh, ziii, 333. Pond, Mrs. Pluma,
zv. 317. Porter, Deacon Andrew W., zz,
348. Porter, Rev. Charles S , xvi, 616.
Pratt, Rev. Almon B., ziz, 317. Prouty,
Elijah K., zii, 400. Putnam, Rev. John
M., zv, 82.

Rand. Mrs. Mary C, ziii, 699. Ritchie, Dea.
Charles W., ziv, 326. Russell, Mrs. Media,
zvi, 818.

Baffe, Hon. Orrln, zviii, 330. Salter, Dea.
John W.. zi, 566. Saoford, Rev. David,
ziz, 67. Sawyer, Rev. Bei^jamin, ziv. 432.
Sawyer, Rev. Rufus M.. zv, 575. Segur,
Rev Seth W., xix. 69. Sloan, Rev. Sam-
uel P., xiv, 322. Smith, Mrs. Catharine,
ziz, 319. Smith, Rov. Horace, xi. 298.
Smith, Mrs. Louisa, ziii, 323. Smith, Rev.
Stephen S., zv, 321. Snow, Dea. Wi liam
C. xiv, 550. Southworth. Rev. Tertius D.
zviii, 333. Sparhawk, Rev. Samuel, xii,
300. Spear, Rev. David, zi, 296. Squi^^r,
Rev. Ebenezer H , xii, 414. Starr, iiev.
John W., zviii, 601. Stevens, Mm. Har.
riette N., xvii, 317. Storrs, Mrs. Melancia
B , xix, 71. titowe. Rev. John M., xz,
466. Stratton, Mrs. Mary S., xiii, 327.

•

Talcott, Mrs. C, zi, 421. Talcott, Rev.
Uervey, xi, 421. Tallman, Rev. Thomas,
zv, 674. Tcnney, Rev; Samuel G., xviii,
442. Thacher, Dea. Matthews, zi, 293.
Thompson, Dea. John, zi, 292. Thurs-
ton, iiev. Eli. D.D., ziii, 433. Thurston,
Mrs. Prudence, xiv, 434. Todd, iiev. Da-
vid, xvii, 686. Tolman, Dea. John, xi,
299. Tolman, Mrs. Mary J., xix, 32U.
Tolman, Rev. Samuel H., xvi, 73. Tooth-
achcr. Rev. Horace, xix, 321. Torrey,
Mrs Mary, xii, 59. Tupper, Rev. Martyn,
zvi, 64. Tupper, Mrs. Persis L., xiv, 328.
Tyler, Dea. Joab, zl, 423. Tyler, Rev.
William, zviii, 603.

Waldo, Mrs. Lucy E., ziz. 675. Walker,
Dca. Richmond, xii. 573. Warner, Rev.
Aaron, D. D., xx, 50. Warwick, Rev.
Andrew, xx, 468. Watkins, Rev. Raldcn
A., xi, 60. Watson, Mrs. Mary, xii, 572.
Wheeler, Rev. Melancthon G., xii, 409.
White, Rov. PUny H., xi. 430. Whitman,
Rev. Alphmso L., xvii, 427. Whiton,
Mrs. Emily P., xix, 432 Whitton, Rev.
Samuel J., xiii, 72. Wild. Iiev. Daniel,
zvii, 318. Wilder, Rev. Uyman A., xz.

666 Geiurai Index tf At Tat Vglames. [Oct

t dimiHel, li. \-^ m. 41^ Mi;

. ■ L^ A.^^'.aC WMdiran, Vm'. iiV.l'i^.UI.t^'>.aM;'iT'.'M Ma.<H,«ii

liMrf* C iW. at. WoadteU. Hut, iri,M.a^aKl.M:l:i>ii.M.SU.4Mm;

-*-"-■ nl, Kl. mrifbl, Bn. Jhm* n^, M, H4. W. Ot; xU. M, >4 AC

•III ;■!. n, »«.«», «C
UhiMMa lurd^ li. Tl^ BL MI. •»; d.

n. 3N, 4tt. ««: DB. Ml. »a «m. »:

nmihM ¥hIi a-M— iTjL n iIt, IN Kl.<M,M)i it. K.)M,C4Ni;

uuRO-, a~iT. B-uK B-n. ^ Bi.»S.I«.»«;«»1l.»*.>»»i*M.»;

tki i^Hl. M. »L 4M, «1: lU. N, Mi. *M.

n, 'n% nt, «o. Ml:

H*B KuUod, BWoilaa RdUtoa aT. to tki i^ **■ JH^*%.*

BWofT of OoBfrc^UonalliB .__..

■•w Tvrk (HMoflaa), AHOdMlMM, HWa-

Urtid, BiMfc Rlmr. ii.r— " -^

BIHon ot xtil, 3M; '

BHunatoB, St. Psal span tbe. tBI, n
kntnli udtte OrdlBUT WorUac t'a
of tbc Chnicbv, nllt, St. Hvw Dl*

njnoni^ iwl lb* Bv, nil, in. _ ^ ^ BUiUmui. Loot Ub ta tk» sU. «B.
FIjBODth Moi, Baperiar Tsknttoa df tb^ uT^ehn CrtUal RIMorr of Iba Dart
jBUflMdM, xa, KB, Ne; scSk

it* : Who Bwj adndBlMM- Ttei

pDlliv.IdeHiuid.aroarFuhera.iHI.a). O" -, — ,

PopuimllDn, Lnmna on, •aggciWd b; QrecUn Onta^ Tha

and Homiin Hlatory, ilil, W7. BehiwU. Thi
prayer and lb« IToniUca, ill, is7. M6

Premehrt.TJf Il.MI. PdsDMBrdMlnliUia. tlT.Sl-.

Prayer, LoUier..iil»S. Bdenca, ktrtbod ot with aa Apjdl'^.v u

Pmehw, VMtlun of tbc itl^ 2M. Kallglon. One ud One are Twu, iIt, *i;.

Pl«chlng. Kitcrapore, 111, SJ8. ImaaliullTa BdmlSe ThooaW. Helljtoua Thotulit.. Kela-

Klemini In, irii, 2Bi. ObjwnioM aod Knlea, tion of, to, it^ K. ^^ ^^

pRimtaDliuB, Cona-
Polpft. Laognagr of

BerlpWre, TJpea of, mil, 510.

Berlplqre, TJpea ot

, Okoperallva ConsrtcaUinal. Ba-

SoDtb, Dr., and Hli Sernioiia, dx, U.
..a. 320, tU, &»: III, Bpeaking or Babbllni, itI,»$S.
. M, JJj. M3,B18:il(, Sut.UrgiiiliaIlona.ll, ITS; ill. IT«lilU,20t;
,M, M7. 4M,«ul;n1. Ilv, iih; IT, 204; iTl, HS; iTti, 3u:i irill.
M, 92. %a. t*i, BOB; ilu; lU.aiS; n. Kl.
31 : ill, K, iri, 461, Bute, Tba, a d BallglDD In Ita CdMOla, ilU,

M.'sj2.'48li Ml'; iVit, W, 343. 4M. au9;
irtil. Vt.sm, «i. 6«; lU, M, 3*1, 44T,

... ... — ],,^ conBreimuonai. Amenean. m. .., ,

iTl,97; :

m, 3:i», 443, Ntt; tiii, im, U2. 403, CIS;
liT, lUB. »0.4iS, :■:'.<; IT, M, MT.444.W3;
ITl, «4. 3U. 4»l. Ml - i.li, B3, SU, 44«,«10:
mu, M, 3i3. 4<>3. Qlli lU, Bl, HS, m.

ComparallTe, irtll, at.
!r deiMtnlnalloiu, ConfregatJoiial, ef aU KaUoti*, ill, 01,
ii-lM:!!!!, t3: CDrrceled, II, STS.

ennim»l» of, il. 141; lU. IM; till, 17T;

PIUI, of the CDnctTtatlnnaL UlDlaleiB vbo

died In isTi, iTiIi, ii»i ina,iiz, 4i)ii un.

1878.] General Index of the Ten Volumes. 667

SoiouehMna AmodatloD, N. Y^ Hlatory of, Adami, Samoel, fkdng zJ, title-page.

xVii, 290; the flnt, zvl, 286. Aiken, Rev. Silas, D. D., facing zii. 170.

Allen, Rev. Thomas, fkdng zi. 475.

Theological Seminaries and the Bdacation Bacon, Rev. David, facing zvili, title-page.

Boeiety, zvil, 311. Oomparative, ziv, 802. Bacon, Rev. James IC., fkdng zvii, 347.

Congregational, List of, zvii, 212: zviii, 214; Badger, Rev. Milton, o. o., fitoing zvil, title-
ziz,218; zz, 220. Officers and Students in page.

Oongregatlonal, zi, 279; zii, 291; ziii, 807; Baldwin. Rev. Theron, D. D., facing zvil, 218.

ziv, 294; zv. 294; zvi,304; zvil, 800; zvill Buckingham, Hon. William A., ll.d., ftMlng
816 ; zlz, 800 ; zz, 884. zviii. 216.

Andover. Annals of, zii, 48. Bnmham, Samuel, (kdng zvi, title-page.

Andover Catalogue, 1810. A Reprint, ziii, Carter, Rev. Charles, fkcing ziii, 407.

602. December 0, 1818, zi, 876; 1818, Choate,^Dea. David, fkcing zvil, 481.

zlil, 417 : 1818-14. zUi, 276 ; 1816, ziii, 277 ; Clary, Rev. Dezter, facing zviii. 367.

1810, ziii. 18; 1817, ziii, 419; 1818, ziii, Congregational House, fscing zv, 77, 80, 81.

18; 1819, ziv, 898; 1820, ziv, 628; 1821, Cooke, Rev. Parsons, fodngziv, 219.

ziv, 631. Dwlght, Ro^* William T., fiusing zl, 181.

Memoranda eoneeming Andover Sto. Ferrv, Hon. Orris 8., fitcing zlz, 219.

denU. zv, 806. Field, Rev. Pindar, facing zviii. 408.

Names on the Andover Catalogue Starred Finney, Rev. Charles G., facing zlz, title-
since 1870, zvi, 28. page.

Bangor, zii, 484. OrifSth, Walter 8., filing zvi, 216.

Tongue, The, zi, 642. Hitchcock. Samuel A., facing zvi, 617.

^ Keep, Rev. John, fkcing ziii, 209.

Veni, Sancte Ppiritus, zii, 877. Kirk, Rev. Bdward N., d.d., fkcing zz, 260.

Virtue. Benevolence a Foundation of, zU, 407. Mason. Lowell, facing zv, tltle-page.

Vows, Ministerial, Fidelity to. zU, 100. McKeen. Rev. Silas d.d., fnciuff zz, 881.

Meeting-Houses. (SeeJreeMny-i7o««s«inGen.
Waddington*s, Dr., Congregational History, eral fndez.)

zvi, 420. Old Parsonage, First Church, Cambridge,
water as a Mirror of the Wisdom and Good- Mass., zv, 389.

ness of God, zix, 281. Plarsons, Rev. Isaae. facing zii, 477.

Watts, Isaac, and his Hymns, zvi, 408. Parsons, Rev. Jonathsn M. A., facing zi, 327.

Witchcraft. Rare Tract on, zi, 400. Perry, Prof. John B., facing zv, 211.

Woman, Biblical Position of. zii, 870. May Ray, Rev. Benjamin F., facing ziv, 480.

a. Speak in a Promiscuous Religious Assem- Sabln, Rev. Lewis, D.D., facing zv, 401.

bly, ziv, 204. May, Speak in Meeting, zvi, Smalley, Rev. John, d.d., facing zv, 861.

279. Southworth. Bdward, facing ziU, title-pn«e.

Woman's Sphere, zvi, 27. Steams. Pres. William A., D.D., LL.D., fsdog
Wycllire'sTranslaUon of the Bible, ziii, 660. zlz. 486.

Storrs, Rev. Richard 8., D.D., facing zvi, 866.

LIST OF ENGRAVIJJGS AND WOOD- Swcetser. Rev. Seth, d.d , facing zx, 603.

CUTS, WITH THE PAGE ON WHICH Taylor, Samuel H., LL.D., facing ziv, Utle.

THEY ARE TO BE FOUND. mP^o o i v » # i -. •..*

Treat, Rev. Selah B., facing ziz, 847.

Abbott, Rev. John S. C, D. d., fSadng zz, VaiU, Rev. Joseph, d.d., facing zii. title-page.

title-page. Walker, Rev. Charles, facing ziU, 867.

Abbott, Itev. Joseph, facing zii, 883. Williams, General William, facing ziv, 866.

Vol. XX, No. (. — WIipIgNu. ;7. Hvcnud Scn;:^.— Vol. X, No i

THE

Co7i.gregational Qtimierly.

JANLVXRV. 187S.

SMtUr unit I'rvfinftiiri
RrY. CMRISTOPHEH CDsniNG. b, n.

JbvaaU Ediftt:

I4*v mKSHV a. HAZEN. Hm. JUb.v ... M,.rt ,-. M ■■

ri«i*. IIIKAM MEAIli, D.K Itti. AION/n II MVIirT/ Hit

,Vxi. tXCKKAse K, TABHOX, mu

CONGREGATtONAI. HODSK

1878.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Jorm&.C. Anorr. 11/ Kev. riiiabMO. t^il.Hi>|)kiMun. Uja .
iUpoitt A»& ma* Uirs. ti|r he*. U. K. Cwm, W*uf loo. Ixtra
DnHULY CMincM. HisniRV im> tii* INwiuhc ur fv*riric^>
Gcoiie F. MiBau*. >*■ t^> OtuiHcll, la. (OwAtM^^^WM t%L y.

CMflaBQATiinML NNorouMy)'

R«*. Jufaa BajnlDO

Krv. Aaion \V«nie(. P. A
LtruAav Rmtw

EmTOH'f T*nL( ....

ChiMbci pBrmnl, ?& — MImibi* Onbimdi A— UilH
ftnm oih«r Itaniiioliia lions 77- — MtniHpr* ImmUal ^ -•H
DissUMid, 79. — Mlnisten Uatttol, TQ. — WnuKn WlvM UwKaMd, te

Tms AsMPAi STArimo

I. The Suibila tt Ibe Chuicbex Uid P«jiun, bf Sllto

II. Um erf Funign UiMiunarita, tttuttpA by KIImIoiM

lit. Lkl (if ^Jfoidfln wltUiul PoMiml Qurgr. by t^u>n

1 V. Ccnoral ^m&Diaijr. taUo luc ibc jtn ,

V. Toitilo wT Siuniwuici, a* (itiMcd I$5^I$)S

VI. Rtiuuli* spun (lie Suriulca .

VIl, TliB N'MtuiiMl Cu-opnuin KodulH, wCth Olii' •

VIII. The 'nn)l>«ii-Al Kimiiurir* .

IX. The ■VMiun4] and Sole Oq;an<Mki>n« ul the '- '' 1

X. AtphahcHol Utt uf Uiaiuu^ wiUi i>MM'iaw AiUnMn*'

indnal 10 paj[«« nanndatg ID lAe niMnben al ttacUIWn'l-^

I»ll«» _ _ , .

XL Alj^iUtJciil Ll>l irf UouKutv*

Pmui ^ Ainiu

HOUGHTON, OSGOOD & GO'S

N E A;\r BOOK

Keramos and Other Poems three «no3iE" books

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"A liook of rt<>i) I'lt,*' 'rranA'atiiii.t from Viivil,
0\|fi, ai.il other p'M'th, iiii'l (HI vo;i SfUiu'Kaiui .i
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foiiipiifU't nil tli« jio'-ny Mr. Loiit^ivllow li.it '
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"'•■I oiiarmiiig' voIuiiicK liv iiiu* tvvr gixoii tn ttit*

r. 1.1.1

Ml

world.

MEMOIR OF WM. FRAXCIS B.IRTLETT.

Dy KuANil-* W. l»Airiir.Y. Wi li IViliaii of
Gcnor.il li.ir l«U. 1 mjI , h^iim, i:i.tt •]>. ^l.-V*.

Ak (iaitili.ui pure, ai* M>'rliii fu^i.*,
Wli-it uo.t)ii<-r Ic-iiicii' vv'a(< fiiuml

To uvact- ill A rill II r'" i; »KU'ii ajje
TiK-laMc.lT.*hleKi.uii'i?

Tliv rnorc" ll:un SMiM-y of oiii day,

.\lio\o the i*iii :tii<i wroi.'i;
Ot % Ivil Ktnkt. he InMnt alway

The ttii(;cU* A«lv..iit 9«>' if''

f.l.U. WlllTriKK.

'* Modi'iit and iinAHMiimiiiir, Ikf tin* youiii; ln-ro
wh >M fart'cr it iUxtIIm-h, i wili be f>«ii:id .m
no>>)i-, tM i*aihi ti<.', arid ax ifi-)iiriii&r an the I'l cold
of aiiy ••(•IditT of our civil Mar . '. . liun. liart-
li'tt wai* iii«i"i'd oiii' of the hi-nt imn of li«>* xluw,
— ill t> be thi* c nipaiiion of tli<; bcit c\i;i^>
whi-n-.'* — .V/;ri.'i.'//rV/*/ lit'ptihlU'un.

J{> K. (.'. <.«Al<l»NER, Anrhitrct.

IIOMK INTICItrOIlS. lilu-iratnd. ^l.r.O.

'I'h" au:hor piu;iOM-i« and h'^^uits r<iitiii'roii»
(jnc-.>tifii« t'la' I avi* |»«i/./.!«'d so in.tiiy |n:ojilv re-
garis:ii;r uailh, rhtiifi*, Iriiulp. ainl ulIl•.ou'^,
ilii M**, '■tiirwax!'. <'lii!nti"y-|»lao i^, paitiliMi; p.i-
piT I -Ulir:" ^, C'l". Wi! ll.lV'.' f'.ll!l«i liut.inmk Vify

la*' i aiiiL' a-* well :»^ iiij.trii live. — Ihf I't'tli-
thin I" UliOi' It'.' r X N*'W Yoi k ».

IfOMKS AM> IIOAV TO MAKE TIIISM.

Il*sMsUi>! N« w K>liti-«n. q«l..io.

It its ;i !:-4>:Ui!".> f.ii ii'i.>('-bi:il<iinir S«» niuHi
^oi>il pi«nM.* aii.l H'ful ta.-t<' on si.i" a!'.*iiiipirt ml
hiil«"«*it .'iri' M»l I'tti-n, lo our ihiMkiiiv' «'iiii«ra •<• 1
wiilii:i:in iM|i).-i1 coinpu.'>h. W'hctii -i tin: rca'i r
i«« ir-iiiiu' t-i h n •! «»r n !, la* will iiiijoy it vastly;
a>.d if iicitt, III* '•Imii it :r'vo it l-i" Illo^l ili iir«'iit
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ill vi 'W ir. pi miii \ti the li .u»«»«»« di'M^rilM'd in ihix
li'iok: niMl he •'o itis to l.ave iut*t then) iidiiii a*
bly. 'I'lurc I- a jru-ai dfil of ro.iinl.prat-tif.d
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•.• For -iiiv by li'»ir»!'t»j;i'i>. -'fit. |ioM(i :.fl. tin r''«'«'i!'t ««r ;.ri«M« \\\ tl.«' r'i»ii:-!.iTs,

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13 O fc3 T O TjT

\

Jfevr £iig;land

MUTUAL
LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

FOBT-OFIi'IOE SQU^VUE, ,

A-CCOHULATION, JAN. I. 1S78 . fl4,0OO.OO0.

Socnnly larnrted for the haodtt of pnaeal aad (uura noinben

TIh iMitloalu- MMMliMi of CumaiMMK U called to tb* aAvnaUttps at \
iMitrtBS In ft AlaModiiiMltt Mnofwiri Bnl*T ifas ntot pii>rl>lai> tt IM
HON-f OKVCITUUB law, hj DlitOlt Bitny poHcy-boUDt to «ntlU«4t to Ui- I
■unuioa to Im^ u bto {toUpj 1)m ft eoati voliM

BSNJ. F. STBVXIVS, JOSBPH M. QCBBBRS,

joon HOHAJva, h. o., w. o. UdSown.

ModloiU Kcamlaar. Aas'C Booronry.

WALT8B O. WBIOBT,
Aotnory.

Vol. XX. No. 1, — Whole Mo. ;3. S«oik1 StnVi, — Vol. X, Nl -v

THE

Con^remtional Quarter^

APRIL. 1878.

KRV. ClIRISTOfllER CUStlIKU, it. o.

AmMiait Eiibrt ;

ftfVi IllWftV fl. HAZOf. Kb*. (OHN 0. MCAXR, n.n.

K..I-. IIIUAU MEAD. an. It»v, AL0.\20 II. IJUIHT, u

Kn. INCREASE H. TARliDX. D,U

BOSTON:

CONGREGATIONAL MOUSE.

1878.

T H li

Hg^gational Qiiaiie}

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THE

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